Banknote stacking apparatus

<u>FIELD OF THE INVENTION</u>

0001This invention relates to an apparatus for forming a stack of sheet-like objects, in particular but not exclusively a stack of banknotes formed in a cashbox.

0002Various devices are known for forming stacks of banknotes. One such device is described in published European patent application No. 0684929. This discloses an apparatus which incorporates a pusher plate with which a banknote may be pushed from the plane along which the banknote is transported to the stacking mechanism (transport plane), into a cashbox situated adjacent to the banknote plane. The pusher plate is connected by a pivoted lever arrangement via a cam, to a drive motor. The pivoted lever arrangement operates with a "scissors action" to cause the pusher plate to push the banknote into the cashbox against the action of a spring mounted stack surface. The banknotes are retained in a stack in the cashbox, when the pusher plate is withdrawn, by flanges which abut the ends of the uppermost surface of the banknote stack.

0003Although this type of arrangement provides an efficient method of stacking banknotes, the required depth of stroke of the pusher plate is linked to the size of the aperture through which the banknote is pushed. Thus, a short depth of stroke is only possible if the aperture is relatively large. However, cashboxes with relatively large apertures suffer from the disadvantage of being difficult to make secure (i.e. self closing) on detachment from the stacking device. The cashbox aperture may be made smaller by increasing the depth of stroke of the pusher plate. However, an increased depth of stroke results in an increased cashbox depth for any given size of banknote stack. As space is often at a premium in such circumstances, for example in combined banknote validator and stacker devices, this too is an undesirable consequence.

0004Furthermore, if banknotes of differing lengths are to be stacked in a cashbox incorporating stack retaining flanges, the aperture must be significantly shorter than the length of the shortest banknote to be stacked. This is in order that the flanges at the ends of the aperture may retain even the shortest banknotes. This results in a minimum length of pusher plate stroke being further increased in order to successfully stack the longest banknotes through the same aperture size and hence a corresponding increase in the depth of the cashbox.

0005In order that the flanges should retain the stack of banknotes, it may be important that the banknotes are presented for stacking in a predetermined orientation. For example, if a banknote of maximum length is skewed on being stacked, its greater diagonal length may prevent it from being successfully stacked. Additionally, it may also be important that the banknotes are accurately positioned lengthwise with respect to the cashbox aperture, in order to be reliably stacked. A sufficient lengthwise offset will result either in an end of the banknote not being stacked, or alternatively an end of the banknote not being retained by a flange, or both.

0006As cashboxes used with such devices often incorporate a spring mounted stacking surface against which a pusher plate or piston must work, a further problem may arise in such devices. Namely, despite successfully pushing the banknote into the cashbox, the banknote may not completely flatten against the stack. As the stack surface is again biased against the retaining flanges by the spring mounted stacking surface banknotes may become crumpled, causing an irregular banknote stack.

0007US 4809967 and US 5014857 disclose a stacking device of the piston type which aims to address the problem of ensuring that banknotes flatten correctly on the stack surface during the stacking process. These disclosures teach to incorporate pivotally mounted "unfolding" plates in the piston assembly. These are arranged to displace horizontally as the piston stroke increases in the vertical direction; thus assisting in flattening a banknote against the stack.

0008However despite assisting with flattening banknotes in the stacking procedure the device of US 4809967 and US 5014857 suffers from the same drawback as that of EP 0684929A, in that a short depth of stroke is only possible if the cashbox aperture is relatively large; or, conversely a small aperture is only achievable if the stroke length is relatively long.

0009A further stacking device is disclosed in US 4834230 and US 4807736 which employs a pair of rotors in place of a piston in order to stack banknotes in a cashbox. However, like the device of US 4809967 and US 5014857, this device suffers from the disadvantage that a short depth of stroke is only possible if the cashbox aperture is relatively large. Additionally, such a device may suffer from the disadvantage of a banknote being incorrectly stacked (for example, one end of the banknote not being retained in the cashbox by a retaining flange) if the banknote is erroneously presented for stacking in a non-central manner.

0010A further such device is described in granted European patent 0470329. This discloses an apparatus which transports banknotes between opposing belts entrained around rollers of a carriage, which is arranged to traverse an open surface of a cashbox. As the carriage moves over the stack of banknotes, the entrained banknote is deposited on the stack. The stack of banknotes is retained in the cashbox by one of the transporting belts which lie across the uppermost surface of the banknote stack.

0011Such a device does not require vertical movement of the piston or pusher, and hence the cashbox depth can be smaller for a given capacity. However, this arrangement also requires the cashbox construction to be substantially open and consequently difficult to make secure on detachment from the stacking device. Indeed in such a design the aperture of the cashbox must be at least as large as the banknotes which are to pass through it.

0012A further stacking device corresponding to the preamble of claim 1 is disclosed in JP-59 064 469-A.

0013In accordance with the present invention there is provided a device for stacking banknotes, comprising a cashbox and a stacker arranged to stack banknotes of predetermined dimensions in said cashbox, said cashbox having a surface including an aperture therein, said device being arranged to receive a banknote at a position overlying said aperture, and said stacker being arranged to push said banknote through said aperture, the device characterised in that when said banknote reaches a maximum depth in said cashbox relative to said aperture, a portion of said banknote extends outside said cashbox through said aperture, the stacker further being arranged so the banknote is moved into a stacked position by moving the banknote along the stack only in one direction.

0014It will be appreciated that where a standard reciprocating piston action is used to push a banknote through an aperture of a cashbox which is narrower than the width of the banknote, a relationship between the minimum required depth of stroke to push a given banknote completely through the aperture and the width of the aperture may be derived.

0015This minimum stroke depth occurs when the banknote is pushed through the aperture symmetrically across its width. In this case the banknote will be pushed entirely within the cashbox when the piston stroke, relative to the aperture, is equal to half the difference between the banknote width and the aperture width.

0016However in mechanisms according to the present invention the relationship between the aperture width and the stroke depth is not fixed in this manner for a given banknote size. Thus a reduced cashbox aperture size may be achieved without necessitating a long stroke length. Therefore improved cashbox security and a reduced cashbox size may advantageously be achieved.

0017By incorporating a flexible membrane in the stacking device, between the stacker and the document (for example a banknote), the degree of control over the document may be increased. Thus the possibility of the document being incorrectly stacked, due to slippage between the stacker and the document or the document being damaged in the stacking process, is significantly reduced.

0018Other aspects and embodiments of the invention, with corresponding objects and advantages, will be apparent from the following description and claims. The invention will now be illustrated, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

<u>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</u>

0019<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Fig. 1 is a 0.62:1 scale diagram illustrating the structure and function of the banknote stacking mechanism according to a first embodiment of the invention;</li><li>Fig. 2a is a perspective view of a rotor which may be used in the first embodiment of the invention;</li><li>Fig. 2b is a perspective view of an alternative rotor design which may be used in the first embodiment of the invention;</li><li>Fig. 8 is a perspective view of a banknote stacking mechanism according to the second embodiment of the invention;</li><li>Fig. 9 is a cross sectional view of the banknote stacker of Fig. 8 illustrating its mode of operation;</li><li>Figs. 10a and 10b illustrate a banknote handling machine including a cashbox with which a stacking mechanism according to the present invention may be used.</li></ul>

<u>FIRST EMBODIMENT</u>

0020Referring to Figure 1, a banknote stacking system according to the first embodiment of the invention is shown. The system comprises a banknote transport system, a stacking mechanism and a cashbox 5. The stacking mechanism and the transportation mechanism are housed in a banknote handling apparatus, such as a validator (shown in Figure 10), to which a cashbox 5 is removably attached.

Banknote transport system

0021A banknote 1 is transported to the stacking mechanism in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the diagram by the transportation mechanism, which comprises opposing pairs of rollers 2a, 2b and 3a, 3b. The banknote 1 is engaged by transportation rollers 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b parallel to its lengthwise edges. That is to say it is transported in the direction of its longitudinal axis. The spacing between the pairs of rollers 2a, 2b and 3a, 3b is arranged such that even the minimum size of banknote for which the mechanism is designed may be securely held and transported.

0022The rollers 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b position the banknote 1 above an aperture 4 of the cashbox 5. In this embodiment, the aperture 4 is approximately half of the width of the banknote; i.e. approximately 31mm across. The position of the leading edge of the banknote 1 is sensed using photosensors (not shown), or other suitable position sensing devices, which are occluded by the banknote 1 when it is in the correct position. The output from the photosensors is then used to inhibit further transport of the banknote 1.

0023The rollers 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b are located on either side of the aperture 4, such that the banknote 1 is gripped with a positive force and held flat and parallel to the aperture 4 prior to being stacked. This is achieved by mounting the lower rollers 2a, 3a on fixed axles 6 and mounting the opposing rollers 2b, 3b on shafts 7, which are free to move to a limited extent in the vertical direction. The shafts 7 are biased downwards towards the lower rollers 2a, 3a by compression springs 8 contained within the shafts 7.

0024Although rollers are used in the present embodiment for the transportation of the banknotes, a belt driven transportation system could alternatively be used.

Stacking mechanism

0025The stacking mechanism comprises a pusher plate 9, a rotor 10 and a stack support surface 13 located inside the cashbox 5.

Pusher plate

0026The pusher plate 9 comprises a flat plate made from a plastics material or metal. It is connected by the centre of its upper surface to a solenoid (not shown) using any suitable fastening. The solenoid is arranged to cause the pusher plate 9 to reciprocate in a vertical direction. The solenoid may however be replaced by other suitable means. For example, a pivoted lever arrangement driven by an electric motor via a cam, as discussed with reference to published European patent application No. 0684929.

Rotor

0027A detailed view of the rotor 10 is shown in Figure 2a. The rotor 10 comprises two rotor arms 20 mounted on an axle 11. In this embodiment the rotor arms 20 have a straight sided profile. However, various other profiles may be used, for example a circular profile extending through 93°. as shown in Figure 2b. At one end of the axle 11 is situated a crank arm 21 through which rotational movement is applied to the rotor 10 by an electric motor and gear train (not shown). A support bar 22 connects the two rotor arms 20 and provides added rigidity to the rotor assembly. Adjacent the support bar 22, situated between the extremities of the rotor arms 20, is a rotating axle 23, which forms a banknote engaging surface. Since it is free to rotate relative to the banknote 1 during the stacking process the levels of friction acting on the banknote 1 are reduced. This may be beneficial as the banknote 1 may otherwise be prone to tearing during the stacking process, especially if the mechanism is operating at high speed. The rotating axle 23 may alternatively be replaced by a non-rotating banknote contacting surface made from a low friction material such as PTFE.

0028The separation between the two rotor arms 20 in the direction of the axle 11, is chosen such that the overall width of rotor 10 is slightly less than the corresponding dimension of the aperture 4, through which it must pass. This ensures that a high degree of control over the banknote 1 is achievable during the stacking process.

0029The entire rotor assembly may be manufactured by any suitable means such as a one piece plastics injection moulding, with the exception of rotating axle 23 which may be joined to the main rotor assembly by means of a snap fit. Alternatively, it may be manufactured through individually machined or moulded plastics or metal components, or a combination thereof.

Stacking process

0030Prior to the actuation of the stacking mechanism, the positive gripping force exerted by the roller 3b is removed from the banknote 1. This achieved by raising the associated shaft 7 using a solenoid (not shown), against the spring force of the spring 8 to give a clearance between the rollers 3a and 3b. Alternatively, this may equally be achieved by lowering the roller 3a relative to roller 3b.

0031The benefit of giving a clearance between the opposing rollers 3a and 3b is to ensure that banknote 1 will not be subject to undue stress which might cause it to tear on being stacked. It should be noted that at this stage the rollers 2a, 2b continue to engage the right-hand end of the banknote 1 as shown in Figure 1.

0032The pusher plate 9 is initially situated in its resting position parallel to and slightly above the transport plane of the banknote 1, as shown in Figure 1. On actuation, the pusher plate 9 descends through the transportation plane of the banknote 1, through the aperture 4 of the cashbox 5 to the required depth. The required depth must be sufficient for the left-hand end of the banknote 1 to be entrained through the aperture 4 and fall beneath the left-hand abutment surface 15 as shown in Figure 1. The pusher plate 9 descends no further than the minimum distance required in order to ensure reliable stacking of the banknote 1, in order to allow the depth of the cashbox 5 to be minimised for a given capacity.

0033This action causes the free left-hand end of the banknote 1 to be pushed through the aperture 4 of the cashbox 5 and on to a stack surface, which may be either a support plate 13, or the surface of a stack of banknotes 12 already stacked on support plate 13.

0034Since the right-hand end of the banknote 1 is held between the rollers 2a, 2b, the surface of the banknote 1 will move laterally in relation to the pusher plate 9 as it descends into the cashbox 5. This situation is illustrated by the dashed representations of the pusher plate and the banknote referenced 9' and 1' respectively.

0035The support plate 13 is supported upon a compression spring 14. The compression spring 14 compresses to take up any excess travel in the length of stroke of the pusher plate 9, beyond that required to bring the left hand end of banknote 9 into contact with stack surface 12; 13, as shown in Figure 1. The position of the support plate 13 and the compression spring 14 when the pusher plate is fully lowered are shown by dashed representations of the support plate 13' and the compression spring 14'. The degree to which the compression spring 14 is compressed depends upon the height of any existing banknote stack on the support plate 13.

0036At this stage, the right-hand roller pair 2a, 2b is disengaged, thus freeing the right-hand end of the banknote 1, as shown in Figure 1. However, as the left-hand end of the banknote 1 is securely maintained on the stack surface 12; 13 by the pusher plate 9, the position of the banknote 1 is positively controlled throughout.

0037The rotor mechanism 10 is then actuated, driven by a reversible DC motor and drive train (not shown). The rotor 10 is rotated approximately 90° anti-clockwise, with reference to Figure 1, from its resting position (shown in solid line) where the rotating axle 23 of the rotor 10 is positioned above the resting position of the pusher plate 9, to its extended position (shown in dotted line referenced by numeral 10'). This causes the right-hand end of banknote 1 to be withdrawn from the clearance between rollers 2a and 2b, entrained downwards through the aperture 4 and unrolled sideways along the stack surface 12; 13, such that it falls beneath the right-hand hand abutment surface 16, as shown in Figure 1.

0038It will be noted from Figure 1 that the maximum depth of penetration of the rotor 10 into the cashbox 5 is no more than that of the pusher plate 9. This ensures that the movement of the rotor 10 is not obstructed by the stack surface 12; 13.

0039It will also be noted that the maximum dimensions of the pusher plate 9 are limited by the corresponding dimensions of the aperture 4. Within this constraint it is desirable that the banknote contacting area of the pusher plate 9 is large to increase the control over the positioning of the banknote 1. Unlike known stacking systems, the size of the pusher plate 9 of the present embodiment is not directly related to the depth of stroke of pusher plate.

0040When the banknote 1 is fully contacting stack surface 12; 13, the rotor 10 rotates clockwise, as shown in Figure 1, back to its resting position and subsequently the pusher plate 9 is also returned to its resting position above the banknote transport plane. As the pusher plate 9 is returned to this position, the compression spring 14 returns the stack surface 12; 13 to its uppermost limit, against the movement of the pusher plate 9. This movement of the stack surface is limited by the abutment surfaces 15, 16 located on the interior surface of the cashbox 5.

0041Thus, stack surface 12; 13 is continually under a compressive load between compression spring 14 and pusher plate 9 or abutment surfaces 15, 16. Because the banknote is flattened on the stack surface by the stacking mechanism, the scope for a banknote to become incorrectly positioned prior to being forced against the abutment surfaces 15,16 is greatly reduced.

0042Subsequently, rollers 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b are re-engaged in order to receive a further banknote 1 to be stacked, at which time the stacking cycle is ready to restart.

0043In this embodiment, despite the fact that the pusher plate 9 and the initial position of banknote 1 are centrally located with respect to the rollers 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, the final stacked position of the banknote 1 is offset with respect to this position. This offset is a function of the distance between the banknote transport plane and the length of stroke of pusher plate 9.

0044It will be apparent to the skilled reader that the present embodiment of the invention is tolerant of misalignment of the banknote 1 as it is presented for stacking at the stacking mechanism, since no datum edge is relied upon in order to effect the stacking operation. Furthermore, because each banknote 1 is effectively stacked by positioning part of the banknote 1 on the stack 12 and subsequently flattening the remainder against the stack 12, this embodiment is also able to cope with a wide range of banknote sizes.

<u>SECOND EMBODIMENT</u>

0045Referring to Figures 8 and 9, a stacking mechanism according to the second embodiment of the invention is shown. In general terms, the mechanism of this embodiment fulfils the same functions as those described in the first embodiment. Features in this embodiment which are similar to features already discussed are referenced using the same reference numerals and will not be discussed further in detail.

0046Whereas the mechanism of the first embodiment incorporates a stacking mechanism and a transportation mechanism which are housed in a banknote handling apparatus, to which a cashbox is removably attached, the mechanism of the current embodiment incorporates part of the transportation mechanism and the entire stacking mechanism in the cashbox itself. This feature greatly enhances the level of security which may be provided for a detachable cashbox. As a result of this feature, the aperture 4 through which banknotes are stacked is internal to the outer casing of the cashbox. Therefore, on being detached from the banknote handling device, for example a validator, there is no external aperture large enough to allow a person to tamper with the contents of the cashbox.

Transportation Mechanism

0047Referring to Figure 8, it will be noted that the cashbox according to the present embodiment consists of an inner and an outer envelope, referenced by numerals 60 and 61 respectively. A banknote 1 is introduced into the cashbox 5 in the direction of arrow "A", by the transportation mechanism of a banknote handling apparatus to which the cashbox 5 is attached. The aperture (not shown) through which a banknote I may be introduced into the cashbox need only be slightly larger than the width-wise cross sectional dimensions of the largest banknote 1 with which the apparatus is designed to work, further increasing the level of security of the cashbox 5. On entering the cashbox 5, the banknote 1 is engaged by opposing pairs of belts 62, 62a and 63, 63a which are arranged to grip the banknote 1 along each of its longitudinal edges. The belts 62, 62a and 63, 63a are driven by rollers 64, which in turn are driven by a connection (not shown) from the banknote handling apparatus drive mechanism through an aperture (not shown) in the wall of cashbox 5. The upper belts 62, 63 of the drive arrangement are biased using springs 65 in order to keep the banknote 1 firmly in contact with opposing belts 62a, 63a.

Stacking Mechanism

0048Referring to Figure 9, it can be seen that as with previous embodiments, in this embodiment banknotes are stacked onto a plate 13 which is supported by a spring 14. This allows the banknote stack 12 to be displaced by the stacking mechanism as a new banknote 1 is stacked and to return as the stacking mechanism retreats in order that the uppermost banknote 1 in the stack 12 abuts the abutment surfaces 15, 16 of the upper wall 66 of the inner envelope 60 of the cashbox 5. Thus, the banknote stack 12 is always maintained under positive control as discussed in previous embodiments.

0049Referring again to Figure 8, the stacking mechanism comprises an actuation lever 70 which is moveable in the direction of the arrow shown in Figure 8 by an external drive mechanism (not shown). This may take the form of a simple gear, for example, connected via an aperture in the cashbox wall to an electric motor housed in the banknote handling apparatus. The rotation of actuation lever 70 causes the rigidly connected assembly of rod 71, connecting arm 72 and roller axle 73 to rotate about the longitudinal axis of rod 71, such that the roller axle 73 enters the cashbox aperture 4 (best seen in Figure 9) in a radial channel 90 in the end wall of the inner cashbox envelope 60.

0050The actuation lever 70, rod 71, connecting arm 72 and roller axle 73 may be manufactured from any suitable rigid material such as steel and interconnected using standard manufacturing techniques.

0051The roller axle 73 has mounted at either end a roller 74, 75. Each roller 74, 75 is provided with a rubber tyre for engaging a piston 80, 81, 84 which will be described in more detail below. The roller axle 73 is secured at the end of roller 74 only, to connecting arm 72; thus avoiding the need for providing further channels in the internal envelope 60, which would be required for securing the second end of roller axle 73. The roller axle 73 is free to rotate against the spring bias of an internally mounted spring (not shown) housed in connecting arm 72, the biasing of which acts in the direction of the arrow shown in Figure 9. The rollers 74 and 75 are mounted on the roller axle 73 such that they are free to rotate independently of the roller axle 73.

0052The banknote stacking mechanism further comprises a piston assembly, as mentioned above. The piston assembly comprises a banknote engaging plate 80. The plate 80 is dimensioned such that it just fits through the aperture 4 of the upper surface of the inner envelope 60 of cashbox 5, as viewed in Figures 8 and 9. The aperture 4 is in turn dimensioned such that its length (in the direction of banknote transportation) exceeds the length of the longest banknote with which the apparatus is designed to function.

0053The piston assembly is mounted in a slot 86 in the end wall of the inner envelope 60 which receives a reduced width portion of a guide piece 81 of the piston body, such that the guide piece 81 is free to move linearly in the slot 86. The guide piece 81 is held in a planar relationship with the end wall of the inner envelope 60 by the end wall of the outer envelope, with which it is a sliding fit. The guide piece 81 is acted on by a spring 83 which biases the piston body towards the upper surface 66 of the inner envelope 60 of cashbox 5 as viewed in Figures 8 and 9, such that in its resting condition, as is shown in Figure 9, the plate 80 of the piston body is situated above the plane of a banknote 1 which is held between each side of the transport mechanism.

0054The piston body also comprises an arm 84 which extends perpendicularly to the guide piece 81 and which is co-planar with the plate 80. The entire piston body assembly may be made from any suitable rigid material, such as steel or a plastics material and may be made as a one piece moulding or may be assembled, using standard manufacturing techniques from components parts.

0055Entrained about the roller axle 73 is a membrane 91. One edge of the membrane 91 is secured to the roller axle 73. The membrane 91 extends from near the roller 75, along approximately the entire length of the plate 80.

0056The other edge of the membrane 91 is secured to a longitudinal edge of plate 80, for example by adhesion, as is shown in Figures 8 and 9.

Mode of Operation

0057As has been described with reference to the previous embodiments, the banknote 1 is transported by the transportation mechanism and held stationary above the aperture 4 prior to the initiation of the stacking procedure. Subsequently, the belt transport system 62 is raised relative to its opposing belt 62a in order to create a clearance between the belts 62 and 62a such that an edge of the banknote 1 may be withdrawn during the stacking operation. This is initiated by the rotation of actuation lever 70 in the direction indicated by the arrow on Figure 9 and as previously described this results in the rotation of roller axle 73 into the inner envelope 60 of cashbox 5 along the radial slot 90 in the end wall of the inner cashbox 60. In so doing, roller 74 acts on the arm 84 of the piston body, forcing the piston body to slide vertically down into the inner envelope 60 of cashbox 5, along slot 86. This in turn causes the underside of the plate 80 to come into contact with the upper surface of the banknote 1, which is entrained by the plate 80 through the aperture 4 and onto the upper surface of the stack of banknotes 12 in the cashbox, or, onto the support plate 13 if the cashbox is empty.

0058Once the piston plate 80 has secured one edge of the banknote 1 against the banknote stake 12, the second banknote edge is released by the raising of the belt transport system 63 relative to its opposing belt transport system 63a.

0059As the actuation lever 70 continues to rotate in the direction of the arrow shown in Figure 8, the action of roller 74 continues to force the piston body downwards against the action of spring 14 shown in Figure 9. Thus, as the roller axle 73 moves across the upper surface of the plate 80, the membrane 91 is wound onto the roller axle 73 by virtue of the biasing spring (not shown) in connecting arm 72 which acts upon the roller axle 73. This continues until the point at which the roller axle 73 passes off the right hand edge of plate 80, as viewed in Figure 9.

0060Continued rotation of the actuation lever 70 causes the membrane 91 to unwind, against the action of the spring (not shown) acting upon the roller axle 73 until the roller axle 73 reaches its maximum depth of penetration into the inner envelope 60 of the cashbox 5. This state is shown in Figure 9 by the dashed representation of connecting arm 72', roller axle 73', roller 75', plate 80', membrane 91', banknote stack 12' and support plate 13'. Thus, the action of roller axle 73, together with that of the membrane 91 has at this point flattened the remainder of the banknote 1 against the stack 12.

0061It should be noted that in this embodiment, as with the mechanism of the first embodiment, the final stacked position of the banknote is laterally offset with regard to the position of the banknotes during transportation.

0062It should also be noted that at this point, roller 74 continues to exert a downward force on the piston body, via the extreme end of arm 84. This is despite the fact that the roller axle 73 is no longer situated above plate 80.

0063The actuation mechanism then proceeds to drive actuation lever 73 in the reverse direction to rotate the roller axle 73 back out of the inner envelope 60 of cashbox 5 along the radial path defined by slot 90. The biasing force of spring 83 causes the piston body to return to its normal position, shown in full line in Figure 9.

0064Similarly the biasing force of the spring (not shown) which acts on roller axle 73 causes the membrane 91 to be once again wound onto the roller axle 73 up until the point at which the roller axle 73 again reaches the upper surface of the plate 80, leaving the banknote in its stacked position. And thereafter to unwind again as the position shown in Figure 9 is approached.

0065The skilled reader will appreciate that the present embodiment has the advantages described earlier with respect to the first embodiment of being tolerant of misalignment of the banknote 1 as it is presented for stacking, since no datum edge is relied upon in order to effect the stacking operation.

0066Similarly, because each banknote 1 is effectively stacked by positioning part of the banknote 1 on the stack 12 and subsequently flattening the remainder against the stack 12, this embodiment is also able to cope with a wide range of banknote sizes. However, in addition, the presence of the membrane 91 further increases the control which may be exerted upon the banknote 1 during the stacking operation.

0067Furthermore, the tensile stresses imparted to the banknote 1 are reduced by the presence of the membrane 50. Therefore, the chances of the banknote 1 being torn by the stacking process are further reduced. Accordingly, the speed of the stacking cycle may be further increased.

0068The skilled reader will understand that a banknote stacking apparatus according to the present invention may be used in various applications, particularly where banknotes are automatically accepted and validated such as in automated vending machines and banknote changing machines. Referring to Figure 10a a banknote validating machine 100 is shown in conjunction with a cashbox 5. Referring now to Figure 10b, an idealised sectional view through the machine 100 is shown. This shows a banknote 1 on the point of being inserted into an aperture 101 from where it is transported along a banknote transportation system 102 by a drive unit 103 and validated by a validation apparatus 104. The transportation system 102 then transports the banknote 1 to a stacking arrangement 105 so that the banknote 1 may be stacked in the cashbox 5 as has been described in previous embodiments, the stacking arrangement 105 may be located in the validator 100 as it is shown in Figure 10b or alternatively in the cashbox 5 itself.

0069Furthermore, it will be appreciated by the skilled reader that the stacking arrangement 105 employed in a banknote accepting machine may conform to any one of the previously described embodiments.

0070It will be apparent from the forgoing that various modifications and variations may be employed in relation to the above-described embodiments without departing the spirit or scope of the present invention. In particular, features of the embodiments described may be employed individually or in individual combinations without departing from the scope of the invention.

0071For example the skilled reader will appreciate that the present invention as described in the second, third and fourth embodiments, could be used to insert documents such as banknotes, loosely through an aperture; thus obviating the need to any stack forming means.

0072Furthermore, the skilled reader will appreciate that by adjusting the clearance between the upper and the lower halves of the banknote transport mechanism, the present invention could be used to stack bundles of banknotes, which have been held, for example, in a temporary storage device such as an escrow.

0073The skilled reader will also appreciate that various modifications may be made to the mechanism with which the rotors and the pusher plate are driven. For example, both the rotors and the pusher plate may be driven by a single, non-reversible electric motor, their actuation timing being controlled through the use of cams, for example. Furthermore, the banknote transport mechanism may be arranged to deliver banknotes for stacking at predetermined intervals, allowing the continuous operation of the stacking mechanism.

0074The skilled reader will also realise that the inventive concept of the present invention may be realised using stacking members which would not normally be termed rotors.