Driving method for display apparatus including an optical modulation device

FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART

The present invention relates to a method for driving a display apparatus including an optical modulation or image display device of the type controlling the quantity of light issued from a light source and transmitted or reflected thereby.

An optical modulation device is included in various optical apparatus, such as a display apparatus. Gradational display or gray-scale display is performed by using such an optical modulation device, for example according to various schemes as will be described hereinbelow with reference to a liquid crystal display device as a familiar example.

Accordingly to one scheme, a twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal is used as an optical modulation element (substance) constituting pixels and a voltage data is applied to the TN-liquid crystal to modulate (control) the transmittance through a whole pixel.

According to a second scheme, one pixel is composed as an assemblage of plural sub-pixels so that each sub-pixel is turned on or off based on binary data to modulate the area of sub-pixels placed in a light-transmission state. This scheme is disclosed, e.g., in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application (JP-A) 56-88193, European Laid-Open Patent Application (EP-A) 453033 and EP-A 361981.

According to a third scheme, one pixel is provided with a distribution of electric field intensity or inversion threshold of liquid crystal so that a bright state portion and a dark state portion are co-present in a varying areal ratio to modulate the transmittance through the pixel. This scheme is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,796,980 issued to Kaneko, et al and entitled "Ferroelectric liquid crystal optical modulation device with regions within pixels to initiate nucleation and inversion", and U.S. Patents Nos. 4,712,877, 4,747,671, 4,763,994, etc.

According to a fourth scheme, the period of one pixel being turned-on to show a bright state is modulated. This scheme is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,709,995 issued to Kuribayashi, et al and entitled "Ferroelectric display panel and display method therefor to activate gray scale". Another example of digital duty modulation is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,311,206 issued to Nelson and entitled "Active row backlight column shutter LCD with one shutter transition per row".

Herein, the first scheme is referred to as brightness modulation; the second scheme, pixel division; the third scheme, domain modulation; and the fourth scheme, digital duty modulation.

The brightness modulation is not readily applicable to a device using an optical modulation substance having a steep transmittance change characteristic or a memory characteristic. Further, the brightness modulation using a TN-liquid crystal is not suitable for a system dealing with data varying at high speeds because the TN-liquid crystal generally has a low response speed.

The pixel division equivalent to a system using a unit pixel comprising an assemblage of pixels is caused to have a lower spatial frequency, thus being liable to result in a lower resolution. Further, the area of light-interrupting portion is increased to lower the aperture ratio.

The domain modulation requires a pixel of complicated structure for providing a distribution of electric field intensity or inversion threshold. Further, as the voltage margin for halftone display is narrow, the performance is liable to be affected by the temperature.

The digital duty modulation requires an ON-OFF time modulation so that the modulation unit time is limited by the clock pulse frequency and gate-switching time. Accordingly, it is difficult to effect a high-accuracy modulation and the number of displayable gradation levels is limited. Further, this scheme necessarily requires an analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion of analog data so that it cannot be readily applied to a simple optical modulation system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above-mentioned problems, an object of the present invention is to provide an optical modulation or image display system (i.e., method and apparatus) allowing optical modulation based on analog data.

Embodiments of the present invention provide optical modulation or image display systems applicable to an optical modulation device using an optical modulation substance having a steep applied voltage-transmittance (V-T) characteristic or an optical modulation substance having a memory characteristic.

Embodiments of the present invention provide optical modulation or image display systemscapable of realizing a high spatial frequency and a high resolution.

Embodiments of the present invention provide optical modulation or image display systems which allow gradational data reproduction according a relatively simple scheme based on analog duty modulation and are thus inexpensive.

According to the present invention, there is provided a driving method for a display apparatus including an optical modulation device comprising a pair of electrodes, and a photoconductor layer and an optical modulation substance layer disposed between the electrodes, a signal light source for supplying light data carrying gradation data to the photoconductor layer, and a readout light source for supplying readout light for reading out image data to the optical modulation substance layer, said driving method comprising: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>scanningly supplying the light data to the photoconductor layer, and</li><li>scanningly supplying the readout light to the optical modulation substance layer.</li></ul>

Preferably a lighting time of the readout light source is controlled to modulate an overlapping time between a period of the optical modulation substance assuming a prescribed optical state and the lighting time depending on given gradation data.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a driving method for a display apparatus including (a) an optical modulation device comprising a plurality of two-dimensionally arranged pixels, each comprising an optical modulation element formed by disposing an optical modulation substance layer between a pair of electrodes and a drive element for supplying an electric signal carrying gradation data to the optical modulation element, and (b) a readout light source for supplying readout light for reading out image data to the optical modulation substance layer, said driving method comprising: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>supplying the electric signal to a scanningly selected pixel,</li><li>scanning the pixels with readout light to supply the readout light to the optical modulation substance layer at the selected pixel, and</li><li>controlling a lighting time of the readout light source to modulate an overlapping time between a period of the optical modulation substance assuming a prescribed optical state and the lighting time depending on given gradation data.</li></ul>

In the present invention, a point or period of time when a voltage applied to an optical modulation element exceeds a threshold for switching an optical state of the optical modulation element is changed in an analog mode depending on given gradation data. As a result, a length of overlapping time between the ON time of an optical modulation means, i.e., the period of opening of an optical shutter, and the lighting period of a light source, is modulated in an analog mode so that the time integration of the transmitted or reflected light quantity corresponds to the gradation data. Thus, the number of gradation levels is not restricted by a digital quantity, such as clock pulse frequency, and the A/D conversion of gradation data can be omitted.

Further, analog modulation becomes possible even by using a digital (or binary) display device having a steep applied voltage-transmittance characteristic, as an effect which cannot be expected heretofore.

Thus, good gradational display becomes possible according to the present invention.

These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent upon a consideration of the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a block diagram showing a basic arrangement of an optical modulation system according to the invention.

Figure 2 is a graph showing an applied voltage (or pulse width)-dependent transmittance characteristic of an optical modulation element (or substance) used in the invention.

Figure 3 is a time chart for illustrating a basic embodiment of the driving method for an optical modulation device according to the invention.

Figure 4 is a diagram for illustrating an embodiment for generating gradation data used in the invention.

Figure 5 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the optical modulation system according to the invention.

Figures 6, 7 and 8 are respectively a diagram of an embodiment of the drive circuit for an optical modulation device used in the invention.

Figures 9A - 9D are respectively a graph showing a transmittance-applied voltage characteristic of an optical modulation substance (or element) used in the invention.

Figure 10 is a circuit diagram of an optical modulation apparatus.

Figure 11 is a time-serial waveform diagram for illustrating a manner of driving the optical modulation apparatus.

Figures 12, 14 and 16 are respectively a circuit diagram for an optical modulation apparatus.

Figures 13, 15 and 17 are diagrams showing time-serial waveforms used for driving the optical modulation apparatus of Figures 12, 14 and 16, respectively.

Figure 18 is a schematic sectional view of an optical modulation device for an image display apparatus used in the invention.

Figures 19A and 19B are schematic illustrations of two molecular orientations (optical states) of a chiral smectic liquid crystal used in the device of Figure 18.

Figure 20 is a graph showing an electrooptical characteristic of the liquid crystal used in the device of Figure 18.

Figure 21 is a time chart for illustrating an operation of the device of Figure 18.

Figure 22 is a schematic illustration of an image display apparatus illustrated for reference.

Figures 23 - 25 are respectively a time chart for illustrating an operation of an image forming apparatus for reference.

Figure 26 is an illustration of a manner of scanning with writing light and readout light according to an embodiment of the invention.

Figure 27 is an illustration of an embodiment of the display apparatus according to the invention.

Figure 28 is an illustration of another embodiment of the display apparatus according to the invention.

Figure 29 is a time chart for illustrating an operation of an embodiment of the display apparatus according to the invention.

Figure 30 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a optical modulation device in an embodiment of the display apparatus according to the invention.

Figure 31 is a schematic partial sectional view of a portion corresponding to almost one pixel of an optical modulation device used in the invention.

Figure 32 shows a time chart for illustrating an operation of an embodiment of the display apparatus according to the invention.

Figure 33 is an illustration of a manner of scanning with readout light.

Figure 34 is an illustration of an organization of an embodiment of the display apparatus according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Some embodiments of the present invention will be described later with reference to Figures 26 et seq., but, in advance thereof, some description is made below regarding a basic system or principle (which per se has been already disclosed in a separate application by the present applicant) for supporting the present invention.

First of all, a basic modulation scheme adopted in the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

Figure 1 is a diagram of an example of system for realizing the modulation scheme according to the present invention. The system includes an optical shutter 1 for controlling light transmission as an optical modulation means, a light source 2 for emitting light, a drive means DR1 for driving the optical shutter, a drive means DR2 for turning on and off the light source, and a control means CONT for controlling power supplies to and operation time of the two drive means.

Figure 2 is a graph showing an example of transmittance change characteristic of an optical modulation element (substance) constituting the optical shutter 1. For example, when an applied voltage of a constant pulse width exceeds a threshold Vth, a transmittance is caused to abruptly increase to be a constant value above a saturation voltage Vsat. If the optical modulation substance has a memory characteristic, the resultant optical state is retained at constant even after removal of the applied voltage.

Figure 3 is a time chart for illustrating a basic operation of the system shown in Figure 1. Referring to Figure 3, a curve 10 represents an optical transition of the optical shutter 1, a curve 20 represents the operation (lighting and non-lighting) of the light source 2; and a curve 30 represents a signal applied to the optical shutter, of which the amplitude (peak value) Vop (and further optionally pulse width PWop) is changed depending on given gradation data.

The light source is turned ON at time t₁ and turned OFF at time t₃, between which light is emitted from the light source for a period t, which is prescribed for providing a recognizable halftone. In parallel with a periodical operation (lighting) of the light source, the optical modulation substance is supplied with an applied voltage to switch from a dark state (Min) to a bright state Max when the time integration of the applied voltage exceeds a threshold.

A rise time t₂ of the switching depends on the amplitude Vop and pulse width PWop. As at least one of the amplitude Vop and the pulse width PWop is modulated depending on gradation data, the time t₂ is changed within a time range TM depending on the gradation data. Time t_off is a time for applying a signal for turning off the optical shutter, and the time integration of light quantity transmitted through the optical shutter 1 is governed by a time of overlapping between the lighting time (period) and a period in which the optical shutter is held in an ON state, so that the overlapping time (period) is changed (modulated) depending on the gradation data. As a result, the time integration of the transmitted light quantity may be easily modulated if, for example, the amplitude Vop is changed in an analog manner at a constant pulse width PWop.

In any of the conventional digital duty modulation scheme, the application time t_on of a voltage signal 30 is changed in a digital manner at constant pulse width PWop and amplitude PWop of the voltage signal 30.

In contrast, a novel feature of the present invention is that the signal 30 is treated as an analog quantity having varying amplitude (or/and pulse width) so as to allow an analog duty modulation.

Figure 4 shows an example of circuit generating an analog signal 30. Given gradation data is amplified by an amplifier Tr1 and sampled by a switch Tr2 to provide a signal having a modulated amplitude and a prescribed pulse width required for driving the optical shutter. In the example shown in Figure 4, the amplifier Tr1 is constituted by a bipolar transistor and the switch Tr2 is constituted by a MOSFET, but the amplifier Tr1 and the switch Tr2 need not be restricted to such simple devices.

Then, another basic modulation scheme will be described with reference to Figure 5.

The system shown in Figure 5 is different from the one shown in Figure 1 in that it includes a light reflection means 1A as an optical modulation means instead of the light transmission means 1 in Figure 1. The light reflection means may comprise a liquid crystal device or a mirror device. Such a reflective-mode liquid crystal device may be constituted by forming one of a pair of substrates sandwiching a liquid crystal with a transparent member and the other with a reflective member so as to select a light-absorbing state or a light-reflecting state depending on an orientation state (optical state) of the liquid crystal. In the case of a mirror device, the reflection surface angle of the mirror may be controlled by moving the mirror to select a prescribed direction (ON state) suitable for reflection and another direction not causing reflection.

Then, the overlapping time between the lighting time of the light source 2 and the ON period . of the reflection means 1A is modulated in an analog manner depending on given gradation data.

Herein, the ON period of the reflection means generally refers to a period in which the light source device is in a light-reflecting state or the mirror device has a reflecting surface directed in a prescribed direction. Alternatively, the ON period may be regarded as referring to a period where the reflection means assumes a non-reflecting state, e.g., a light-interrupting state. In this case, the resultant states are simply inverted.

(Drive Circuit)

Some description will be made regarding a drive circuit used in the present invention.

Figure 6 illustrates a drive circuit for an optical modulation means denoted by C_LC.

It is first assumed that a voltage sufficient to exceed a threshold of the optical modulation means C_LC is applied while changing a resistance R_PC corresponding to given gradation data. If the R_PC is high, the time at which a voltage applied to C_LC exceeds the threshold is delayed. On the other hand, if R_PC is low, the time at which the voltage applied to C_LC exceeds the threshold comes early. Accordingly, by adjusting the time of threshold exceeding and the point and period of lighting of the light source, the analog duty modulation of transmitted light or reflected light becomes possible.

Figure 7 shows another drive circuit which is different from the one shown in Figure 6 only in that the optical modulation means C_LC is connected in parallel with a resistance R_PC and a capacitance C_PC. In this case, a sufficient voltage Vd is applied for a prescribed period to place the C_LC in the ON state, and then a discharge phenomenon depending on the time constant of the RC circuit is utilized. At a higher R_PC causing a slower discharge, the time at which the voltage applied to C_LC subslides below the threshold is delayed. On the other hand, at a lower R_PC causing a faster discharge, the time at which the voltage applied to C_LC subsides below the threshold comes earlier. By setting the time within the lighting period of the light source, the light transmission or reflectance period can be modulated in an analog manner depending on a difference in the time.

Figure 8 shows another drive circuit example wherein gradation data is represented by a variable voltage V_V. Different from the one shown in Figure 7, the time constant of an RC circuit including R_PC and C_PC is fixed, so that the time at which the voltage applied to C_LC subsides below the threshold is determined by the voltage V_V corresponding to gradation data. Accordingly, if the time is adjusted with the lighting period, an analog duty modulation becomes possible similarly as in the example of Figure 7.

(Light Source)

Some description is made regarding a light source. Light emitted from the light source may be any of natural sunlight, white light, monochromatic light, such as red, green and blue lights, and combinations of these, and may be determined according to appropriate selection. Accordingly, examples of the light source suitably used in the present invention may include laser light sources, fluorescent lamps, xenon lamp, halogen lamp, light-emitting diode, and electro-luminescence device. These light sources may be turned on and off in a controlled manner in synchronism with drive time of the optical modulation means. Particularly, a continuous lighting time of the light source may desirably be at most a reciprocal (e.g., 1/60 sec.) of a flickering frequency which provides a flicker noticeable by human eyes. In the case of color display, it is desired to energize the R, G and B light sources according to different time sequences so as to effect optical modulation of R, G and B according to time division. On the other hand, it is also possible to use a white light source in combination with color filters so as to use different colors of filters in time division to change the light (wavelength region) of the illuminating light.

(Optical modulation device)

The optical modulation device used in the present invention may include a light-transmission-type device called an optical shutter (or light valve) and a reflection device as a light reflection means for modulating light reflectance. A representative example thereof may include one called a spatial light modulator (SLM).

The optical shutter used in the present invention may be one capable of providing optically different two states. A preferred example thereof may be a liquid crystal device using a liquid crystal as an optical modulation substance.

A preferred type of liquid crystal device my be one comprising a liquid crystal disposed between a pair of electrodes so that liquid crystal molecules change their orientation states depending on an electric field applied thereto, and a light transmittance therethrough is controlled depending on the orientation state in combination with a polarizing device. Accordingly, optical factors, such as transmittance, reflectance, transmission state and reflection states, of a liquid crystal device are determined in combination with a polarizing device.

More specifically, it is possible to use a liquid crystal cell (or panel) comprising a pair of substrates between which a liquid crystal is sealed up. At least one of the mutually opposing inner surfaces of the substrates may be provided with a transparent electrode and an alignment film.

The substrates may comprise a transparent sheet of glass, plastic, quartz, etc. In case of constituting a device used as a reflection means, one substrate can be non-light-transmissive. The transparent electrode may preferably comprise a metal oxide conductor, such as tin oxide, indium oxide or ITO (indium tin oxide).

The alignment film may preferably comprise a polymer film subjected to a uniaxial aligning treatment, such as rubbing, or an inorganic film formed by oblique vapor deposition.

The liquid crystal may suitably comprise a nematic liquid crystal operating in a nematic phase or a smectic liquid crystal operating in a smectic phase.

The reflection device used in the present invention may be a device called DMD (digital micromirror device) wherein a reflecting surface of a reflective metal is moved by an electrostatic force caused by an applied voltage so as to change the angle of the reflecting surface to modulate the emission direction of the reflected light, or a liquid crystal device of a reflection type including a liquid crystal cell (or panel) as described above, of which one surface is made reflective and the other surface is transmissive so that light incident thereto is reflected when the liquid crystal is placed in a light-transmissive state.

Figures 9A - 9D show several transmittance-applied voltage characteristics of optical modulation elements (substances) usable in the present invention. In the case of the DMD, the ordinates may be regarded as representing a light quantity reflected in a prescribed direction.

Figure 9A shows a characteristic of an optical modulation substance causing a transition (switching) of optical states when a positive threshold voltage is exceeded. Figure 9B shows a characteristic of an optical modulation substance having positive and negative thresholds each accompanied with a hysteresis. Figure 9C shows a characteristic of an optical modulation substance showing a hysteresis providing positive and negative thresholds. Figure 9D shows a characteristic exhibiting a threshold at a voltage of zero. Figures 9A - 9D show characteristics in a somewhat simplified and ideal form, and a vertical line shown in these figures is actually inclined to provide a threshold value and a saturation value on both sides as shown in Figure 2.

In respect of matching with drive circuits, the characteristic of Figure 9A or 9B may preferably be combined with a parallel circuit shown in Figure 7 or 8, and the characteristic of Figure 9C or 9D may preferably be combined with a series circuit as shown in Figure 6.

The following Examples 1 to 5 are raised as reference examples for facilitating the understanding of the present invention.

(Example 1)

Figure 10 illustrates an optical modulation system for driving an optical modulation device. The system includes a liquid crystal device 101 comprising a pair of substrate each having thereon an electrode and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates, and a gradation data-generating circuit 103 for generating gradation data, a light source 105. In front of the system, an observer 105 is indicated. The system also includes a drive circuit including a capacitive element C_PC and a transistor 102, of which the source-drain (or emitter-collector) resistance is changed by changing the gate or base potential of the transistor 102, thereby changing a time point at which the voltage exceeds the inversion threshold of the liquid crystal. The drive circuit includes a voltage application means V_ext for applying a reset voltage and drive voltages to the liquid crystal device. C_flc represents a capacitance of the liquid crystal.

The gradation data-generating circuit 103 includes a light-emitting diode PED, four variable resistances VRB, VRG, VRR and VRW, four switching transistors TB, TG, TR and TW, and a power supply VCC. The diode PED and the transistor 102 constitutes a photocoupler.

Electric signals in the form of variable resistance values constituting gradation data for respective colors are converted into light data by the light-emitting diode PED.

The light source 104 includes light-emitting diodes EDR, EDG and EDB for emitting light in three colors of R, G and B, and variable resistances BR optionally used for taking white balance.

Figure 11 is a time chart for operation of the system of Figure 10. At 103T are shown time points for outputting light data. A curve V_flc at FLC represents a voltage applied to the liquid crystal and a curve V_ext represents a voltage applied from an external voltage supply V_ext. At T_ran is shown a transmittance level through the liquid crystal device. At 104T are shown output levels of light sources. At 105T is a transmitted light quantity level recognized by the observer 105.

Referring to Figure 11, first, white light for resetting is supplied, and a reset pulse is applied from the voltage application means V_ext, whereby the liquid crystal is once reset into a dark state.

Then, when light corresponding to R-gradation data is outputted, simultaneously, the R-light emitting diode EDR is turned on and V_ext supplies a reverse-polarity voltage to the liquid crystal device. In this period, the R-light quantity from PED is very small, so that the effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal does not exceed the threshold Vth, and the liquid crystal device does not transmit the R-light from EDR.

Then, when white light is supplied again, V_ext (a voltage supplied from the means V_ext) is increased to invert the liquid crystal into a light-transmission state. At this time, however, no light source 104 is energized, so that the observer continually recognizes the dark state.

Then, V_ext is changed into a negative voltage but the effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal does not exceed the threshold of -Vth, so that the liquid crystal device remains in the bright state. However, also in this period, no light source is energized.

R display period is terminated in the above-described manner (in the embodiment of Figure 11).

Then, an operation in G-display period is performed similarly as in R-display period. G data light quantity is larger than in the case of R described above, so that the voltage applied to the liquid crystal exceeds the threshold Vth at time trv. Then, during a period until time t_off when the G light source EDG is turned off, the liquid crystal device transmits the G-light, so that the observer recognizes a medium level of G-light.

Then, an operation in B-display period is performed similarly as in the R and G display periods. B data light quantity is further larger than in the case of G described above, so that the voltage applied to the liquid crystal exceeds the threshold Vth at time trv2. Then, during a period until time t_off when the B light source EDB is turned off, the liquid crystal device transmits the B-light, so that the observer recognizes a medium level but close to a maximum level of B-light.

As described above, in this embodiment, the time (point and period) of V_flc exceeding the threshold Vth is changed depending on gradation data. Further, the time of turning off a light source is determined so that the lighting period of the light source does not overlap with the transmission period (ON period) of the liquid crystal device corresponding to gradation data giving a minimum level of transmittance.

As a result, in this embodiment, it is possible to obtain a desired halftone level between a minimum level and a maximum level of brightness. Further, as the voltage applied to the liquid crystal is symmetrically balanced in positive and negative polarities, only a DC component of substantially zero is applied to the liquid crystal to suppress the deterioration of the liquid crystal device.

(Example 2)

Figure 12 illustrates another embodiment of optical modulation system. The system includes a reflection-type liquid crystal device 201 comprising a pair of substrates each having thereon an electrode and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates, a light source-drive circuit 204 for driving a light source, a capacitive element C_PC, a resistive element R_PC, and a drive voltage supply Vd. In this system, a circuit is constituted so that the resistive element R_PC is caused to have a resistance value varying depending on inputted gradation data.

The liquid crystal used may have a transmittance-applied voltage (T-V) characteristic as shown in Figure 9A.

Figure 13 is a time chart for driving the system of Figure 12. V_S1 represents an application time of voltage Vd, V_lc represents a voltage applied to the liquid crystal, T_ran represents a reflectance of the liquid crystal device, 204T represents a lighting time of the light source, and 205T represents reflected light quantities recognized by the observer including a curve <u>1</u> given by a low value of R_PC, a curve <u>m</u> given by a medium value of R_PC and a curve <u>n</u> given by a high value of R_PC, respectively corresponding to levels of analog gradation data.

Referring to Figure 13, at time t_on, Vd is applied to the liquid crystal device and the voltage V_lc applied to the liquid crystal assumes V1 sufficiently exceeding a threshold Vth, so that the liquid crystal device exhibits a maximum reflectance.

At time t_off, the voltage Vd is removed, whereby the voltage V_lc applied to the liquid crystal is gradually lowered depending on the value of resistance R_PC to subside below the threshold Vth at some time which depends on the gradation data, i.e., time t_x1 for <u>l</u>, t_x2 for <u>m</u> and t_x3 for <u>n</u>, when the transmittance Tran respectively assumes the lowest level respectively. In this embodiment, the light source is designed to be turned on at time t_x1 and turned off at time t_x3 as shown at 204T, so that the reflected light quantity 205T assumes the levels as represented by curves <u>l</u>, <u>m</u> and <u>n</u> for the cases of <u>l</u>, <u>m</u> and <u>n</u>, respectively, of V_lc. By setting the lighting time in this manner, an excellent linearity of halftone display is given.

As described above, in this example, the time of V_lc subsiding below the threshold is changed depending on gradation data. Further, the time of turning on a light source is determined so that the lighting period of the light source does not overlap with the reflection period (ON period) of the liquid crystal device corresponding to the gradation data giving a minimum level of reflectance.

As a result, in this example, it is possible to obtain a desired medium reflection state between the minimum brightness level <u>l</u> and the maximum brightness level <u>n</u>.

(Example 3)

Figure 14 illustrates another example of optical modulation system. The system includes a reflection-type liquid crystal device 301 comprising a pair of substrates each having thereon an electrode and a liquid crystal disposed between the substrates, a light source-drive circuit 304 for driving a light source, a capacitive element C_PC, a resistive element R_PC, a drive voltage supply Vv and a switch V_S0 for turning on and off the supply of a voltage signal from the drive voltage supply Vv. In this system, the voltage signal supplied from the drive voltage supply Vv carries analog gradation data.

The liquid crystal used may have a transmittance-applied voltage (T-V) characteristic as shown in Figure 9A.

Figure 15 is a time chart for driving the system of Figure 14. V_S0 represents an application time of gradation signal, V_lc represents a voltage applied to the liquid crystal, T_ran represents a reflectance of the liquid crystal device, 304T represents a lighting time of the light source, and 305T represents reflected light quantities recognized by the observer including a curve <u>l</u> given by a low voltage Vl, a curve <u>m</u> given by a medium voltage Vm and a curve <u>n</u> given by a high voltage Vn, respectively corresponding to levels of the gradation signals.

Referring to Figure 15, at time t_on, Vv is applied to the liquid crystal device and the voltage V_lc applied to the liquid crystal assumes voltages Vl, Vm and Vn each sufficiently exceeding a threshold Vth, so that the liquid crystal device exhibits a maximum reflectance in any case.

At time t_off, the voltage Vv is removed, whereby the voltage V_lc applied to the liquid crystal is gradually lowered corresponding to the voltage Vv to subside below the threshold Vth at some time which depends on the gradation data, i.e., time t_x1 for <u>l</u>, t_x2 for <u>m</u> and t_x3 for <u>n</u>, when the transmittance Tran assumes the lowest level respectively. In this embodiment, the light source is designed to be turned on at time t_x1 and turned off at time t_x3 as shown at 304T, so that the reflected light quantity 305T assumes the levels as represented by curves <u>l</u>, <u>m</u> and <u>n</u> for the cases of <u>l</u>, <u>m</u> and <u>n</u>, respectively, of V_lc.

As described above, in this example, the time of V_lc subsiding below the threshold is changed depending on gradation data. Further, the time of turning on a light source is determined so that the lighting period of the light source does not overlap with the reflection period (ON period) of the liquid crystal device corresponding to the gradation data giving a minimum level of reflectance.

As a result, in this example, it is possible to obtain a desired medium reflection state between the minimum brightness level <u>l</u> and the maximum brightness level <u>n</u>.

(Example 4)

Figure 16 illustrates another example of optical modulation system. The system includes a reflection-type liquid crystal device 401 comprising a pair of substrates each having thereon an electrode and an anti-ferroelectric chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates, a light source-drive circuit 404 for driving a light source, a capacitive element C_PC, a resistive element R_PC, a drive voltage supply Vv, and a switch V_S0 for turning on and off the supply of a voltage signal from the drive voltage supply Vv. In this system, the voltage signal supplied from the drive voltage supply Vv carries analog gradation data. In front of the liquid crystal device 401, an observer 405 is indicated.

The chiral smectic liquid crystal used may have a transmittance-applied voltage (T-V) characteristic as shown in Figure 9B.

Figure 17 is a time chart for driving the system of Figure 16. V_S0 represents an application time of gradation signal, V_aflc represents a voltage applied to the liquid crystal, T_ran represents a reflectance of the liquid crystal device, 404T represents a lighting time of the light source, and 405T represents reflected light quantities recognized by the observer including a curve <u>l</u> given by a low voltage of V<u>l</u>, a curve <u>m</u> given by a medium voltage Vm and a curve <u>n</u> given by a high voltage Vn, respectively corresponding to levels of the gradation signals.

Referring to Figure 17, at time t_on, Vd is applied to the liquid crystal device and the voltage V_aflc applied to the liquid crystal assumes V<u>l</u>, Vm or Vn each sufficiently exceeding a threshold Vth, so that the liquid crystal device exhibits a maximum reflectance in case case.

At time t_off, the voltage Vv is removed, whereby the voltage V_aflc applied to the liquid crystal is gradually lowered corresponding to the voltage Vv to subside below the threshold Vth at some time which depends on the gradation data, i.e., time t_x1 for <u>l</u>, t_x2 for <u>m</u> and t_x3 for <u>n</u>, when the transmittance Tran assumes the lowest level respectively. In this embodiment, the light source is designed to be turned on at time t_x1 and turned off at time t_X3 as shown at 404T, so that the reflected light quantity 405T assumes the levels as represented by curves <u>l</u>, <u>m</u> and <u>n</u> for the cases of <u>l</u>, <u>m</u> and <u>n</u>, respectively, of V_aflc.

It is further preferred to set one cycle period (each of Prd1 and Prd2 in Figure 17) to be at most 1/30 sec and the continuous lighting time of a light source to be at most 1/60 sec or shorter.

This embodiment is different from the embodiment of Figures 14 and 15 in that an anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal is used and, corresponding thereto, in a period Prd2, the voltage Vv is inverted from the one used in the preceding period Prd1. The anti-ferroelectric liquid crystal can provide two thresholds due to a hysteresis in opposite polarities but, even if the polarity of the voltage Vv is inverted, the optical state of the liquid crystal is identical as shown at Tran. A chiral smectic liquid crystal shows a fast speed of transition between two molecular orientation states (switching speed) and may be a liquid crystal optimally used in the present invention inclusive of the present embodiment.

As described above, in this example, the time of V_aflc subsiding below the threshold is changed depending on gradation data. Further, the time of turning on a light source is determined so that the lighting period of the light source does not overlap with the reflection period (ON period) of the liquid crystal device corresponding to the gradation data giving a minimum level of reflectance.

In the present invention, it is possible to use a two-dimensionally extending device in which a large number of optical modulation elements each functionally equivalent to an light-transmission device (optical shutter) or a light-reflection device as described in the above-mentioned embodiment are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix. Instead of such a two-dimensional matrix device, it is also possible to use a planar optical modulation device having a two-dimensional extension, each local region (domain) of which functions equivalently as an optical modulation device or element as described above.

More specifically, it is possible to use a panel having a two-dimensional extension along which a multiplicity of transmission-type or light emission-type pixels are arranged and a DMD including a multiplicity of micromirrors arranged in a matrix.

Next, a driving method for an image display apparatus according to the present invention will be described.

Figure 18 is a sectional view of an optical modulation device used in an image display apparatus according to an embodiment.

Figures 19A and 19B schematically show two molecular orientation states (optical states) of a chiral smectic liquid crystal used in the device. Figure 20 is a graph showing an electrooptical characteristic of the device including the two optical states.

Before describing the embodiment of the present invention, a basic operation of the device shown in Figure 18 is described. Figure 21 is a time chart for illustrating the basic operation of the device.

The device shown in Figure 18 constitutes a so-called reflection-type liquid crystal panel. In the device, a transparent substrate 511 is successively provided thereon with a transparent electrode 512, a photoconductor layer 513 as a photosensitive layer, and a dielectric multi-layer film 514 as a reflection layer. The other transparent substrate 516 is provided with a transparent electrode 515. Between the two substrates, a chiral smectic liquid crystal (sometimes abbreviated as "FLC") 517 as an optical modulation substance is disposed. A polarizer 522 is further disposed on the light incidence side. While not shown in the figure, alignment films for aligning liquid crystal molecules are disposed at boundaries of the liquid crystal layer 517 with the electrode 515 and the reflection layer 514. An external voltage application means V_ext is connected to the electrodes 512 and 515 so as to apply a voltage between the electrodes. The device thus constituted is illuminated with reset light 521, writing light 518 carrying gradation data and readout light 519 for reading out the modulated gradation data, i.e., the image.

The device may be represented by an equivalent circuit shown in Figure 6.

Figure 19A shows a first orientation state (optical state) of a liquid crystal molecule MOL, and Figure 19B shows a second orientation state (optical state) of the molecule MOL. When the liquid crystal in the first orientation state (Figure 19A) is supplied with a voltage +Vu, the liquid crystal is switched to the second orientation state (optical state) (Figure 19B). The resultant second orientation state (Figure 19B) is retained even if the voltage is zero, i.e., placed under no electric field. Then, if a reverse polarity voltage -Vu is applied to the liquid crystal, the liquid crystal is switched to the first orientation state (Figure 19A) which is retained even after removal of the electric field. The switching may also be called a transition or inversion of the liquid crystal. The first and second orientation states shown in Figures 19A and 19B are both stable, and the liquid crystal therefore has a memory characteristic.

The states shown in Figures 19A and 19B are optically different states (different optical states) so that one may be placed in a maximum transmittance state and the other in a minimum transmittance state by appropriately combining a polarizer. Herein, the voltage value Vu is used for denoting voltage exceeding a saturation voltage which is assumed to be substantially identical to the inversion threshold voltage.

Now, the operation of the device will be described. For easier comprehension of the operation principle, it is assumed that the capacitance C_flc of the liquid crystal layer 517 and the capacitance C_PC of the photoconductive layer 513 are identical to each other, the liquid crystal layer 517 has an infinitely large resistance, and the reflection layer 514 has an impedance of zero. Referring to Figure 21, 521T and 518T respectively represent the illumination time of reset light 521 illuminating the photoconductor layer 513 and the illumination time of the writing light 518 illuminating the photoconductor layer 513 and having an intensity varying depending the gradation data. V_ext represents an alternating voltage applied to the transparent electrodes 512 and 515 on both sides of the device, and V_flc represents an effective voltage applied by voltage division on both sides of the liquid crystal layer 517. +Vu and -Vu represent voltages for causing the inversion from the first to second state and from the second to first state, respectively, of the liquid crystal as shown in Figure 20. Tran represents orientation states (first and second) of FLC. In this embodiment, it is assumed that the polarizing device 522 functioning as both a polarizer and an analyzer is positionally adjusted so that the first orientation state (optical state) provides a dark state of the lowest transmittance and the second orientation state (optical state) provides a bright state of the highest transmittance. 504T represent the lighting time of readout light 519 illuminating the liquid crystal layer 517, and 505T represents a level of output light formed by passing the readout light through the polarizer 522, the liquid crystal 517, the reflection layer 517 and the analyzer 522.

Referring to Figure 21, in a reset period of from time t₅₀ to t₅₁, V_ext (a voltage level supplied from a voltage supply V_ext) assumes a voltage -V₁ and the photoconductor layer 513 is illuminated with reset light, whereby photocarriers (electron-hole pairs) are generated in the photoconductor layer 513 and the . electrons and holes move in opposite directions under an electric field applied by voltage division to the photoconductor layer to be on both sides of the liquid crystal layer 517. As a result of this operation, V_flc approaches the potential -V₁. As an explanation based on the equivalent circuit of Figure 6, the voltage change may also be understood as a result of the phenomena that the resistance component in the photoconductor layer is lowered by a photoconductive effect to cause a self-discharge and a potential provided to the photoconductor layer by voltage division is lowered, whereby V_flc approaches -V₁. When the reset light has a sufficient light intensity, V_flc can be reset to -V₁ by the time t₅₁ regardless of the previous state, so that the first optical state (dark) of the liquid crystal is ensured. At time t₅₁, the reset light is turned off, V_ext is changed to +V₂. At this time, potential V_flc is changed by 1:1-capacitance division to V₃ = -V₁ + (V₂-(-V₁))/2. If no writing light is supplied as in the first period of this embodiment, V_flc remains at V₃ until t₅₂, and the liquid crystal remains in the first optical state (dark) as V₃ &lt; Vu. Then, in a period after t₅₂, an operation similar to the one in the period of t₅₀ - t₅₂ is performed while changing the polarity of V_ext. As a result, the integration of V_flC in one (cycle) period provides a DC component of 0, so that an AC symmetry of drive waveform required for stable FLC drive is ensured. In a period of t₅₂ to t₅₃, V_flc exceeds Vu to be reset at V1 so that the liquid crystal is inverted into the second optical state (bright).

In a second (cycle) period, the device is illuminated with writing light. The writing light has an intensity smaller than the reset light so that V_flc approaches V_ext at a slower time constant. In case where the writing light has a certain large strength or larger, V_flc exceeds Vu at time t_x1 in a period T (of t₅₁ to t₅₂), when the liquid crystal is inverted from the first optical state to the second optical state. In case where the writing light is further intense as in a third period, the T_x1 becomes closer to t₅₁ so that the liquid crystal is inverted into the second optical state at an earlier time. In each of the second and third cycle periods, writing light similar to that used in the period of t₅₁ to t₅₂ is supplied in the period of t₅₃ to t₅₄ (i.e., t₅₀ in a subsequent cycle period), V_flc subsides -Vu at time t_x2 whereby the liquid crystal is returned to the first optical state (dark). In any of the first - third periods, the AC symmetry of V_flc is ensured and, in each period, the liquid crystal assumes the first optical state and the second optical state for 50 % each of the period. As the writing light intensity increases, the second optical state of FLC is phase-shifted to be earlier.

In parallel with the above liquid crystal state change, readout light is supplied in a period of t₅₁ to t₅₂ in each cycle period, the observers recognize output light only for an overlapping period between a lighting period of the readout light and the second optical state (bright) period of FLC. As a result, no output light is given in the first cycle period but output light flux is increased as the writing light intensity is increased to provide longer overlapping periods as in the second and third cycle periods. The change in output light flux is recognized by the observer as a change in light intensity if each cycle period is set to be shorter than a period (e.g., 1/60 sec) of a minimum frequency giving a flicker noticeable to human eyes (i.e., a flickering frequency, e.g., 60 Hz).

On the other hand, if readout light is supplied in the period of t₅₃ - t₅₄ instead of the period of t₅₁ - t₅₂, the overlapping period is reduced to reduce output light reflux as the writing light intensity is increased. Accordingly, it is possible to effect a negative-positive exchange between the writing light and the readout light. Writing light may have a two-dimensionally planar spreading so that it is possible to form a planar potential distribution depending on the writing light intensity, thereby providing a so-called photo-writing-type spatial light modulation allowing a two-dimensional photo-writing and readout. As a result, it is possible to form a monochromatic film viewer.

Figure 22 is a system diagram of a full-color film viewer as an image display device including a photo-writing type spatial light modulator as described above.

The writing-side light source includes light emitting diodes (LEDs) in three colors of R, G and B.

More specifically, referring to Figure 22, 530R denotes an R-writing light source LED; 530G, a G-writing light source LED; 530B, a B-writing light source LED; 535, a reset light source; and 531, a three-color mixing prism having an R-reflection surface and a B-reflection surface. The system further includes an optical modulation device, lenses 532 and 534, a film 533, and a prism 537. The system further includes a readout light source system including an R-readout light source LED 539R, a G-readout light source LED 539G, a B-readout light source LED and a three-color mixing prism 538 having an R-reflection surface and a B-reflection surface.

The operation of the system of Figure 22 will be described with reference to Figure 23.

Each cycle period is set to be at most ca. 5 msec (= 1/flickering frequency/3). The writing light sources 530R, 530G and 530B are sequentially turned on each for one cycle period. On the other hand, the readout light sources 539R, 539G and 539B are sequentially turned on in synchronism with the writing-side light sources. The film 533 carries image data which is assumed to include gradation data represented by transmittances of 0 % for R, 50 % for G and 100 % for B.

During the three cycle periods, additive color mixing is effected to provide a full-color output.

As already described, by changing the lighting time for the readout light sources, the system can be applied to either a positive film or a negative film as the film 533.

If a color filter-equipped transmission-type liquid crystal TV is used in place of the film 533 and in combination with a combination of a halogen lamp and a color-rotation filter as a brighter readout light source, the system may provide a motion picture projector.

Incidentally, in the case of constituting a monochromatic OHP (overhead projector) including monochromatic writing, for example, the reset light can be omitted if the writing light quantity for a specific pixel region is not changed.

It is sufficient if the reset light has at least a certain intensity, so that writing can be performed superposedly in the reset period without problem.

Further examples of photo-writing-type film viewer will be described with reference to Figures 24 and 25.

The optical system constituting the image display apparatus according to these embodiments is equal to the one shown in Figure 22, and the optical modulation device is one having a structure as shown in Figure 18, so that further description thereof will be omitted.

Figure 24 is a time chart for driving an image display apparatus including the optical modulation device shown in Figure 18.

The basic operation is identical to the one in the example of Figure 21 but different in that the writing light 518T is supplied only in a period of t₆₁ - t₆₂, i.e., a former half of a writing period and turned off in a remaining period (i.e., a latter half of the writing period) in each cycle period. Light supplied in a period of t₆₁ - t₆₂ does not contribute to readout. On the other hand, in a period of t₆₂ - t₆₃, i.e., the latter half of the writing period, uniform bias light 550T is supplied. In case where the writing light 518T carrying gradation data is zero as in a first cycle period, the voltage applied to the liquid crystal is constant at -V₆ throughout a period of t₆₁ - t₆₂. Then, when the bias light 550T is supplied at time t₆₂, the voltage V_flc applied to the liquid crystal is increased in a positive direction due to a lowering in resistance of the photoconductor layer 513. In this example, the value of R_PC or C_PC (Figure 6) and time t₆₃ are adjusted so that the voltage V_flC does not exceed the threshold (+Vu) of the liquid crystal even at the time t₃ in case where the writing light is at the minimum level. Accordingly, as the writing light is 0, i.e., at the minimum level, the output light (505T) is also 0, at the minimum level.

In a period of after t₆₃ until t₆₀ in a subsequent cycle period, the liquid crystal is subjected to an inversion operation by application of an opposite polarity voltage. In this period, no readout light is supplied, so that no image data is reproduced or outputted.

In a second cycle period in which the writing light is at a medium level, the photoconductor layer 513 is caused to have a lower resistance, and the liquid crystal is supplied with a voltage higher than -V₆ in the positive direction.

In a period of t₆₂ - t₆₃ in the second cycle period, the bias light 550T is similarly supplied, the voltage V_flc applied to the liquid crystal is increased from the initial voltage higher than -V₆ to exceed the threshold (+Vu) of the liquid crystal at time t_x1 intermediate within a period of t₆₁ - t₆₃ when the readout light is supplied, unlike in the first cycle period. As a result, the liquid crystal shows a maximum transmittance (Tran) in a period of t_x1 - t₆₃, when the readout light is reflected by the reflection layer 514 of the device. Thus, the period for reflection of the readout light (t_x1 - t₆₃) is modulated depending on the writing light quantity (518T). The remaining period after time t₆₃ is used for the inversion operation similarly as in the first cycle period.

In a third cycle period, a maximum level of writing light is supplied (518T). As a result, the voltage V_flc applied to the liquid crystal exceeds the threshold +Vu already at the first time point t₆₂ when a period of t₆₂ - t₆₃ for bias light supply is started. Accordingly, during the whole period of t₆₂ - t₆₃ wherein the readout light is supplied, the liquid crystal exhibits a maximum transmittance. As a result, the time integration of the reflected light quantity of the readout light incident to the device and reflected in a prescribed direction becomes maximum.

As described above, the readout light reflection time is determined depending on the writing light quantity so that, if the writing light quantity is changed in an analog manner, the reflection time is changed in an analog manner following the writing light quantity change.

In the period of t₆₃ - t₆₀ for inversion operation in each cycle period, the polarity of the applied voltage V_ext is inverted and the writing light and the bias light are supplied in identical light quantities as in the writing period. As a result, the time integration of effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal in one cycle period becomes 0, so that the deterioration of the liquid crystal is suppressed.

In this example, the bias light quantity level may be appropriately determined in view of the time constant of the photoconductor layer 513 and the length of the period of t₆₀ - t₆₃. The light source of the bias light may be identical to or different from the one of the reset light. It is however preferred that the bias light source and the reset light source are respectively provided with a dimmer means so as to allow independent light quantity control.

In this example, a good halftone display free from flickering may become possible if each cycle period is set to ca. 1/30 sec. or shorter and the period of t₆₀ - t₆₃ is set to ca. 1/60 sec. or shorter.

In a further example, the previous example is modified so that the readout light source and the writing light source are respectively replaced by independently driven three color light sources of R, G and B, the first cycle period is allotted to writing and readout periods for R, the second cycle period is allotted to writing and readout periods for G, and the third cycle period is allotted to writing and readout periods for B, thereby effecting an image reproduction according to full-color optical modulation.

Figure 25 is a time chart for driving the image display apparatus including the optical modulation device according to still another example.

The basic operation is identical to the one in the previous example of Figure 24 but different in that the bias light illumination is replaced by increasing the voltage V_ext applied to the device in a period of t₇₂ - t₇₃.

In a period of t₇₀ - t₇₁, reset light is supplied (721T). At this time, V_ext is 0.

At time t₇₁, V_ext is changed to a threshold value +Vu of the liquid crystal but a voltage V_flc applied to the liquid crystal becomes a lower voltage +Vuu as the writing light (718T) applied to the photoconductor layer 513 is at a minimum level (= 0). In case where the photoconductor layer 513 and the liquid crystal layer 517 have equal capacities, +Vuu becomes equal to Vu/2.

At time t₇₂, the writing light (718T) is made 0, and the voltage V_ext applied to the device is gradually increased with time up to +Vem at time t₇₃. Correspondingly, the voltage V_flc applied to the liquid crystal is increased.

In this instance, if +Vem is set to be twice +Vu, V_flc is caused to reach +Vu at time t₇₃. As a result, in a period of t₇₂ - t₇₃, the liquid crystal does not cause a switching of optical states, thus not showing a maximum transmittance state, while readout light is kept ON (704T).

The remaining period of t₇₃ - t₇₀ is for inversion operation, during which image reproduction is not effected as the readout light is not supplied.

In a second cycle period, a medium level writing light illumination is performed (718T). As a result of the previous inversion operation, the liquid crystal is placed in a non-light-transmissive state at time t₇₀. As V_ext = 0, V_flc approaches a voltage level of 0.

At time t₇₁, V_ext is made equal to the threshold +Vu, and the readout light is turned on (704T). As a result of the application of V_ext, V_flc is increased but does not reach the threshold +Vu.

At time t₇₂, V_ext begins to increase, so that V_flc increases correspondingly to exceed the threshold +Vu at time t_x1, when the liquid crystal is switched to an optical state showing a maximum transmittance. Accordingly, at this time t₇₂, the readout light already turned on is allowed to be incident to the reflection layer 514 through the liquid crystal layer 517 and reflected thereat to provide a recognizable reflected image. Thus, the reflection time t_x1 - t₇₃ is modulated depending on the writing light quantity. A period after time t₇₃ is for the inversion operation.

In a third cycle period, the writing light is supplied at a maximum light quantity level. The operation in a period of t₇₀ - t₇₁ is identical to the one in the first and second cycle periods described above.

As a result of illumination with a writing light started at time t₇₁, V_flc reaches the threshold +Vu at time t₇₂. Accordingly, during a readout light lighting period of t₇₂ - t₇₃, the liquid crystal is held in an optical state of a maximum transmittance, so that the readout light is reflected by the device for a maximum period (705T).

As described above, the readout light reflection time is determined depending on the writing light quantity so that, if the writing light quantity is changed in an analog manner, the reflection time is changed in an analog manner following the writing light quantity change.

In the period of t₇₃ - t₇₀ for inversion operation in each cycle period, the polarity of the applied voltage V_ext is inverted and the writing light and the bias light are supplied in identical light quantities as in the writing period. As a result, the time integration of effective voltage applied to the liquid crystal in one cycle period becomes 0, so that the deterioration of the liquid crystal is suppressed.

In this example, the rate of V_ext change with time may be appropriately determined in view of the time constant of the photoconductor layer 513 and the length of the period of t₇₁ - t₇₃.

In this example, a good halftone display free from flickering may become possible if each cycle period is set to ca. 1/30 sec. or shorter and the period of t₇₀ - t₇₃ is set to ca. 1/60 sec. or shorter.

[Embodiments]

Now, First Embodiment of the present invention will be described. In the reference examples with reference to Figure 22, a two-dimensional image carrying gradation data on a film, etc., is written in a photoconductor layer of a liquid crystal device as an optical modulation device by basically a single time of writing light illumination. In this embodiment, a two-dimensional image is written in a liquid crystal device time-serially by vertical and horizontal scanning. The written gradation data may be read out by similarly scanning the liquid crystal device with readout light at appropriate timing.

Figure 26 is a schematic plan view of a reflection-type liquid crystal device 801 having a chiral smectic liquid crystal layer and a photoconductor layer structurally identical to the one shown in Figure 18 for illustration of a scanning scheme. The liquid crystal device is scanned with horizontally scanning writing light 802 while gradually shifting the horizontally scanning light downwards in a non-interlaced manner similarly as in an ordinary scanning on a CRT. In other words, the photoconductor layer is time-serially irradiated or illuminated with writing light. On the other hand, readout light 803 is caused to illuminate portions of the liquid crystal layer corresponding to the written positions of the photoconductor layer also for only a prescribed period for reproducing gradation data. Thus, the illumination of the device with readout light is performed also time-serially. The scanning with the readout light 303 is performed after the scanning with the writing light 802.

Figure 27 illustrates an image display system according to this First Embodiment including a CRT (cathode ray tube) 810 as a writing light source, an image-forming lens 811, a reset light source 812, a mirror 813, a polarization beam splitter 814, a movable mirror 815, a filter 816 for cutting out infrared rays and ultraviolet rays, a readout light source 817, an illumination lens 818, and an image reproduction screen 819.

The readout light scanning means may be constituted by a combination of a fixed mirror and a movable light source 817 instead of the movable mirror 815 or by a combination of a movable mirror and a movable light source.

Also the writing light source need not be restricted to a CRT but can be constituted by using a movable mirror or a movable light source similarly as the readout light scanning means. In order to write in a high-resolution image, it is preferred to use a writing light source allowing two-dimensional scanning of a light beam like a CRT.

The reset light source 812, the lens 811, the filter 816, etc., may be used as described and can be omitted.

(Second Embodiment)

Figure 28 illustrates another display system which is different from the one shown in Figure 27 in that it includes a plurality of writing light illumination means 810 - 812 and a plurality of optical modulation devices 801, and readout light is divided into spectra by mirrors 813R, 813G and 813B.

In this system, white light may be divided into, e.g., R, G and B lights which are incident to the respective optical modulation devices 801 to take out reflected lights which are respectively modulated by light data written in the respective optical modulation devices 801. In this case, the readout light source can also be divided into a plurality so that one readout light source is allotted to-each writing light source, and the optical modulation devices provided for respective colors are illuminated by writing light and readout light for each color. In the case of using a white light source, the scanning timing of readout light is simultaneous for the respective colors so that an image free from color deviation can be obtained. On the other hand, in the case of using readout light sources for respective colors, the respective color light sources can be controlled independently so that the adjustment of color balance becomes easy.

Figure 29 is a time chart for more specifically describing the above-explained First Embodiment or Second Embodiment. Figure 29 illustrates an operation in one cycle period while an operation in three cycle periods has been described in the example of Figure 21.

At 821 is shown an operation of reset light similarly as the one at 521 in Figure 21. In a period of t₈₀ - t₈₁, the reset light illuminates the optical modulation device.

Waveforms at 818T1, 8201, Tran1 and 504T1 are shown to illustrate an operation at a first pixel which is first written by the writing light 802 according non-interlaced scanning.

At 818T1 is shown operation time of the writing light 802 incident to the first pixel. At time t₈₁₁ when the first pixel is illuminated with the writing light 802, electron-hole pairs having an electric charge ΔQ proportional to the writing light intensity thereof are generated to cause a potential change ΔV = ΔQ/C. At a stronger writing light intensity, V_flc exceeds Vu in a shorter time to cause an optical state change of FLC from a dark to a bright state. In other words, a writing light intensity-FLC phase conversion is performed.

Figure 29 illustrates three cases, i.e., a case where writing light is imparted at a maximum intensity so as to take out a maximum light quantity, a case where writing light is imparted at a certain offset light intensity so as to provide a dark display state, and a case where writing light is imparted at a medium light intensity so as to take out an intermediate light quantity.

As shown at Tran1, FLC causes a state change into a second optical state (bright) at time t_x111 in the case where writing light is imparted at the maximum intensity, and at time t_x113 in the case where a minimum level of writing light is imparted at a certain offset light intensity.

At 504T1 is shown an operation of readout light incident to the first pixel. When the first pixel is illuminated with the readout light for a period of t_x11 to t_x113, an observer can recognize light for a period of overlapping between the readout light illumination time and the second optical state (bright) time of FLC. If the writing in and the readout from the first pixel are repeated in a cycle period shorter than that corresponding to a flickering frequency, the overlapping period change is recognized by the observer as a light intensity change at the first pixel.

Similarly as above, waveforms at 818Tn, 820n, Trann and 504Tn are shown to illustrate an operation at an n-th pixel which is placed at a nearly central point in a picture area which is written in by the non-interlaced scanning mode.

Further, waveforms at 8181TN, 820N, TranN and 504TN are shown to illustrate an operation at an N-th pixel which is written last with the writing light 802 by the non-interlaced scanning therewith.

The operations of the respective pixels are similar to that of the first pixel, whereas the n-th pixel is written at time t_81n and the N-th pixel is written at time t_81N.

After being illuminated with reset light, the device 801 is scanned with writing light 802. In synchronism therewith, the device 801 is supplied with a reset voltage and writing voltages sequentially. As a result, the liquid crystal is supplied with an effective voltage which varies with time depending on illuminated light quantity due to light absorption by the photoconductor layer, so that the liquid crystal causes an optical state change at different points of time when the effective voltage exceeds the threshold, thereby providing different periods of time when the liquid crystal is placed in a reflection state depending on given gradation data. In appropriate overlapping with the periods of reflection state, the liquid crystal is scanned with the readout light 803. In this embodiment, the scanning is performed by movement of the movable mirror 815. More specifically, when the movable mirror 815 is moved in arrow AA directions, the readout light 803 illuminating the device 801 moves in arrow AA directions on the liquid crystal device, so that the device 801 is vertically scanned with stripe-form readout light. One horizontal scanning period of the readout light 803 may be set to 1/60 sec or shorter so as to allow the recognition of a halftone. The scanning movements of the movable mirror 815 and the CRT 810 are synchronized with each under by means of a control circuit (not shown). It is particularly preferred to control the light source and the scanning means so that the lighting and/or illumination is performed in synchronism with and only for a modulatable period t_x111 - t_x113 which is determined by the rise time. The electrooptical properties of the optical modulation device 801 may preferably be determined so as to set the period t_x111 - t_x113 to be at most 1/60 sec.

The operation of an optical modulation device for effecting gradational display may be performed as described with reference to Figures 1 - 25, more specifically based on principles described with reference to Figures 11, 21 and 23 - 25. Accordingly, the drive schemes described with reference to these figures may be combined with scanning of readout light and writing light described with reference to Figures 26 - 29.

The above-mentioned Second Embodiment is a modification of First Embodiment so as to be applicable to full-color display, so that the writing light scanning means and the liquid crystal device 801 are provided for respective colors therefor, e.g., in three sets 800R, 800G and 800B for three colors of R, G and B, respectively.

The operation of the system shown in Figure 28 is basically identical to that described with reference to Figure 29 for the system of Figure 27. If the writing light scanning timing is synchronized for the three colors, a full color display becomes possible according to additive color mixing. The thus-constituted display apparatus is suited for a full-color motion picture display and is therefore suitably used to constitute a large screen-size television system.

(Third Embodiment)

The above-described First and Second Embodiments have been described as using a non-interlaced scanning mode using a spot beam of writing light similarly as in a CRT, but it is also possible to effect a line-sequential writing scheme by using, e.g., a linear or two-dimensional LED array sequentially turned on and off.

(Fourth Embodiment)

Figure 30 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a liquid crystal device used in this embodiment of the present invention, and Figure 31 is a partial sectional view covering almost one pixel of the device shown in Figure 30.

The device according to this embodiment is an active matrix-type liquid crystal device including a resistive element R_pc, a capacitive element C_pc and a switch TFT for each pixel, and also an electrode matrix composed of N gate line (scanning lines) G₁ - G_N and M source lines (data lines) S₁ - S_M. As shown in Figure 301, the device is provided by forming respective functional elements on a transparent substrate 901 and by sandwiching a liquid crystal layer 904 with the substrate 901 and a counter transparent substrate 902 carrying a common transparent electrode.

Each switch TFT comprises a gate electrode 906, a gate insulating film 908, a channel layer 914, ohmic layers 910 and 909 constituting a source and a drain, respectively, and source and drain electrodes 911 and 912.

The capacitive element C_pc comprises the drain electrode 912, the ohmic layer 909, the insulating film 908, and a lower electrode 907.

The resistive element R_pc comprises the drain electrode 912, the ohmic layer 909 and an electrode 913.

The gate electrode 906 and the lower electrode 907 may be formed of conductors deposited and patterned in common steps, and the channel layers 914 and 915 may be formed by semiconductors deposited and patterned in common steps.

The gate electrodes 906 are commonly connected for each row to provide gate lines G₁- G_N, and the source electrodes 911 are commonly connected for each column to provide source lines S₁ - S_M.

The common electrode and the lower electrodes 907 for all the pixels are commonly connected to a reference power supply and is retained at a reference potential.

Figure 31 is a time chart for illustrating an operation of the liquid crystal device. The source lines S₁ - S_M are supplied in parallel at a time with signals having voltages corresponding to gradation data and varying time serially, and the gate lines G₁ - G_M are sequentially supplied with signals for turning on the switch TFTs to effect a multiplex drive.

Readout light is caused to illuminate one row of pixels for a period P_ON to effect scanning so as to follow the gate-ON signal.

The principle of gradational display is identical to the one described with reference to Figure 15.

When a gate-ON signal is supplied, a switch TFT is turned on to supply a gradation signal voltage through the switch to raise a potential of the drain electrode 912 functioning as a pixel electrode. Due to a potential difference between the pixel electrode potential and a potential of the common electrode 903, the liquid crystal 904 is molecularly oriented into a light transmission state. The charge at the pixel electrode is discharged through the ohmic layer 909 as a resistive element R_pc, so that the potential of the pixel electrode 912 is gradually lowered. When the potential is lowered below the threshold, the liquid crystal is molecularly oriented into a light-interrupting state.

The time of the potential becoming below the threshold depends on the voltage applied to the source line and also on a time constant given by the resistive element R_pc and the capacitive element C_pc. In synchronism with a modulatable range of the period of the liquid crystal assuming the light transmission state, the pixel is illuminated with readout light for a prescribed period (e.g., 1/60xα) sec. The readout light may be in a stripe form and scanningly moved vertically to read out one frame of image data.

In case where pixels on an n-th row are taken for example, the pixels are supplied with gradation signals at time t_n and, after lapse of a period corresponding to several times the horizontal scanning period, started to be illuminated with readout light at time t_on and ceased to be illuminated at time t_off. This operation is illustrated in Figure 32.

The resistive element and the capacitive element used in the present invention are-not restricted to those shown in Figures 30 and 31.

The gate electrode 906 and the source electrode 911 may comprise a metal such as Al, Cr, Cu, Mo, W or Ta, or an alloy of these metals. The pixel (drain) electrode 912 and the lower electrode 907 may comprise a transparent conductor, such as ITO, SnO₂ or InO.

The gate insulating film 908 may preferably comprise an insulating material, such as SiN, SiO, Ta₂O₃, or Al₂O₃. The channel layer 914 may preferably comprise amorphous silicon inclusive of high-resistivity non-single crystal silicon.

The ohmic layers 909 and 910 may preferably comprise low-resistivity amorphous silicon (inclusive of non-single crystal silicon), microcrystalline silicon or a mixture of these, doped with an atom selected from those belonging to the group V in the periodic table.

Figure 34 illustrates an image display apparatus including a liquid crystal device 900 as described above, and also a readout light source 817, a movable mirror 815, a lens 818, a screen 819, and a stop 831.

The readout light is converted into a stripe-form flux having a prescribed width through the stop 831 and is scanningly moved by the movement of the movable mirror 815 to illuminate the device 900 while following the movement of the turned-on gate lines as shown in Figure 33.