Adjustable write equalization for tape drivers

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0001The subject invention is directed generally to computer data drives, and is directed more particularly to adjustable write equalization for computer data drives.

0002Computer data tape drives have been utilized for many years in the computer environment for "secondary" storage by which computer data on "primary" data storage, such as magnetic disk systems, could be periodically backed up or transported.

0003In the continuing quest for higher data densities, various coding techniques, recording techniques, and writing techniques have been developed over the years. Such developments have included write equalization for NRZI (non-return to zero, invert on ones) recording. Pursuant to NRZI recording, a binary 1 is written to tape pursuant to a transition in the write current level which causes a flux reversal, while a binary 0 is "written" by no transition in the write current level. The premise of NRZI is that data bits are supposed to be written at equally spaced intervals on tape, physically and in time.

0004As is well known, NRZI recording is typically implemented with run length limited (RLL) coding which limits the number of 0's that can occur in succession. Run length limited coding is generally depicted as RLL (d,k) coding, wherein k represents the maximum number of successive 0's permitted and d represents the minimum number of 0's between 1's and can have a value of 0. Thus, RLL codes having values of k that are relatively larger than d will have large transition spacing ratios (i.e., the ratio between the shortest and longest spaces between transitions). As is well known, relatively large transition ratios create various problems especially for the read circuitry, including, for example, saturation of magneto resistive read elements due to high values of low frequency flux.

0005A significant approach to solving the foregoing problems is the addition of equalization pulses to the write current during occurrences of strings of 0's, as described in "Write Equalization in High-Linear-Density Magnetic Recording," Schneider, IBM J. RES. DEVELOP., Vol. 29, No. 6, November 1985, pages 563-568; "WRITE EQUALIZATION FOR GENERALIZED (d,k) CODES," Schneider, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, Vol. 24, No. 6, pages 2533-2535, 1988; and the QIC-1350 Development Standard of the Quarter-Inch Cartridge Drive Standards, Inc. for SERIAL RECORDED MAGNETIC TAPE CARTRIDGE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE.

0006The QIC-1350 Development Standard specifies that for every 0 other than the first 0 following a 1, a write equalization pulse is inserted. The width t_w of the equalization pulse is specified to be 1/6 of the minimum nominal transition period t_c (±5%), where the transition period is the time between two adjacent flux transitions at the maximum recording density (i.e., the minimum time between the flux transitions as allowed by the particular RLL coding utilized). The QIC-1350 Development Standard utilizes RLL (1,7) coding, and therefore the width of the equalization pulses is 1/3 of the nominal bit interval since the minimum time between flux transitions includes 2 bit intervals. In particular, the equalization pulse width is 35.8 nanoseconds.

0007Typically, the write equalization pulses have been produced by inserting pulses of the specified width in the write current. However, as a result of non-linear distortions due to inadequate write current or head field rise times, demagnetization field effects from a prior transition, spacing loss, as well as other factors such as write head, write circuit, and tape variations, the equalization pulses recorded on tape are actually narrower than the specified pulse width, and the suppression of low frequency components recorded on tape as specified by the write equalization specification is not being achieved. Tapes having insufficiently suppressed low frequency components may be unreadable since the effective resolution of the read head is inadequate.

0008Circuitry for producing the write equalization pulses are commonly implemented with integrated circuits, and factors that affect the accuracy of the narrow equalization pulse width include processing variations as well as voltage and temperature effects. As a result of these factors, the equalization pulse width produced by a particular circuit can easily be outside the tolerances specified for the equalization pulse width.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0009It would therefore be an advantage to provide a computer data drive write equalization circuit that is controlled to record write equalization pulses having the desired suppression.

0010Another advantage would be to provide a computer data drive write equalization circuit that is implemented with integrated circuits and compensates for integrated circuit processing variations as well as voltage and temperature effects.

0011There is provided in accordance with a first aspect of this invention a write equalization circuit as claimed in claim 1 herein.

0012According to a second aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for adjusting pulse width of write equalization pulses as claimed in claim 14 herein.

0013The foregoing and other advantages are provided by the invention in a write equalization circuit that includes a data encoder for producing a binary data signal wherein a 1 is represented by a transition at the start of a bit interval and a 0 is represented by no transition at the start of a bit interval, an equalization timing generator for generating a start signal indicative of the initial edges of equalization pulses for predetermined 0's in the binary data signal, and a multiple stage delay delay circuit having logic gates implemented in an integrated circuit and responsive to the start signal and a control word for providing equalization pulses of a substantially constant width, wherein the number of stages employed for delay is determined by the control word. Logic circuitry implemented in the same integrated circuit as multiple stage delay circuit detects changes in the propagation delay characteristics of the logic gates of the multiple stage delay circuit, and a processor responsive to the logic circuitry adjusts the control word so as to maintain the width of the equalization pulses substantially constant.

0014A further aspect of the invention is directed to a method for adjusting write equalization pulses in a tape drive that includes (i) an equalization pulse generating circuit having a variable delay circuit that includes logic gates, (ii) a read amplifier, and (iii) a read circuit time domain filter. The method includes the steps of (a) setting the threshold of the time domain filter at a predetermined level, (b) writing a predetermined RLL test pattern containing 1's separated by successive 0's without equalization pulses, (c) reading the recorded test pattern and reducing the gain of the read amplifier to a level that is slightly below the minimum amplifier gain level at which the time domain filter would detect a predetermined percentage of the recorded 1's, such percentage being less than 100%, (d) writing the predetermined RLL test pattern with equalization pulses having a predetermined pulse width, (e) reducing the threshold of the time domain filter by a predetermined amount, and (f) increasing the pulse width of the equalization pulses to a reference width slightly greater than the minimum pulse width which would cause detection of the predetermined percentage of the recorded 1's.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0015The advantages and features of the disclosed invention will readily be appreciated by persons skilled in the art from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the drawing wherein:

0016FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a write equalization circuit in accordance with the invention.

0017FIG. 2 schematically depicts waveforms of signals in the write equalization circuit of FIG. 1.

0018FIG. 3 schematically depicts a waveform of the write signal produced by the circuit of FIG. 1 which includes RLL data and equalization pulses.

0019FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of an illustrative example of an implementation of the calibration circuit of the write equalization circuit of FIG. 1.

0020FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a tape read circuit which can be utilized with the calibration circuit of FIG. 4.

0021FIG. 6 schematically depicts the inputs to the time domain filter of the tape read circuit of FIG. 5 and is helpful in understanding the operation of the time domain filter.

0022FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a calibration process performed by the calibration circuit of FIG. 4.

0023FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a further illustrative example of an implementation of the calibration circuit of the write equalization circuit of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

0024In the following detailed description and in the several figures of the drawing, like elements are identified with like reference numerals.

0025Referring now to FIG. 1, set forth therein is a write pulse equalization circuit that includes a data encoder 11 that encodes data to be written to tape into NRZI data in accordance with the RLL code utilized to provide a two level signal RLLDAT wherein a transition at the beginning of a bit interval represents a 1 (a first binary state), and no transition at the beginning of a bit cell represents a 0 (a second binary state). The top waveform in FIG. 2 represents the RLLDAT output of the data encoder 11 for the example of a valid data pattern of 01000010 for the code being used.

0026An equalization pulse timing circuit 13 provides a two level signal EQN containing nominal equalization pulses which are timed relative to the RLLDAT output in accordance with the particular equalization specification being implemented. For example, for the QIC-1350 Development STANDARD, an equalization pulse is provided for each 0 other than the first 0 following a 1, with the pulse being centered in the bit interval of the associated 0 and having a nominal width of t_c/3, where t_c is the bit interval or period. The lower waveform in FIG. 2 represents the EQN output of the equalization pulse timing circuit 13 for the example data pattern 01000010 represented by the RLLDAT output represented by the waveform at the top of FIG. 2.

0027The data encoder 11 and the equalization timing circuit 13 are commonly clocked by the MCLK clock output of a crystal oscillator clock source 14. By way of illustrative example, the MCLK clock signal has a clock period equal to the nominal width of an equalization pulse t_c/3, which would provide synchronization between the equalization pulses and the bit intervals, each of which would be defined by three periods of the MCLK signal. Thus, each data transition of the RLLDAT signal and the transitions of the nominal equalization signal EQN would be defined by clock edges. As discussed further herein, the trailing edges of the equalization pulses that are combined with the RLLDAT signal can be stretched or extended so as to achieve the desired level of equalization.

0028The EQN signal output of the equalization timing circuit is provided to a multiple stage delay circuit 15 whose output EQN' is a delayed version of the EQN signal. By way of illustrative example, the multiple stage delay circuit 15 comprises a variable delay tree. The number of delay stages utilized to produce the delayed signal EQN' is determined by a control word CW in a control register 17.

0029The multiple stage delay circuit 15 is built from logic gates in an integrated circuit such that the total delay through the tree is:<maths id="math0001" num=""><img file="EP0507196B1_D0001.tif" /></maths> where d_n is the delay added by each additional gate n gated into the delay path. All respective delays d_n can be implemented to be approximately equal, and each elemental delay d_n can be described by the equation:<maths id="math0002" num="(Equation 2)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>d</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>n</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext> = d</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>n(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>•K</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0002.tif" /></maths> where d_n(nom) is the delay of each delay gate under nominal process, temperature and voltage, and K is a factor which expresses the proportional change in delay for all gates within the same integrated circuit under actual present conditions of process, voltage and temperature. The total delay may be expressed, therefore, as:<maths id="math0003" num=""><img file="EP0507196B1_D0003.tif" /></maths>

0030The EQN signal output of the equalization timing circuit is further provided to an OR circuit 19 which also receives the delayed version EQN' as an input. The output EQP of the OR circuit 19 includes equalization pulses the lengths of which are controlled by the delay provided by the multiple stage delay circuit, as determined by the value of the control word CW in the control register 17. In particular, the timing of the trailing edges relative to the respective leading edges is controlled by the multiple stage delay circuit 15 pursuant to the control word CW.

0031The EQP output of the OR circuit 19 is provided as one input to an EXCLUSIVE-OR circuit 21. The other input to the EXCLUSIVE-OR circuit 21 is provided by the output RLLDAT' of a synchronizing delay circuit 22 whose input is the RLLDAT signal from the data encoder 11. The synchronizing delay circuit 22 functions to appropriately delay the RLLDAT signal so that the delayed version RLLDAT' is appropriately synchronized with the EQP equalization pulses in accordance with the particular equalization standard being used. For example, for the QIC-1350 Development Standard the leading edge of the first equalization pulse starts at 1.5t_c after the preceding 1 transition and any subsequent equalization pulses start at t_c intervals following the start of first equalization pulse, where t_c is the bit interval. The WDAT output of the EXCLUSIVE-OR circuit 21 is a 2 level signal and is represented by the waveform in FIG. 3 for the example data pattern 01000010 represented by the RLLDAT output represented by the waveform at the top of FIG. 2.

0032In the foregoing, the equalization pulses of the EQP signal provided by the OR circuit 19 are of a predetermined polarity (e.g., positive wherein the leading edges are positive going), and the EXCLUSIVE-OR circuit 21 produces equalization pulses of the appropriate polarity for the particular level of the RLLDAT' that happens to represent successive 0's Thus, if the RLLDAT' is low for certain successive 0's, the equalization pulses in WDAT will be positive going for those 0's. If RLLDAT' is high for certain successive 0's, the equalization pulses in WDAT will be negative going (i.e., negative going leading edges) for those 0's.

0033The value of the control word in the control register 17 is set by a calibration circuit 23. In particular, the calibration circuit 23 controls the number of delay stages utilized to produce the delayed signal EQN' to compensate for drift due to voltage and temperature variations so that widths of the EQP pulses remain substantially constant in the operation of the write equalization circuit, where the desired steady state constant pulse width value is initially determined by the calibration circuit in conjunction with a read circuit 25 that is responsive to a tape read head 27.

0034The calibration circuit 23 functions in an initial calibration mode to determine a reference control word CW_O that produces the desired playback characteristics, such as a predetermined suppression of a fundamental component defined by the lowest frequency of transitions in the data written to tape. Such initial calibration can be performed pursuant to manufacture or whenever a tape is to be written, for example by writing test patterns to tape and varying the control word until the desired playback characteristics are achieved. Subsequently, for writing data to tape, the calibration circuit functions in a steady state mode wherein the reference control word CW_O is utilized to arrive at the control word CW which varies with changes in propagation delay characteristics of the implementation of the delay circuit 15 due to temperature and voltage variations. In this manner, the EQP signal provides equalization pulses that remain substantially constant with variations in voltage and temperature for a given initial calibration.

0035Referring now to FIG. 4, set forth therein is a block diagram of an illustrative example of an implementation of the calibration circuit 23 which comprises an enable gate 111 and delay circuitry 113 constructed from a number of logic buffers connected in series and responsive to the enable gate 111. The output CLKDLY of the delay circuitry 113 is fed back to the enable gate 111 and comprises the frequency output of a ring oscillator formed by the enable gate 111 and the delay circuitry 113. The frequency output CLKDLY of the ring oscillator is provided to a divide circuit 115 whose output TMR is a reduced frequency version of CLKDLY. The divide circuit output TMR is provided to the counter input TMRIN of a microprocessor 117 which is configured to detect the frequency of the TMR signal. A random access memory 119 for data storage is accessed by the microprocessor 117 via address and data busses 121.

0036The enable gate 111 and the delay circuitry 113 forming a ring oscillator are implemented in the same integrated circuit as the variable stage delay circuit 15, for example in a gate array, so that such circuitry will have substantially the same propagation delay characteristics. The frequency of operation of the ring oscillator is a function of the process, voltage and temperature factors of the integrated circuit and therefore changes in the ring oscillator frequency provide an indication of drift in the voltage and temperature factors of the integrated circuit. Such changes in the ring oscillator frequency are utilized as follows to control the value of the control word CW that determines the number of enabled delay stages in the variable stage delay circuit 15.

0037The frequency of oscillation FR of the ring oscillator (111, 113) is:<maths id="math0004" num="(Equation 4)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>FR = 1/(t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rE</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rD</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>fE</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>fD</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0004.tif" /></maths> where t_rE and t_fE are the rise and fall delays of the enable gate 111, and t_rD and t_fD are the rise and fall delays of the delay circuit 113. Since these elements are implemented in the same integrated circuit as the multiple stage delay circuit 15, they are affected by the same factor K as the elements of the delay tree, so that:<maths id="math0005" num="(Equation 5)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>FR = 1/(t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rE(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•K+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rd(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•K+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>fE(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•K+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>fD(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>•K)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0005.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0006" num="(Equation 6)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>= 1/K(t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rE(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rd(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>fE(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext> + t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>fD(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0006.tif" /></maths>

0038From Equation 6, the oscillation frequency F_nom when all of the delays are nominal can be expressed as:<maths id="math0007" num="(Equation 7)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>FR</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>nom</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext> = (t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rE(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>rd(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>fE(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>+t</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>fD(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0007.tif" /></maths> Substituting Equation 7 into Equation 6 provides the following expression for the oscillation frequency FR:<maths id="math0008" num="(Equation 8)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>FR = FR</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>nom</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>/K</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0008.tif" /></maths>

0039The factor K applies equally to the elements of the delay tree and the ring oscillator, regardless of the exact type of gates used, even if each is implemented with a different type of gate. Care must be taken, however, when designing the IC so that very slow rise and fall times are not produced which can cause the delay elements not to follow this simple linear equation. Thus, changes in frequency can be measured by the microprocessor and used to adjust CW so that the equalization pulse width remains constant.

0040In operation, the ring oscillator is enabled by providing a LO enable signal for sufficient time to allow any LO states in the delay circuit to be removed, and then providing a HI enable signal which will cause the ring oscillator to oscillate.

0041The calibration circuit initially determines a control word reference value CW_O that produces the desired equalization, such as a predetermined suppression in the lowest fundamental frequency which is determined by the lowest frequency of transitions for the particular RLL code implemented (i.e., maximum successive 0's). When the reference control word value is determined, the calibration circuit detects the frequency of operation of the ring oscillator which is stored as frequency reference FR_O. In steady state operation, the reference control word and the frequency reference value are utilized in conjunction with the actual ring oscillator frequency to adjust the control word CW. An illustrative example of an initial calibration procedure will be described further below.

0042Essentially, the calibration circuit indirectly detects changes in the propagation delay characteristics of the multiple stage delay circuit by directly detecting changes in the propagation delay characteristics of the delay circuit of the ring oscillator, and changes the number of enabled delay stages in the multiple stage delay circuit in order to compensate for the changes in the propagation delay characteristics.

0043Referring now to FIG. 5, set forth therein is a block diagram of a read circuit with which the calibration circuit can be utilized. The output of the read head 27 (FIG. 1) is amplified by a preamplifier 213 and a variable gain amplifier 215 whose gain is controlled by a gain control circuit 217. The output of the variable gain amplifier 215 is directed to two parallel channels: an amplitude qualification channel 219 and a timing channel 221. The amplitude qualification signal and the timing signal provided by the two channels are provided in parallel to a time domain filter 225 which has a variable threshold that is controlled by a threshold control circuit 227. The time domain filter provides an output signal RDP which contains pulses representative of each of the "1" transitions read by the read head 27.

0044The timing channel 221 differentiates the output of the variable gain amplifier 215 and provides a trigger to the time domain filter 225 corresponding to the transitions in the read data stream with additional pulses created in the middle of long strings of zeroes in the read data stream. The amplitude qualification channel 219 integrates the output of the variable gain amplifier 215 and provides a signal which is used by the time domain filter 225 to distinguish between (a) transitions that correspond to the NRZI ones and (b) transitions added by the timing channel.

0045As is known, the time domain filter essentially detects when the timing input crosses zero, delays a predetermined amount, and then examines the amplitude qualification signal as to whether or not it has exceeded one of two threshold levels that are on either side of a reference by equal amounts. Such threshold levels can be considered as a positive threshold and a negative threshold, and an RDP pulse is produced only under the following conditions: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>(a) the amplitude qualification signal increases so as to cross the positive threshold and is above the threshold at a predetermined time after the timing path signal has crossed 0 in the positive direction, and the prior RDP pulse was produced by the amplitude qualification signal exceeding the negative threshold as described in condition (b); or</li><li>(b) the amplitude qualification signal decreases so as to cross the negative threshold and is below the threshold for at a predetermined time after the timing path signal has crossed 0 in the negative direction, and the prior RDP pulse was produced by the amplitude qualification signal exceeding the positive threshold as described in condition (a).</li></ul>

0046FIG. 6 sets forth waveforms that represent the timing channel and amplitude qualification inputs to the time domain filter, and the generation of the RDP pulses pursuant to the amplitude and polarity of the amplitude qualification signal after a predetermined time interval t_f following a zero crossing by the timing signal. It is noted that a zero crossing of the timing signal that occurs prior to when the predetermined time elapses for a preceding zero crossing is ignored.

0047Referring now to FIG. 7, set forth therein is a flow diagram of a calibration procedure performed by the processor of the calibration circuit for determining the control reference value CW_o and the reference frequency FR_o for achieving a desired suppression of the read signal. At 311 write equalization is disabled and the read threshold of the time domain filter is set to a predetermined level that for the particular implementation is considered to be optimum. For normalization purposes, that predetermined level is regarded as 100%. At 313 a repeating test pattern is written to tape, comprising for example the maximum number of 0's allowed by the particular RLL code and intervening 1's, which would produce the lowest fundamental frequency. The RDP pulses would occur at lowest fundamental frequency, and at 315 the gain of the amplifier 315 is reduced by a predetermined amount. At 317 a determination is made as to the number of RDP pulses being produced is 50% or more of the RDP pulses that would normally be produced pursuant to the test pattern on tape. If yes, the gain is again adjusted at 315. If no, the number of RDP pulses is not 50% or more of the RDP pulses that would normally be produced, the procedure transfers to 319. Essentially, the gain of the amplifier is reduced incrementally to slightly below the gain level that produces 50% of the RDP pulses that would normally be produced.

0048At 319 write equalization is enabled with the equalization pulses set at minimum width (i.e., no pulse stretching), and at 321 the threshold of the time domain filter is reduced to a predetermined level that corresponds to the desired suppression relative to 100%, which will cause all of the RDP pulses to be produced. At 323 the control width of the write equalization pulses is increased by increasing the control word by a predetermined amount. At 325 a determination is made as to whether the number of RDP pulses being produced is 50% or more of the RDP pulses that would normally be produced pursuant to the test pattern on tape. If no, the number of RDP pulses is not 50% or more of the RDP pulses that would normally be produced, at 327 the current control word is stored as the reference control word EQ_o. At 329 the current frequency output of the ring oscillator is stored as the reference frequency FR_o. Essentially, the write equalization pulse width is increased to the width that is slightly greater than the minimum pulse width which would produce 50% of the RDP pulses for the predetermined time domain filter threshold set previously, and the control word associated with that increased width is utilized as the reference control word.

0049It should be appreciated that while 50% is utilized as the threshold in the foregoing for setting amplifier gain and time domain threshold, some other amount can be utilized.

0050After the initial calibration is completed, data can be written to tape and the calibration circuit adjusts the control word CW pursuant to the following equation:<maths id="math0009" num="(Equation 9)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>CW = CW</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•(FR/FR</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0009.tif" /></maths> where the control word reference value CW_o and the reference frequency FR_o are determined as described above.

0051The foregoing equation for maintaining the equalization pulse width constant is based on the following. From Equation 8 above, the reference frequency FR_o is related to the reference value K_o (which was the value of K when the reference frequency was determined) as follows:<maths id="math0010" num="(Equation 10)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>FR</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>=FR</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>(nom)</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>/K</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0010.tif" /></maths> The width EQP_WIDTH of the EQP pulses includes the width EQN_WIDTH of the EQN pulses provided by the equalization timing circuit 13 and the delay provided by the multiple stage delay circuit as expressed in Equation 3 above:<maths id="math0011" num="(Equation 11)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>EQP_WIDTH = EQN_WIDTH + CW•d</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>nom</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>•K</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0011.tif" /></maths> The desired equalization pulse EQ_WIDTH_o determined pursuant to calibration is therefore:<maths id="math0012" num="(Equation 12)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>EQP_WIDTH</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext> = EQN_WIDTH + CW•d</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>nom</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•K</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0012.tif" /></maths>

0052Since EQP_WIDTH_o is the width to be maintained, the right sides of Equations 11 and 12 can be equated to provide:<maths id="math0013" num="(Equation 13)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>CW•d</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>nom</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•K = CW</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•d</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>nom</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•K</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0013.tif" /></maths><maths id="math0014" num="(Equation 14)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>CW = CW</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>(K</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>/K)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0014.tif" /></maths> From Equations 8 and 10, (K_o/K) can be expressed as (FR/FR_o) to provide the following which is Equation 9 above for maintaining the width of the equalization pulses EQP:<maths id="math0015" num=""><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>CW = CW</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•(FR/FR</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0015.tif" /></maths>

0053By way of illustrative example, the control word CW is updated just prior to every time the write head is enabled.

0054Pursuant to the operation of the calibration circuit, processing variations are compensated by the initial calibration which also compensates for write head variations, and voltage and temperature effects are compensated by the steady state calibration which is performed relative to the references provided by the initial calibration.

0055Referring now to FIG. 8, set forth therein is a block diagram a further example of an implementation of the calibration circuit 23 which includes components that are implemented in the same integrated circuit as the multiple stage delay circuit 15 of the equalization circuit of FIG. 1, as discussed more fully herein. The calibration circuit of FIG. 8 includes a flip-flop 151 which is clocked by a crystal oscillator clock source 114 that can comprise the crystal oscillator 14 in FIG. 1. The positive output of the flip-flop 151 is provided to a multiple stage delay circuit 153 which is similar to the multiple stage delay circuit 15 in FIG. 1, but with a longer total delay such that under reasonable conditions of process, temperature, and voltage, it will be capable of providing a delay that is at least one period of the clock output of the oscillator 114. The number of stages enabled in the multiple stage delay circuit 153 is controlled by the contents of a control register 154.

0056The negated output of the flip-flop 151 is fed back into the input of the flip-flop 151 and is further provided as one input to a two-input AND gate 155. The other input to the AND gate 155 is provided by the negated output of a flip-flop 157 which is clocked by the oscillator 114 and whose input is provided by the multiple stage delay circuit 153. The positive output of the flip-flop 157 provides an input to a two-input AND gate 159 whose output is provided as an input to an OR gate 161 which also receives an input from the AND gate 155. The output of the OR gate 161 provides the input for a flip-flop 163 which is clocked by the oscillator 114. The LONGDLY output of the flip-flop 163 is provided to a microprocessor 165 which adjusts the contents of the calibration circuit control register 154 and like the microprocessor 117 in FIG. 4 is configured to communicate with the read circuit 25 and the equalization circuit control register 17.

0057The flip-flop 151, the multiple stage delay circuit 153, the AND gate 155, the flip-flop 157, the AND gate 159, the OR gate 161, and the flip flop 163 are implemented in the same integrated circuit as the multiple stage delay circuit 15 of the equalization circuit of FIG. 1.

0058The LONGDLY output of the flip-flop 163 is HI when the delay provided by the multiple stage delay circuit 153 is greater than one period of the clock output of the oscillator 114, and is LO when the delay provided by the multiple is less that such clock period. The propagation delay characteristics of the logic gates in the multiple stage delay circuit 153 can be detected by determining the smallest value that causes the LONGDLY signal to be HI, and such value is utilized by the microprocessor 165 for calibration procedure discussed above and for adjusting the control word CW of the write equalization circuit of FIG. 1. In this manner, the number of stages required for a fixed delay is determined, and that number of stages can vary with temperature and voltage.

0059For the calibration procedure, the procedure of FIG. 7 is followed, except that a calibration circuit reference control word CPW_o is determined instead of a reference frequency. In particular, after the equalization circuit reference control word CW_o is stored at 327, the calibration circuit reference control word CPW_o is determined by adjusting the control CPW to the smallest value that causes LONGDLY to be HI, and that value of CPW is stored as CPW_o.

0060For steady state operation, the equalization circuit control word CW is adjusted by the microprocessor 165 in accordance with the following equation pursuant to changes in the smallest value of CWP that causes LONGDLY to be HI:<maths id="math0016" num="(Equation 15)"><math display="block"><mrow><msub><mrow><mtext>CW = CW</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mtext>•(CWP/CWP</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>o</mtext></mrow></msub><mtext>)</mtext></mrow></math><img file="EP0507196B1_D0016.tif" /></maths>

0061The foregoing equation is based on the same analysis as utilized above for Equation 9 which is utilized with the calibration circuit of FIG. 3 to adjust the equalization circuit control word CW pursuant to changes in the frequency of operation of the ring oscillator of the calibration circuit of FIG. 3.

0062Essentially, the calibration circuit of FIG. 8 indirectly detects changes in the propagation delay characteristics of the equalization circuit multiple stage delay circuit 15 by directly detecting changes in the propagation delay characteristics of the calibration circuit multiple stage delay circuit 153 as manifested by change in the smallest value of the control word CPW that will cause LONGDLY to be HI.

0063Since the calibration circuit of FIG. 8 includes a multiple stage delay circuit, a single multiple stage delay circuit can be utilized in the write equalization circuit of FIG. 1 as implemented with calibration circuit of FIG. 8. The single multiple stage delay circuit would provide, pursuant to appropriate multiplexing circuitry at its input and output and appropriate control of the contents of its control word, the respective functions of (a) equalization pulse width control and (b) detection of propagation delay characteristics.