Antenna array with radiation adjusting device

<u>FIELD OF THE INVENTION</u>

This invention relates to antennas arrays and in particular relates to radiation control means for such.

<u>BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION</u>

Antennas for use in telecommunications operate at many different frequencies. Transmit and receive wavebands may be separated so that interference between the signals is reduced, as in GSM and other systems. Nevertheless, neighbouring antennas couple and distort the azimuth beam pattern; the effects of this can be that the operating capacity is reduced and/or the callers cannot clearly communicate, whilst operators face lost calls and accordingly a reduction in revenue.

One form of layered antenna (an antenna having ground planes, feed networks and dielectric spacers arranged in layers) is known from British Patent GB-B-2261554 (Northern Telecom) and comprises a radiating element including a pair of closely spaced correspondingly apertured ground planes with an interposed printed film circuit, electrically isolated from the ground planes, the film circuit providing excitation elements or probes within the areas of the apertures, to form dipoles, and a feed network for the dipoles.

Typically, for a cellular wireless communications base station, there is a linear arrangement of a plurality of spaced apart antenna radiating apertures/elements to form a linear array. It is often the case that an m x n planar antenna array is constructed from m linear arrays having n radiating apertures spaced at regular intervals. This type of antenna lends itself to a cheap yet effective construction for a planar array antenna such as may be utilised for a cellular telephone base station, with the antenna arrays being mounted on a frame. In order to increase output from the antenna in a primary radiating direction, the antenna may further comprise a further ground plane placed parallel with and spaced from one of the apertured ground planes to form a rear reflector for the antenna. Signals transmitted by the antenna towards the back plane are re-radiated in a forward direction.

A characteristic of many antennas is that the beam shape is difficult to control. Another problem which arises in the case of a planar array is that of isolation: signals emitted from one linear array will couple with adjacent arrays and cause interference problems with the power amplifiers of said other array. The effect of this is that signal quality can severely be impaired; in a transmit mode the transmit signal or in a receive mode the receive signal can be reduced since the beam shape will not be of an optimum shape or intermodulation products will be generated. For certain applications, such as in the case of tri-cellular or corner-excited base station antennas, where the sector of 120° is covered by a single beam, this can present great difficulties.

Careful design of the dimensions of the apertures and the elements coupled with the design of the electrical characteristics of the feed network for the elements can control the beam shape to a large extent, but for some applications this is not wholly effective. These problems are not limited to layered (tri-plate) antennas.

<u>OBJECT OF THE INVENTION</u>

It is an object of the present invention to provide an antenna configuration which overcomes the above mentioned problems.

<u>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</u>

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a linear array antenna comprising a number of radiating elements, each radiating element having a radiating aperture, wherein an outwardly extending ground plane flange extends adjacent each side of the linear array of radiating elements and beyond the plane in which the radiating apertures of the linear array lie, whereby the azimuth beam shape is controlled.

In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a planar array antenna assembly comprising a number of parallel spaced apart linear arrays of radiating elements, each radiating element having a radiating aperture, wherein an outwardly extending ground plane flange extends between each adjacent pair of linear array of radiating elements and beyond the plane in which the radiating apertures of the linear array lie, whereby the azimuth beam shape is controlled and the coupling of radiation from nearby or adjacent antennas in the near field is reduced.

The antennas can comprise layered radiating elements, each antenna element comprising metallic sheet-like ground planes having a number of apertures defined therethrough and disposed either side of a feed network with the elements having no progressive phase difference in the feed network, wherein the flanges comprise extensions of reflecting ground planes of the arrays. Alternatively, a separate earthed member can extend outwardly, between two adjacent arrays. The flanges are conveniently formed from aluminium alloy sheet, by reason of its light weight, strength and high corrosion resistance, although metallised plastics may also be employed.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of receiving and transmitting radio signals in a cellular arrangement including a linear array antenna comprising a number of radiating elements, each radiating element having a radiating aperture, wherein an outwardly extending ground plane flange extends adjacent each side of the linear array of radiating elements and beyond the plane in which the radiating apertures of the linear array lie, wherein the method comprises, in a transmission mode, the steps of feeding signals from transmit electronics into the antenna radiating elements via feeder cables and, in a receive mode, the steps of receiving signals via the radiating elements and feeder cables to receive electronics, wherein the azimuth beam shape from the array is controlled.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method of receiving and transmitting radio signals in a cellular arrangement including a planar array antenna assembly comprising a number of parallel spaced apart linear arrays of radiating elements, each radiating element having a radiating aperture, wherein an outwardly extending ground plane flange extends between each adjacent pair of linear array of radiating elements and beyond the plane in which the radiating apertures of the linear array lie, wherein the method comprises, in a transmission mode, the steps of feeding signals from transmit electronics into the antenna radiating elements via feeder cables and, in a receive mode, the steps of receiving signals via the radiating elements and feeder cables to receive electronics, wherein the beams from each array parasitically couple with the ground plane flanges, whereby the azimuth beam shape is controlled and the coupling of radiation from nearby or adjacent antennas in the near field is reduced.

<u>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</u>

Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the Figures as shown in the accompanying drawings sheets wherein: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Figure 1 is an exploded perspective view of a single element layered antenna;</li><li>Figure 2 is a sectional view of a second type of layered antenna;</li><li>Figure 3 is a perspective view of a further type of layered antenna;</li><li>Figure 4 is a view of a 2-D array antenna facet;</li><li>Figure 5 is a sectional view of the antenna facet shown in Figure 4 across line X-X, and;</li><li>Figure 6 illustrates a detailed sectional view of one of the antenna arrays shown in Figure 5.</li></ul>

<u>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS</u>

The layered antenna element shown in Figure 1 comprises a first metallic ground plane 10 having a pair of identical rectangular apertures 18, a second metallic ground plane 12 and an insulating substrate 13 which is positioned between the two ground planes. On one surface of the substrate there is a metallic conductor pattern which consists of a pair of radiating probes 14, 16 and a common feed network 22. A feed point 24 is provided for connection to an external feed (not shown). The feed network 22 is positioned so as to form a microstrip transmission line with portions of the ground planes defining the rectangular apertures. The position of the feed point 24 is chosen so that when an r.f. signal of a given frequency is fed to the network the relative lengths of the two portions 22 of the network are such as to cause the pair of probes 14 and 16 to be fed in anti-phase, thereby creating a dipole antenna radiating element structure. Furthermore, the dimensions of the rectangular apertures and the bounding portions of the ground plane are chosen so that the bounding portions 28 parallel with the probes 18, 20 act as parasitic antenna radiating elements, which together with the pair of radiating probes 14, 16 shape the radiation pattern of the antenna. The present invention, in a preferred embodiment, comprises a number of linear arrays utilising such a construction, each array having a number of such elements arranged in a linear fashion, each aperture having two radiating feed probes oppositely directed in an axis corresponding to a longitudinal axis of the array.

The ground planes are spaced from the plane of the feed network by dielectric spacing means (not shown) so that the feed network is spaced from both ground planes. Spacing between the network and the ground planes can be determined by foamed dielectric sheets or dielectric studs interposed between the various layers. Alternative mechanical means for maintaining the separation of the feed conductor network may be employed, especially if the feed network is supported on a rigid dielectric.

With reference to Figure 2, there is shown a layered antenna constructed from a first apertured metal or ground plane 10, a second like metal or ground plane 12 and an interposed film circuit 13. Conveniently the planes 10 and 12 are thin metal sheets, e.g. of aluminium and have substantially identical arrays of apertures 11 formed therein by, for example, press punching. In the embodiment shown the apertures are rectangular and can be formed as part of a single linear array. The film circuit 13 comprises a printed copper circuit pattern 14a on a thin dielectric film 14b. When sandwiched between the apertured ground planes part of the copper pattern 14a provides oppositely directed probes 14, 16 which extend into the areas of the apertures. The probes are electrically connected to a common feed point by the remainder of the printed circuit pattern 14a which forms a feed conductor network in a conventional manner. No progressive phase shifts are applied to effect downtilt.

To achieve a predetermined beam shape in azimuth that is different from the beam shape afforded by a flat antenna structure, the antenna can be deliberately shaped about an axis parallel with the linear array of apertures. In Figure 3, the triplate structure is creased along an axis 20 substantially co-linear with the linear arrangement of probes 14, 16. The two flat portions 24, 26 of the structure on either side of the crease together define an angle θ. The beamwidth and shape of the radiation pattern of the antenna in azimuth are controlled by the angle θ. in conjunction with the transverse dimension x of the apertures. Depending on the required beam shape the angle θ. defined by the rear face of the triplate structure may be greater or less than 180°. There is provided a flat, unapertured ground plane 28, e.g. a metal plate, situated at a distance behind the array to provide a degree of directionality for the antenna, in order that signals are reflected.

The antenna elements as shown in the above examples are typically mounted upon a frame. Metallic or plastic fasteners, apertures and protrusions present on the antenna arrays and ground frames couple with the input signals and radiate at a resonating frequency. Similar coupling occurs with arrays of "conventional" horn antennas and triplate antennas.

Figure 4 shows a facet 40 of an antenna made in accordance with the invention. The facet comprises four linear arrays 42 arranged in a parallel spaced apart relationship, with a radome 44 (shown part cut-away ). The antenna arrays are mounted upon a frame 52 as best seen in Figures 5 and 6 by means of electrically insulating fasteners. The support frame will be a metal structure and of sufficient strength to support antenna arrays which may be subject to inclement weather conditions.

Figure 5 shows a cross section of the four arrays shown along line X - X in figure 4, and figure 6 shows in detail a cross section through one array. The layered antenna comprises a first ground plane 56 having apertures defined therein, having a width "A", a dielectric substrate 58 which supports the antenna feed network, a second apertured ground plane 60 and a third, reflector ground plane 62 which has a flat portion spaced from the aperture to function as the reflector.

In this embodiment, the flanges 64 extending from the arrays are formed as extensions from the reflector ground plane. The flanges extend outwardly, beyond from the plane of the radiating apertures of the radiating elements. It is preferred that the flanges depend from the reflector ground plane whereby production costs can be reduced since the apertured ground planes may be identical, and only two types of ground plane need to be manufactured. In a preferred embodiment, the arrays measure 1.7 m long and are 0.2 m wide. The apertures are of the order 40-70 mm square and the reflector plane is spaced 15 - 50 mm behind the dielectric feed network. The flanges 54 can vary in length from 10 - 40 mm in length, depending upon the desired properties of the antenna - if the flanges are too long, then the beam shape can be narrowed in azimuth to too great an extent. The beam shape is, in any case optimised for a particular requirement by tuning the length and position of the flanges.

Electrically insulating fasteners 66 connect the array components together; the arrays being attached to the supporting frame 52 by further electrically insulating fasteners 68. Dielectric foam 70 is placed in front of the arrays and functions as a load spreader for the radome 44, to assist in maintaining the radome in position. Radomes are conveniently made from polycarbonate which is susceptible to flexing in use if not supported, which flexing may affect the performance of the antenna. Signals from the control electronics are passed through components 76 and connector 72 to the antenna feed network. A metallised sheet 74 may be placed around the rear of the antenna to contain emissions radiating rearwardly of the antenna, which emissions can cause the formation of unwanted intermodulation products. The outwardly extending flange may be an extension of a ground plane associated with either one or both of adjacent arrays.

The utilisation of conductive flanges extending outwardly can also be easily and simply implemented by the use of separately attached "L" or "T" cross sectional members which are placed between the arrays, but this may add complication to the manufacturing stages of the antennas. In its simplest implementation, the antenna array could be a planar array and the outwardly extending flanges could be separately attached to an outermost ground plane. The flange could be a metallised plastics extrusion, although care should be exercised in ensuring that a good connection to earth is effected. Such flanges could equally well be employed with dipole arrays or other types of arrays.

When the antenna operates in transmission mode, radio signals are fed to the antenna feed network by, for example, input/output feeds 58 from a base station controller, via amplifiers. The feed network divides so that feed probes may radiate within areas defined by apertures in a ground plane of each antenna array. Flange 54 effectively reduces the radiation emitted from one array coupling with the power amplifiers and the like of another array. In a transmit mode the flange will direct the beam and reduce the coupling of signals from other arrays which may be transmitting and/or receiving signals; in a receive mode the flange will direct the beam and reduce the coupling of signals from other arrays which may be transmitting and/or receiving signals.