Method for preparing an interfrequency handover, a network element and a mobile station

0001The invention relates in general to handovers in cellular networks. In particular it relates to transmitting data on one frequency and performing measurements on another frequency during or for an interfrequency handover.

0002In cellular networks, where the communication connections are separated from each other using code division multiple access (CDMA) technique, a mobile station having an active communication connection with the cellular network should be able to receive data at the radio frequency related to that communication connection practically all the time. In an interfrequency handover the frequency on which an active communication connection exists is changed. A cell change may accompany the interfrequency handover, in which case the maneuver is an intercell-interfrequency handover, or the frequency change may take place within a single cell meaning that an intracell-interfrequency handover is performed. The present invention is equally applicable to all interfrequency handover types. During an interfrequency handover, a mobile station should be able to receive data on the first frequency and simultaneously to perform measurements and/or receive data on a second frequency.

0003A mobile station, which has two receivers, may simultaneously listen to two frequencies. For allowing a mobile station, which has only one receiver, to receive data related to the active communication connection uninterruptedly on a first frequency and to receive data also on a second frequency, transmission gaps can be left to the radio transmission on the first frequency. During the transmission gaps, no data is transmitted to the mobile station using the first frequency. Compressed mode transmission refers to a transmitting data in such a way there are breaks (transmission gaps) in the transmission.

0004Usually data to be transmitted over a radio interface is processed in such a way that the actually transmitted data has more redundancy than the original data. This way it is possible, for example, to detect transmission errors and to recover from them. Especially when the data to be transmitted is related to a real-time application, it may be desirable to transmit the user data at an unchanged data rate even during a compressed mode transmission. In this case a compromise usually has to be made for ensuring, on the one hand, the quality of the transmitted data and, on the other hand, enough time for listening to radio transmission on a second frequency.

0005Typically data is transmitted over the radio interface in frames, which have a certain number of time slots. The time slots comprise a certain number of symbols. The number of time slots in a frame, the number of symbols in a time slot and the duration of a symbol are usually defined in the applicable cellular system specifications. For example, the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access network (UTRA) of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) employs 15 time slots in each frame in the UTRA Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) system. UTRA FDD employs CDMA technique.

0006<figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> illustrates a sequence 100 of frames during a continuous mode transmission. The frames follow immediately each other in time. Sequence 101 in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 1</figref> presents an example of a compressed mode transmission. In sequence 101, the transmission of frames number N and N+2 lasts as long as the transmission of frames in the continuous transmission. The transmission of frames number N+1 and N+3 in sequence 101 lasts a shorter time than that of frames N and N+2 in the same sequence. The frames N+1 and N+3,whose transmission takes a shorter time, may carry a smaller amount of user data as frames N and N+2. It is also possible that all frames in compressed mode carry the same amount of user data.

0007Usually the compressed mode transmission lasts many frames. <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> illustrates an example of periodically repeated transmission gaps 211 according to UTRA specification 3G TS 25.215 [1]. The transmission gap length (TGL) is the duration of the transmission gaps 211. Usually TGL is expressed in numbers of time slots. According to 3G TS 25.215 specification, there are up to two transmission gaps within a transmission gap period (TGP). The repeated transmission gap periods are presented in <figref idref="f0001">Figure 2</figref> with rectangulars 220a, 220b and 220c. The transmission gaps within a transmission period are separated from each other by a transmission gap distance (TGD). The duration of the transmission gap period is an integer number of frames, and the duration of the transmission gap distance is an integer number of time slots. During the compressed mode operation, the transmission gap period is repeated for a certain number of times, and the pattern duration (PD) is a multiple of the number of frames in one TGP.

0008A system frame number (SFN) is the parameter specifying the frame in which compressed mode transmission starts. The slot number (SN) specifies the time slot in which the first transmission gap within a transmission gap period starts. A cellular network can tell to a mobile station the frames where transmission gaps are by, for example, signaling the values for SFN, SN, PD, TGP, TGD and TGL to the mobile station. It is also possible to define the transmission gap pattern using other parameters, but this set of parameters, which complies with the 3G TS 25.215 specification, is used here as an example.

0009According to 3G TS 25.215 specification, within a transmission pattern two transmission gap periods having different durations can be repeated alternatingly. Parameter TGP1 defines the duration of the odd-numbered transmission gap periods, and parameter TGP2 defines the duration of the even-numbered transmission gap periods. All transmission gap periods are similar from the beginning of the transmission gap period to the end of the second transmission gap within a transmission gap period (or to the end of the only transmission gap, if there is only one transmission gap within each transmission gap period). The difference in the transmission gap periods having a first duration TGP1 and those having a second duration TGP2 is that in the end of the longer transmission periods there are more frames, which are similar to those transmitted during continuous operation. If only one value duration TGP of the transmission gap period is defined, then all transmission gap periods have this duration.

0010In a handover situation it is important that the mobile station can receive synchronization information from the target cell. In UTRA FDD, for example, the synchronization channel (SCH) is the logical channel that carries this information, and physically there are certain synchronization symbols in each time slot. The synchronization symbols of a frame indicate, in addition to the timing of the transmission, the long scrambling code group which the target cell is using for downlink transmissions. The long scrambling codes are grouped into a certain number of groups, and each group has a certain number of scrambling codes. For successfully receiving control information from the target cell, the mobile station has to find out the long scrambling code of that cell. The larger number of synchronization symbols which the mobile station can receive from the target cell, the larger the probability to successfully determine the long scrambling code.

0011The periodical compressed mode enables the determination of certain number of synchronization symbols. The length and position of the transmission gap defines the indexes of the time slots (in the target cell) whose synchronization symbols the mobile station can receive. It is advisable to choose the transmission gap distance so that the as many time slot indexes as possible are selected. The repetition of the transmission gap pattern allows the synchronization symbols to be received multiple times, and thus the value of the symbols can be determined more accurately than based just on receipt of the symbols.

0012When user data is transmitted over the radio interface, it is typically first coded (to increase redundancy and resistance to bit errors in transmission) and then interleaved (to increase resistance to bursty transmission errors). The coding and interleaving are usually done in the first protocol layer. There are at least three ways to create the transmission gaps. The first alternative is to limit the amount of user data delivered from the upper protocol layers to the first protocol layer. This approach does not work for delay-sensitive applications, such as real-time applications, where there is no time, for example, to buffer the data. A second alternative to create a transmission gap is to reduce the spreading factor used to spread the data of the communication connection according to the CDMA technique. Symbols carry an information stream whose rate is the chip rate divided by the spreading factor. Reducing the spreading factor by two means that the symbol rate of the information stream is doubled. This means that it is possible to carry the same amount of user data in half of the time slots. A third alternative to create a transmission gap is to puncture the coded data so that the rate of the coded data is less in the compressed mode than in the continuous transmission mode. Rate matching is usually performed between coding and interleaving. Rate matching means either repeating certain selected bits of the coded data or ignoring certain selected bits of the data, in order to produce a coded data flow having a certain rate. Puncturing refers to ignoring certain bits of the coded data. Using puncturing, it is possible to carry the same amount of user data in all frames, despite of the transmission gaps. There is a certain maximum duration of a transmission gap that is feasible to create using puncturing. If too much bits of the coded data are punctured, the quality of the transmission deteriorates drastically.

0013For data related to real-time applications, it is thus possible create transmission gaps by reducing the spreading factor or by puncturing the coded data. In general, the transmission power of the frames, during which the transmission gap occurs, needs to be increased to ensure the quality of the transmission, when puncturing or reduction of the spreading factor is used to create the transmission gaps.

0014Reducing the spreading factor by two means that the transmission gap length can be 7 time slots in a system where there are 15 time slots per frame. 3G TS 25.215 specification allows one or two transmission gaps of 7 time slots to be placed in isolation (i.e. one or two transmission gaps of 7 time slots within a transmission gap period), or two transmission gaps may be placed next to each other in two consequent frames within a transmission gap period. Using the latter double frame approach, it is thus possible to have within a transmission gap period one transmission gap of 14 time slots. The switching of the receiver from a frequency to another frequency and back may take a time of about one or two time slots. Table 1 presents the number of synchronization symbols, which are transmitted by the target cell and which the mobile station can capture, when transmission gaps are created by reducing the spreading factor by two. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 1</b> Number of captured synchronization symbols when transmission gaps are created by reducing the spreading factor by two.</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="55mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="55mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="56mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Transmission gap duration</entry><entry valign="top">Switching time</entry><entry valign="top">Number of captured synchronization symbols</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>7 time slots</entry><entry>1 time slot</entry><entry>2*(7-1) = 12</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>2 time slots</entry><entry>2*(7-2) = 10</entry></row><row><entry>14 time slots</entry><entry>1 time slot</entry><entry>14-1= 13</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>2 time slots</entry><entry>14-2 = 12</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0015In UTRA FDD, each cell has a primary scrambling code which is used as long as there are available channelization codes related to said primary scrambling code. The channelization codes are orthogonal and their spreading factor varies typically from 4 to 512 chips per user data bit. Each downlink communication connection is given a specific channelization code. The use of a channelization code having a small spreading factor prevents the use of a certain number of channelization codes having a larger spreading factor. When creating transmission gaps by reducing the spreading factor by two, there may occur a situation, where it is not possible to change a first channelization code to a second channelization code whose spreading factor is smaller, because there are not enough free channelization codes whose spreading factor is smaller. This situation is usually called code limited.

0016In a code limited situation it is possible to reduce the spreading factor by two by using a secondary scrambling code with the new channelization code [2]. The problem in using a secondary scrambling code is that the orthogonality of the channelization codes within a cell is lost. The interference caused by the transmission in the own cell <i>P</i>_intra is increased compared to the interference caused by the surrounding cell <i>P</i>_inter. The target value for the signal-to-interference (SIR) in the transmission power control has to be increased considerably to ensure the quality of the transmission. As can be seen in Table 2, the required increase in the target value for SIR depends on the ratio <i>P</i>_intra/ <i>P</i>_inter and on the channel impulse response profile, which defines the orthogonality factor for the primary scrambling code. When the own cell interference is about the same as the interference caused by surrounding cells, i.e. <i>P</i>_intra/ <i>P</i>_inter = 0 dB, the increase in the target SIR value is smaller than when <i>P</i>_intra<i>l P</i>_inter is larger, i.e. when the mobile station is nearer the base station. A 3 dB increase in the target value for SIR is due to reduction of the spreading factor by two. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 2</b> Required increase in the target value of SIR when a secondary scrambling code is taken into use</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="48mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="47mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top" /><entry valign="top"><i>^Pintra</i>^/<i>^Pinter</i></entry><entry valign="top">Increase in target SIR</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry morerows="2">Indoor</entry><entry align="right">10 dB</entry><entry>4.7 dB + 3 dB = 7.7 dB</entry></row><row><entry align="right">5 dB</entry><entry>2.5 dB + 3 dB = 5.5 dB</entry></row><row><entry align="right">0 dB</entry><entry>0.9 dB + 3 dB = 3.9 dB</entry></row><row><entry morerows="2">Vehicular</entry><entry align="right">10 dB</entry><entry>3.7 dB + 3 dB = 6.7 dB</entry></row><row><entry align="right">5 dB</entry><entry>2.7 dB + 3 dB = 5.7 dB</entry></row><row><entry align="right">0 dB</entry><entry>1.6 dB + 3 dB = 4.6 dB</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0017Creating transmission gaps by reducing the spreading factor by two may thus cause many problems in a code limited situation. Firstly, the transmission power of certain frames during the compressed mode transmission has to be increased, and it has to be increased typically more than 4 dB. This causes more interference to the other transmissions in the cell. In addition, in a code limited situation the base station cannot necessarily increase the transmission power of the compressed mode transmission as much as required because of all the other active communication connections. Secondly, a required increase for the target value of SIR needs to be estimated. This is difficult, because the increase in SIR depends on the position and velocity of the mobile station and because it is not possible to measure the ratio <i>P</i>_intra / <i>P</i>_inter. If the increase in SIR is always chosen to be large enough, for example 7.7 dB, to ensure a successful interfrequency handover, then unnecessary interference is caused at least in some cases.

0018It is possible to use puncturing for creating transmission gaps. The transmission power of the frames which contain the transmission gaps needs to be increases also in this case. The 3G TS 25.215 specification allows transmission gaps whose length is 7 time slots for interfrequency handover. It is not feasible to create this long transmission gaps using puncturing, because the quality of transmitted data deteriorates. Table 3 presents the estimated increase in the target SIR when puncturing is used to create transmission gaps, whose length is 5 time slots. Compressed transmission in 10 time slots instead of 15 time slots causes a 1.7 dB increase to the target values of SIR. <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 3</b> Required increase in the target value of SIR when puncturing is used</title><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="29mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="22mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="33mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="37mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top" /><entry valign="top"><i>P</i>_intra/ <i>P</i>_inter</entry><entry valign="top">Coding</entry><entry valign="top">Increase in target SIR</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry morerows="1">Pedestrian</entry><entry>6 dB</entry><entry>Convolutional</entry><entry>1.0 dB + 1.7 dB = 2.7 dB</entry></row><row><entry>6 dB</entry><entry>Turbo</entry><entry>0.5 dB + 1.7 dB = 2.2 dB</entry></row><row><entry morerows="1">Vehicular</entry><entry>6 dB</entry><entry>Convolutional</entry><entry>2.0 dB + 1.7 dB = 3.7 dB</entry></row><row><entry>6 dB</entry><entry>Turbo</entry><entry>1.5 dB + 1.7 dB = 3.2 dB</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0019When puncturing is used, the compressed transmission may use the primary scrambling code. The interference cause by the own cell is roughly the same thoughout the cell, and therefore only one value for the ratio <i>P_intral P_inter</i> is shown in Table 3. The increase in the target value of SIR is less than when the spreading factor is reduced. The increase in the target value of SIR depends on the channel model and on the velocity of the mobile station, but even if the largest value for the increase in Table 3 is 3.7 dB. If turbo coding, which is less sensitive to puncturing and/or transmission errors than convolutional coding, is used in the compressed transmission, even a smaller increase in target SIR is enough.

0020In a code limited situation using puncturing to create transmission gaps causes a smaller increase in transmission power than reducing the spreading factor. The problem in puncturing is that it is not possible to capture enough synchronization symbols on the second frequency. Table 4 shows the number of captured synchronization symbols. At maximum 9 synchronization symbols can be captured using the double frame method. This provides a much smaller probability for determining the scrambling code group, and further a smaller probability for carrying out a successful handover, than the 12 synchronization symbols that can be determined when transmission gaps are created by reducing the spreading factor by two (see Table 1). Thus, although puncturing is preferred over reduction of spreading factor from the view-point of transmission power, its use in not feasible. <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 4</b> Number of captured synchronization symbols when transmission gaps are created by puncturing.</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="45mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="67mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Transmission gap duration</entry><entry valign="top">Switching time</entry><entry valign="top">Number of captured synchronization symbols</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>5 time slots</entry><entry>1 time slot</entry><entry>2*(5-1) = 8</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>2 time slots</entry><entry>2*(5-2) = 6</entry></row><row><entry>10 time slots</entry><entry>1 time slot</entry><entry>10-1 = 9</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>2 time slots</entry><entry>10-2 = 8</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0021<patcit id="pcit0001" dnum="EP11081979A"><text>EP 11081979</text></patcit> describes a method for carrying out interfrequency measurements in a mobile station. The time intervals where the measurements take place are selected to be one in which temporary reduction of the quality of service is permitted.

0022<patcit id="pcit0002" dnum="GB2331205A"><text>GB 2331205</text></patcit> describes a method of providing handover in a CDMA system. Successive gaps for different frequencies have different duration.

0023<patcit id="pcit0003" dnum="WO9740593A"><text>WO 9740593</text></patcit> describes a method in which the duration of the transmission gap can be changed from frame to frame. Measurements are performed on different frequencies in different frames.

0024The object of the invention is to present a flexible method for preparing an interfrequency handover. A further object of the invention is to present a method using which an adequate number of synchronization symbols can be captured when the transmission gaps are created by puncturing. Even a further object of the invention is to present a method, which can be supported in the existing systems with small modifications.

0025The objects of the invention are achieved by letting transmission gaps within a transmission gap period have different durations during an interfrequency handover so that transmission gaps having a longer duration occur during two consecutive frames and transmission gap having a shorter duration occur within one frame.

0026More specifically, a method according to the present invention is characterized by the features listed in the appended independent claim directed to a method.

0027In a method according to the invention, measurements are performed for or during an interfrequency handover. The transmission and/or receipt of data on a first frequency is intermitted periodically by repeating certain transmission periods, where there is at least two transmission gap in each transmission gap period. In a method according to the invention, the transmission/receipt of data is intermitted according to a certain sequence of transmission periods. The different transmission periods may, for example, be repeated cyclically. For example, if there are three different transmission periods A, B and C, the repetition order may be A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B, C, A, .... It is also possible that in a method according to the invention all transmission periods are different.

0028During the transmission/receipt gaps a mobile station, for example, performs measurement on a second frequency. In at least one transmission period, there are two transmission gaps having different durations. There can be, for example, two transmission gaps, one longer and one shorter, in one transmission period. It is also possible that within one transmission period, for example, each transmission gap has a specific duration or that all transmission gaps except one have the same duration.

0029It is also possible that all subsequent transmission periods have the same number of transmission gaps, and the transmission periods are similar from the beginning of the first transmission gap within a transmission period to the end of the last transmission gap within the transmission period. In this case, in the end of longer transmission periods, transmission is typically carried out similarly as during continuous mode transmission. In a method according to the invention, the number of different cyclically repeated transmission periods is at least one.

0030The method used for creating the transmission gaps is not restricted. Any method using which transmission gaps are created in prior art methods is applicable. Typically the data to be transmitted is coded before transmission, and puncturing the coded data, i.e. ignoring certain bits of the coded data, is one way to create the transmission gaps. When using puncturing, a longer transmission gap is preferably placed to overlap two frames and a shorter transmission gap is placed within a frame. This way an adequate number of synchronization symbols can be captured while having a tolerable increase in transmission power. This is one of the advantages of the method embodying the invention. Further advantages are discussed in connection with the preferred embodiments of the invention.

0031The invention relates also to a mobile station, which is characterized by the features listed in the appended independent claim directed to a mobile station.

0032The invention relates also to a network element, which is characterized by the features listed in the appended independent claim directed to a network element.

0033The invention relates also to a network control element, which is characterized by the features listed in the appended independent claim directed to a network control element.

0034Embodiments of the present invention are described in the appended dependent claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. <dl id="dl0001"><dt>Figure 1</dt><dd>illustrates the known concept of compressed mode,</dd><dt>Figure 2</dt><dd>illustrates a known way to specify the positions of transmission gaps during compressed mode,</dd><dt>Figure 3</dt><dd>illustrates a transmission period according to a first preferred embodiment of the invention,</dd><dt>Figure 4</dt><dd>illustrates a transmission gap pattern according to a second preferred embodiment of the invention,</dd><dt>Figure 5</dt><dd>illustrates a transmission gap pattern according to a third preferred embodiment of the invention,</dd><dt>Figure 6</dt><dd>illustrates a flowchart of a method according to the invention, and</dd><dt>Figure 7</dt><dd>presents two network elements and a mobile station according to the invention.</dd></dl>

0035<figref idref="f0001">Figures 1 and 2</figref> have been treated in the description of prior art, so the following description of the embodiments of the invention will focus on <figref idref="f0002 f0003 f0004 f0005">Figures 3-7</figref>. Same reference designators in the drawings relate to similar parts.

0036<figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> illustrates an example of a compressed mode transmission according to the first preferred embodiment of the invention, where a certain transmission period is repeated. The repeated period is marked with arrows in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref>. The transmission period comprises three transmission gaps 311, 312 and 313. The transmission gap 311 is longer than the transmission gaps 312 and 313, which in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 3</figref> have the same duration by the way of example. The frames 301 are similar frames as the frames sent during continuous transmission mode. The transmission gap 311 is in the middle of a frame, covering the time slots in the middle of a frame. Data related to frame 302 is transmitted in the first time slots of a frame and in the last time slots of a frame. The transmission gap 312 covers a certain number of the first time slots of a frame, and the transmission gap 313 covers a certain number of the last time slots of a frame. Data related to frame 303 is sent in the end of a frame, and data related to frame 304 is sent in the beginning of a frame.

0037It is preferable to select the durations of the transmission gaps and the distances of the transmission gaps within a transmission period so that the transmission/receipt is intermitted during different time slots in each transmission gap. This way as many different synchronization symbols as possible can be captured on another frequency. If possible, the transmission gaps should cover all time slots in a frame. A preferred number of transmission gaps within a transmission period and the preferred durations of the transmission gaps depends, for example, on the method which is used to create the transmission gaps. The transmission gaps can be created, for example, by puncturing coded data, by reducing the spreading factor or by transmitting less data in the frames which overlap the transmission gaps in time.

0038<figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref> illustrates an example of a transmission period according to a second preferred embodiment of the invention. In a method according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention, there are two transmission gaps 411 and 412 within a transmission period 420 and the transmission gaps are created by puncturing coded data. The transmission period is here called the transmission gap period, which is the term used in 3G TS 25.215 specification. In a method according to the second preferred embodiment, the shorter transmission gap 411 is placed in the middle of the frame 401 and the longer transmission gap 412 is overlapping two frames 402 and 403.

0039The transmission gap pattern presented in <figref idref="f0002">Figure 4</figref> can be defined using, for example, the following parameters: duration of the first transmission gap (TGL1), duration of the second transmission gap (TGL2), distance between the transmission gaps (TGD), duration of the transmission gap period (TGP), duration of the transmission gap pattern (PD), the number of the frame in which the first transmission gap starts (SFN) and the number of the time slot in which the first transmission gap starts (SN). When compared to the 3G TS 25.215 specification, only a parameter defining the duration of the other transmission gap (TGL2) has to be added to the parameter list defined there. Only one additional parameter needs to be signaled between the network elements in the cellular network and from the cellular network to a mobile station. A method according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention can thus be supported with small changes in the existing system.

0040When puncturing is used, about one third of the coded data bits can be ignored without a drastic deterioration of the quality of the transmission. In UTRA FDD system, where there are 15 time slots per frame, the maximum feasible length of a transmission gap is thus 5 time slots. In a method according to the second preferred embodiment, the duration of the shorter transmission gap, which is within a frame, is thus preferably 5 time slots in UTRA FDD system. The maximum feasible length for the longer time slot, which overlaps two sequential frames, is 10 time slots in UTRA FDD system. The switching time from one frequency to another and back is either one or two time slots. Table 5 summarizes the maximum numbers of synchronization symbols a mobile station can capture from a neighboring cell during an interfrequency handover when a method according to the second preferred embodiment is employed. <tables id="tabl0005" num="0005"><table frame="all"><title><b>Table 5</b> Number of captured synchronization symbols when a method according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention is used</title><tgroup cols="3"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="55mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="55mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="56mm" /><thead><row><entry valign="top">Transmission gap duration</entry><entry valign="top">Switching time</entry><entry valign="top">Number of captured synchronization symbols</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry>5+10 time slots</entry><entry>1 time slot</entry><entry>(5-1) + (10-1) = 13</entry></row><row><entry /><entry>2 time slots</entry><entry>(5-2) + (10-2) =11</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0041The numbers of captured synchronization symbols in Table 5 can be compared to the numbers of captured synchronization symbols presented in Table 1. Using a method according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention, it is possible to capture more synchronization symbols than when the spreading factor is reduced by two and the transmission gap length is 7 time slots. When compared to one transmission gap of 14 time slots, either the same amount of synchronization symbols (switching time is one time slot) or one less (switching time is two time slots) is captured. Even in the latter alternative, 11 synchronization symbols can be captured. This is enough for performing an interfrequency handover.

0042In addition, in a code limited situation, when a secondary scrambling code may need to be taken into use, a method according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention requires smaller increase in the transmission power, when puncturing is used to create the transmission gaps. The method according to the second preferred embodiment of the invention is thus very suitable for handovers in code limited situations.

0043<figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref> illustrates the beginning of a transmission gap pattern according to a third preferred embodiment of the invention. In <figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref>, two transmission gap periods 420 and 520 are repeated alternatingly. The transmission gaps 411 and 412 are at the same positions, counting from the beginning of the transmission period, in transmission gap periods 420 and 520. In <figref idref="f0003">Figure 5</figref>, the transmission gap period 520 is four frames shorter than transmission gap period 420.

0044As discussed above, it is also possible that some of the cyclically repeated transmission periods comprise only one transmission gap or that the transmission gaps in some of the transmission gap periods have equal durations.

0045<figref idref="f0004">Figure 6</figref> presents a flowchart of a method according to the invention. This method illustrates, how in a certain communication connection data is transmitted in compressed mode. In step 601 the transmission gap periods, the order for their cyclical repetition and, especially, the number of the transmission gaps within each transmission gap period and the duration of each gap are defined. Typically, in a handover these are defined by the network and the information is then usually signaled to a mobile station. This way the mobile station can receive properly the information transmitted in compressed mode.

0046In compressed mode the steps 602-610 are repeated. In step 602 information related to the communication connection is transmitted/received in frames similarly as during continuous mode operation. This is done until the first transmission gap of the first transmission gap period is reached. Thereafter in step 603 the transmission/receipt of information of the communication connection is intermitted. In step 604 the duration of the transmission gap is determined, and in step 605 the transmission gap is created with a selected method, for example, using puncturing or by reducing the spreading factor by two. In step 606, the frames which overlap with the transmission gap are transmitted/received. The transmission power of these frames is typically larger than the transmission power of the frames transmitted in step 602.

0047When the transmission gap is passed, in step 609 it is checked, if the current transmission gap is the last in the current transmission gap period. If it is not, then frames are in step 602 again transmitted/received similarly as in continuous mode operation, until the next transmission gap within the current transmission gap period is reached. If the transmission gap is the last one within the current transmission gap period, then in step 610 it is checked if the current transmission gap period is the last in the compressed mode. If the compressed mode still continues, then again frames are transmitted/received similarly as in continuous mode, until the first transmission gap in the next transmission gap period is reached (step 602). If the transmission gap period(s) is (are) already repeated as many times as specified when entering the compressed mode operation, then the compressed mode transmission is terminated in step 611.

0048During the transmission gaps on the first frequency, it is possible to perform measurements on a second frequency (step 607). Further, data can be received on the second frequency (step 608). The data may be, for example, the synchronization symbols of a neighboring cell.

0049<figref idref="f0005">Figure 7</figref> presents examples of a mobile station 700 and two network elements 710, 720 according to the invention. A method according to any of the preferred embodiments of the invention, for example, may be implemented in the mobile station 700, in the network element 710 and in the network control element 720.

0050The mobile station 700 comprises a user interface (UI) 701, a control unit 702, a baseband unit 703 and a radio frequency (RF) unit 704. The RF unit is a receiver/transmitter that handles frequency separation, possible frequency conversion to/from intermediate frequencies or to baseband, and analog/digital conversion. The baseband unit is responsible of the physical (first) layer processing, such as the channel coding, interleaving and multiplexing. It may be implemented using hardware (typically ASICs), software (typically digital signal processing DSP), or both. The baseband unit may also implement part or all of the layer 2 radio protocols. Layer 3 protocols and possible also part of layer 2 protocols are implemented in the control unit.

0051For the mobile station 700 to be able to operate during a handover where a method according to the invention is used, the compressed mode reception block 706 in baseband unit 703 may have to be modified. The modification is related, first, to receiving compressed data on a first frequency and, secondly, to determining the synchronization symbols from data received on a second frequency. The signaling unit 705 in the control unit 702 may also need modification. For example, the signaling unit needs to understand a signaling message where more than one duration of a transmission gap within a transmission gap periods defined.

0052Term mobile terminal refers here to a wireless terminal of a cellular system. It may be a portable terminal, which a person may carry, or a wireless terminal installed in some other equipment. For example, in UMTS a mobile terminal is usually called User Equipment (UE).

0053The network element 710 is the network element with which the mobile station has a communication connection over the radio interface. It is thus usually called a base station, but in UTRA it is also called a node-B. This network element has the radio frequency (RF) unit 711, a baseband unit 712, a control unit 713 and an interface unit 714, via which communication with rest of the cellular network occurs. In order to support the compressed mode transmission according to the invention, the signaling unit 716 in the control unit needs to understand signaling, where more than one duration of a transmission gap within a transmission gap period is defined. Further, the compressed mode transmission unit 715 has to be able to create the transmission gaps of various durations within a transmission gap period.

0054The network control element 720 is the network element which is responsible, for example, for the control and allocation of radio resources in the cellular network. This control element decides, for example, when a certain communication connection enters compressed mode transmission and the transmission gap pattern used in said compressed mode transmission. Therefore, in order to support a method according to the invention, the control unit 712 of the network control element may have to be modified to be able to make compressed mode decisions according to the invention. The modifications are presented in <figref idref="f0004">Figure 6</figref> with the compressed mode decision unit 723. Further, the network control element 720 typically signals information about the transmission gap pattern both to a base station and to a mobile station. Therefore the signaling unit 724 has to implement signaling which supports methods according to the invention.

0055The network control element 720 comprises also an interface unit 722 via which it communicates with the network element 710. Further, it may comprise various units related to the multiplexing of connections and routing of information in the radio access network.

0056The network control element 720 may be, for example, the radio network controller (RNC) of a UTRA. It is also possible that the decision about the transmission gap period and transmission gap durations in done in the same network element which transmits the data over the radio interface.

0057In this description a transmission pattern during a compressed mode transmission is defined using the following parameters: the duration of each transmission gap within transmission periods, the distance between two consequent transmission gaps within a transmission period, the duration(s) of the transmission period(s), the duration of the transmission pattern, and the numbers of the frame and of the time slot where the first transmission gap of the first transmission period starts. This set of parameters is used as an example, and the method according to the invention is not restricted to methods, where the positions of transmission gaps during a compressed mode operation is defined using these parameters. The names of the parameters may be different, or the positions of transmission gaps during a compressed mode operation may be defined using other parameters. The invention applies to all methods where certain transmission gaps are periodically repeated during the compressed mode operation.

0058Further, the method according to the invention is applicable to any cellular system employing CDMA technique for multiplexing communication connections. The UTRA FDD system is presented as an example of such systems. <ol id="ol0001" compact="compact"><li>[1] 3G TS.25.215 Physical layer measurements</li><li>[2] TSGR1#7(99)b27, Ericsson: "Use of multiple scrambling codes in compressed mode" TSG-RAN Working Group 1 meeting 7, Hannover, Germany, Aug. 30 - Sep. 3, 1999.</li></ol>