Method of making an ultra soft, high basis weight tissue

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

0001The present invention relates to a method of making an ultra soft, multi-ply tissue having a high basis weight using wet press technology.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0002In the area of bathroom tissue, softness, absorbency and strength are key attributes considered by consumers. It is highly desirable that the tissue product have a consumer perceived feel of softness. This softness plays a key role in consumer preference. Softness relates both to the product bulk and surface characteristics. In addition to softness, the consumer desires a product that is both strong and absorbent to minimize the amount of the product which must be used to do an effective job.

0003The method of the present invention uses wet press technology to prepare a strong, ultra soft tissue having a high basis weight. The tissue produced by the method of the present invention exhibits good strength and absorbency while remaining extremely soft. Properties such as those exhibited by the tissue produced by the present invention have previously only been seen on products produced by costly Through-Air-Drying (TAD) technology. The tissue produced by the method of the present invention has properties like those of the TAD produced tissue but can be formed using more efficient, less expensive wet press technology

0004In a conventional wet press process and apparatus (10), as exemplified in Figure 1, a furnish is fed from silo (50) through conduits (40, 41) to headbox chambers (20, 20'). A web (W) is formed on a conventional wire former (12), supported by rolls (18, 19), from a liquid slurry of pulp, water and other chemicals. Materials removed from the web of fabric by Uhle box (29) and through the forming fabric when pressed against forming roll (15) are returned to silo (50), from saveall (22) through conduit (24). The web is then transferred to a moving felt or fabric (14), supported by roll (11) for drying and pressing. Materials removed from the web during drying and pressing are collected in saveall (44) and fed to white water conduit (45). The web is then pressed by suction press roll (16) against the surface of a rotating Yankee dryer cylinder (26) which is heated to cause the paper to substantially dry on the cylinder surface. The moisture within the web as it is laid on the Yankee surface causes the web to transfer to the surface. Liquid adhesive may be applied to the surface of the dryer to provide substantial adherence of the web to the creping surface. The web is then creped from the surface with a creping blade (27). The creped web is then usually passed between calender rollers (not shown) and rolled up on roll (28) prior to further converting operations, for example, embossing. The action of the creping blade on the paper is known to cause a portion of the interfiber bonds within the paper to be broken up by the mechanical smashing action of the blade against the web as it is being driven into the blade. However, fairly strong interfiber bonds are formed between the wood pulp fibers during the drying of the moisture from the web. The strength of these bonds in prior art tissues is such that, even after creping, the web retains a perceived feeling of hardness, a fairly high density, and low-bulk and water absorbency.

0005To reduce the strength of the interfiber bonds that inevitably result when wet pressing and drying a web from a slurry, various processes have been utilized. One such process is the passing of heated air through the wet fibrous web after it is formed on a wire and transferred to a permeable carrier--a so-called through-air-dried (TAD) process--so that the web is not compacted prior to being dried. The lack of compaction, such as would occur when the web is pressed while on a felt or fabric and against the drying cylinder when it is transferred thereto, reduces the opportunity for interfiber bonding to occur, and allows the finished product to have greater bulk than can be achieved in a wet press process. Because of the consumer perceived softness of these products, and their greater ability to absorb liquids than webs formed in wet press processes, the products formed by the newer processes enjoy an advantage in consumer acceptance.

0006Felted wet press processes are significantly more energy efficient than processes such as through-air-drying since they do not require heating and moving large quantities of air as required by the TAD process. In wet press operations, excess moisture is mechanically pressed from the web and the final drying of the web is obtained chiefly on the heated Yankee drying cylinder which is maintained at the proper drying temperature.

0007EP-A-0495 637 discloses a foam forming process in which a high strength, high softness tissue is produced by forming a web from a foamed fiber furnish. EP-A-0 481 745 discloses a foam forming process in which the foam is formed by directing a high pressure jet of foamable liquid onto a forming web and generating the foam in situ on the forming web.

0008The present invention provides a method for making a tissue product that achieves high bulk, absorbency and softness above existing conventional wet press technology tissue, approaching or achieving the levels found using through-air-drying while using the cheaper and more efficient wet press process, and without requiring the use of a foam forming process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0009Further advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will be apparent from the description.

0010To achieve the foregoing advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, there are provided methods as set forth in the claims hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

0011<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Figure 1 is a schematic representation of preferred wet press processing apparatus.</li><li>Figure 2 illustrates a preferred emboss pattern for use in the present invention.</li><li>Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between GM Tensile Stiffness and GM MMD Friction.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

0012The present invention relates to the production of an ultra-soft, high basis weight multi-ply tissue. As used herein, high basis weight refers to a product (one or more plies) having a basis weight of 22 or more lbs per 3000 sq.ft. (10 kg or more per 280 sq.metre) ream. As used herein ultra-soft refers to a product below the line ranging from (GM Tensile Stiffness) GMTS=19 and GM MMD=0.140 and GMTS=10 and GMM MD=0.210. Above this line a product would be labelled soft but not ultra soft. The relationship between GMTS and GM MMD and the afore-mentioned line are set forth in Figure 3.

0013The pulp used to produce the web of the present invention comprises between 35% and 90% of a first fiber and between 65% and 10% of a second fiber. The first fiber is characterized as a short fiber with an average fiber length of 2.0 mm or less and a coarseness of less than about 12 mg/100 metres. The second fiber is characterized as a long fiber with an average fiber length of more than 2.0 mm and a coarseness of less than about 35 mg/100 metres. The second fibers preferably have a coarseness below 20 mg/100metres and most preferably have a coarseness below 18 mg/100 metres.

0014The first fiber is preferably selected from substantially unrefined, short, low-coarseness fibers. As used in the present invention, low-coarseness is preferably below 12 mg/100 metres. A complete discussion of coarseness can be found for example in Kajaani Electronics Ltd., <i>The Significance of Coarseness in Papermaking</i>, Kajaani Finland, 1986. These low-coarseness fibers are preferably selected from eucalyptus fibers or other hardwoods; mixtures of eucalyptus fibers and other hardwood fibers; mixtures of hardwood fibers or eucalyptus fibers with other low-coarseness fibers, more preferably with a lower coarseness than that of eucalyptus fiber; and mixtures of the foregoing. Preferred fibers for use as the first fiber are eucalyptus fiber and northern hardwood kraft fiber. Other low-coarseness fibers which may be used in combination with eucalyptus fibers include non-woody plant fibers such as those disclosed in US-A-5,320,710 and 3,620,911.

0015Preferred first fiber is selected from northern hardwood fibers which have been dried and eucalyptus fiber.

0016The second fiber is preferably selected from substantially unrefined, long, high-strength fibers. As used in the present invention long fibers are those having an average fiber length of at least 2.0 mm. Strength is usually expressed as the length at which a strip of paper will break under its own weight. Papers made with high-strength fibers typically have a breaking length of at least 12 km, more preferably at least 14 km. These fibers are preferably selected from softwood kraft fibers, preferably northern softwood kraft fibers; mixtures containing as a major portion northern softwood kraft fibers; low-coarseness softwood kraft fibers having a comparable or lower coarseness than that of northern softwood kraft fibers which is typically between 14 and 20 mg/100 meters; and mixtures of the foregoing.

0017A product produced by the method of the invention can be prepared as a stratified or non-stratified product. In one embodiment, the product is prepared as a non-stratified product, however, exhibiting the characteristics of high softness and bulk. A stratified product may be produced by the present invention, but if a stratified product is produced, the amount of hardwood kraft fiber may be reduced.

0018The pulp is mixed with strength-adjusting agents such as starches, debonders, and mixtures thereof. The pulp contains up to about 5 lbs/ton (2.5 kg/tonne) of one or more strength adjusting agents 303161.0, preferably 2 to 3 lbs (1 to 1.5 kg). The strength adjusting agents are preferably selected from Solvitose N Starch®; Reilly-Whiteman DR-170® debonder; Westcat PG; Redibond; and Quasoft 202 JR®, 218®, and 206® Varisoft 475® from Quaker Chemicals.

0019In many cases, particularly when a stratified machine is used, starches and debonders can be advantageously used simultaneously. In other cases starches, debonders or mixtures thereof may be supplied to the wet end while debonders may be applied by spraying.

0020Suitable debonders, however, will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan. Suitable debonders are widely described in the patent literature. A comprehensive but non-exhaustive list includes US-A-4,795,530; 5,225,047; 5,399,241; 3,844,880; 3,554,863; 3,554,862; 4,795,530; 4,720,383; 5,223,096; 5,262,007; 5,312,522; 5,354,425 and EP-A-0 675 225.

0021The web may further include temporary strength agents. Typical temporary strength adjusting agents are well known to the skilled artisan and the method and amounts for their effective use are also understood by the skilled artisan. Typical temporary wet strength agents which may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to glyoxal and modified starches.

0022The amount of strength adjusting agent is preferably provided to control the machine direction (MD) strength of the multiple-ply web to from about 32 to about 38 g/3" (76 mm) strip/lb. (0.45 kg) basis weight after embossing. The strength-control agent is added in an amount up to about 5 lbs/ton (2.5 kg/tonne), preferably less than 4 lbs/ton (2 kg/tonne), more preferably between 3 and 4 lbs/ton (1.5 and 2 kg/tonne).

0023The MD tensile strength (g/3" (76 mm) weight per lb. (0.45 kg) basis weight) is from about 27 to about 38, preferably about 30 to 35. The CD tensile strength (g/3" (76 mm) width per lb. (0.45 kg) basis weight) is preferably from about 10 to about 16, more preferably from about 12 to about 14. Throughout this application, by basis weight, we mean basis weight in pounds (0.45 kg) per 3000 square ft. (280 sq.metre) ream of the web. Many of the values provided throughout the specification have been normalized.

0024A first nascent web is then formed from the pulp. The web can be formed using any of the standard wet-press configurations known to the skilled artisan, e.g., crescent former, suction breast roll, twin-wire former, etc. Once the web is formed, it has a basis weight, under TAPPI LAB CONDITIONS of at least about 11 lbs/3000 sq. ft. (5 kg/280 sq.metre) ream, preferably at least about 13.5 lbs/3000 sq. ft. (6 kg/280 sq/metre) ream, more preferably at least about 12-14 lbs/3000 sq. ft. (5.5-6.5 kg/280 sq.metre) ream. TAIPEI LAB-CONDITIONS refers to TAPPI T-402 test methods specifying time, temperature and humidity conditions for a sequence of conditioning steps.

0025After the web is formed, it can be sprayed with from at least 1.0 to about 3.5 lbs/ton (0.5 to about 1.75 kg/tonne) of softener, more preferably about 1.5 to about 3.5 lbs/ton (0.75 to about 1.75 kg/tonne) of softener, in accordance with the method of claim 21. Alternatively, in accordance with the method of claim 1, a softener may be incorporated into the wet end of the process to result in a web including at least about 1.0 lbs/ton (0.5 kg/tonne) of softener. It will be understood by the skilled artisan that spraying of the softener may occur after two webs have been joined to form a two-ply product.

0026The softener is a cationic nitrogenous softener. The softener is preferably selected from trivalent and tetravalent cationic organic nitrogen compounds incorporating long fatty acid chains; compounds including imidazolines, amino acid salts, linear amine amides; tetravalent or quaternary ammonium salts; mixtures of the foregoing. More particularly, the softener may be Quasoft 202 JR®, 218®, 209® and 219®, and Varisoft 475® from Quaker Chemical.

0027The web is then dewatered preferably by an overall compaction process. The web is then adhered to a Yankee dryer. Any suitable art recognized adhesive may be used on the Yankee dryer. Preferred adhesives include Houghton 8290 (H8290) adhesive, Houghton 82176 (H82176) adhesive, Quacoat A-252 (QA252), Betz creplus 97 (Betz+97), Calgon 675 B. Suitable adhesives are widely described in the patent literature. A comprehensive but non-exhaustive list includes US-A-5,246,544; 4,304,625; 4,064,213; 4,501,640; 4,528,316; 4,883,564; 4,684,439; 4,886,579; 5,374,334; 5,382,323; 4,094,718; and 5,281,307. Typical release agent can be used in accordance with the present invention; however, the amount of release, should one be used at all, will often be below traditional levels.

0028The web is then creped from the Yankee dryer and calendered. The adhesion between the web and the Yankee dryer is controlled to such a level that a reel crepe of at least about 20%, more preferably 24% and most preferably 25% is maintained. Creping is preferably carried out at a creping angle of from about 70° to about 88°, preferably about 73° to about 85° and more preferably about 80°. The crepe blade bevel angle is preferably about 0° to about 15 °, more preferably about 10°.

0029The product produced by the method of the present invention includes a soft bulky tissue which can be made on a non-stratified machine. The skilled artisan would understand that a stratified product can be formed using lower proportions of hardwood kraft than on a non-stratified product. The product produced by the method of the present invention is a multi-ply product. Two or more plies of tissue are adhered to one another preferably by embossing and perforating the two plies together. The embossments and perforations usually account for adhesion. The two plies may be adhered using an adhesive either alone or in conjunction with an embossing pattern. Suitable adhesives are well known and will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan. The two plies are preferably embossed together with adhesive being applied only to the tips of the emboss elements. The multi-ply product includes a two-ply product in which a second ply is formed in the same manner as the first ply.

0030The calendering and embossing of the webs preferably combines to form a multi-ply web having a specific caliper of the multi-ply web of at least about 0.17 mm/kg (3.0 mils/lb) basis weight, more preferably from about 0.17 to 0.24 mm/kg (3.0 to about 4.2 mils/lb) basis weight and most preferably 0.18 to 0.21 mm/kg (3.2 to 3.8 mils/lb) basis weight. The GM MMD of the multiply web is less than about 0.190, is more preferably less than about 0.180, and is most preferably about 0.150 to about 0.175. The tensile stiffness of the web is less than 0.72 g/% strain per pound (0.45 kg) of basis weight and more preferably at or less than about 0.58 g/% strain per pound (0.45 kg) of basis weight, most preferably less than about 0.51 g/% strain per pound (0.45 kg) of basis weight.

0031The web may be embossed with any art-recognized embossing pattern. One preferred emboss pattern is made up of a wavy pattern, e.g. lattice of dot shaped bosses having either hearts, flowers or both within the separation areas of the pattern. Figure 2 is a depiction of a preferred emboss pattern for use with the present invention. It is also preferred that the emboss pattern of the present invention be formed of crenulated emboss elements. A crenulated emboss element is one that has a wide base with smaller separated land areas at the apex, resembling for example the top of a castle wall. Such an emboss pattern further enhances the tissue bulk and softness. The emboss element heights are preferably less than 90 thousandths of an inch (2.3 mm), more preferably less than 70 thousandths of an inch (1.8 mm) and most preferably 50 to 70 thousandths of an inch (1.3 to 1.8 mm).

0032The following examples are not to be construed as limiting the invention as described herein.

Example 1

0033A nascent web was formed from a combination of 65% eucalyptus fibres and 35% northern softwood kraft fibres. The pulp used to form the web also contained 1.0 lbs/ton (0.5 kg/tonne) of Quasoft 218 as a strength-adjusting agent. The web was sprayed with 1.8 lbs/ton (0.9 kg/tonne) of Quasoft 218 as a softener. The treated web was then dewatered by overall compaction and adhered to the Yankee dryer. Houghton 82176 and 564 were used as the Yankee dryer adhesive and release. The web was creped from the Yankee dryer and calendered. The reel speed was 3481 feet (1061 m) per minute. A reel crepe of 24.3% was maintained during creping.

0034A second web was formed in the same manner and combined with the first web by embossing a heart/flower/lattice pattern as depicted in Figure 2. The resultant multiply sheet had the following properties:

0035A roll of 170 sheets was formed from the multi-layer product described above. The 170-sheet-count roll has the following characteristics per lb (0.45 kg) of basis weight: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>33.7 MD strength g/3" (76 mm)</li><li>13.0 CD strength g/3" (76 mm)</li><li>26.6 basis weight 3000 sq. ft. (280 sq. metre)</li><li>3.87 specific caliper mils/8 sheets (0.098 mm/8 sheets)</li><li>0.159 GM MMD</li><li>0.50 tensile stiffness g/% strain</li></ul>

0036The product attributes differ slightly when a 340 sheet count product is formed. These differences are generally due to a decrease in the amount of embossing that is used, since the need for added bulk is reduced in a 340-sheet-count product. The caliper of a typical 340 sheet count product was about 0.081 mm/8 sheet count (3.2 mils/8 sheet count) per lb (0.45 kg) of basis weight while the specific tensile stiffness was about 0.68 and the GM MMD was about 0.170.

Examples 2-16

0037Examples 2-16 were carried out in the same manner as Example 1, with the processing conditions and product attributes as set forth in the Table below. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>Table 1</title><tgroup cols="10" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="15.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Example No.</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Pulp Type and Amount</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">Homo or Stratified</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">Percent Crepe</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">Yankee Adhesive</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Softoner and Amount</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Strength Adjust and Amt</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">Crepe Angle</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">Blade Bevel</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="center">Basis Weight</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">65 Euc/35 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">24.3</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H82176</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 1.8 lbs/on*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q218 1.0 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">75</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.6</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">50 EUC/ 50 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H82176</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2.5 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q206 2-3 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">78</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">12</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.5</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">3</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">65 Euc/ 35 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H82176</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2.5 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q206 2-3 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">78</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">12</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.4</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">65 Euc/ 35 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H82176</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2.5lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q206 2-3 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">78</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">12</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.5</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">5</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">65 Euc/ 35 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">20.6</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">Betz+97</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">73</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">17</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">27.0</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">65 Euc/ 35 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">22.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">Betz+97</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">73</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">17</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.4</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">7</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">65 Euc/ 35 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">23.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">Betz+97</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2.5 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">73</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">17</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">27.8</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">8</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">35 Euc/ 65 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">S</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H8290</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q202JR 3.5 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q202JR 7.0 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">82</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">18</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">23.7</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">9</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">69 HWK/ 31 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.1</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H82176</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2.2 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q206 1.5 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">80</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.1</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">10</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">70 Euc/ 30 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H82176</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2.5 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q206 1.0 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">80</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.1</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">11</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">68 Euc/ 32 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H82176</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 2.4lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q206 1.0 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">80</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">25.6</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">12</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">65 Euc/ 35 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">QA252</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 1.5 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">westcatPG 2.5 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">75</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.3</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">13</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">60 Euc/40 Hemlock</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">QA252</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 1.5 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">westcatPG 5.5 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">75</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.8</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">14</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">60 Euc/ 40 Hemlock</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">H</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">25.0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">QA252</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 1. 5 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">westcatPG 3.5 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">75</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.8</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">65Euc/35SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">S</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">24.3</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">H82176</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">Q218 4 lbs/ton*</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Q218 1.0 lb/ton*</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">75</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">26.0</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">16</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">80 Euc/20 SWK</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">--</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="char" char=".">27.1</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="10" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="15.75mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="15.75mm" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col10" align="justify">* 1lbs/ton = 1/2 kg/tonne</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables><tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><title>Table I (con't)</title><tgroup cols="9" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="17.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Example No.</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Blade Bevel</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">Caliper mils/lb*</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">MD Tensile per lb*</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">CD Tensile per lb *</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">MD Stretch</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">Perf. Tensile</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">GM MMD Friction</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">Tensile Stiffness per lb.</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.9</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">34</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">13</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">22.2</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">344</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0 159</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.50*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">32</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">11</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">20.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">325</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.158</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.56*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">3</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.7</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">30</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">12</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">19.2</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">334</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.166</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.54*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">28</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">11</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">20.4</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">370</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.155</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.58*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">5</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.8</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">36</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">13</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">19.7</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">365</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.176</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.57*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">6</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.8</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">34</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">12</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">16.8</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">315</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.170</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.52*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">7</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">33</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">14</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">18.9</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">359</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.165</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.60*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">8</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">10</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">34</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">23</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">24.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">315</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.144</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.72*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">9</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">5</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.7</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">30</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">12</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">19.3</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">350</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.178</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.43*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">10</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">5</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">38</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">14</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">-</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">362</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.174</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.50*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">11</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">5</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.7</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">29</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">11</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">21.4</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">304</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.170</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.41*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">12</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.7</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">33</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">13</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">19.3</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">323</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.169</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.52*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">13</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">33</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">19.5</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">388</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.179</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.58*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">14</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.6</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">33</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">18.8</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">358</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.172</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.57*</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.8</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">34</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">15</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">18.8</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">358</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.172</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.57*</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">16</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">-</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=".">3.9</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">30</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">14</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">-</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">383</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="char" char=".">0.174</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">0.51*</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="9" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="17.50mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="17.50mm" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col9" align="justify">* 1lb = 0.45 kg, 1 mil/lb = 0.056 mm/kg</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>