Treatment of material

0001This invention relates to the treatment of material, in particular the subjection of material to laser UV.

0002It is known to sterilise packaging material, for example the inside surfaces of cartons, in a variety of ways, used together or separately. One is to use heat, for example in the form of hot air or steam, at a temperature above 100°C for several seconds. Another treatment is to use UV radiation of a bactericidal wavelength (for example 254 nm) giving an average power density at the treatment surface of the order of mW/cm², for example 8 mW/cm², for many seconds. A further treatment is to employ a relatively highly concentrated H₂O₂ solution for several seconds. The combining of two or more of the treatments is conventional and enables certain parameters of the treatments, for example the temperature, the treatment time, and/or the H₂O₂ concentration to be reduced. For example, WO-A-80/01457 discloses a sterilization method applicable to liquids, e.g. waste water and cannery cooling water, but particularly for the sterilization of surfaces, for example surfaces of walls and furniture in hospitals and the surfaces of food containers. The latter surfaces are treated with a concentration of H₂O₂ no greater than 10% by weight, for example by passing the container or material from which the container will be fabricated through a tank containing the H₂O₂ solution or by spraying the surfaces of the container or material with the solution. Irradiation is carried out by an UV-lamp so disposed that containers or materials which have emerged from the tank or spray are subjected to UV of wholly or predominantly below 325nm., such that micro-organisms are rendered non-viable by synergism between the UV and the H₂O₂.

0003The use of ultraviolet radiation as a physical agent for the reduction of micro-organisms is well-established. Cellular DNA absorbs the energy of radiation between 250 and 260 nm which leads to the formation of chemical bonds between adjacent thymine nucleotide bases. This change distorts the DNA strands, interfering with replication and transcription and thus expression of the genes. Fatality is inevitable if essential genes are blocked or DNA replication is hindered. The number of vegetative cells killed with UV radiation depends on exposure and dose in mW/cm² and mJ/cm², respectively, and UV is often ineffective in the killing of bacterial endospores, particularly because UV has poor penetrating power. The combined use of UV radiation, hydrogen peroxide (peroxide radical reacts with most chemical bonds) and heat, achieves sterilisation, but at a high price in terms of time and cost (for example at least 10 seconds treatment time per carton) to the packager. Also the use of a chemical, for example H₂O₂, for the treatment of food packaging can be an ethical consideration and thus classed as less desirable. It is therefore very attractive to search for an alternative sterilisation system.

0004WO-A-88/03369 discloses a system for sterilizing such things as air, water, food and food packaging by means of intermittent, very intense, very short duration pulses of light in the visible and near visible frequencies, such light being produced by flashlamps, for example. The components of each pulse cover a broad spectral range and may include far and near UV for deactivation of micro-organisms through photochemical effects. Such UV-rich pulses have at least 15% and preferably at least about 30% of their energy at wavelengths shorter than 300nm. Such UV-rich pulses may typically have relatively low total energy density, such as in the range of from about 0.01 to 15J/cm.² and typically from about 0.1 to 3J/cm.². However, for treating food product surfaces, it may be desirable to filter out portions of the spectrum, so that at least about 90% of their energy is distributed between 300 and 2500 nm. In such methods in which the UV-component of the pulsed light flashes is suppressed or substantially eliminated, the intensity of the pulsed light should be sufficient to heat a superficial layer of the foodstuff or packaging material having a thickness of less than 10 microns, through at least about 50°C to a temperature of at least about 75°C and preferably at least about 100°C.

0005EP-A-0201650 discloses a system for laser disinfection of fluids, in which a laser beam which radiates light in the UV range is directed into a stream of the fluid to be treated. The system is particularly applicable to the treatment of water and employs a gas pulsed laser the pulsing rate and therefore the average UV light intensity of which can be adjusted. The UV beam fills the cross-section of the water stream. The rate may vary from slow to so rapid as to be an essentially continuous beam and is adjusted for changes in the flow rate of the water stream passing through the laser beam and can also be adjusted for changes in the turbidity of the water. Alternatively, the stream flow rate can be varied and the UV beam intensity kept constant. One or more surfaces of the conduit guiding the stream can be made relatively highly reflective of UV to confine the spreading of the beam due to suspended particles in the water and to decrease the beam cross-sectional area to compensate for alteration of the beam so as to maintain a nearly uniform intensity along the length of the region in which the beam and the stream interact. The angle of penetration of the beam into the stream may be adjusted in response to changes in the turbidity of the water. Moreover, the geometry of the beam, in particular its length, may be altered in response to changes in water characteristics, such as organic content. A fluorine krypton excimer laser producing a wavelength of 249nm. is preferred.

0006US-A-3817703 relates to a method for destroying living matter suspended in light transmissive material. It discloses the possibility of sterilizing simultaneously containers and materials stored therein by directing a laser beam at the container so that the beam contacts all interior surfaces of the container during the sterilization process and thereby also subjects all of the material in the container to the light rays. Living matter suspended in the material or clinging to the interior container walls is thereby destroyed. One or more oscillatable mirrors are employed to cause one or more laser beams to scan the container.

0007US-A-3941670 discloses use of an IR-laser the target of which may be scanned by the laser beam by oscillation of a mirror. The light alters the biological activity of macromolecular species by exciting vibrational and rotational states of the irradiated species. Various targets may be sterilized, for example air or other fluids, plastics or metals, such as a strip or ribbon of aluminium foil.

0008DE-A-2914075 discloses a system for sterilizing the inside surfaces of pre-formed folded cartons. UV sources, for example vertical, mercury-vapour sources are downwardly insertable into respective cartons at differing positions relative to the side walls of the cartons, so that, as each carton receives the UV sources in turn, UV radiation of sufficient intensity reaches the otherwise shadowed angular areas created by bottom and side seams of the carton. An embodiment provides for the UV sterilization to be combined with heat sterilization, so that heat-sensitive yeasts and moulds can be eliminated. Such heat sterilization can be carried out by steam or by irradiation, namely infra-red radiation sources, which are similarly inserted into the carton, before or after the UV sources.

0009According to the present invention, there is provided a method of killing micro-organisms at a solid surface which is sensitive to heat, comprising irradiating said surface with UV of a wavelength which is bactericidal, so as to kill micro-organisms at said surface, characterized by using laser UV.

0010The method can comprise subjecting a solid surface of a three-dimensional object to laser radiation, with the direction and intensity of the radiation being so controlled as to produce a relatively even radiation intensity over the surface.

0011The method can comprise irradiating the solid surface with IR and laser UV to produce at the surface a bactericidal effect. The irradiation with IR and UV may be carried out substantially simultaneously.

0012The method can comprise irradiating the surface with laser UV and exposing the surface to hydrogen peroxide to produce at the surface a bactericidal effect.

0013It is of course well known that thermoplastics surfaces of packaging material, for example the surfaces of thin polymer layers, are particularly sensitive to heat. However, we have found that, using laser UV, it is possible to irradiate those surfaces with an average power density greater than 1W/cm², advantageously in the range between 4W/cm² and 10W/cm², without deleteriously affecting the thermoplastics surface. The energy density is advantageously greater than 50mJ/sec./cm², applied for less than 10 seconds.

0014It is also feasible to employ laser UV to sterilise a material and at the same time to use IR, whether laser IR or not, to heat that material, the heating of the material serving the purpose of promoting more rapid sterilisation and/or the purpose of rendering the material tacky or molten for sealing and/or the purpose of suppressing foam formed in the packaging contents during filling. The application of IR and UV in that manner is either simultaneous or overlapping in time.

0015In order to obtain a relatively high power density, the UV and/or IR may be focussed to a spot which is caused to perform a scanning displacement, for example by the use of mirrors. The IR and/or UV may be diffracted through a computer-generated hologram so as to obtain a relatively even power density over a three-dimensional surface to be treated. Although an important aspect of the invention is the use of laser UV alone to sterilise a solid surface, H₂O₂ may be used with the laser UV (and laser IR) to produce the sterilisation. We have found that the use of laser UV combined with H₂O₂ has a synergistic effect from a bactericidal point of view.

0016We have also found that, with increasing levels of density of micro-organisms, there is a relatively sudden drop of viability of the sterilising method, giving a so-called "cliff" effect.

0017In our opinion pulsed UV is particularly advantageous, especially in being more effective, for sterilising a solid surface, compared with continuous UV,

0018The UV wavelength employed is preferably in the range from 150 to 320nm, advantageously 240 to 280 nm, for example about 250 nm. The IR wavelength employed is preferably in the range between about 1000 and about 10,000 nm.

0019The use of a laser to provide the UV, as opposed to a germicidal lamp emitting UV, has been found to give the following advantages:- <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>(1) relatively high absolute energy densities</li><li>(2) a low divergence, highly directional output beam, which makes it especially suitable for the treatment of specific areas within cartons where contamination might be severe, e.g. carton corners and folds.</li></ul>

0020In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into effect, reference will now be made to the following drawings and examples:- <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Figure 1 shows diagrammatically apparatus used in the exposure of test strips to laser UV, and</li><li>Figures 2 and 3 show diagrammatically two alternative systems usable in obtaining substantially uniform distribution of laser UV energy over the inside surface of an open-topped carton.</li></ul>

EXAMPLE I

(I.1) MATERIALS AND METHODS

0021The target organism for the investigation of the laser treatment was chosen to be the endospore-forming bacteria: <u>Bacillus subtilis var. globigii</u>. This bacteria is classified as Gram positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile and is non-pathogenic. It is ubiquitous in its habitat and can be found in soil, faeces, hay dust, milk and water. The formation of spores enables bacteria to survive in a latent state (dormant and viable) for a long time, and makes it particularly important that sterilisation systems are capable of killing these endospores. Since spores are resistant to temperatures above 100°C and other destructive agents (chemicals) they make useful indicators for the effectiveness of sterilisation and are regularly employed to monitor chemical sterilisation and heat treatments.Standard microbiological tests and microscopic investigations are used in the testing of samples for the evaluation of a new sterilisation procedure. The identification of spores under the microscope is aided by their high refractivity and reduced susceptibility to staining and by their specific reaction to certain dyes.

0022Blank carton material (a paperboard layer laminated with polyethylene layers, with and without an aluminium foil barrier layer) and <u>Bacillus subtilis var. globigii</u> spore suspension obtained from Elopak A/S in Norway were used throughout the study. A second bacterial culture (NCIMP 8649) was used as control alongside the provided culture, serving as an independent confirmation of the species. The methodical procedure divided into three main stages, namely the coating of bacteria onto the test strips and all associated pre-coating procedures, the exposure of the strips to laser UV and the subsequent analysis of these strips.

(I.2.1) PREPARATIONS BEFORE LASER EXPOSURE

0023A test system was devised for the coating of the culture onto the carton material in the form of test strips with emphasis on sterility of the strips prior to coating and specific placement of the bacteria onto the sterile surface, so that sterility of the strips was ensured.

(I.2.1.a) STERILISATION OF THE CARTON MATERIAL

0024The carton material was cut with scalpel blades to give test pieces of 6 cm² and 2 cm². These test strips were [exposed to several different sterilisation treatments: <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Hydrogen peroxide 35%, 1ml/test strip, for 2 min</li><li>Hydrogen peroxide 2%, 1 ml/test strip, for 2 sec and for 2 min</li><li>Steam sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 20 min.</li></ul>

0025All strips were allowed to dry well before the bacterial culture was applied and a number of sterile strips were set aside to act as controls.

0026Sterilised strips were kept in autoclave bags at room temperature up to 4 days prior to use. Coated test strips were stored in petri-dishes at 4°C for up to 4 days.

(I.2.1.b) CULTURING AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL SPECIES

0027<u>Bacillus subtilis var.globigii</u> spore suspension was subcultured into nutrient broth (beef extract, peptone, water, pH 6.8), grown at 37°C, and investigated after 24 hours. Standard 'pour-plate' methods were employed to isolate colonies and for making viable counts. Nutrient broth and sterile distilled water were used depending on the 'pour-plate' method used. Nutrient agar (beef extract, peptone, agar pH 6.8) served as the solid medium for growth of the organism. There was visual observation and counting of the colonies after 36 hours of incubation at 37°C. Pure cultures were used for smear preparations and subsequent differential staining procedures. The stains used were Gram stain and Ziehl-Nielsen's endospore stain and the stained slides analysed with a light microscope (10 x 100).

(I.2.1.C) COATING BACTERIA ONTO TEST STRIPS

0028100 µl aliquots from a serial dilution of the starting culture giving 10³ and 10⁶ cfu/ml in distilled water were aseptically dispensed onto a sterile carton test strip, spread out and left to dry for several hours. The test strip was kept covered in a sterile petri-dish during the drying time at room temperature and afterwards for storage at 4°C. Great care was taken to keep the petri-dish upright at all times to avoid accidental contamination of the non-laminated surface.

0029One test strip per serial dilution and two sterile samples were placed separately into 10 ml of nutrient broth and growth was investigated after 36 hours at 37°C. Turbidity was visually assessed and followed by plating of 100 µl of the growth medium onto nutrient agar plates for another incubation period of 36 hrs at 37°C and slide observations were then made as described above.

(I.2.2.) EXPOSURE OF TEST STRIPS TO LASER UV

0030The laser (the aperture of which is indicated at Q in the diagrammatic Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings) used was Questek 2000 Series excimer laser operating on the Krypton Fluoride (KrF) transition which produces radiation in the ultra-violet at 248 nm. The excimer laser is pulsed, producing 10-20 ns pulses at repetition rates up to a few hundred Hertz.

0031The following operating parameters were used: <ul id="ul0004" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Pulse energy: 200 mJ</li><li>Repetition rate: 100 Hz</li></ul> The laser emits a beam which is approximately 3 x 2cm (horizontal x vertical).

0032The optical system used is shown in the Figure. The energy density at the sample was varied by changing a fused silica lens L, and/or the distance d from the lens to a mask M, and thus from the lens to the sample.

0033Initially, a 25 cm focal length cylindrical lens was used to expand the beam in the horizontal dimension, producing an approximately 3 x 3 cm irradiation area at the mask M. The resulting energy density/shot on the sample was 40 mJ/cm², giving an average power density of 4 W/cm² at 100 Hz.

0034To produce a higher power density at the sample, the distance to the sample was reduced and the sample size also reduced accordingly, from 3 x 3 cm to 1 x 1 cm. The energy/shot and average power densities with this configuration were 130 mJ/cm² and 13 W/cm² respectively.

0035To allow lower irradiation densities, the cylindrical lens was replaced by a spherical lens, focal length 20 cm. The resulting beam area at the sample overfilled the mask aperture substantially, resulting in energy/shot and average power densities at the sample of 10 mJ/cm² and 1 W/cm², respectively.

0036In all cases, the energy density was measured at the plane of the mask aperture. The sample block was a few centimetres behind this plane. However the difference in exposure introduced by this was small as the offset was small compared with the distance d, which was typically in the range 40 - 70 cm.

0037Various irradiation times were used, depending on the energy and power densities tested: <ul id="ul0005" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>10 mJ/shot/cm²: is and 6s</li><li>40 mJ/shot/cm²: is and 6s</li><li>130 mJ/shot/cm²: 15s</li></ul> The prepared test strips were mounted, using sterilised pins, on a balsa wood block covered with aluminium foil. Both the block and the foil were steam sterilised for 20 min at 121° C before use. Depending on the size of the test strips, twelve to sixteen samples were treated on a single block, the block being mounted on a labjack J to provide 'scanning'. The mounting of the samples on the block was under hygienic conditions, using sterilised forceps for the affixing of the strips.

0038Experiments with H₂O₂ were set up as follows: <ul id="ul0006" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>a) addition of 100 µl 2% H₂O₂ to the test strip (one for each test dilution), spread over the carton surface, heat dried, then exposed to the laser beam</li><li>b) as a) but not heat dried before the laser beam exposure - test strips were sandwiched in between sterile silica glass plates - laser treated and then heat dried</li></ul>

0039The heat applied was approximately 100°C through contact of the bottom silica plate to a laboratory heat plate. The top silica plate was removed for the drying process.

(I.2.3) STERILITY TESTING OF TEST STRIPS AFTER LASER TREATMENT

0040All laser beam exposed samples, including the control samples, were immediately placed into separate universal containers with 10 ml of sterile nutrient broth and incubated for 36 hours at 37°C. Sterility was investigated via assessment of turbidity of the solution after the incubation period and followed by subculturing onto nutrient agar plates and a second incubation of 36 hours at 37°C and growth was microscoped for presence of indicator strain.

(I.3) RESULTS

(I.3.1) PRIOR TO LASER EXPOSURE

0041Sterilisation treatments of the test strips showed the autoclave method as the most reliable and successful procedure.

0042The drying method of the bacterial culture onto the test strips was successful with viable colony growth of samples up to 4 days old (test strips older than 4 days were not tested). The serial dilution and subsequent 'pour-plate' method established the bacterial culture as containing 2x 10⁷ cfu (colony forming units) per ml. (5 agar plates per dilution series were used to establish an average number of colonies). The sterile strips without bacterial addition, used as controls throughout the study and indicators for the successful application of aseptic techniques, were found to remain sterile in most experiments. In two cases where cards had been in contact with a non-sterile surface the test strips were cultured and a Gram negative organism identified.

0043In all of the experiments the use of Gram stain and endospore staining of the <u>Bacillus subtilis var. globigii</u> bacteria clearly identified the organism as a <u>Bacillus subtilis</u> species.

0044The classification of results into sterile and non-sterile was without ambiguity, as was the differentiation of the test organism from other potential contaminants. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><img file="EP0579679B1_D0001.tif" /></tables>

(I.4) CONCLUSIONS

0045Some encouraging results were obtained, thereby demonstrating that the effective killing of micro-organisms can be achieved with the use of laser UV. With a 4 W/cm² average power density for 6 seconds exposure time, the killing efficiency (defined as the number of sterile test strips/total number of test strips illuminated x 100) was about 30%. The inclusion of hydrogen peroxide on the test strip improved this to close to 100%. It should be noted that the excellent result with H₂O₂ was achieved with an illumination time of only 1 second.

<u>EXAMPLE II</u>

(II.1) INTRODUCTION

0046The results of Example I were indicative of a successful killing effect of laser UV on micro-organisms such as <u>Bacillus subtilis</u>. Laser illumination periods from 1 second to 6 seconds, at 40 mJ/shot/cm² (4 Wcm²) were shown to kill 10³ to 10⁶ bacterial cells in several samples.

0047The quantitative assessment of how many organisms are killed by a specific laser treatment was further investigated in this Example. A high number of samples was tested to monitor the killing efficiency of different laser illumination procedures with particular emphasis on varying the power density and repetition rates. The sensitivity of the laser light sterilisation procedure was measured by observation of bacterial survival rates after different treatments.

0048Several other experimental questions were investigated throughout the study. These were as follows:- <ul id="ul0007" list-style="dash" compact="compact"><li>How does the background foil, on which the strips are placed, affect the heat generated and how does this extra heat, if present, affect the killing potential of the laser?</li><li>Does the wood used for mounting of the strips release a substance into the strips that might aid the destruction of the bacteria? Is this substance, if present, activated by autoclaving and taken up by the strip?</li><li>Is the strip itself releasing substances that might affect the bacterial kill rate? Is the heat generated by the laser necessary for the actual killing of the bacteria?</li><li>How does a reduction in power density (W/cm²) and/or a reduction in repetition rates (Hz) affect the killing efficiency of laser UV illumination?</li></ul>

(II.2) MATERIALS AND METHODS

0049Blank carton material (A1-foil laminate) and "STUDLAND" mounting board card (non-laminated) were used in the study. <u>A Bacillus subtilis var. globigii</u> spore suspension was used to prepare a serial dilution in distilled water. This dilution series was aliquotted onto the test strips, allowed to dry and exposed to laser UV.

0050The procedures divided into three main stages, namely the coating of the bacteria onto the sterilised test strips, the exposure of the strips to laser UV and the subsequent analysis of these strips.

(II.2.1) PREPARATIONS PRE LASER EXPOSURE

0051The carton material and card was cut with scalpel blades to give test strips of 1.3 cm x 1.3 cm. 18 test strips were used per block of balsa wood (the wood was covered with Al-foil or left uncovered). The layout of the strips on the wood was three rows in total per block with six strips per row.

0052All strips were kept in place with autoclave tape so that a 1 cm² carton area per strip remained exposed. Each block was placed into a separate autoclave bag and autoclaved at 121°C for 20 minutes.

005350 µl of each prepared dilution (10^-1, 10^-2, 10^-3, 10^-4 of a starting culture <u>Bacillus subtilis var. globigii</u> was aseptically aliquotted onto the strips and left to dry under laminar air flow conditions for several hours. Two strips per block were used as controls, i.e. no exposure to laser UV and one strip per block was used as a blank, i.e. no bacterial dilution was added. Each block of balsa wood with the strips was then returned to the sterile autoclave bag and sealed until the laser UV treatment.

0054To provide a baseline from which bacterial kill could be estimated, the number of colony forming units deposited on strips from the various dilutions was assessed using a detergent recovery method as follows:

0055The prepared strips with the appropriate bacterial dilution were immersed in 0.1% Tween 20 (sterile distilled water dilution).

0056The Tween 20 recovery efficiency of the inoculated strips was compared to a sterile water recovery so that a proof of principle of the method could be established.

0057Other method variations to see if an effect on bacterial numbers was present, included comparisons between strips mounted on balsa wood or left unmounted in sterile petri-dishes before recovery.

(II.2.2.) EXPOSURE OF TEST STRIPS TO LASER UV

0058The laser used was as in Example I, but with an increased pulse energy of 250mJ. The only variations introduced were the repetition rate (Hz), illumination times and energy density used. The variations tested were as set out in the "Laser Parameters" column of the following Table.

0059A 25 cm cylinder lens was again used to reduce the vertical dimension of the beam to achieve an energy density of 40 mJ/shot/cm². A 35cm focal lens was used to expand the beam so that the lower energy density of 6 mJ/shot/cm² could be achieved.

0060Up to 18 strips were treated on a single block, the block being mounted on the labjack J to provide scanning. the scanning procedure was under hygienic conditions and the blocks placed into sterile autoclave bags after the treatment. The bags were sealed and stored at room temperature until subsequent analytical procedures were initiated. On most blocks there were three strips that did not receive the laser UV illumination (two of these samples were used as controls and one strip - without bacteria - was used as a blank control).

(II.2.3) PROCEDURES POST LASER EXPOSURE

0061All mounted strips were aseptically removed from the blocks, added to separate bottles containing 5 ml of diluent and vortexed for a minimum of 30 seconds. 100 µl of each sample was pipetted onto separate nutrient agar plates, streaked out and incubated at 37°C for a minimum of 24 hours.

0062The plates were visually inspected for colony growth and colony numbers were counted.

(II.3) RESULTS

(II.3.1) PRE LASER EXPOSURE

0063Nutrient agar plating procedure of the serial dilution resulted in a repeatable number of colonies per bacterial concentration and allowed calculation of the recovery factor.

0064It was found that the best method for recovering bacteria from the strips was the use of a 1 minute vortex in the diluent. Recovery ranged from 50% to 90% of the bacteria on the strip. The serial dilution experiment showed that there were 1.5x10⁷cfu/ml. in the starting culture.

0065The two types of material tested did not show any attributable difference in the recovery rate obtained. The experiment with test strips on the balsa wood in comparison to the strips that were left in petri-dishes also did not reveal any difference in results, thus excluding any potential chemical effect through the backing support itself.

(II.3.2) POST LASER EXPOSURE

0066The results from experiments before the laser exposure such as investigations into the potential bactericidal substances within the material or the wood were further studied with test strips subjected to laser UV illumination, but no effects were found. Any potential heating effect on the bacterial kill rate was conclusively negated when the heat intensity of the laser UV illumination was reduced to exclude thermal effects (the exposure time length was adjusted to obtain the same total number of photons, e.g. 10 pulses per second for 10 seconds instead of 100 pulses for one second).

(II.3.3) SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM EXAMPLE II

0067<tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="4" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><thead valign="top"><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Laser Parameters</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Total Energy (J/cm.²)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">No of Samples*</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">Log₁₀ Reduction**</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">40 mJ/shot/cm.² 100 Hz, 1 sec</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">4</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">36</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">>5.2</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">40 mJ/shot/cm.² 30 Hz, 1 sec</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">1.2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">1</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">>5.2</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">6 mJ/shot/cm.² 100 Hz, 1 sec</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">0.6</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2.7</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">40 mJ/shot/cm.² 2 Hz, 5 sec</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">0.4</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">2</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left"><1.0</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">40 mJ/shot/cm.² 3 Hz, 1 sec</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">0.12</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">2</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">3.3</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">6 mJ/shot/cm.² 2 Hz, 5 sec</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">0.06</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1.8</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="4" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col4" align="justify">* Each sample had 1.5 x 10⁵ spores on the surface of the 1 cm² target</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col4" align="justify">** Defined as log₁₀ (1.5 x 10⁵/number surviving)</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0068The use of an energy density of 55 mJ/shot/cm² for more than 2 seconds resulted in physical damage of the strips (bubbling and browning effect).

(II.4) CONCLUSION

0069The experimental results demonstrate that the killing efficiency of laser UV is dependent on the laser parameters employed and the number of bacterial organisms present, but it is independent of the substrate material. Most of the laser parameters tested revealed a high killing efficiency of bacterial numbers below 10⁶ cfu. The illumination period of one second at 40 mJ/shot/cm², 100Hz, achieved a 100% kill of a bacterial concentration of 1.5 x 10⁵ cfu. The high killing efficiency of 1.5 x 10⁵ cfu at illumination times of one second and relatively low energy or repetition rate parameters such as 6 mJ/shot/cm² at 100 Hz and 40 mJ/shot/cm² at 3 Hz is of particular importance for carton sterilisation.

0070In order to obtain uniform energy distribution over the internal surface of the carton, the two systems illustrated in Figures 2 and 3 offer possible alternative solutions which can provide tailored energy distributions.

0071The first, illustrated in Figure 2, utilises a computer- generated hologram H which diffracts the UV light beam B in a well-defined pattern. It consists of a complex surface structure or grating which is formed into the surface of a piece of glass. The design thereof requires computing facilities which can predict how light will interact with the grating structure. The grating is produced by coating the glass with a photoresist and writing the pattern into the photoresist with an electron beam. Developing the photoresist removes areas that have been exposed. The glass is then etched to reproduce the pattern that was present in the photoresist into the glass.

0072The second system, illustrated in Figure 3, uses two galvanometers (not shown) to drive respective mirrors N that can be rotated about respective axes, thereby deviating the incident laser beam B. The combination of two scanners allows the beam to be directed in two axes. The addition of a third galvanometer (not shown) driving a linear translation stage, in other words a focus motion F, can be used to vary the separation of two lenses thereby changing the divergence of the beam.

0073It should be noted that the two systems have a fundamental difference. The hologram H addresses every point of the container C simultaneously whereas the galvanometer drive addresses areas sequentially.

0074Moreover, the hologram system has substantially no moving parts.

EXAMPLE III

(III. 1) INTRODUCTION

0075This Example describes scanning of the whole carton, particularly the methods and microbiological tests used in the investigation of the effectiveness and efficiency of the UV laser irradiation over a range of laser energies and bacterial concentrations.

(III. 2) METHOD

0076The basic test principle involved the spraying of empty, open-topped, gable-topped "ELOPAK" (Registered Trade Mark) cartons with a particular indicator organism, the irradiation of the cartons with laser energy and the investigation into the number of surviving bacterial cells after irradiation.

(III. 2.1) Indicator organism

0077The indicator organism used for the tests was <u>Bacillus subtilis var. globigii.</u> To ensure a sufficient supply of the stock spore solution, 0.5ml of the sample was subcultured into nutrient broth and allowed to grow at 37°C for 48hrs before centrifugation and harvesting into sterile Ringers solution. This solution was left at 4°C for a minimum of seven days before being used in experiments.

(III. 2.2) Spraying of the cartons

0078The five inner surfaces of the carton were sprayed with the indicator organism. The spraying device used was a hand-held atomising gun that delivered the cells evenly over the carton surfaces. The range of bacterial concentrations was of the order of 10⁷ and 10⁸ cells per carton. The sprayed cartons were left to dry at room temperature in a laminar air hood for a maximum of 18hrs before use.

(III. 2.3) Detection of surviving bacteria

0079To detect the surviving bacteria, a rinse test was used.

(III. 2.4) Experimental set-up

0080The spore suspension was diluted in Ringers solution to provide a dilution series from 10^-1 up to 10^-8 of the stock. 100µl of each dilution was pipetted onto nutrient agar plates, streaked out, the plate inverted and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs before visual inspection of bacterial growth was carried out. 2ml each of the appropriate bacterial dilution was sprayed into the test cartons and left to dry as described above. All reagent containers and petri-dishes were sterile before use and handled aseptically under LAF (Laminar Air Flow) conditions. The Ringers solution was autoclaved before the addition of Tween 20.

0081Spraying patterns and loading of the number of cells per carton were investigated by trial runs with water and the opening of the carton sides and confirmed by bacterial spraying and overlaying of agar as well as the recovery tests. The spray gun was cleaned with 70% ethanol prior to use and allowed to dry under LAF conditions. The carton lids were prepared by soaking in 70% ethanol, followed by a short 100% ethanol coverage and subsequent drying. A few sample lids were tested with nutrient broth for sterility after the ethanol treatment.

0082Each rinse test experiment included controls for untreated, ie. not laser-irradiated, cartons and cartons not sprayed with bacterial spores. The latter served as a control for background contamination. Most experiments included the testing of at least two bacterial dilutions. A typical experimental run would look as follows:

00833 cartons sprayed with 10^-1 dilution of the spore suspension; 3 further cartons sprayed with 10^-2 dilution of the spore suspension.

0084For the 10^-1 dilution; cartons 1, 2 and 3 were used for the rinse test, with 1 and 2 being the test and 3 the control, ie the carton was not laser-irradiated.

0085The same pattern was followed for the cartons sprayed with the 10^-2 dilution of the spore suspension.

0086The cartons were placed (one at a time) in a special carton holder of the laser unit. After the irradiation time, the carton was removed from the holder and covered with a sterilised lid and the carton transported into the LAF. The handling of the carton in non-sterile environments was kept at an absolute minimum, but did involve some potential risk of contamination at the moment of carton removal from the carton holder and subsequent handling of the carton.

008710ml of the rinse test solution was pipetted into each rinse test carton. A sterilised lid was placed onto each carton and the cartons shaken vigorously for at least 30 times per side, then allowed to stand for a short time after which the volumes were poured into separate sterile universal containers. A dilution series was prepared from the recovered volume, using sterile Ringers solution. 250µl or 500µl volumes of each dilution and the neat recovery volume were streaked onto nutrient agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24hrs.

(III. 2.5) Laser test details

0088The range of energies tested varied from 1.0 Joule to 4.0 Joule per cm² with irradiation times for approximately 10 minutes (this time period, which is sixty times a maximum commercially reasonable time of ten seconds per carton was chosen for practical experimental reasons to give a total dosage equal to the commercially desirable dosage applied over ten seconds). Each carton was placed into the holder at exactly the same position with the code print of the carton at the back of the holder. The top of the carton was attempted to be totally open, but was in some cases slightly bent. The irradiation procedure was automated and computer controlled.

(III. 3) RESULTS

0089Initial tests for the investigation of the test methods showed that spraying patterns resulted in an even distribution of bacteria and that recovery tests were in most experiments at the same concentration level as the original input. Below is a description of typical examples of the individual testing methods followed by a summary of the most significant experimental results.

(III. 3.1) Dilution series

0090A dilution series of the spore stock solution was prepared for each experimental run in order to assess the correct bacterial loading concentration per test sample.

(III. 3.2) Rinse test

0091The results from the dilution series were used to quantify the bacterial concentration sprayed into the cartons and to ascertain the recovery test accuracy. A control recovery test was included in each experimental run and the percentage recovery was calculated for each bacterial concentration. Once the recovery method was established to be reliable then the effectiveness of the laser irradiation could be measured against: the recorded recovery result and the actual number of colonies recovered in the test sample were compared to expected numbers at that particular bacterial concentration. Typical recovery results were slightly below the expected result.

0092Rinse test example: <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="4" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><thead valign="top"><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">tests</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">rinse test sample 10^-1</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">rinse control sample 10^-1</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">dilution series</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">neat</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">>200</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">lawn</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">lawn</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">10^-1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">50</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">lawn</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">lawn</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">10^-2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">4</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">uncountable</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">lawn</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">10^-3</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">1</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">278</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1315</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">10^-4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">27</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">220</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Calculation example:

0093The concentration of the stock was calculated from the dilution series result:

0094220 colonies at a dilution of 10^-4 from a 100µl sample on the plate, thus 2.2 x 10⁸ stock.

0095The 10^-1 dilution of the stock thus should be 2.2 x 10⁷, but since 2 ml were used, the loading concentration of the carton was 4.4 x 10⁷. The recovery in 20ml of Ringers/Tween 20 solution and the 100µl plate aliquot means that any result from the rinse test dilution needs to be multiplied by these factors. The control sample showed 278 colonies at 10^-3 dilution of the recovered volume, thus the recovered concentration calculates to 278 x 10³ x 10 x 20 - 5.6 x 10⁷. This differs from the loading concentration by 1.2 x 10⁷ which is an insignificant difference, so to indicate no substantial problem with the recovery method. The actual laser-irradiated test sample gave approximately 200 colonies from the 100µl aliquot of the 20ml neat recovery volume, thus indicating that 4.0 x 10⁴ colonies survived in this particular sample, giving a log reduction of &lt;3.04 ie. log (4.4 x 10⁷ : 4.0 x 10⁴).

0096For the 250µl sampling of the 10ml rinse test volume the calculation factor is x40 (ie. x4 x 10), for the 500µl sample of the 10ml rinse test volume the calculation factor is x20 (ie. x 2 x 10).

0097The definition of the Log reduction is as follows:    log₁₀ (cells per carton: number of cells surviving per carton).

(III.3.5) Experimental data

0098Cartons sprayed with 10⁷-10⁸ cells were exposed to 1, 2, or 4 Joules/cm.² UV radiation and surviving spores determined by the rinse test applying 10ml. rinse solution and taking 500µl or 250µl samples for plating. The kill rates found are given in the following Table.

(III. 3.6) Summary of results

009910ml rinse test volume/500µl or 250µl samples <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="5" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="31.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Loading cells/carton</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Rinse Test recovered cells</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">Calculated cells per 10ml</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">Energy J/cm²</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">Log₁₀ reduction</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2.4 x 10⁷</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">80 ^*1</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">1.6 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">4.18</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2.4 x 10⁷</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">2.4 x 10³^*1</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">4.8 x 10⁴</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">2.7</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2.4 x 10⁸</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">2.2 x 10⁴^*1</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">4.4 x 10⁵</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">2.7</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">1.3 x 10⁸</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">8.6 x 10³^*2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">3.4 x 10⁵</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">2.58</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">1.3 x 10⁸</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">8.8 x 10³^*2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">3.5 x 10⁵</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">2.57</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">1.3 x 10⁷</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">1.12 x 10²^*2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">4.48 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">3.46</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2.6 x 10⁸</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">65^*2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">2.6 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">5.0</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2.6 x 10⁸</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">1.44 x 10²^*2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">5.76 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">4.7</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2.6 x 10⁸</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">85^*2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">3.4 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">4.9</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2.6 x 10⁸</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">27^*2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">1.08 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">4</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">5.38</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2.6 x 10⁸</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">27.5^*2</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">1.10 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">4</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">5.37</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="5" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="31.50mm" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="justify">*1 (500µl)</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="justify">*2 (250µl)</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

(III. 4) CONCLUSION

0100The 2 Joule/cm² irradiation resulted in a 5 log reduction of micro-organisms and the even higher dosage of 4 Joule/cm² in a greater than 5 log reduction. The following can be concluded in summary from the experimental results: <ul id="ul0008" list-style="dash" compact="compact"><li>Laser UV scanning of whole cartons can result in sterilisation of the cartons</li><li>2 Joule/cm² gives a 5 log reduction of Bacillus subtilis var. globigii</li><li>The carton internal area of 750 cm² requires 1500 joules of energy to be sterilised</li><li>With an UV laser of a power of 150W, it would take 10 seconds to achieve a 5 log reduction</li><li>There is the possibility of using very low H₂O₂ concentrations in combination with the laser irradiation either to decrease the energy level required for the same time per carton or to decrease the time per carton for the same energy level.</li></ul>

<u>EXAMPLE IV</u>

(IV. 1) INTRODUCTION

0101The quantitative assessment of kill rate when a combination of UV-laser and IR-laser is used simultaneously was investigated in this example.

0102The experimental set-up was designed so as to have additional information on the heat developed during exposure and also the effect of each of the treatments separately.

(IV. 2) MATERIALS AND METHODS

0103Blank carton material (Al-foil laminate) was used. The indicator organism was <u>Bacillus subtilis var. glbigii</u>. A stock solution of spores from this strain was applied to the carton material.

0104The test involved three main phases, namely the coating of the bacteria onto pre-sterilized carton strips, the exposure of the strips to irradiation and the subsequent analysis of surviving spores on these strips. (IV. 2.1) Preparations pre laser exposure

0105The carton material was cut with a scalpel to give test strips of 2cm x 2cm.

010610-fold and 100-fold dilutions of the stock spore suspension (containing 4.5 x 10⁷ cfu ml) were made in sterile saline (0.85% NaCl containing 0.02% Tween 20 to facilitate spreading).

0107These dilutions contained 4.5 x 10⁶ and 4.5 x 10⁵ cfu/ml, respectively.

0108Aliquots of 100µl of each of the diluted suspensions were spread across strips to give a strip loading of 4.5 x 105 and 4.5 x 10⁴ respectively.

0109Strips were left to dry overnight at room temperature. Some strips were left uncoated to check for sterility. After drying, each strip was placed in a sterile plastics universal bottle.

0110During irradiation the strips were held vertically on a presterilized 'bull dog' metal clip.

(IV. 2.2) Laser Calibration

0111The infra-red laser used for these tests was a 15W CO₂ laser. This was controlled from a unit which allowed pulses of radiation of up to 6.6 seconds, and output power variable over the range 0-80% of the full output power.

0112The system was calibrated by measuring the temperature rise of a test piece of carton material of the same size as used for the biological tests. The temperature was measured using a thermocouple which was attached to the front surface of the card.

0113The IR does given was two 6.6 second pulses of 80% power (approximately 40J/cm²).

0114The maximum surface termperature that could be reached with front illumination was about 40°C. This was caused by the presence of a thin aluminium foil behind a polyethelene coating on this side of the card, which reflected a significant proportion of the IR radiation, preventing its absorption in the bulk of the card.

0115The excimer laser used a Krypton Fluorine gas mixture, and emitted at a wavelength of 248nm. The laser pulse energy was about 300mJ. The excimer radiation incident on the sample was calibrated using a detector placed behind a 2cm x 2cm aperture. The pulse energy in this aperture was 125mJ. In this way it was determined that an energy density of 1 J/cm² required 32 pulses.

(IV. 2.5) Laser irradiation treatments

0116<ul id="ul0009" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>1. UV 1.0Jcm^-2 only</li><li>2. IR to front of card</li><li>3. UV 1.0Jcm^-2 and IR (front) simultaneously</li><li>4. UV 1.0Jcm^-2 followed by IR (front) a few (2 to 3) seconds later</li><li>5. IR (front) followed by UV 1.0Jcm^-2 many (30) seconds later.</li></ul>

0117<u>Controls</u> Cards coated with bacteria were left unirradiated to determine maximum recovery. Cards uncoated with bacteria were exposed to the atmosphere for about 30 sec to check for accidental contamination.

(IV. 2.6) Determination of surviving bacteria

0118After irradiation, the cards were immediately returned to their bottles and stored overnight at 4°C.

011910ml of sterile saline containing 0.1% Tween-20 was added to each bottle. The bottles were shaken vigorously for 30 seconds, after which the cards were removed and discarded. Duplicate samples of the washings (100µl or 200µl) were aseptically removed and spread on the surface of a nutrient agar plate. Some samples were serially diluted to facilitate counting. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24hrs, and the colonies counted. From this, the total number of cfu in the 10ml of washings was calculated, which gives the number of cfu recovered from the card.

(IV. 3) RESULTS

0120The results are shown in the following Table. <tables id="tabl0005" num="0005"><table frame="all"><title> TABLE</title><tgroup cols="5" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="31.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Treatment</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Loaded cfu/ml</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">cfu Recovered</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col5" align="left">Log. Reduction</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">1 (i) UV - only</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">4.7 x 10⁵</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">4.4 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2.03</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" /><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" /><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">∼ 1.98</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">(ii)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">5.6 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1.92</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">2 (i) IR - only</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">4.5 x 10⁵</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">0.02</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" /><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" /><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">∼ 0.02</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">(ii)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">4.5 x 10⁵</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">0.02</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">3 (i) UVand IR, simultaneously</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">2.4 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2.29</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" /><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" /><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">∼ 2.43 ∼ 2.43</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">(ii)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">1.3 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2.56</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">4 (i) UV-IR, sequential</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">1.40 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2.53</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" /><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" /><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">∼2.43</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">(ii)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">2.2 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">2.33</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">5 (i) IR-UV, sequential</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">7.2 x 10³</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="left">1.81</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" /><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" /><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="left">∼ 1.81</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">(ii)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">"</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="left">contaminated</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" /><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" /></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

(V. 4) DISCUSSION

0121A clear fact to emerge from the experiments was that IR treatment alone did not kill bacteria. It is also clear that all treatments involving IR and UV at 1.0 Jcm^-² substantially simultaneously (Nos. 3 and 4) gave greater log₁₀ reductions that UV alone, IR alone, or the sum of UV alone and IR alone. We therefore conclude that a synergistic effect occurs when IR and UV are applied substantially simultaneously.