Image-forming apparatus and image-forming method

In an image-forming apparatus having at least i) an electrophotographic photosensitive member having at least a photoconductive layer and a surface layer on a conductive substrate, ii) a developing means having a toner, and iii) a charging means, the photoconductive layer comprises a non-single-crystal material composed chiefly of silicon, the surface layer comprises a non-single-crystal carbon film containing at least hydrogen and has an arithmetic-mean roughness Ra ranging from 0 nm to 100 nm in an extent of 10 µm × 10 µm of the surface layer, the charging mean is a magnetic-brush charging assembly or an elastic-roller charging assembly holding thereon a conductive fine powder, and the toner is a magnetic toner having toner particles containing at least a binder resin and a magnetic material, and an inorganic fine powder, having an average circularity of from 0.950 to 1.000, and having a saturation magnetization of from 10 to 50 Am2/kg (emu/g) under application of a magnetic field of 79.6 kA/m (1,000 oersteds). Also disclosed is an image-forming method.