RF amplifier with linear gain control.

0001This invention relates to radio frequency (RF) amplifiers and, more particularly, to a radio frequency amplifier exhibiting a linear gain control characteristic over a band of expected RF frequencies.

0002Various gain control techniques are known for radio frequency and intermediate frequency amplifiers. As the use of portable communications equipment has increased (e.g., cellular telephones), it has become important to implement such gain control techniques using a minimum of circuitry so as to reduce cost and device weight.

0003In certain applications, it is important to be able to predict the gain of an RF amplifier strictly through knowledge of a control signal. Gain, in such circuits, is generally expressed in decibels (dB) as follows: <maths id="math0001" num=""><math display="inline"><mrow><mtext>Gain = (a)log(CONTROL) + b   (1)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0601740A2_D0001.tif" /></maths>    Where: CONTROL is measured in volts or amperes; and    a and b are constants.

0004Linear gain control in such circuits has been implemented through the use of a multiplier that employs a differential transistor amplifier structure. Such an arrangement requires many matching transistors and is practical only when implemented as a monolithic integrated circuit. Others have implemented linear gain control through the use of a compensation circuit which, in response to a control signal, modifies the transfer characteristic of an RF amplifier so as to negate its nonlinearities. Such a circuit is shown in U.S. Patent 5,099,204 to Wheatley, III.

0005A variety of prior art amplifiers employ PIN diodes for gain control. A PIN diode is a three layer device consisting of an intrinsic high resistance layer in the center, with conducting P and N layers on either side. The intrinsic layer's RF resistance can be controlled by a DC bias current and is approximately proportional to the inverse of the current. The RF resistance (R_RF) of a PIN diode is:<maths id="math0002" num=""><img file="EP0601740A2_D0002.tif" /></maths>    Where: V_o and α are constants    I_c is the dc current in the PIN diode "Communications Receivers", Ulrich L. Rohde, T.T.N. Bucher, McGraw-Hill, 1988, pages 235-41, describe various applications of PIN diodes for amplifier gain control. In one version (page 237), a pair of PIN diodes control the impedance of a common emitter circuit in an emitter coupled RF amplifier. In another version (page 239), three PIN diodes are employed as a variable attenuator between amplifier stages. In "Practical Variable Gain Amplifiers", Franklin, RF Expo West '92, pages 41-54, a number of PIN diode attenuators are shown used as variable gain controls for RF amplifiers. Various diode attenuator topologies are disclosed including series, shunt, Tee, bridge and bridge/Tee configurations. Similar configurations are employed in commercially available RF amplifiers, i.e., the AGC-330, Voltage-Controlled AGC Amplifier, marketed by Avantek, 481 Cottonwood Drive, Milpitas, California 95035. The AGC-330 Amplifier employs a double-T arrangment wherein the PIN diodes are separated by a resistor in the signal feed path.

0006In the above noted gain control configurations, known PIN diode characteristics are employed to provide gain control functions for RF amplifiers without consideration given to gain control linearity. They do not take into account the affect of complex impedances that vary the gain control effect of the PIN diode (or diodes). Those impedances cause the gain of an amplifier to vary in other than in a linear fashion in response to an applied control voltage.

0007According to the present invention there is provided a circuit amplifies an input RF band of signals and exhibits a signal gain in decibels that is a linear function of the logarithm of a control signal input, the circuit comprising a first amplifier stage having an output node that exhibits a first RF complex admittance within the RF band of signals, a second amplifier stage has an input node coupled to the output node of the first amplifier stage and exhibits a second RF complex admittance within the RF band of signals, a PIN diode is shunt connected between the control signal input and the output node, an RF reactance circuit is also shunt connected between the output node and a common potential, the RF reactance circuit has a third admittance that is chosen to negate the imaginary portions of the first and second complex admittances, whereby the total admittance is substantially real and is much smaller than the real part of the PIN diode admittance.

0008It is an advantage of this invention to provide a linear gain control circuit for an RF amplifier.

0009It is a further advantage of this invention to provide a linear gain control circuit that operates under conditions of complex impedance variations within a narrow band of applied RF frequencies.

0010It is another advantage of this invention to provide a linear gain control circuit for an IF amplifier that is both simple and requires no special matched devices.

0011Embodiments of the present invention are described below, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying changes, in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>Figure 1 is a simplified circuit showing the basic operation of a shunt gain control circuit;</li><li>Figure 2 is an AC equivalent of the circuit of Figure 3;</li><li>Figure 3 shows a MOSFET embodiment that employs the shunt gain control of the invention;</li><li>Figure 4 is a bipolar transistor embodiment that employs the shunt gain control of the invention.</li></ul>

0012The gain control circuit of this invention operates linearly over a limited frequency range. As such, it is useful as an intermediate frequency gain control in a radio transceiver. In Fig. 1, a simplified circuit is shown of the gain control system wherein Ig and Yg represent the output current and admittance of a signal source. Ys is a controllable, variable shunt admittance and YL represents input admittance of the load of the next following circuit. This circuit is an AC equivalent of any gain control circuit that exhibits shunt gain control. The transfer function of the circuit of Fig. 1 is: <maths id="math0003" num=""><math display="inline"><mrow><mtext>V/Ig = 1/(Yg+Ys+YL)   (3)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0601740A2_D0003.tif" /></maths> Where: admittances Yg, Ys and YL are complex admittances.

0013If Yg and YL are not much smaller than Ys, the shunt admittance Ys will not provide a linear gain function. However, if Yg and YL are much smaller than Ys, especially within a limited frequency range, then variations in Ys can be used to obtain a substantially linear gain control: <maths id="math0004" num=""><math display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>V/Ig ≈ 1/Ys, if Ys = V</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><msubsup><mrow><mtext>/I</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>c</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>α</mtext></mrow></msubsup><mtext> then   (4)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0601740A2_D0004.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0005" num=""><math display="inline"><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext>V/Ig = 1/V</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msup><msubsup><mrow><mtext> · I</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>c</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>α</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math><img file="EP0601740A2_D0005.tif" /></maths> A device exhibiting an admittance Ys within a limited RF range may be configured as a PIN diode, in combination with a reactive tuned circuit. The tuned circuit is specifically designed to be resonant, in combination with all other reactances that can be seen from the tuned circuit, within the narrow IF band frequency range. Thus, when Yg and YL are much smaller than Ys, variation of impedance of the PIN diode enables linear shunting of a signal to a common potential (e.g. ground).

0014An AC equivalent of a MOSFET circuit for accomplishing the invention is shown in Fig. 2. Inductance Lp and capacitance Cp form a tuned circuit in combination with the output admittance of MOSFET 10 and the input admittance of MOSFET 12. Shunt impedance Ys represents the shunt admittance of a PIN diode. The values of Lp and Cp are chosen so that the imaginary part of the admittance at node 1 is 0, or approximately 0, at the amplifier's operating center frequency. In this way, the imaginary parts of Yg, Ys and YL are cancelled. Because MOSFETS 10 and 12 are employed, the admittance real parts of Yg and YL are small compared with normally used values of the real part of Ys, so long as feedback capacitance of MOSFET 10 is small.

0015A circuit is shown in Fig. 3 for implementing linear shunt gain control in accordance with the invention and employs a pair of MOSFET amplifier stages. A first amplifying stage includes MOSFET 10 which is connected to a bias supply via an inductor 20. A decoupling capacitor 22 shunts inductor 20 to a common potential. Resistors 24 and 26 serve to provide appropriate biases to MOSFET 10. Capacitor 28 couples the drain of MOSFET 10 to node 1.

0016A second stage of amplification includes MOSFET 12 whose drain is connected to a bias supply through an inductor 30 which is, in turn, shunted by a decoupling capacitor 32. A bias resistor 34 provides an appropriate bias level for MOSFET 12. Shunting node 1 is an inductor 36 and a capacitor 38 whose values are chosen, in combination with the complex admittances seen from MOSFETS 10 and 12 to resonate at the center frequency of the IF band that is to be amplified by the circuit. Thus, at the center IF frequency, all impedances/admittances seen at node 1 are resistive.

0017A PIN diode 40 is connected to node 1 and receives a DC control signal from control input 42. Capacitor 44 provides a decoupling function between PIN diode 40 and control input 42. By varying the DC current through PIN diode 40, the shunt RF resistance is varied between node 1 and ground and modifies the signal feed between the output of MOSFET 10 and the gate of MOSFET 12. Since the resistance of diode 40 varies as shown in equation 2 a substantially linear gain control within the IF frequency band results, as shown in equation 1. Turning to Fig. 4, a bipolar transistor configuration of the invention is shown. Transistors 50 and 52 are NPN bipolar devices. The bias circuits for transistors 50 and 52 are conventional. The gain control circuit comprises capacitor 54, inductor 56 and PIN diode 58, with a DC control current being applied via control input 60. The values of capacitor 54 and inductor 56 are chosen so that the imaginary part of admittances as seen from node 1 to ground are 0 at the operating center frequency. Reactive devices 54 and 56 thereby act to cancel the imaginary portions of the admittance Yc seen at the output of transistor 50 and of the admittance Yb at the input to the base of transistor 52, as well as the imaginary portion of the admittances of reactive devices 54, 56 and diode 58.

0018Admittance Yc seen at the collector of transistor 50 is ordinarily small compared with normally used values of the real part of Ys. In addition, the admittance Yb at the base of transistor 52 can be made small by using a transistor having a high current gain and an f_t that is much higher than the operating frequency. In such case, the real part of Yb will be approximately: <maths id="math0006" num=""><math display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>real (Yb) = 1/(beta)(R</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>e</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0601740A2_D0006.tif" /></maths>    where: beta is the current gain of transistor 52; and R_e is the emitter resistance.

0019By choosing an appropriate value of R_e, the real part of admittance Yb will be small when compared with the real part Ys.

0020If several stages are used in cascade, the admittance due to the capacitance between the base and collector of transistors 50 and 52 should be small compared with the real part of the shunt admittance Ys. Otherwise Yc and Yb are subject to change due to a lack of isolation. The value of emitter resistor 62 connected to the emitter of transistor 50 can be chosen to have a small value since input 64 is not connected to the shunt regulation circuit.

0021When shunt admittance Ys is small, the gain control linearity of the circuit deteriorates. This is due to the fact that as the admittance Ys approaches that of Yc and Yb, a parallel loading of the shunt circuit occurs. This nonlinearity commences when the control current (Id) through PIN diode 58 becomes small. If, however, the control current Id decreases in a nonlinear fashion, the loading effects of Yc and Yb can, approximately, be compensated. This is accomplished by setting the current Id for PIN diode 58 as follows: <maths id="math0007" num=""><math display="inline"><mrow><mtext>Id = I(Control)-Io</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0601740A2_D0007.tif" /></maths>    Where: I(Control) is the control current inserted at terminal 60; and    Io is a small, fixed offset current.

0022Approximate linearity is achieved through the use of offset current Io. Offset current Io is achieved by shunting control input 60 to a common potential with a resistance 70. Thus, input current I(control) flowing into control input 60 divides, with Io flowing in resistance 70 and Id flowing through diode 58. Since Io is much smaller than Id, in general it does not affect PIN diode 58. However, when I(Control) approaches Io, Io performs an offset function and causes an earlier decrease in the admittance of PIN diode 58 than would otherwise occur. Because the dc voltage V_PIN across PIN diode 58 is approximately constant, the offset current Io is given by <maths id="math0008" num=""><math display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>Io = V</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>PIN</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>/R₇₀</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0601740A2_D0008.tif" /></maths> In view of the foregoing it will be clear to a person skilled in the art that modification may be incorporated without departing from the scope of the present invention.