Method for planning mobile radio coverage inside buildings
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for planning radio coverage and for predicting the high-frequency received power level of a mobile radio transmitter in buildings for a number of floors above and below the floor in which the transmitter is positioned with a transmitting antenna. The method can be used for the most frequently existing building types, i.e. reinforced concrete framework buildings and masonry buildings. The invention is advantageous in that a complex series of measurements for planning the radio coverage in buildings can be forgone. In addition, no complex calculations using semi-emperical models, e.g. ray tracing methods, are necessary. The inventive method offers rapid adequately precise results concerning the radio coverage to be expected in a building and, at the same time, for a large number of floors.

Term
Term ended
Expired 10 April 2021, 5.5 years ago.
- Priority
- Filed
- Granted
- Expired
- Today
5 claims: 5 independent, 0 dependent
- 1Process for planning the mobile telephone supply within a building to be supplied, having the following steps:a) positioning a virtual transmitting antenna while presetting certain transmitting parameters at any available site within the building;b) determining the size of the supply region of the transmitting antenna within the building with the aid of a prediction process for determining the HF receiving level, wherein the prediction of the size of the supply region is effected by determining the HF-receiving power level Pra(x, y) to be expected at any points (x, y) of the building using the equation:Pra (x, yj) = s[(|x|-Max(x1,|x2|)2 + (|yj|-Max(y1,|y2|))2]-f, wherein the part function s is produced to give:s = (5.2*10-3/(Max(xmax, ymax)-10)-2.5*10-5)*(i-8.5)4 /(|yj|+35) + 0.002, where xmax = Max(x1, |x2|) and ymax = Max(y1, |y2|) and i = number of the floor and the part function f is produced to give:f = 1.07* 10-2 * xmax * ymax+74 for the basement of the building, andf= 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+63 for all other floors;c) testing whether the supply region determined/the supply regions determined comprises/comprise the entire building, and if applicable: ending the process;if inapplicable: enlarging the supply region by changing the transmitting parameters of the virtual transmitting antenna;and/orpositioning at least one further virtual transmitting antenna at any site of the building remote to the location of the first antenna and determining the size of the supply region of the further transmitting antenna within the building using the prediction process;d) continuing the process for process step c). Procédé pour planifier la couverture radiotéléphonique à l'intérieur d'un bâtiment à couvrir, comprenant les étapes suivantes : a) positionnement d'une antenne émettrice virtuelle avec prédéfinition de certains paramètres d'émission à un endroit disponible quelconque à l'intérieur du bâtiment ;b) calcul de la taille de la zone de couverture de l'antenne émettrice à l'intérieur du bâtiment, à l'aide d'un procédé de prédiction pour définir le niveau de réception H.F., la prédiction de la taille de la zone de couverture se faisant grâce au calcul du niveau de puissance de réception H.F. Pra(x,y) à prévoir au niveau de points quelconques (x, y) du bâtiment, à l'aide de l'équation :Pra(x,yj)=s[(|x|-Max(x1, (|x2|))2 + (|yj|-Max(y1,|y2|))2]-f, avec la fonction partielle s :s=(5.2*10-3 /(Max(xmax,ymax)-10)-2.5*10-5)*(i-8.5)4 / (|yj|+35) +0.002, dans laquelle xmax = Max(x1,|x2|) et ymax=Max(y1 ,|y2|) et i = numéro de l'étage, et avec la fonction partielle f :f = 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+74 pour le rez-de-chaussée du bâtiment, etf = 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+63 pour tous les autres étages ;c) vérification pour voir si la/les zones de couverture calculées comprennent tout le bâtiment, et si oui : fin du procédé ;sinon : augmentation de la zone de couverture grâce à une modification des paramètres d'émetteur de l'antenneémettrice virtuelle ;et/ou positionnement d'au moins une antenne émettrice virtuelle supplémentaire à un endroit quelconque du bâtiment situé loin de l'emplacement de la première antenne, et calcul de la taille de la zone de couverture de cette antenne émettrice supplémentaire à l'intérieur du bâtiment, à l'aide du procédé de prédiction ;d) poursuite du procédé en c). Verfahren zur Planung der Mobilfunkversorgung innerhalb eines zu versorgenden Gebäudes, mit folgenden Schritten: a)Positionieren einer virtuellen Sendeantenne unter Vorgabe bestimmter Sendeparameter an einem beliebigen zur Verfügung stehenden Ort innerhalb des Gebäudes;b)Ermitteln der Größe des Versorgungsbereichs der Sendeantenne innerhalb des Gebäudes mit Hilfe eines Prädiktionsverfahrens zur Bestimmung des HF-Empfangspegels, wobei die Prädiktion der Größe des Versorgungsbereichs durch Ermitteln des an beliebigen Punkten (x,y) des Gebäudes zu erwartenden HF-Empfangsleistungspegels Pra(x,y) anhand der Gleichung:Pra (x,yj)=s[(|x|-Max(x1,|x2|))2 + (|yj|-Max(y1,|y2|))2]-f erfolgt, wobei sich die Teilfunktion s ergibt zu:s=(5.2*10-3 / (Max(xmax,ymax)-10)-2.5*10-5)* (i-8.5)4 /(|yj|+35)+0.002, mit xmax = Max(x1, |x2| ) und ymax= Max(y1, |y2|) sowie i = Nummer des Stockwerks und sich die Teilfunktion f ergibt zu:f = 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+74 für das Untergeschoss des Gebäudes,undf = 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+63 für alle anderen Stockwerke;c)Prüfen, ob der ermittelte Versorgungsbereich / die ermittelten Versorgungsbereiche das gesamte Gebäude umfasst / umfassen, und Falls zutreffend: Beenden der Verfahrens;Falls unzutreffend: Vergrößern des Versorgungsbereichs durch Änderung der Senderparameter der virtuellen Sendeantenne;und/oderPositionieren mindestens einer weiteren virtuellen Sendeantenne an einem beliebigen, zum Standort der ersten Antenne entfernten Ort des Gebäudes und Ermitteln der Größe des Versorgungsbereichs der weiteren Sendeantenne innerhalb des Gebäudes anhand des Prädiktionsverfahrens;d)Fortsetzung des Verfahrens bei Verfahrensschritt c)
- 2Process according to claim 1, characterised in that for adaptation of the traffic capacity in the building, a change of the supply regions is effected by changing the transmitting parameters of the transmitting antenna(e) and fitting of additional virtual transmitters with transmitting antennae. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que pour une adaptation de la capacité de trafic dans le bâtiment, une modification des zones de couverture a lieu grâce à une modification des paramètres d'émission de l'antenne émettrice ou des antennes émettrices et grâce à l'installation d'émetteurs virtuels supplémentaires avec des antennes émettrices. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für eine Anpassung der Verkehrskapazität im Gebäude eine Änderung der Versorgungsbereiche durch Änderung der Sendeparameter der Sendeantenne(n) und eine Einrichtung zusätzlicher virtueller Sender mit Sende antennen erfolgt.
- 3Process according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that for application of the prediction process, at least the following parameters of the building are used:- building construction- width and length of the building between the inner sides of the outer walls- number and height of the floors- type of glazing. Procédé selon l'une au moins des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que pour l'application du procédé de prédiction, on utilise au moins les paramètres suivants du bâtiment : - type de bâtiment- largeur et longueur du bâtiment entre les côtés intérieurs des murs extérieurs- nombre et hauteur des étages- type du vitrage. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für die Anwendung des Prädiktionsverfahrens wenigstens folgende Parameter des Gebäudes verwendet werden: - Gebäudebauart- Breite und Länge des Gebäudes zwischen den Innenseiten der Außenwände- Anzahl und Höhe der Stockwerke- Art der Verglasung.
- 4Process according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterised in that the process can be applied for all common building constructions, in particular reinforced concrete skeleton constructions and/or brickwork buildings. Procédé selon l'une au moins des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le procédé est applicable pour tous les types de construction de bâtiments courants, en particulier les constructions en ossature en béton armé et/ou les bâtiments en maçonnerie. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Verfahren für alle gängigen Gebäudebauarten, insbesondere Stahlbetonskelett-Konstruktionen und/oder Mauerwerksgebäude anwendbar ist.
- 5Process for calculating the HF power level of a GSM base station transmitter arranged in a building at the receiver input of a mobile station within the building, using the equation:Pra (x, yj) = s[(|x|-Max(x1,|x2|)2 + (|yj|-Max(y1,|y2|))2 ]-f, wherein Pra (x, yj) indicates the HF receiving level at any points S(x, y) within the building for the floor on which the transmitter is situated and several floors above and below this floor, wherein the part function s is produced to give:s = (5.2* 10-3/(Max(xmax, ymax)-10)-2.5*10-5)* (i-8.5)4 /(|yj|+35)+0.002, where xmax = Max(x1, |x2|) and ymax = Max(y1, |y2|) and i = number of the floor and the part function f is produced to give:f = 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+74 for the basement of the building, andf = 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+63 for all other floors, wherein the actual power level to be expected at the receiver input of the mobile station is calculated at any power at the foot point of the transmitting antenna, any antennae and antenna supply lines to the receiving antenna to give:Pr = Pra(x, yj) + Gt + Gr- ar + 10*log(Pt/1 W), where Gt: gain of the transmitting antenna,Gr: gain of the receiving antenna,ar: damping of the supply line to the receiving antenna,Pt: power at the foot point of the transmitting antenna. Procédé pour calculer le niveau de puissance H.F. d'un émetteur de station de base GSM disposé dans un bâtiment, à l'entrée de récepteur d'une station mobile à l'intérieur du bâtiment, en utilisant l'équation :Pra(x,yj) = s [ ( |x| - Max ( x1, |x2| ) )2 + ( |yj| - Max ( y1, |y2| ) )2 ] - f, Pra(x,yj) indiquant le niveau de réception H.F. à des points quelconques S(x,y) à l'intérieur du bâtiment pour l'étage où se trouve l'émetteur et pour plusieurs étages au-dessus et au-dessous de cet étage, avec la fonction partielle s :s = (5.2*10-3 /(Max(xmax,ymax)-10)-2.5*10-5)*(i-8.5)4 /(|yj|+35)+0.002, dans laquelle xmax = Max(x1,|x2|) et ymax=Max(y1 ,|y2|) et i = numéro de l'étage, et avec la fonction partielle f :f = 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+74 ;pour le rez-de-chaussée du bâtiment, etf = 1.07*10-2 * xmax * ymax+63 ;pour tous les autres étages ;étant précisé que l'on calcule le niveau de puissance réel à prévoir, à l'entrée de récepteur de la station mobile pour une puissance quelconque à la base de l'antenne réceptrice, sur des antennes et conduites d'amenée d'antennes quelconques vers l'antenne réceptrice, de la manière suivante :Pr = Pra(x,yj) + Gt + Gr - ar + 10.log(Pt/1 W) , avec Gt :gain de l'antenne émettrice,Gr :gain de l'antenne réceptrice,ar : affaiblissement de la conduite d'amenée vers l'antenne réceptrice,Pt :puissance à la base de l'antenne émettrice. Verfahren zur Berechnung des HF-Leistungspegels eines in einem Gebäude angeordneten GSM-Basisstationssenders am Empfängereingang einer Mobilstation innerhalb des Gebäudes, unter Verwendung der Gleichung:Pra (x,yj) = s [ ( |x| - Max ( x1, |x2| ) )2 + ( |yj| - Max ( y1, |y2| ) )2]- f, wobei Pra (x,yj) den HF-Empfangspegel an beliebigen Punkten S(x,y) innerhalb des Gebäudes für das Stockwerk in dem sich der Sender befindet und mehrere Stockwerke oberhalb und unterhalb von diesem Stockwerk angibt, wobei sich die Teilfunktion s ergibt zu:s = (5.2*10-3 / (Max(xmax,ymax)-10)-2.5*10-5)*(i-8.5)4 / (|yj|+35)+0.002, mit xmax = Max(x1, |x2| ) und ymax= Max(y1, |y2|) sowie i = Nummer des Stockwerks und sich die Teilfunktion f ergibt zu:f = 1.07*10-2* xmax * ymax+74;für das Untergeschass des Gebäudes, undf = 1.07*10-2* xmax * ymax+63;für alle anderen Stockwerke, wobei sich der tatsächliche zu erwartende Leistungspegel am Empfängereingang der Mobilstation bei beliebiger Leistung am Fußpunkt der Sendeantenne, beliebigen Antennen und Antennenzuleitungen zur Empfangsantenne berechnet zu:Pr = Pra(x,yj) + Gt + Gr - ar + 10*log(Pt/1 W) , mit Gt: Gewinn der Sendeantenne,Gr: Gewinn der Empfangsantenne,ar: Dämpfung der Zuleitung zur Empfangsantenne,Pt: Leistung am Fußpunkt der Sendeantenne.
Independent claims5
38 paragraphs, as filed
The invention relates to a method for planning the mobile radio supply within buildings, in particular using a prediction method for the RF reception power level occurring in the building, the transmitting antenna for supplying the building being arranged inside the building.
With Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic wave propagation can be described analytically in any case if the initial and limit values are given.
DE 197 03 916 A1 discloses a method for predicting the building attenuation or the RF reception power level within a building in the case of mobile radio systems, it being assumed here that the transmitting antenna is arranged outside the building.
With the propagation of the waves in buildings, with an arrangement of the transmitter antenna inside the building, the building structures are so complex that the initial values for applying Maxwell's equations cannot be determined. In this case, there is therefore no closed solution to the equations mentioned. With the currently existing methods for predicting RF reception power levels in buildings, the so-called semi-empirical models, the RF reception power level can only be predicted on the floor where the transmission antenna is located and only in its immediate vicinity.
In the article by Fortune, SJ et al: "WISE Design of Indoor Wireless Systems: Practical Computation and Optimization" in IEEE Computational Science & Engineering, IEEE Computer Society, US, vol. 2, No. 1, 1995, pages 58-68, ISSN 1070-9924, a method for planning the mobile radio supply within a building to be supplied is described, which is based on a computer-aided simulation. A virtual transmission antenna is positioned at any available location within the building, using certain transmission parameters. First, the dimensions and positions of all walls, ceilings and floors within the building must be recorded. Based on this data, a propagation model is created and the expected coverage area of the antenna is calculated using a ray tracing method. If the determined coverage area does not encompass the entire building, the process is repeated with other transmission parameters of the virtual antenna or the positioning of a further virtual antenna. The disadvantage of this prediction method is the complex recording of all building dimensions, ie wall, ceiling and floor areas, and the calculation of a propagation model for the use of the ray tracing method.
The object of the invention is to provide a method for planning the mobile radio supply within buildings, which allows a fast and sufficiently accurate prediction of the RF reception power level at any location in the building, without the need to create complex propagation models.
This object is solved by the features of independent claims 1 and 5.
With the planning method according to the invention based on an approximation method for determining the expected
RF reception power can be used to plan the GSM radio coverage on the floors of a building. The GSM transmitters required for coverage are housed in the building. The pension planning is carried out according to the following steps:<ul id="ul0001" list-style="dash" compact="compact"><li>A transmitter (with the transmitter antenna) is positioned on an available location of the building to be supplied.</li><li>With the approximation method according to the invention, the size of the useful cell (service area) within the building is determined. If the supply is insufficient, it is examined whether the supply area can be extended to the entire building by changing the transmitter parameters.</li><li>If the supply with one transmitter is not possible, a second transmitter is positioned on a corresponding location. The size of the useful cell (coverage area) is then also determined for this transmitter.</li><li>If the above procedure is repeated several times, the complete supply of the building is achieved.</li></ul>
It has been shown that the radio coverage of a building is in many cases possible with only one transmitter.
The invention enables radio planning and prediction of the RF reception power level in the downlink in buildings with sufficient accuracy up to the sixth floor below and above the floor in which the transmitting antenna is positioned. The transmitter can be placed anywhere in the building. The method can be used for the most common building types, ie reinforced concrete skeleton and masonry buildings. The advantage of the invention is that complex measurement series can be dispensed with in order to plan the radio coverage in buildings. There is also no need for complex calculations based on semi-empirical models, such as ray tracing methods. The proposed method very quickly delivers sufficiently accurate results about the radio coverage to be expected in a building and at the same time for a large number of floors. With the exception of a few building parameters, such as the building dimensions, no further input parameters are required to carry out the method.
Advantageous refinements and developments of the invention result from the dependent patent claims.
The invention is described in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment with reference to the drawing figures. Further features and advantages of the invention result from the drawings and their description. It shows:<dl id="dl0001" compact="compact"><dt>Figure 1:</dt><dd>the possible structure of a measuring transmitter for taking measurements within a building;</dd><dt>Figure 2:</dt><dd>the possible structure of a mobile measuring receiver for taking measurements within a building;</dd><dt>Figure 3:</dt><dd>a representation of a typical RF received voltage level as a function of the distance traveled;</dd><dt>Figure 4:</dt><dd>a horizontal cross section of a floor of a building, where the transmitting antenna S (0.0) is located.</dd><dt>Figures 5 to 11:</dt><dd>Measured values of the received power level and their approximation for different floors of a building.</dd></dl>
A typical measuring system for carrying out measurements within a building is shown in FIGS. 1 to 3. The measuring system consists of a measuring transmitter and a mobile measuring receiving system.
The measuring transmitter according to FIG. 1 delivers a GMSK-modulated transmission signal. The level values are at the output of the individual stages in the case of P<sub>t</sub> = 1 W. The downlink radio channels used for the measurements are GSM measurement channels. The power amplifier 3 amplifies the input signal of the GSM generator 2 by approximately 48 dB. The isolators 4, 5 at the output of the signal generator 2 and the power amplifier 3 ensure good impedance matching. The reflected signals are suppressed with at least 20 dB. This prevents the development of interfering intermodulation products, particularly due to the non-linear transmission characteristics of the amplifier output stage. A power meter 6 can be connected downstream of the insulator 5. The transmission antenna 7 is a vertically polarized λ / 2 dipole. The width at half maximum in the vertical plane is 78 °. The antenna gain is 2 dBi in the frequency range from 870 to 960 MHz. The standing wave ratio at the antenna input is about 1.15.
The height of the antenna base above the ground is set at 1.67 m for the transmitting antenna.
The RF receive voltage level (U<sub>r</sub> in dBµV) is recorded according to FIG. 2 with a movable measurement receiving system 8. The measuring accuracy is ± 1.5 dB in the level range of -10 dBµV ... + 60 dBµV. The measuring receiver 9 has the same antenna 10 at the same height above the floor as the transmitter. The HF useful bandwidth of the receiver 9 is between 0.4 GHz and 1 GHz. The IF bandwidth is B<sub>0</sub> = 120 kHz. The measuring system delivers 200 measured values per second, from which arithmetic mean values are formed in 0.15 m distances. The measurement data are recorded by a computer 11. A displacement pulse generator 12 supplies the pulses for the averaging distance. The multiplexer 13 fulfills the task of a central unit. With the aid of a digitizing tablet 14, the measurement data can be assigned to the measurement route.
The measuring transmitter 1 is set up as possible in the middle building height (middle floor) at a suitable available place. With the mobile measuring receiver 8, level measurements are carried out as far as possible on each surface unit of the floors. FIG. 3 shows a typical diagram of the RF received voltage U<sub>r</sub> along a measurement section as an example. The distance traveled is determined using the evaluation program of the computer 11. A file for each floor of the building is created from the RF reception voltage levels and the associated coordinates of the measuring points. The reference RF received power level (P<sub>rref</sub> in dBm) with conversion of the U<sub>r</sub> - Values calculated in RF reception power. the equation<maths id="math0001" num="(1)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>P</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rref</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>= U</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>r</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>-107-G</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>t</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>-G</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>r</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+ a</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>r</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext> -1.0</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>*</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>log (P</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>t</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext> / 1W) +10</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>*</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>log (B / B</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>0</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP1273115B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> describes the case when the transmitting and receiving antennas are lossless and isotropic, the antenna feed to the receiving antenna is lossless and P<sub>t</sub> = 1 W. In (1) B denotes the 3 dB bandwidth of the GMSK-modulated transmission signal in kHz.
The type of building can be identified by the structure of the outer walls and influences the electromagnetic wave propagation in the building. Radio coverage with an internal transmitter is mainly used in larger public buildings. These are mostly office buildings, company buildings, institutions, department stores, etc. The following types of construction occur in most cases for these building types:<ul id="ul0002" list-style="dash" compact="compact"><li>Reinforced concrete skeleton construction with masonry or reinforced concrete outer walls. The cladding is plaster or natural stone.</li><li>Masonry buildings (brick, sand-lime, gas concrete or pumice block) with or without plaster or with natural stone cladding.</li></ul>
The glass surfaces in the outer walls are usually not metallized.
The results of the measurement method described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 can be predicted with sufficient accuracy using the approximation method according to the invention. When developing the process, the aim was to reduce the necessary initial parameters, ie the necessary building data, to a minimum. This means that the model can be used without an extensive building database. According to the current status, the following building parameters are necessary for the approximation method:<ul id="ul0003" list-style="dash" compact="compact"><li>Building type</li><li>Width and length of the building between the inside of the outer walls</li><li>Number and height of the floors</li><li>Type of glazing</li></ul>
The listed data can usually be found in the usual building description that is available for each building.
The approximation of equation (1) and then the prediction of the RF reception power in the general case are described below. The investigations have shown that P<sub>rref</sub> with the following function of two real variables (P<sub>ra</sub>(x, y) in dBm)<maths id="math0002" num="(2)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>P</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>ra</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>(x, y) = s [(| x | -Max (x</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>1</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>, | x</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2</mtext></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mtext>|))</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2</mtext></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mtext> + (| y | -Max (y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>1</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>, | y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2</mtext></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mtext>|))</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2</mtext></mrow></msup><mtext>] -f</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP1273115B1_D0002.tif" /></maths> can be approximated.
The image of equation (2) is a surface in three-dimensional space. By the to the x, P<sub>ra</sub>-Coordinate planes of parallel cut surfaces, ie y = y<sub>j</sub> = constant intersection curves of the surface. The in the x, P<sub>ra</sub>-Plane projected intersection curves give P<sub>ra</sub>(x, y<sub>j</sub>):<maths id="math0003" num="(3)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>P</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>ra</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>(x, y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>j</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>) = s [(| x | -Max (x</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>1</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>, | x</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2</mtext></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mtext>|))</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2</mtext></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mtext> + (| y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>j</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>| -Max (y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>1</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>, | y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2</mtext></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mtext>|))</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>2</mtext></mrow></msup><mtext>] -f</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP1273115B1_D0003.tif" /></maths>
In equation (3), the absolute value of the independent variable denotes | x | the absolute amount of the distance from the transmitting antenna in the x direction. The constant value | y<sub>j</sub>| means the absolute amount of the distance from the transmitting antenna in the y direction.
Figure 4 illustrates the distances x<sub>1</sub>, x<sub>2</sub>, y<sub>1</sub>, y<sub>2</sub> in m from the transmitting antenna 17 in the origin of the rectangular coordinate system (x, y, P<sub>ra</sub>) up to the corresponding inner sides of the building outer walls 16 of the building 15.
In equation (3) s determines the steepness of the approximation curves:<maths id="math0004" num="(4)"><math display="block"><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext>s = (5.2 * 10</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>-3</mtext></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mtext>/ (Max (x</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>Max</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>, y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>Max</mtext></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mtext>)-10)-2.5*10</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>-5</mtext></mrow></msup><mtext>)*</mtext><mspace linebreak="newline" /><msup><mrow><mtext> (i-8.5)</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>4</mtext></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mtext>/ (| y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>j</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>|+35)+0.002,</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP1273115B1_D0004.tif" /></maths> in which x<sub>Max</sub>= Max (x<sub>1</sub>, | x<sub>2</sub>|) and y<sub>Max</sub>= Max (y<sub>1</sub>, | y<sub>2</sub>|) are.
It is assumed that x<sub>Max</sub> or y<sub>Max</sub> is larger than 10 m in accordance with the building dimensions that occur in practice. The floors are numbered with the parameter i in equation (4). For the reference floor, where the transmitting antenna is located, i = 0. The floors that follow one another downwards and upwards are labeled i = 1,2, ..., 5. The function f in equation (3) causes a curve shift. Applies to the basement of a building<maths id="math0005" num="(5)"><math display="block"><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext>f = 1.07 * 10</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>-2</mtext></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mtext> * x</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>Max</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext> * y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>Max</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>+74</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP1273115B1_D0005.tif" /></maths> for all other floors:<maths id="math0006" num="(6)"><math display="block"><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext>f = 1.07 * 10</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>-2</mtext></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mtext> * x</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>Max</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext> * y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>Max</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>+63</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP1273115B1_D0006.tif" /></maths>
With P<sub>ra</sub>(x, y<sub>j</sub>) the reference RF received power level can be approximated at any location on the floor under consideration.
The approximation of P<sub>rref</sub> by P<sub>ra</sub>(x, y<sub>j</sub>) described. Owned by P<sub>ra</sub>(x, y<sub>j</sub>) the power level at the receiver input (P<sub>r</sub> in dBm) with<maths id="math0007" num="(7)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>P</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>r</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>= P</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>ra</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>(x, y</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>j</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>) + G</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>t</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+ G</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>r</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>-a</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>r</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+ 10 * log (P</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>t</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext> / 1 W)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP1273115B1_D0007.tif" /></maths> with any power at the base of the transmitting antenna, for any antennas and antenna feeds to the receiving antenna.
The size of the useful cell, i.e. the coverage area of the transmitter antenna, depends on the transmitter and receiver parameters. These are the power at the base of the transmitting antenna (P<sub>t</sub> in W), the gain of the transmitting or receiving antenna (G<sub>t</sub> in dBi) or (G<sub>r</sub> in dBi) related to the spherical emitter and the attenuation of the supply line to the receiving antenna (a<sub>r</sub> in dB). The gain of the transmitting antenna can be calculated from the radiation diagrams in the elevation and azimuthal plane for each point S (x, y) on the floor in question.
An example is now to be used to compare the measured values with the approximation. The construction data of the measured building of the Telekom Directorate in Cologne and the position data of the transmitting antenna are shown below. The transmitting antenna is on the 2nd floor. The object under consideration is a reinforced concrete skeleton building with outer walls made of sand-lime brick.<tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Building type</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Reinforced concrete skeleton</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Exterior walls</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Limestone</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Building width (m)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">62.5</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Building length (m)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">52.5</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Number of floors</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">7</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Location of the transmitting antenna</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">2nd Upper floor</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">x<sub>1</sub> (m)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">60</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">x<sub>2</sub> (m)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">-2.5</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">y<sub>1</sub> (m)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">50</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">y<sub>2</sub> (m)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">-2.5</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>
FIGS. 5 to 11 show the measurement results and their approximations for the building under consideration. Each figure shows selected measurement and approximation values for a specific floor of the building. The distance in the x direction in meters from the transmitting antenna is plotted on the abscissa. The measured RF reception power values and the associated approximate values of the reception power to be expected are on the ordinate. The distance in the y direction from the transmitting antenna is fixed for several values. The measurement curves can be recognized by the markings of the measurement points. The approximation curves are drawn as pure lines without marking. The curves that belong together are indicated by a double arrow.
The accuracy of the approximation is sufficient for planning the radio coverage. The deviation between the measured and approximate values is usually less than ± 10 dB on the ground floor and on the higher floors. The inaccuracy of the approximation in the basement basement can become larger in certain cases, for example if many metal tubes run underneath the basement ceiling.
Formula symbols used
<dl id="dl0002" compact="compact"><dt>a<sub>r</sub></dt><dd>Attenuation of the lead to the receiving antenna</dd><dt>B</dt><dd>3 dB bandwidth of the GMSK-modulated transmission signal</dd><dt>B<sub>0</sub></dt><dd>IF bandwidth of the measuring receiver</dd><dt>f</dt><dd>Subfunction in the P<sub>ra</sub> (x, y)</dd><dt>G<sub>r</sub></dt><dd>Gain of the receiving antenna in relation to the ball radiator</dd><dt>G<sub>t</sub></dt><dd>Gain of the transmitting antenna based on the shot-peen</dd><dt>i</dt><dd>Ordinal number of floors related to the reference floor</dd><dt>P<sub>r</sub></dt><dd>Power level at the receiver input</dd><dt>P<sub>ra</sub></dt><dd>Approximation function of P<sub>rref</sub></dd><dt>P<sub>rref</sub></dt><dd>Reference RF receive power level</dd><dt>P<sub>t</sub></dt><dd>Power at the base of the transmitting antenna</dd><dt>S (0.0)</dt><dd>Position of the transmitting antenna in the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system (x = 0, y = 0)</dd><dt>s</dt><dd>Subfunction in the P<sub>ra</sub> (x, y)</dd><dt>x</dt><dd>Distance from the transmitting antenna in the x direction</dd><dt>x<sub>1</sub></dt><dd>Distance from the transmitting antenna to the inside of the building's outer wall in the positive x direction</dd><dt>x<sub>2</sub></dt><dd>Distance from the transmitting antenna to the inside of the building's outer wall in the negative x-direction</dd><dt>y</dt><dd>Distance from the transmitting antenna in the y direction</dd><dt>y<sub>1</sub></dt><dd>Distance from the transmitting antenna to the inside of the building's outer wall in the positive y-direction</dd><dt>y<sub>2</sub></dt><dd>Distance from the transmitting antenna to the inside of the building's outer wall in the negative y-direction</dd><dt>U<sub>r</sub></dt><dd>RF receive voltage level</dd><dt>λ</dt><dd>Wavelength in the air</dd></dl>
Drawing legend
<dl id="dl0003" compact="compact"><dt>1</dt><dd>Measuring</dd><dt>2</dt><dd>GSM generator</dd><dt>3</dt><dd>Power amplifier</dd><dt>4</dt><dd>insulator</dd><dt>5</dt><dd>insulator</dd><dt>6</dt><dd>Power meter</dd><dt>7</dt><dd>antenna</dd><dt>8</dt><dd>Measuring receiver</dd><dt>9</dt><dd>Measuring receiver</dd><dt>10</dt><dd>antenna</dd><dt>11</dt><dd>computer</dd><dt>12</dt><dd>Displacement encoder</dd><dt>13</dt><dd>multiplexer</dd><dt>14</dt><dd>Digitizing tablet</dd><dt>15</dt><dd>building</dd><dt>16</dt><dd>Building exterior wall</dd><dt>17</dt><dd>Transmitting antenna</dd></dl>
43 sheets
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3 Sheet 4 Sheet 5 Sheet 6 Sheet 7 Sheet 8 Sheet 9 Sheet 10 Sheet 11 Sheet 12 Sheet 13 Sheet 14 Sheet 15 Sheet 16 Sheet 17 Sheet 18 Sheet 19 Sheet 20 Sheet 21 Sheet 22 Sheet 23 Sheet 24 Sheet 25 Sheet 26 Sheet 27 Sheet 28 Sheet 29 Sheet 30 Sheet 31 Sheet 32 Sheet 33 Sheet 34 Sheet 35 Sheet 36 Sheet 37 Sheet 38 Sheet 39 Sheet 40 Sheet 41 Sheet 42 Sheet 43
Every citation, both waysCites: the store holds 1 of 2
| Document | Relation | Office |
|---|---|---|
| DE19703916A | Cites | Germany |
11 members in 6 offices
Priority claims9
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10018439 | Germany | A | |
| 10018439 | Germany | A | |
| 10018439 | Germany | – | |
| 0101377 | Germany | W | |
| 0101377 | Germany | W | |
| 10018439 | – | – | – |
| DE2000118439 | – | – | – |
| DE2001001377 | – | – | – |
| WO2001DE01377 | – | – | – |
Members11
| Document | Office | Kind | |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10018439A1 | Germany | A1 | |
| WO0180468A1 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A1 | |
| AU6375501A | Australia | A | |
| EP1273115A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| US2004180665A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| EP1273115B1This record | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| AT278271T | Austria | T | |
| ATE278271T1 | Austria | T1 | |
| DE50103882D1 | Germany | D1 | |
| US7035643B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| DE10018439B4 | Germany | B4 |
46 legal events, as 7 offices reported them to INPADOC
Over the term
Point at a mark for the eventEvents
| Event | Code | Office | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Patent expired after termination of 20 yearsExpiredPE20 | PE20 | GB | |
| Patent expired because of reaching the maximum lifetime of a patentExpiredMK | MK | NL | |
| Expiry of rightR071 | R071 | DE | |
| Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP | PGFP | EP | |
| Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP | PGFP | EP | |
| Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP | PGFP | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]LapsedPG25 | PG25 | EP | |
| Lapse because of not paying annual feesLapsedMM01 | MM01 | AT | |
| Patent ceasedCeasedPL | PL | CH | |
| Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP | PGFP | EP | |
| Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]GrantedPGFP | PGFP | EP | |
| Nl: decision of oppositionOppositionNLR2 | NLR2 | EP | |
| Opposition rejectedOpposition27O | 27O | EP | |
| Opposition rejectedOppositionORIGINAL CODE: 0009273PLBN | PLBN | EP | |
| Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patentGrantedSTATUS: OPPOSITION REJECTEDSTAA | STAA | EP | |
| Communication despatched that opposition was rejectedOppositionORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNREJ1PLCK | PLCK | EP | |
| Examination report in opposition despatched + time limitOppositionORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNORE2PLAY | PLAY | EP | |
| Nl: opposition has been filed with the epoOppositionNLR1 | NLR1 | EP | |
| Opposition filed (corrected)OppositionR26 | R26 | EP | |
| Opposition data, opponent's data or that of the opponent's representative modifiedOppositionORIGINAL CODE: 0009299OPPOPLAB | PLAB | EP | |
| Reply of patent proprietor to notice(s) of opposition receivedOppositionORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNOBS3PLBB | PLBB | EP | |
| Nl: opposition has been filed with the epoOppositionNLR1 | NLR1 | EP | |
| Opposition filedOpposition26 | 26 | EP | |
| Notice of opposition and request to file observation + time limit sentOppositionORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNOBS2PLAX | PLAX | EP | |
| Opposition filedOppositionORIGINAL CODE: 0009260PLBI | PLBI | EP | |
| European patents designating ireland treated as always having been voidFD4D | FD4D | IE | |
| Lt: invalidation of european patent or patent extensionLTIE | LTIE | EP | |
| Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)GBT | GBT | EP | |
| New agentNV | NV | CH | |
| Corresponds to:REF | REF | EP | |
| European patents granted designating irelandGrantedGERMANFG4D | FG4D | IE | |
| European patent takes effect as a national patent in ch/liEP | EP | CH | |
| Designated contracting statesAK | AK | EP | |
| European patent grantedGrantedNOT ENGLISHFG4D | FG4D | GB | |
| (expected) grantORIGINAL CODE: 0009210GRAA | GRAA | EP | |
| Designated contracting states (corrected)RBV | RBV | EP | |
| Grant fee paidORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3GRAS | GRAS | EP | |
| Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patentORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1GRAP | GRAP | EP | |
| First examination report despatched17Q | 17Q | EP | |
| Request for examination filed17P | 17P | EP | |
| Designated contracting statesAK | AK | EP | |
| Request for extension of the european patentAL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SIAX | AX | EP | |
| Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phaseORIGINAL CODE: 0009012PUAI | PUAI | EP |
Numbers
- Publication
- 1273115
- Publication, DOCDB
- 1273115
- Publication, EPODOC
- EP1273115
- Application
- 1937975
- Application, DOCDB
- 01937975
- Application, EPODOC
- EP20010937975
Titles3
- German
- VERFAHREN ZUR PLANUNG DER MOBILFUNKVERSORGUNG INNERHALB VON GEBÄUDEN
- English
- METHOD FOR PLANNING MOBILE RADIO COVERAGE INSIDE BUILDINGS
- French
- PROCEDE DE PLANIFICATION DE LA COUVERTURE RADIO A L'INTERIEUR DE BATIMENTS
Classification
- CPC, 2
- H04W16/20
- H04W16/18
- IPC, 4
- H04B17 00
- H04Q7 36
- H04W16 18
- H04W16 20
Designated states6
- Contracting states, 6
- Austria
- Switzerland
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Liechtenstein
- Netherlands (Kingdom of the)