Method for microencapsulating of a solid substance

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a method wherein active ingredients that are solid at room temperature are microencapsulated and a microencapsulated composition for especially biologically active (e.g. pharmaceutical, pesticidal) ingredients or the like.

Background of the Invention

Priorly, the microencapsulation of biologically active ingredients has been numerously performed for the objective of increasing the efficacy, decreasing the toxicity or stabilization in pharmaceutical and pesticidal fields. Furthermore, for the field of printing and papermaking, the microencapsulation of pigments or coloring agents has been numerously employed.

As a microencapsulation method, the interfacial polymerization method, In-situ polymerization method, coacervation method, solvent evaporation method, spray-drying method and so on are known.

However, these methods have problems concerning the difficulty of adapting to a solid core, the reluctance to adapt to a comparatively unstable compound, the ease of mixing the solvent utilized during microencapsulation and dissatisfaction with the nature of the obtained microcapsules. None of the methods thereof are sufficient as a microencapsulation method of solids nor was the obtained microcapsule composition itself sufficient.

Summary of the Invention

One subject for the objective of the present invention is to solve the problems of the prior methods previously mentioned, and to provide a method that regularly microencapsulates solid substances.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide an effectively superior microencapsulated composition of a solid substances.

The present invention relates to a microencapsulation method of a solid substance and the microencapsulated composition obtainable from said method of (i) preparing a dispersion phase comprising (a) a solution containing a substance which forms a middle layer and (b) a solid substance that is insoluble or difficult to dissolve in said solution, (ii) obtaining a solid substance which has a layer made of the substance which forms the middle layer by phase-separating the substance which forms the middle layer from the solution and (iii) polymelizing a monomer by condensation in the presence of the solid substance that has a layer made of the substance which forms the middle layer.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The solid substance that becomes the core may either be an organic or inorganic substance if a solid at room temperature, and for example, biologically active substances such as pharmaceuticals (tetracycline hydrochlorides, fluorouracils, insulin and so on); pesticides described later; chemicals such as aroma chemicals like coumarin, coloring agents such as pigments, dyes and so on; inorganic powders such as silica, alumina and so on; resin powders such as polyethylene, silicone resins and nylon are given. The method of the present invention is preferably employed in biologically active substances such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides, and more preferably employed for pesticides.

Suitable pesticides are, for example, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, repellents, insect growth regulators (e.g. chitin-synthesis inhibiters, juvenile hormone like agents), plant growth regulators and so on.

Examples of the insecticides and insect growth regulators include pyrethroid compounds such as cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, esfenvalerate, tralomethrin, acrinathrin, bifenthrin, resmethrin and tetramethrin; carbamate compounds such as propoxur, isoprocarb, xylylcarb, metolcarb, XMC, carbaryl, pirimicarb, carbofuran, methomyl, fenoxycarb, alanycarb or metoxadiazone; organophosphorous compounds such as acephate, phenthoate, vamidothion, trichlorfon, monocrotophos, tetrachlorvinphos, dimethylvinphos, phosalone, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, methidathion, methamidophos, dimethoate, formothion, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl and salithion; urea compounds such as diflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, lufenuron, hexaflumuron, flufenoxuron, flucycloxuron, cyromazine, diafenthiuron, hexythiazox, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron, 4-chloro-2-(2-chloro-2-methylpropyl)-5-(6-iodo-3-pyridylmethoxy)pyridazin-3(2H)-one, 1-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea, 1-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]urea, 2-tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-5-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazon-4-one and 1-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]urea; pyrazole compounds such as 5-amino-4-dichlorofluoromethylsulfenyl-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrazole, 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-trifluoromethysulfenylpyrazole; chloronicotyl compounds such as acetamiprid, nitenpyram and diacloden; cartap, buprofezin, thiocyclam, bensultap, fenoxycarb, fenazaquin, fenpyroxymate, pyridaben, pyriproxyfen, hydramethylnon, thiodicarb, chlorfenapyr, fenpyroximate, pymetrozine, pyrimidifen, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, triazamate, indoxacarb, sulfluramid, milbemectin, avermectin, boric acid or paradichlorobenzene.

Examples of the fungicides include benzimidazole compounds such as benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole and thiophanate-methyl; phenylcarbamate compounds such as diethofencarb; dicarboxyimide compounds such as procymidone, iprodione and vinclozolin; azole compounds such as diniconazole, epoxyconazole, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, cyproconazole, flusilazole and triadimefon; acylalanine compounds such as metalaxyl; carboxyamide compounds such as furametpyr, mepronil, flutolanil and tolyfluanid; organophosphate compounds such as tolclofos-methyl, fosetyl aluminum and pyrazophos; anilinopyrimidine compounds such as pyrimethanil, mepanipyrim and cyprodinil; cyanopyrrrole compounds such as fludioxonil and fenpiclonil; antibiotics such as blasticidin-S, kasugamycin, polyoxin and validamycin; methoxyacrylate compounds such as azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl and metominostrobin; chlorothalonil, manzeb, captan, folpet, oxine-copper, basic copper chloride, tricyclazole, pyroquilon, probenazole, phthalide, cymoxanil, dimethomorph, S-methylbenzo[1,2,3]thiadiazol-7-carbothioate, famoxadone, oxolinic acid, fluaziname, ferimzone, chlobenthiazone, isovaledione, tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, thiophthalimideoxybisphenoxyarsine, 3-iodo-2-propylbutylcarbamate, silver zeolite, silica gel silver, phosphate zirconium silver chloride, parahydroxy benzoic acid ester, sodium dehydroacetic acid and potassium sorbic acid.

Examples of the herbicides include triazine compounds such as atrazine and metribuzin; urea compounds such as fluometuron and isoproturon; hydroxybenzonitrile compounds such as bromoxynil and ioxynil; 2,6-dinitroaniline compounds such as pendimethalin and trifluralin; aryloxyalkanoic acid compounds such as 2,4-D, dicamba, fluoroxypyr and mecoprop; sulfonylurea compounds such as bensulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron and cyclosulfamuron; imidazolinone compounds such as imazapyr, imazaquin and imazethapyr; bispyribac-sodium, bisthiobac-sodium, acifluofen-sodium, sulfentrazone, paraquat, flumetsulam, triflusulfuron-methyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, cyhalofop-butyl, diflufenican, norflurazone, isoxaflutole, glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate, bentazon, benthiocarb, mefenacet, propanyl or flutiamide.

Example of the plant growth regulators include maleic hydrazide, clormequat, ethephon, gibberellin, mepiquat chloride, thidiazuron, inabenfide, paclobutrazol and uniconazole.

Examples of the insect repellents include 1S, 3R, 4R, 6R-carane-3,4-diol and dipropyl 2,5-pyridine dicarboxylate.

As the solvent utilized in the microencapsulating process of the present invention, a solvent should be inactive against the solid substances. Further, the solvent should be selected wherein said solid substance is insoluble or difficult to dissolve in concerning to the solubility of the said solid substance in the solvent. For example, water may be utilized as the solvent when the solid substance is water-insoluble or is difficult to dissolve in water, and an organic solvent may be utilized when the solid substance is, like an inorganic powder, insoluble or difficult to dissolve in said organic solvent such as hydrocarbons.

The phrase "insoluble or difficult to dissolve" means that the solid substance and the solvent are phase-separable and that the solid substance can exist as solid in the solvent.

Even if the solid substance is soluble, it is possible to utilize the present microencapsulation method in case that a part of the solid substance exists as solid in the solvent. However, it is practically needed that the most of the solid substance exists as solid in the solvent. Therefore, the solid substance should be insoluble or difficult to dissolve in the solvent.

The following explanation is an example of when water is used as a solvent.

The dispersion phase is prepared from a solution containing the substance which forms the middle layer and the solid substance that is insoluble or difficult to dissolve in said solution.

The substance which forms the middle layer is a substance that is able to be separated from a previously prepared aqueous solution.

The phase separation in the present invention is a phenomenon wherein a substance is separated as a liquid or solid from the solution, resulting in a 2-phase condition such as a liquid-liquid or liquid-solid condition by the procedures wherein the temperature, pH or solvent components are changed, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals force or joint electrostatic actions between two or more compounds. For example, in the case of heating an aqueous solution containing a certain water-soluble substance to a temperature wherein a cloudy appearance is seen (cloud point) or a temperature higher than thereof, a condition wherein a 2-phase, liquid-liquid, phase separation wherein 1-phase is mainly water (solvent) and the other phase is mainly the water-soluble substance (solute) is possible. Said cloud point depends on the sort of the water-soluble substance.

As the substance that forms said middle layer, water-soluble substances are exemplified, but a substance with a cloud point from 20 to 90°C, especially from 30 to 80°C, is preferable. Typical examples are polyvinyl alcohol; hydroxyalkylcelluloses such as hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; non-ionic surfactants having a polyothyethylene group; and so on. Said dispersion phase is usually prepared from dispersing the solid substance in the aqueous solution containing the substance which forms the middle layer, and then adjusting a dispersed condition of the solid substances from usual methods such as wet-pulverizing if necessary. Furthermore, said dispersion phase may be prepared by having the solid substance previously dispersed in water, and then dissolving the substance which forms the middle layer in water.

The preparation temperature of the dispersion phase is not particularly limited if the temperature does not cause phase separation of the substance which forms the middle layer, but is usually around room temperature.

The concentration of the solid substance in the dispersion depends on the appropriate concentration of the necessary microcapsule, but is usually from 0.01 to 50% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 30% by weight. The diameter of the solid substance depends on the desired diameter of the microcapsule, but is usually from 0.01 to 200µm, preferably from 0.03 to 100µm.

The concentration of the substance which forms the middle layer depends upon the concentration of the solid substance or the desired thickness of the necessary middle layer, but is usually from 0.005 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 5% by weight.

The layer of the substance which forms the middle layer may be formed on said solid substance, generally on the surface, by separating the substance which forms the middle layer from the aqueous solution of the prepared dispersion, and being adsorbed by the coexisting said solid substance.

The phase separation of the substance which forms the middle layer from the aqueous solution is achieved by changing the temperature, pH or the solvent components as mentioned before, or the joint actions between different sorts of compounds.

In the case of phase separation due to temperature change, and when the above-mentioned water-soluble substance having cloud point is utilized as the substance which forms the middle layer, said dispersion phase is preserved at about or above the cloud point, the separated substance which forms the middle layer is adsorbed to the solid substance, and the layer is formed on said solid substance. The temperature preservation time depends on the sort of the utilized solid substance, or the sort or concentration of water-soluble substance that has the cloud point, but is usually from 10 minutes to 24 hours, preferably from 30 minites to 12 hours, after commencing the separation. Furthermore, said temperature is a temperature above the cloud point, and is usually from the cloud point to the cloud point + 20°C.

The phase separation and adsorption to the solid substance are performed under stirring. The stirring is usually performed at a speed not to precipitate the solid substance or more.

By polymerizing the monomer that is polymerizable by condensation (e.g. dehydrogenation) in the presence of a solid substance having the layer made of the substance which forms the middle layer, a polymer layer is formed on the layer made of the substance which forms the middle layer to obtain the objective microcapsule.

The polymer is obtained by polymerizing a monomer under respective reaction conditions, and for example, melamine resin from melamine and formalin, phenol resins from phenol or cresol and formalin, acetaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, urea resin from urea and formalin, guanamine resin from guanamine and formalin, polyamide resin from ε-caprolactame, cross-linked polypeptide from polypeptide and formalin or glutaraldehyde, epoxy resin from epichlorhydrin and bisphenol A.

The solid substance having the layer made of the substance which forms the middle layer is subjected to be formed polymer layer in a condition dispersed in usually water, an aqueous solution or a solution wherein water is the main solvent which usually contains 80 or more % by weight of water. Therefore, the monomer that is polymerizable by condensation added to form the polymer layer is preferably dissoluble in a solvent of water, or in other words water-soluble. Though melamine mentioned above is insoluble in water, it can produce water-soluble methylolmelamine by reacting formalin in an alkali condition. Though epichlorhydrin mentioned above is insoluble in water, it can produce a water-soluble substance by ring opening in an alkali condition. Therefore, water-insoluble methylolmelamine or epichlorhydrin can be utilized in the present invention.

The concentration of said monomer that is polymerizable by condensation depends on the concentration of the solid substance, the surface area of the solid substance or the thickness of the desired polymer layer, is usually from 0.001 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 10% by weight.

The time and temperature of polymerization depends on the sort of utilized monomer or the sort of solid substance, and the temperature is usually from 20 to 90°C, preferably from 30 to 80°C, and the time is usually from 10 min to 24 hours, preferably from 30 min to 12 hours.

Next, the microencapsulated method of utilizing joint electrostatic actions, in other words, the method by changing the pH value is described in detail. In that case, the process comprises (i) preparing a dispersion phase containing (a) an aqueous solution containing ionic substances and (b) a solid substance that is insoluble or difficult to dissolve in water, (ii) obtaining a solid substance which has a layer made of the ionic substances by varying a pH value of the solution and separating the ionic substance from the solution and (iii) polymelizing a monomer by condensation in the presence of the solid substance that has a layer made of the ionic substance.

The ionic substances are generally a combination of zwitter ionic/anionic substance or zwitter ionic/cationic substance. The zwitter ionic substances mean the substances that can produce zwitter ion in an aqueoue solution and are exemplified by gelatine, lauryl dimethyl aminoacetic acid betaine, amino acids and proteins. The anionic substances mean the substances that can produce anion in an aqueoue solution and are exemplified by gum arabic, maleic anhydride, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer, methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer, acrylic acid copolymer, polyvinylbenzenesulfonic acid, carboxymethy cellulose, carboxymethyl starch, sulfated starch, ligninsulfonic acid salt and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid salts. The cationic substances mean the substances that can produce cation in an aqueoue solution and are exemplified by chitosan, cationated starch and polyoxyethylenestearylamine.

Further, the other microencapsulated methods are described as followings. In one case, the process comprises (i) preparing a dispersion phase comprising (a) an aqueous solution containing gelatine and (b) a solid substance that is insoluble or difficult to dissolve in water, (ii) obtaining a solid substance which has a layer made of gelatin by lowering a temperature of the solution and separating gelatin from the solution and (iii) polymelizing a monomer by condensation in the presence of the solid substance that has a layer made of gelatin. And in the other case, the process comprises (i) preparing a dispersion phase comprising (a) an aqueous solution containing polyvinyl alcohol and (b) a solid substance that is insoluble or difficult to dissolve in water, (ii) obtaining a solid substance which has a layer made of polyvinyl alcohol by adding boric acid to the solution and separating polyvinyl alcohol from the solution and (iii) polymelizing a monomer by condensation in the presence of the solid substance that has a layer made of polyvinyl alcohol.

The obtained microencapsulated composition of a solid substance may have, if necessary, by other ingredients, for example, synergists, emulsifiers, wetting agents, adhesives, stabilizers, pH adjusting agents, anti-freezing agents, antiseptics or antifungal agents added. Furthermore, the solvent may be removed, if necessary, by usual methods.

Heretofore, the microencapsulation of a solid substance that is insoluble or difficult to dissolve in water when water was the solvent was specified, but for the microencapsulation of a solid substance that is insoluble or difficult to dissolve in an organic solvent, other than using an organic solvent instead of water as the solvent, using ethylcellulose, for example, as the substance which forms the middle layer, and using a phase separation method wherein the method has a solvent that has low solubility against ethylcellulose (e.g. hexane, heptane and the like) added, the objective microcapsule is obtained in the same way as the water solvent.

Furthermore, it is possible to perform the present invention utilizing a solvent mixture of water and another solvent as the solvent, if necessary.

The average diameter of the obtained microcapsule of a solid substance depends on the size of the solid substance that becomes the core, but is usually from 0.03 to 300µm, preferably from 0.05 to 200µm.

The compositions of the present invention are applied by standard methods wherein the microencapsulated composition are appropriable, according to the characteristics of the active ingredients. For example, in the case of a pesticidal active ingredient, the compositions may be applied by standard methods when an aqueous pesticidal formulation is utilized. In other words, according to the sort of the pesticidal active ingredients in the microcapsules, the microencapsulated composition may be used by itself or diluted in water, for controlling pests in water paddies and fields, weeds in water paddies and fields, termites in households or cockroaches indoors. For example, in the situation of soil treatment for the objective of controlling termites indoors, depending on the concentration of the active ingredient, usually from 1 to 5 liters per 1m² is applied; in the situation of wood treatment, depending on the concentration of the active ingredient, usually from 50 to 400 mL per 1m² is applied; and in the situation of indoor cockroach controlling, depending on the concentration of the active ingredient, usually from 10 to 100mL is applied. Furthermore, in the situation of utilizing aerial dispersion formulations, usually from 0.8 to 40L per hectare of the formulation is applied.

Hereinafter, the present invention is explained in detail with the examples, but the present invention is not limited to the examples.

Examples

Example 1

<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>1. Thirty grams (30g) of 5-methoxy-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (common name: metoxadiazone) was added to a 0.33% aqueous solution of HPC-M (Nippon Soda product, hydroxypropylcellulose) to make the total 300g. Glass beads with a diameter of 1mm were added to this dispersion phase and were beads-pulverized at 500rpm to obtain a metoxadiazone pulverized slurry.</li><li>2. Ten grams (10g) of the pulverized slurry was transferred to a metallic container. After 5g of a 0.4% aqueous solution of HPC-M was added to said pulverized slurry and the total body was made to 80g with deionized water, the obtained slurry was stirred for 1 hour at 150rpm in a thermostat kept at 50°C.</li><li>3. Separately, 3.75g of Sumitex resin M-3 (Sumitomo Chemical product, methylolmelamine: 80% aqueous solution) was formulated by making the total 20g with deionized water, was added under 150rpm stirring to above-mentioned metoxadiazone pulverized slurry after HPC-M was adsorbed, then had the pH adjusted to 4.5, heated to 60°C, and allowed to react for 2 hours to produce a microencapsulated composition containing 1% metoxadiazone.</li></ul>

The microencapsulated metoxadiazone was confirmed by observing the present composition under an optical microscope (Nikon Corp. product, magnification: 400X).

Example 2

Other than replacing Sumitex resin M-3 with Sumitex resin MC (Sumitomo Chemical product, methylolmelamine: 80% aqueous solution), the same procedure as example 1 was performed to produce a microencapsulated composition containing 1% metoxadiazone.

The microencapsulated metoxadiazone was confirmed by observing the present composition in the same way as example 1.

Example 3

To 1g of 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (common name : carbaryl) in a metallic container, 12.5g of a 4% aqueous solution of HPC-M was added, had the total made 80g with deionized water, was then transferred to a 50°C thermostat and was stirred for 1 hour at 150rpm. Separately, 0.94g of Sumitex resin M-3 was formulated by making the total 20g with deionized water, was added to above-mentioned carbaryl pulverized solution after HPC-M was adsorbed, then had the pH adjusted to 4.5, heated to 60°C, and allowed to react for 2 hours to produce a microencapsulated composition containing 1% carbaryl.

The microencapsulated carbaryl was confirmed by observing the present composition in the same way as example 1.

Example 4

Other than modifying the amount of Sumitex resin M-3 from 0.94g to 3.75g, the same procedure as example 6 was performed to produce a microencapsulated composition containing 1% carbaryl.

The microencapsulated carbaryl was confirmed by observing the present composition in the same way as example 1.

Example 5

Other than replacing Sumitex resin M-3 with Sumitex resin MC, the same procedure as example 3 was performed to produce a microencapsulated composition containing 1% carbaryl.

The microencapsulated carbaryl was confirmed by observing the present composition in the same way as example 1.

Example 6

<ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>1. To 30g of N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2-oxa-4-indanyl)-5-chloro-1,3-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxamide (common name : furametpyr), 7.5g of a 10% aqueous solution of alkali-treated gelatin (Nitta Gelatin product #250) and deionized water were added for preparing a 100g of aqueous dispersion. Glass beads with a diameter of 0.75-1mm were added to the aqueous dispersion and were beads-pulverized at 1000rpm to obtain a furametpyr pulverized slurry.</li><li>2. Five grams of the pulverized slurry was transferred to a metallic container. After 17.5g of the 10% aqueous solution of alkali-treated gelatin and 10g of Sumirez resin DS40K (Sumitomo Chemical product, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer : 35% aqueous solution) were added to said pulverized slurry and the total body was made to 75g with deionized water. It was stirred for 15 minutes at 200rpm in a thermostat kept at 50°C and then the pH value was adjusted to 4.5 by adding acetic acid.</li><li>3. Separately, 1.7g of Sumitex resin M-3 was formulated by making the total 7g with deionized water, was added to above-mentioned aqueous furametpyr dispersion, then allowed to react for 2 hours at 50°C to produce a microencapsulated composition containing 1.5% furametpyr.</li></ul>

The microencapsulated furametpyr was confirmed by observing the present composition under an optical microscope (Nikon Corp. product, magnification: 400X).

Example 7

<ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>1. To 20g of cyclohex-1-ene-1,2-dicarboximidomethyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (common name : tetramethrin), 5g of a 10% aqueous solution of alkali-treated gelatin (Nitta Gelatin product #250) and deionized water were added for preparing a 100g of aqueous dispersion. Glass beads with a diameter of 0.75-1mm were added to the aqueous dispersion and were beads-pulverized at 1000rpm to obtain a tetramethrin pulverized slurry.</li><li>2. Five grams of the pulverized slurry was transferred to a metallic container. After 17.5g of the 10% aqueous solution of alkali-treated gelatin, 10g of Sumirez resin DS40K and 0.2g of antifoaming silicone TSA730 (Toshiba Silicone product) were added to said pulverized slurry and the total body was made to 75g with deionized water. It was stirred for 15 minutes at 200rpm in a thermostat kept at 50°C and then the pH value was adjusted to 4.6 by adding acetic acid.</li><li>3. Separately, 1.8g of Sumitex resin M-3 was formulated by making the total 7g with deionized water, was added to above-mentioned aqueous tetramethrin dispersion, then allowed to react for 2 hours at 50°C to produce a microencapsulated composition containing 1% tetramethrin.</li></ul>

The microencapsulated tetramethrin was confirmed by observing the present composition under an optical microscope (Nikon Corp. product, magnification: 400X). Comparative example 1

To 1g of 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (common name : carbaryl) in a metallic container, 12.5g of a 4% aqueous solution of HPC-M was added, had the total made 100g with deionized water, was then transferred to a 50°C thermostat and was stirred for 1 hour at 150rpm to produce the formulation.

Based on the test examples, the percent moribund and lethal ratio were calculated from the following equations.<maths id="math0001" num=""><math display="block"><mrow><mtext>percent moribund (%) = </mtext><mfrac><mrow><mtext>(quantity of moribund insects + quantity of dead insects)</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>total number of insects</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mtext> X 100</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0940171A2_D0001.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0002" num=""><math display="block"><mrow><mtext>lethal ratio (%) = </mtext><mfrac><mrow><mtext>quantity of dead insects</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>total number of insects</mtext></mrow></mfrac><mtext> X 100</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0940171A2_D0002.tif" /></maths>

Test example 1

Ten (10) worker Formosan subterranean termites <i>(Copiotermus formosanus</i> Shiraki) were placed in a plastic Petri dish, 6mL of each of the compositions from examples 1 through 5 was sprayed at a distance of about 60cm with a spray gun. Afterwards, said termites were transferred to a new plastic Petri dish and were observed one day later. The percent moribund was all 100%.

Test example 2

Ten grams (10g) of soil was deposited on a plastic Petri dish, 6mLof each of the compositions from examples 1 through 5 was sprayed at a distance of about 60cm with a spray gun. Subsequently, ten (10) worker Formosan subterranean termites <i>(Coptotermus formosanus</i> Shiraki) were placed in said plastic Petri dish. Observing said plastic Petri dish 1 day later, the percent moribund was all 100%.

Test example 3

The formulations from examples 3 through 5 and comparative examples 1 were applied to a 15cm x 15cm plywood at 50g/m² and were left at room temperature. Three (3) weeks later, a plastic barrier was placed on the plywood, 10 German cockroaches <i>(Blattella germanica;</i> male to female ratio = 1:1) were released within said barrier for 2 hours, then said insects were gathered into a new plastic cup, and the lethal ratio was examined 3 days later. Each example were repeated thrice. The results are given in table 1. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1</title><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Tested formulations</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Lethal ratio (%)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Example 3</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">100</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Example 4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">100</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Example 5</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">100</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Comparative example 1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">80</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Test example 4

The formulations from example 5 and comparative example 1 were diluted with distilled water to formulate a 50X dilution. Filter paper with a diameter of 3.8cm was stuck onto the cover of a 200mL vial. A hundred milligrams (100mg) of each diluted formulation was evenly applied. After depositing 10 cat fleas <i>(Ctenocephalides felis)</i> into the vial, the vial was sealed with the cover that comprises the treated filter paper, was placed on its side so the fleas can come in contact with the filter paper, was preserved at room temperature, and was examined for the lethal rate 24 hours later. Each example was repeated 2 to 3 times. A sample wherein the filter paper had distilled water applied, was tested as the control. Results are given in table 2. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table 2</title><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Tested formulations</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Lethal ratio (%)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Example 5</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">75.0</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Comparative example 1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">10.0</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>