Metal material for electronic parts, electronic parts, electronic apparatuses, and method of processing metal materials

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0001The present invention relates to an alloy for electronic parts, electronic parts, electronic apparatuses, and method of processing metal materials using the alloy. For example, the present invention can be applied to liquid crystal display panels, various semiconductor devices, wiring boards, chip parts, and the like. The present invention also uses an alloy comprising Ag as a balance, 0.1 to 3 wt% of Pd, and a total of 0.1 to 3 wt% of elements ch as Al. Accordingly, the present invention provides an alloy rial for electronic parts, electronic parts and apparatuses using this alloy whereby the metal material is characterized by lower resistivity, higher stability, and more excellent processability than the prior art.

0002There are some silver containing alloys or conductive parts known in the prior art.

0003JP-A-6314517 discloses a conductive paste to be used for a multilayered ceramic circuit board and a multilayered circuit board using the paste, wherein the paste can be baked mainly at a temperature as low as 950°C or lower.

0004The conductive paste consists of 93 to 97 parts by weight of silver, 0.5 to 2 parts by weight of palladium and balance gold and/or platinum (wherein gold in 0 to 5 parts by weight and platinum in 0 to 3 parts by weight). Further the conductive paste contains 0.3 to 3 parts by weight (200 parts by weight of crystallized glass and a certain amount of organic vehicle).

0005JP-A-56119747 describes a silver eutectic alloy containing 1 to 17 atomic-% of silicon and/or germanium as a total solute concentration. In other embodiments the alloy further contains 1 to 10 atomic-% of at least one element selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, osmium, iridium and ruthenium or 1 to 5 atomic-% of at least one element selected from the group consisting of rhenium, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, niobium and zirconium or 1 to 5 atomic-% of at least one element selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel and copper and combinations of these alloys. These alloys are worked and internally oxidized at 250°C - the eutectic temperature - in an oxygen atmosphere of high pressure to obtain an electrical contact material.

0006JP-A-6036970 discloses a metal powder composed of 90 to 98 wt-% silver, 0 to 5 wt-% palladium and 1 to 5 wt-% platinum used as a main component for a conductive paste.

0007SU-A-386021 describes a silver alloy consisting of 0.2 to 1.0 wt-% of palladium, 0.1 to 0.3 wt-% of nickel, 0.01 to 0.2 wt-% of a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, manganese, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, rhenium and silver as balance metal. The alloy has a recrystallization temperature of more than 650 °C and can be subjected to an internal oxidation by annealing at 500 to 800°C in air or in a oxygen atmosphere.

0008Conventionally, wires, electrodes, and contacts of electronic parts and apparatuses use metal materials such as pure metals including Cu, Al, Mo, Ta, W, Cr, and the like, and alloys including Al-Cu, Al-Cu-Si, Al-Pd, TaSi, WSi, and the like for forming wiring patterns.

0009For example, a transparent liquid crystal display panel constituting a flat panel display generally uses pure Al as a wiring material because of excellent etching characteristics and low electrical resistance. However, pure Al shows a melting point of as low as 660°C. Using pure Al as wiring material for liquid crystal display panels leaves the possibility of causing defects such as a hillock and a whisker during heat treatment at approximately 300°C to 400°C for a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process after wiring film formation. Some types of liquid crystal display panels prevent these defects by using high-melting point materials for wiring such as Ta, Mo, Cr, W, and the like which are stable at a high temperature instead of pure Al.

0010A reflective liquid crystal display panel requires a high-reflectance layer which reflects transmitted light through liquid crystal cells. Such a high-reflectance layer or members for wiring patterns and electrodes functioning as a high-reflectance layer use pure Al, an Al-based alloy, pure Ag, an Ag-based alloy, Au, and the like. An electro-optical part (hereafter called an electro-optical part using micromirrors) uses micromirrors arranged on a silicon chip and displays images by means of optical modulation of each mirror. Such an electro-optical part uses pure Al for mirror members.

0011If there is provided a metal material which is characterized by lower electrical resistance, higher stability, and more excellent processability than metal materials used for conventional electronic apparatuses, using such a metal material for various electronic parts can improve performance and simplify manufacturing processes.

0012A transparent liquid crystal display panel uses Ta, Mo, Cr, W, and the like instead of pure Al in order to prevent defects. As shown in Table. 1, however, these materials have a disadvantage of larger resistivity than pure Al. If the transparent liquid crystal display panel becomes larger and provides higher resolution, the wire length for wiring patterns increases and wiring patterns become much finer, making it difficult to provide easy, reliable operations. For this reason, optimal wiring materials are unavailable for transparent liquid crystal display panels. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1</title><tgroup cols="4" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">RESISTIVITY [µΩcm]</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">CHEMICAL RESISTANCE</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">ANODIC OXIDATION</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Mo</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">50</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LOW</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">IMPOSSIBLE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Cr</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">12.9</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">GOOD</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">IMPOSSIBLE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Ti</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">55</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">IMPOSSIBLE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Ta</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">13.6</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">POSSIBLE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Al</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.7</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LOW</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">POSSIBLE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.7</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LOW</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">IMPOSSIBLE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Ag</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.6</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">GOOD</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">IMPOSSIBLE</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.3</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">IMPOSSIBLE</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0013A reflective liquid crystal display panel and an electro-optical part using micromirrors allow wires and electrodes to serve as a high-reflectance layer. In this case, it is necessary to add requirements for a high-reflectance layer to wiring material characteristics for transparent liquid crystal display panels.

0014From the viewpoint of effectively reflecting incident light on the high-reflectance layer, pure Ag is an optimal material for high-reflectance layers because pure Ag provides the highest reflectance in a visible light wavelength region. However, pure Ag has weak resistance, not suitable for a wiring or electrode corrosion material. For this reason, optimal wiring materials are not always available also for reflective liquid crystal display panels and electro-optical parts using micromirrors.

0015In consideration of these points, the reflective liquid crystal display panel uses a barrier layer formed on, or on and below the high-reflectance film and the wiring electrode layer to improve corrosion resistance. However, increasing steps for forming barrier layers complicates the manufacturing process. Further, if the barrier layer is formed, its reliability remains unstable under high-temperature conditions.

0016As low-resistance wiring materials, Au, Cu, and Ag show lower resistivity than that of Al. However, Au is not easily available. Cu is characterized by poor corrosion resistance, provides degraded processability by etching, and presents difficult problems in fine processing. Ag excessively reacts on chloride, sulfur, and sulfide, offering problems in fine processing and corrosion resistance.

0017For example, Ag reacts excessively during a dry etching process by means of etching gas containing chlorine. As the etching process proceeds, Ag reacts on chlorine in the etching gas, generating AgCl on a boundary surface of the wiring pattern. This AgCl degrades electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.

0018Here is an example in which Ag causes problems concerning corrosion resistance. When Ag is applied to a reflective liquid crystal display panel, there is a strong possibility of reacting on oxygen or a small amount of sulfur and the like on an interface by direct contact with a transparent conducting layer. Similarly to Al, it is necessary to form a barrier layer on the substrate layer or place the substrate layer between barrier layers in a sandwich structure.

0019In many cases, these liquid crystal display panels use a TFT (thin film transistor) comprising amorphous silicon or polycrystal silicon as a drive device. Presently, optimal electrode materials are unavailable from the viewpoint of drive devices.

0020Some of these drive devices simplify a manufacturing process by oxidizing metal material of electrodes and forming a gate insulating film between this electrode and a silicon active element. This is called an anodic oxidation method.

0021Of wiring materials shown in Table 1, Al and Ta can form gate insulating films. Especially, Ta can form an oxide insulating film which causes little defects such as pinholes and provides a high yield. However, Ta is characterized by high resistivity. When the anodic oxidation method is used, an electrode structure requires 2-layer wiring using Al with low resistivity, increasing manufacturing processes. When the 2-layer wiring is used, the resistivity of wiring patterns becomes same as that determined by Al.

0022In addition to application to the above-mentioned display devices, semiconductor devices such as DRAM, flash memory, CPU, MPU, and ASIC require a narrower wiring width due to high integration. The wiring length for wiring patterns is becoming longer due to increasing chip sizes and complicated wiring such as multilayer interconnection. These semiconductor devices also require wiring materials which are characterized by low resistivity, stable operations, and excellent processability.

0023Narrowing the wiring width and extending the wiring length increases the wiring resistance. Increasing the resistance also increases a voltage drop on wiring and decreases a drive voltage for elements. Further, the power consumption increases, causing a delay in signal transmission due to the wiring.

0024In addition to these semiconductor devices, electronic parts such as printed-wiring boards, chip capacitors, and relays use Cu and Ag for wiring, electrode, and contact materials. These materials also provide practically incomplete corrosion resistance and make the recycled use difficult.

0025The present invention has been made in consideration of the foregoing. The invention aims at proposing an alloy for electronic parts which is characterized by lower resistivity, more stable operations, and more excellent processability than existing materials. The invention also aims at proposing electronic parts, electronic apparatuses, electro-optical parts using this alloy, and a method of processing the alloy.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0026For solving these problems, the invention according to claim 1 applies to an alloy for electronic parts. The alloy of Ag as defined in claim 1. plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Au, Pt, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, Ni, Co, and Si.

0027The invention according to claim 7 applies to a metal material for electronic parts. The metal material comprises an alloy of Ag as a main component, 0.1 to 3 wt% of Pd, and 0.1 to 3 wt% of an element selected from a group consisting of Al, Au, Pt, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, Ni, Co, and Si.

0028The invention according to claim 12 applies to electronic parts made of a specific metal material, wherein wiring patterns, electrodes, or contacts are formed on these parts. The metal material comprises an alloy of Ag as a main component, 0.1 to 3 wt% of Pd, and 0.1 to 3 wt% in total of one or a plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Au, Pt, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, Ni, Co, and Si.

0029The invention according to claim 19 applies to electronic apparatuses made of a specific metal material, wherein wiring patterns, electrodes, or contacts are formed on these parts. The metal material comprises an alloy of Ag as a main component, 0.1 to 3 wt% of Pd, and 0.1 to 3 wt% in total of one or a plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Au, Pt, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, Ni, Co, and Si.

0030The invention according to claim 26 applies to a processing method of metal materials. The processing method forms wiring patterns, electrodes, or contacts by using a solution containing phosphoric acid to etch a metal film comprising an alloy of Ag as a main component, 0.1 to 3 wt% of Pd, and 0.1 to 3 wt% in total of one or a plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Au, Pt, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, Ni, Co, and Si.

0031Further problems of the invention are solved by the subject-matter of claims 8 and 16.

0032It is possible to improve corrosion resistance for the entire Ag by adding Pd to Ag and evenly mixing Pd into the grain boundary of Ag. Decreasing the resistivity is possible by adding one or a plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, Co. This third element can suppress a rate of increase in the resistivity. Improving the corrosion resistance requires 0.1 to 3 wt% of elements to be added.

0033It is possible to produce an alloy by providing an AgPd alloy with 0.1 to 3 wt% of one or a plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti and Co. Such an alloy maintains excellent thermal conductivity of pure Ag. This alloy can conform to conventional film formation processes such as the sputtering method, the vaporization method, the CVD method, and the plating method.

0034The alloy can easily provide patterning by means of the wet etching technique and the dry etching technique. The alloy can maintain stable states at a high temperature.

0035According to claim 1, it is possible to provide an alloy for electronic parts which is characterized by lower resistivity, more stable operations, and more excellent processability than existing materials.

0036According to the invention, it is possible to provide electronic parts whose wiring patterns, electrodes, or contacts use the alloy for electronic parts, wherein the material is characterized by low resistivity, stable operations, and excellent processability.

0037In one embodiment of the invention, the electronic part is an electro-optical part whose reflection films, wiring patterns, or electrodes are made of an alloy 30 according to the present invention which is characterized by low resistivity, stable operations, and excellent processability and reflectance.

0038A ternary alloy of the invention permits etching using a phosphoric-acid-based etching solution such as H₃PO₄ + HNO₃ + CH₃COOH. It is possible to control an etching rate by adding water, cerium nitrate, and silver nitrate as well as phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and acetic acid.

0039Thus, it is possible to provide a patterning technique appropriate to this type of metal materials in addition to conventional patterning techniques.

0040Such a ternary alloy permits dry etching in a gas atmosphere containing chlorine. For example, RIE (reactive ion etching) and plasma etching are available in a gas atmosphere containing chlorine such as Cl₂, CCl₄, BCl₃, and SiCl₄.

0041Thus, it is possible to provide a patterning technique appropriate to this type of metal materials in addition to conventional patterning techniques.

0042This ternary alloy makes it difficult to perform dry etching in a gas atmosphere containing fluorine, providing an advantage that the alloy is free from a damage due to these gases. It is possible to prevent the ternary alloy from being etched by means of RIE or plasma etching in a gas atmosphere containing fluorine such as CF₄, C₃F₈, C₄F₈, and SF₆. However, it is also possible to etch other materials such as Si, polycrystal Si, amorphous Si, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, Mo, W, Ta, Ti, and Pt.

0043The present invention can be applied to a processing method of metal materials, which comprises an alloy according to claim 1.

0044It is possible to form, say, deposition layers composed of this alloy using vaporization, CVD, or the like, and then alloy them. The alloy excels in stability at a high temperature. It is possible to maintain a stable state during high-temperature processes after film formation using various film formation methods. The alloy can be applied to various devices requiring high-temperature processes, thus providing wiring patterns and the like which are stable and excel in processability.

0045Wiring patterns, electrodes, or contacts made of the alloy according to the present invention can be formed on a substrate or deposited film made of or comprising any one of W, Ta, Mo, indium tin oxide, titanium nitride, silicon oxide and silicon nitride, Si or amorphous Si. Conventional processing processes are applied to ensure sufficient adhesion properties. There are provided wiring patterns and the like which are characterized by low resistivity, stable operations, and excellent processability.

0046Furthermore, wiring patterns, electrodes, or contacts made of the alloy according to claim 1 can be directly formed on a glass or plastic board. In this case, an increase in the resistivity is not so large as found with Al because such an alloy is subject to little effects of oxygen. Accordingly, an easy manufacturing process can be employed to effectively fabricate wiring patterns with low resistivity.

0047There can be provided a metal material for electronic parts, electronic parts and apparatuses using this metal material, whereby the metal material is characterized by lower resistivity, higher stability, and more excellent processability than the prior art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

0048<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>FIG. 1 is a schematic cross sectional view of a liquid crystal display panel to which an Ag alloy according to the invention is applicable;</li><li>FIG. 2 is a schematic cross sectional view of another liquid crystal display panel to which an Ag alloy according to the invention is applicable;</li><li>FIG. 3 is a schematic cross sectional view of a flash memory cell to which an Ag alloy according to the invention is applicable;</li><li>FIG. 4 is a schematic cross sectional view of an electronic part formed by applying the present invention;</li><li>FIG. 5 is a schematic cross sectional view of another electronic part formed by applying the present invention; and</li><li>FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a sputtering apparatus that can be sued for processing a metal material for the purpose of the invention.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0049The present invention will now be described in detail through use of exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.

0050This embodiment uses an alloy for various electronic parts which is an alloy of Ag as a balance, 0.1 to 3 wt% of Pd, and 0.1 to 3 wt% in total of one or a plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, and Co. In this case, various electronic parts include display devices such as transparent liquid crystal display panels, reflective liquid crystal display panels, organic EL (electro luminescence) panels, plasma displays, electro-optical parts using micromirrors and the like, various semiconductor devices, printed-wiring boards, chip capacitors, relays and the like. These alloys are applied to wiring materials, electrode materials, high-reflection film materials, contact materials and the like, and sputtering target materials used for wiring manufacturing and the like.

0051It is well-known that corrosion resistance for the entire Ag can be improved by adding Pd to Ag and mixing Pd into the grain boundary of Ag. However, just adding Pd to Ag for ensuring sufficient corrosion resistance increases resistivity. It is possible to decrease the resistivity or suppress an increase in the resistivity by adding one or a plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, and Co. Improving the corrosion resistance requires 0.1 to 3 wt% of the third element to be added. Adding this element more then 3 wt% degrades the corrosion resistance.

0052The silver alloy with improved corrosion resistance maintains characteristics of pure Ag which provides the most excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectance in metal elements. This alloy can provide metal materials with excellent corrosion resistance, low resistivity, high thermal conductivity, and high reflectance.

0053Especially, when the alloy is applied to wiring materials, selecting an additional element from the above-mentioned group can ensure a value of 3 µΩcm or less which is required for wiring materials. It is known that a criteria for practically usable wiring materials is not to exceed the resistivity of widely used AlSi alloys. An experiment results in the resistivity of 1.6 µΩcm or more. Depending on needs, it is possible to ensure the resistivity of 3.5 µΩcm or less required for this AlSi alloy.

0054Such a silver alloy is not an eutectic-reaction alloy material, but a complete solid solution. Also from a microscopic viewpoint, the silver alloy can stably provide uniform characteristics. These complete solid-solution metal alloys maintain malleability of Ag. Because of little deterioration by film stresses, for example, a stress occurrence is decreased on a thick film over 1 µm or a rolled sheet. Accordingly, the alloy can provide excellent processability, stable operations at a high temperature, and improved reliability compared to conventional materials such as Al, Mo, Cr, Ti, Ta, and Cu.

0055With respect to Ag processing methods, the dry etching uses chlorine-based composite gas. The wet etching uses nitric-acid-based etchant. These methods can be also used for etching the Ag alloy according to this embodiment. It is possible to apply various processing methods accumulated for conventional Ag alloys.

0056Chlorinated gases include, say, Cl₂, CCl₄, BCl₃, SiCl₄. In these atmospheres, RIE or plasma etching can be used for processing films of the Ag alloy according to this embodiment. A dry etching process using chlorinated etching gas can be applied to Ag-based wiring patterns. As the etching proceeds, chlorine in the gas reacts on Ag and generates AgCl on a boundary surface in the wiring pattern. This AgCl degrades electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. It is confirmed that the Ag alloy film according to this embodiment causes no such reaction.

0057Of HCl, Cl₂, CCl₄, BCl₃ and SiCl₄ that are popularly used as dry etching gas, Cl₂ can most advantageously be used for fine processing and is followed by HCl and BCl₃. The processing effect of the dry etching process can be improved by using a mixture obtained by adding iodine-containing gas such as HI to of any of those gasses, or Cl₂ + HI, HCl + HI or BCI₃ + HI.

0058Etching in the chlorinated gas atmosphere can provide an optimal patterning technique during a manufacturing process of electronic parts using this type of metal materials.

0059The ternary alloy makes it difficult to perform dry etching in a gas atmosphere containing fluorine but not chlorine, providing an advantage of avoiding damages by this type of gas. The RIE or plasma etching in a gas atmosphere of, say, CF₄, C₃F₈, C₄F₈, or SF₆ can etch other materials such as polycrystal Si, amorphous Si, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, Mo, W, Ta, Ti, and Pt without causing any effects on such ternary alloy.

0060Processing in a gas atmosphere containing fluorine but not chlorine permits selectively etch portions other than the ternary alloy. This method also can provide a patterning technique which is optimally applied to this type of metal materials.

0061Presently the wet etching in the liquid crystal display manufacturing equipment uses an etchant containing phosphoric acid for etching pure Al and the like. Phosphoric etchants include, say, H₃PO₄ + HNO₃ + CH₃COOH. It has been difficult to use such etchants for etching conventional pure Ag or an alloy of two or three elements including Ag as a main component.

0062It has become evident that such a phosphoric complex can be used for etching an alloy of Ag as a main component, 0.1 to 3 wt% of Pd, and 0.2 to 3 wt% of element Cu or Ti. Conventional Al-based etching equipment can be effectively used for etching. Similarly to the prior art, it is also possible to control an etching rate by adding water, cerium nitrate, and silver nitrate as well as phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and acetic acid.

0063The post-treatment after etching such as washing can use the same process as that for pure Al, Al alloys, and the like. It is possible to decrease possibilities of environmental pollution compared to a case where Al materials are etched.

0064The material according to the present invention can be more processible than conventional materials such as Al, Mo, Cr, Ti, Ta, and Cu.

0065This Ag alloy can be easily, reliably formed by means of conventional film formation processes such as the sputtering method, the vaporization method, the CVD method, and the plating method. The sputtering method can sputter this Ag alloy approximately three times faster than Al materials. This means that the Ag alloy features a fast thin film formation with respect to the sputtering method. This can shorten the film formation time and the time required for the entire production. Because the main component Ag is a precious metal, it can be collected and recycled more easily than the other metals.

0066For the purpose of the invention, the sputtering apparatus 1 is used in combination with a sputtering apparatus typically having a configuration as shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, the sputtering apparatus 1, a target member 5 made of an Ag alloy according to the invention and a substrate 6 where the Ag alloy emitted from the target member 5 is deposited are arranged in a vacuum tank 2. A sputtering process proceeds in the vacuum tank 2 as the target member 5 is cooled by cooling circuit 7 using water and argon gas, for instance, is fed into the vacuum tank 2 by way of gas supply port 9, while air is drawn out of the vacuum tank 2 by means of suction pump 8. A magnetron sputtering process proceeds in the magnetic field generated by magnet 10 of the sputtering apparatus 1.

0067When the sputtering method, vaporization, or the like is used for film formation, heating is required for alloying. Heat treatment ranging from 300°C to 750°C can produce a metal film which is characterized by low resistivity, high stability, and excellent processability.

0068Adherence to substrate materials is important for processing processes. Excellent adherence can be ensured by using W, Ta, Mo, indium tin oxide, titanium nitride, silicon oxide, or silicon nitride for substrates. For various semiconductor devices and the like, conventional Al-based wiring patterns can be easily replaced and advantageous characteristics can be ensured.

0069When an Al-based thin film is directly formed on plastic or glass, Al reacts on oxygen to cause a considerably large resistance value, namely twice to three times larger than the resistance of bulk materials. However, the Ag alloy according to the invention is subject to a little effect of oxygen and decreases an increase in the resistivity due to direct formation of thin films on plastic or glass. It is possible to produce wiring patterns and the like with excellent characteristics by directly forming wiring patterns and the like on plastic or glass. A simple manufacturing process can be used to create wiring patterns and the like with low resistivity.

0070The Ag alloy can be applied to wiring patterns of transparent liquid crystal display panels. If the wiring length increases and the wiring becomes fine due to large display sizes or high resolutions, it is possible to provide easy, secure operations, improve reliability, and decrease the power consumption.

0071Meanwhile, the reflection film used in a reflection type liquid crystal display panel is desired to show a high reflectivity to visible light over the entire wavelength range thereof In the case of Ag, it shows a reflectivity of about 90% to light with a wavelength of 400 nm. However, in the case of AgPd (0.9 wt%) Cu (1.0 wt%), its reflectivity to light with a wavelength of 400 nm is reduced to about 86%. The reduction in the reflectivity to light with a wavelength of 400 nm can be minimized without degrading the chemical stability by replacing part of the Cu contained in the above alloy with Al.

0072An Ag-containing alloy such as AgPd (0.9 wt%) Cu (0.3 wt%) Al (0.7 wt%) can improve the reflectivity to light with the above wavelength to 88%. Thus, the reflectivity to light over a short wavelength range between about 380 nm and about 500 nm of the film can be improved without degrading the chemical stability of the film.

0073Accordingly, the Ag alloy can be applied to wiring patterns of reflective liquid crystal display panels for providing effects equivalent to transparent liquid crystal display panels. Applying the Ag alloy to a high-reflection film stably ensures high reflectance and forms a bright display screen.

0074A reflection type color liquid crystal display panel will be briefly described as an example of TFT liquid crystal display device realized by applying an Ag alloy according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the reflection type color liquid crystal display panel 11 comprises a reflection electrode 13, a liquid crystal layer 14, a transparent electrode 15, a color filter 16, a glass substrate 17, a phase difference film 18, a polarizing plate 19 and a scattering plate 20 laid sequentially on a glass substrate 11. The reflection electrode 13 is made of the above described Ag alloy material.

0075The reflection type color liquid crystal display panel 11 of FIG. 2 is of the type utilizing the mirror surface of a reflection electrode 13 and a scatting plate 20, basically such an arrangement can be applied to any electrode that is paired with a transparent electrode. A reflection electrode made of an Ag alloy according to the invention provides the advantages of a low resistivity as electrode material, a high reliability of operation and a high reflectivity when applied to a reflection type device.

0076It may be needless to say that a liquid crystal display device may be of the reflection type or of the transmission type and an Ag alloy according to the invention may also be used for liquid crystal display devices of the latter type. Additionally, an Ag alloy according to the invention can be used not only for liquid crystal driving electrodes as shown in FIG. 2 but also for reflection type color liquid crystal display panels using an active matrix drive system.

0077A reflection type color liquid crystal display panel as described above can advantageously be used as the display panel of a portable telephone set, a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) or some other portable information terminal because of its low power consumption rate. A TFT formed by using an Ag alloy according to the invention and used in a liquid crystal display panel of the above described type does not need to be provided with a barrier layer for preventing Al or any known Al alloy from reacting with and/or spreading into some other material.

0078As shown in FIG. 3, a reflection type color liquid crystal display panel 21 of the above described type has a liquid crystal layer 25 formed in each of the regions on a glass substrate 22 and separated by data lines 23 and word lines 24. A switching element 26 is electrically connected to the liquid crystal layer 25 of each of the regions. As shown in FIG. 3, the reflection type color liquid crystal display panel 21 additionally comprises a transparent electrode 27, a color filter 28 and a glass substrate 29 laid sequentially on the liquid crystal layer 25.

0079An Ag alloy according to the invention can be used for various electrodes of a switching element such as TFT including the gate electrode, the drain electrode and/or some other electrodes as well as for wires connecting them. Additionally, it can also be used for various display devices including electroluminescence (EL) devices, filed emission devices (FED) and plasma display panels (PDP).

0080Still additionally, an Ag alloy according to the invention can also advantageously be used for the reflection type liquid crystal reflection film, the reflection electrode and the wires connecting such electrodes of a liquid crystal display panel, for the gate electrode, the electrode of the gate region, that of the drain region and the wires connecting such electrodes of the TFT of a transmission type liquid crystal device and for the back electrode and the wires connecting it of a plasma display device.

0081Similarly, the Ag alloy can be applied to reflection films, electrodes, or wiring patterns for optical modulation devices such as electro-optical parts using micromirrors. Because of high reflectance and low resistance, it is possible to form devices capable of high brightness and fast operations.

0082The Ag alloy can be applied to the anodic oxidation method using Ta for these liquid crystal display panels and various semiconductor devices. A 2-layer structure using this silver alloy and Ta, for example, can provide sufficiently small resistance values.

0083FIG. 4 illustrates a flash memory cell operating as the smallest storage unit of a flash memory for which an Ag alloy according to the invention can be used.

0084As shown in FIG. 4, the flash memory cell comprises a source region 32 and a drain region 33 formed on a p-type silicon layer 31 along with a floating gate 34, a control gate 35 and bit lines 36 that are made of an Ag alloy.

0085While FIG. 4 shows a n-type channel metal oxide semiconductor device (nMOS: Metal Oxide Semiconductor) having bit lines 36 made of an Ag alloy, the applicable scope of an Ag alloy according to the invention is not limited to the bit lines of nMOSs and includes the wires of almost all electronic devices such as p-type channel metal oxide semiconductor devices (pMOSs), bipolar transistors, BiCMOSs (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor devices, thin film transistors and memory devices using a ferroelectric material or a ferromagnetic material.

0086An Ag alloy according to the invention can be used not only as the material of a single wiring layer formed as the top layer of the device as shown in FIG. 4 but also as that of multi-layer wiring arrangements as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The semiconductor device of FIG. 5 has a three-layered arrangement of the first, second and third layers 41, 42, 43 made of an Ag alloy and laid sequentially with insulating layers 44 interposed therebetween. Each of the first, second and third layers 41, 42, 43 is provided with a through hole 45.

0087The semiconductor device of FIG. 6 also has a three-layered arrangement of the first layer 51 typically made of polysilicon or slicide, the second layer 52 and the third layer 53 with insulating layers interposed therebetween, said second layer 52 and said third layer 53 being made of an Ag alloy. Again, each of the first, second and third layers 52, 53 is provided with a through hole 55.

0088With known multi-layer wiring arrangements, the wiring layers are typically made of polysilicon or a silicon compound such as WSi₂, MoSi₂ or TaSi₂ for the purpose of ensuring a chemical stability of the wiring layers in the hot processes subsequent to the wiring process. However, the above listed materials have a drawback of showing a high electric resistivity. While Al and Al alloys shows an electric resistivity considerably lower than that of any of the above high melting point materials, they have a drawback of a low melting point that is as low as 660°C. In view of these circumstance, an Ag alloy according to the invention can advantageously be used for multi-layer wiring arrangements because the melting point of silver is as high as 960°C and the alloy is chemically stable at high temperature.

0089Semiconductor devices to which the present invention is applicable include CPUs (central processing units), MPUs (Micro-Processing Units), LSIs (Large-Scale Integrated circuits) having memories, DRAMs (Dynamic Random-Access Memories), SRAMs (Static RAMs), ROM (Read-Only Memories), PROM (Programmable ROMs), flash memories, FeRAMs (Ferroelectric RAMs), MRAMs (Magnetic RAMs), gate arrays, CCDs (Charge-Coupled Devices), MOSs image sensors and solar cells.

0090The Ag alloy can be also applied to wiring patterns of various semiconductor devices and prevent an increase in resistance values due to extended wiring lengths and fine wiring. This can also decrease the power consumption. It is also possible to prevent a voltage drop due to wiring and prevent signal delays, thus improving various characteristics and reliability.

0091The Ag alloy can be also applied to wiring patterns of printed wiring boards, chip parts electrodes, relay contacts, and the like, ensuring optimal characteristics and high reliability.

0092Now, the types and the effect of four-element alloys containing an Ag alloy will be discussed below. The problem of broken wires can arise when wires are made of Al or an Al alloy (such as AlSi) because the wires are exposed to high temperature in the device manufacturing process and a phenomenon referred to as migration of Al atoms occurs when the wires are used for a long time with a high current density. However, wires made of an Ag alloy according to the invention is excellent in terms of migration of atoms particularly, the Ag alloy is AgPdCuTi or AgPdCuCr. Particularly, AgPd (0.7-0.8 wt%) Cu (0.5 wt%) Ti (0.5 wt%) and AgPd (0.7-0.8 wt%) Cu (0.5 wt%) Cr (0.5 wt%) perform excellently in terms of micgration of atoms.

[Embodiment]

0093Table 2 shows a resistance values and chemical resistances of the above-mentioned silver alloys in comparison with conventionally used pure Al, Al-based alloys, and Ag alloys. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table 2</title><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">RESISTIVITY [µΩcm]</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">CHEMICAL RESISTANCE</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.69</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LOW</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.7</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LOW</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.6</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">GOOD</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.3</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.26</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LOW</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.45</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LOW</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si-1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.48</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LOW</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2wt%Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.15</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">GOOD</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3wt%Pd</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.01</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">GOOD</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.75</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.9wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.93</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2.0wt%Pd-2.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.44</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.98</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.96</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.76</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.9wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cr</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.44</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.9wt%Pd-1.0wt%Si</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.51</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.9wt%Pd-1.0wt%Ti</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.34</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">EXCELLENT</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0094We created samples used for this measurement by forming a film of each composition on a silica board according to the RF sputtering method, and then performing heat treatment for three hours at 300°C in a vacuum condition. All samples have a film thickness of 300 nm. We used the four probe method for measuring resistance values at a room temperature.

0095Of these metal materials, Ag shows the lowest resistivity. Adding other elements to Ag increases the resistivity. As a reference, an increase in resistance values is based on the resistivity of 3.5 µΩcm for most widely used AlSi alloys. An AgPdCu alloy satisfies this criterion when the addition volume of Pd is 0.1 to 3 wt%, and the addition volume of Cu is 0.1 to 3 wt%. A resistivity increase by addition of Cu is smaller than that by addition of Pd on condition that the volume added is same for Cu and Pd. When Cu is added to an AgPd alloy, there is a case where adding Cu decreases the resistivity.

0096In order to investigate resistivities when film formation methods other than sputtering are used for forming films, we formed Ag-1.0 wt% Pd-1.0 wt% Cu films using the vaporization, plating, and CVD methods. We measured resistivities using the above-mentioned measurement method. The measurement result shows that resistivities ranging from 1.90 to 1.98 µΩcm are detected in all of the vaporization, plating, and CVD methods. It has been found that almost equivalent films can be formed independently of film formation methods.

0097Table 3 shows a resistivities just after film formation without annealing. This measurement used the sputtering method to form a film as thick as 150 nm on an acrylic substrate. When a film is formed on such a plastic-based substrate, an Al-based alloy remarkably increases resistance values because of thin film properties, reaction on oxygen, and other reasons. The resistivity becomes twice to three times larger than that of bulk materials. <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title>Table 3</title><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">RESISTIVITY [µΩcm]</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">6.23</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.56</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.9wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cr</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">7.31</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.9wt%Pd-1.0wt%Ti</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">5.34</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.9wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.23</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0098By contrast, the Ag alloy according to the present invention is subject to a little effect of oxygen, maintaining a resistivity increase up to 1.6 times of bulk materials. The resistivity resulted in as low as 2.56 µΩcm. When Cr, Ti, and Cu are added to AgPd to create an alloy, added materials differently influence resistivities and rates of resistivity increases. Adding Cr increases the resistivity compared to Al. Adding Cu and Ti decreases the resistivity compared to Al. Especially, adding Cu provided the sufficiently low resistivity of 3.23 µΩcm.

0099Table 4 shows a results of evaluating chemical resistances for respective film materials. The chemical resistance column in Table 2 summarizes the evaluation results in Table 4. For this evaluation test, samples were soaked in solutions 3% NaCl, 5% NaOH, 1% KOH, and 1% H₂SO₄ for 24 hours at a room temperature. After 24 hours, the samples were visually checked. <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><title>Table 4</title><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">3% NaCl</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">5% NaOH</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2wt%Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3wt%Pd</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-1.0wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2.0wt%Pd-2.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" /></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">1% KOH</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">1% H₂SO₄</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">COMPLETELY REACTED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2wt%Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3wt%Pd</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-1.0wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2.0wt%Pd-2.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">SLIGHTLY DISCOLORED</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0100Except Au, conventional materials Al, AlCu, AlSi, and AlCuSi showed a loss of metallic luster or changes to opaque white and transparent. This means that these materials reacted on respective chemicals. By contrast, an AgPdCu alloy greatly improved the chemical resistance just by adding a small quantity of Pd and Cu (0.1 wt%) and only showed slight discoloration on the surface. It has been also found that increasing the additional amount of Pd and Cu improved the chemical resistance to such a degree that no changes occurred.

0101Tables 5 and 6 are showing stabilities against heat treatment and results of evaluating long-term reliability. We created each sample on a slide glass board using the sputtering method. Evaluation results in Table 5 are based on a visual check after leaving samples in a 100% oxygen atmosphere at 600°C for 24 hours. Evaluation results in Table 6 are based on a visual check after leaving samples in an atmosphere at 90°C in 85% humidity for 1,000 hours. <tables id="tabl0005" num="0005"><table frame="all"><title>Table 5</title><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">TEST RESULT</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO BLACK</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO OPAQUE WHITE AND COMPLETELY OXIDIZED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO OPAQUE WHITE AND COMPLETELY OXIDIZED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO OPAQUE WHITE AND COMPLETELY OXIDIZED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO OPAQUE WHITE AND COMPLETELY OXIDIZED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO YELLOW</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2wt%Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO YELLOW</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3wt%Pd</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO YELLOW</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-1.0wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2.0wt%Pd-2.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0006" num="0006"><table frame="all"><title>Table 6</title><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">TEST RESULT</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO BLACK</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO OPAQUE WHITE AND COMPLETELY OXIDIZED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO OPAQUE WHITE AND COMPLETELY OXIDIZED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO OPAQUE WHITE AND COMPLETELY OXIDIZED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al-0.5wt%Si-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO OPAQUE WHITE AND COMPLETELY OXIDIZED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO BLACK</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2wt%Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO BLACK</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3wt%Pd</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">CHANGED TO BLACK</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-0.1wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-1.0wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-2.0wt%Pd-2.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-0.1wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag-3.0wt%Pd-3.0wt%Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO CHANGE</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0102As shown in Table 5, an AgPdCu alloy containing 0.1 to 3.0 wt% of Pd and 0.1 to 3.0 wt% of Cu showed no change under this severe high-temperature environment. In addition to these tests, the same material was left in a 100% oxygen atmosphere at 750°C for 24 hours. Also under this condition, no change was observed.

0103According to these tests, the relevant material was found to be stable during a high-temperature process at approximately 750°C. After film formation, the material does not vary with temperature without creating a protective film, thus simplifying the post-heat treatment after film formation.

0104The material was also found to be stable under conditions of high temperature and humidity, ensuring sufficient reliability for use as wiring materials and the like.

0105Table 7 shows a results of evaluating chemical resistance during a photolithography process. For this evaluation, we created a sample by forming an Ag-0.9wt%Pd-1.0wt%Cu film as thick as 150 nm on an Si substrate. This sample was subject to the resist development which is one of ordinary photolithography processes. Then the resist was baked for observation of changes in the sheet resistance. Actually, as a development process, the sample was soaked in 5% NaOH solution which is a main component of developing solution. As a resist bake process, the sample with resist applied was baked for 30 minutes at 120°C. <tables id="tabl0007" num="0007"><table frame="all"><title>Table 7</title><tgroup cols="4" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">STATE</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">AFTER FILM FORMATION</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">AFTER SOAKED IN 5% NaOH SOLUTION (DEVELOPER COMPONENT)</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">BAKING FOR 30 MINUTES AT 120°C (RESIST BAKING)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">RESISTANCE (Ω/□)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.17</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">0.17</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=".">0.17</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0106As shown in Table 7, this sample did not show changes in the sheet resistance before and after each process. It has been found that the sample can be applied to conventional photolithography processes and processed stably.

0107Table 8 shows a results of evaluating adherence to an underlayer film material of AgPdCu films. In order to evaluate this adherence, we created a sample by forming an underlayer film material using metal films Ti, Cr, W, Ta, and Mo, oxies and nitrides such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), titanium nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide and amorphous silicon, and then forming an AgPdCu film thereon. The substrate film thickness is 100 nm. The AgPdCu film thickness is 300 nm. For an evaluation purpose, we performed a peeling test using adhesive tapes. Samples were then etched in a nitrate solution and were visually checked for defects such as film peels. <tables id="tabl0008" num="0008"><table frame="all"><title>Table 8</title><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">BASE MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">FILM PEELING TEST</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ti</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">GREATLY PEELED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Cr</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SLIGHTLY PEELED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">W</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO PEELING</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ta</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO PEELING</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">ITO</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO PEELING</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">TIN</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO PEELING</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">SIN</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO PEELING</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">SiO₂</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO PEELING</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">amorphous Si</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">NO PEELING</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0108This evaluation result revealed that good adherence can be obtained except the Ti substrate. Though a slight peel was observed on the Cr substrate, it is considered that good adherence can be obtained by optimizing processes such as selecting film formation conditions.

0109Apart from the adherence evaluation in Table 8, we evaluated adherence to boards themselves by directly forming AgPdCu films on boards. According to this evaluation, no peel was observed on any of glass boards such as soda glass and silica glass, silicon wafer boards, and plastic boards such as polycarbonate, acrylic, and polyethylene terephthalate. It has been found that good adherence can be obtained when these materials are used for boards.

0110Table 9 shows a results of evaluating film formation rates according to the RF magnetron sputtering method. This evaluation uses an Ag alloy made of each film formation material for a 3-inch sputtering target. We formed a film on a board held 94 mm distant from this target and measured a time period until the film thickness on this substrate becomes 100 nm. <tables id="tabl0009" num="0009"><table frame="all"><title>Table 9</title><tgroup cols="4" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">FILM MATERIAL</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">FILM FORMATION POWER (W)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">FILM FORMATION TIME (min. sec)</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">FILM THICKNESS (nm)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">AgPdCu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">300</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">75 sec</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">100</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ag</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">300</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">86 sec</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">100</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Au</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">300</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">104 sec</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">100</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Cu</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">300</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">145 sec</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">100</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Al</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">300</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">273 sec</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">100</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0111This evaluation result shows that the film formation using the AgPdCu target proceeds approximately three times faster than that using the Al target. It has been found that using AgPdCu instead of Al as a metal material can reduce the time for film formation to one third and also shorten the manufacturing time.

0112This evaluation also showed an improvement of film formation speeds when compared to the use of Ag as a target. Compared to these conventional film formation materials, there is a little temperature rise on boards, making it known that plastic boards are also usable.

0113The above-mentioned embodiments describe adding one element selected from a group consisting of Al, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, and Co. The present invention is not limited to this. The present invention can be broadly applied to alloys containing 0.1 to 3 wt% in total of a plurality of elements selected from a group consisting of Al, Cu, Ta, Cr, Ti, and Co.

0114The above-mentioned embodiments describe the film formation using sputtering and the like. The present invention is not limited to this. The present invention can be broadly applied to other film formations and even to thick film formations.