Method and apparatus for making solid waste material environmentally safe using heat

<b>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</b>

I.

<b>Field of the Invention</b>

The disposal of solid waste material, particularly hazardous waste material, is a continuing problem. Hazardous waste materials must be properly handled to avoid damage to humans and the environment.

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for making solid waste material environmentally safe using heat. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for continuously modifying solid waste material to a ceramic-like composition using heat at high temperatures. The process is initiated by coherent radiation and sustained by an excitation material.

The solid waste may itself be the product of prior combustion such as incinerator ash, especially fly ash. The ash or like material is processed with combustible excitation material which itself may be a waste material. Another example of solid waste material is metal waste including items such as used paint cans, white appliances, waste steel with waste oil, aluminum stampings, all in the form of chips.

The combination of combustible excitation material and the products of prior combustion are heated to sufficient temperature to transform the waste to a harmless disposable ceramic-like material and an effluvia of gas and particulates in the presence of oxygen. The effluvia is cleansed of remaining harmful materials, such as heavy metals, and otherwise processed for safe disposition into the atmosphere. The ceramic-like product of the present invention is crystal-like hard material which is environmentally safe.

Incineration of waste material is a principal method of waste disposal. However, the ash by-product of incineration (commonly called fly ash and bottom ash) is itself considered to be an undesirable waste since it contains heavy metals and other hazardous substances such as arsenic and organic compounds such as dioxins. Such substances are dangerous to humans and will contaminate the environment unless the ash is disposed of in a safe manner. Safe disposal is costly and represents an ever present risk to the environment. It is therefore desirable to provide a method and apparatus for further transforming ash and other solid wastes to materials which are suitable for environmentally safe disposal or even as useful products. It is also desirable to provide a method and apparatus for the transformation of solid waste materials considered to be extremely hazardous such as solid medical wastes. The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for the transformation of such solid waste materials using heat applied at high temperatures.

II.

<b>Description of the Prior Art</b>

Methods and apparatus for reducing materials to separable constituents, including waste materials, using coherent radiation have been proposed in the past, but none is known to be commercially in use. The modification by pyrolysis of solid materials in a plasma is also known, although such plasmas are not necessarily initiated by directing coherent radiation at the material to be modified.

Other deficiencies in high temperature waste treatment processes have limited their utility. These involve difficulties in processing the effluvia of the combustion process which are themselves hazardous and therefore have required costly special treatment. Other deficiencies are that gas/electrode plasma systems have very limited duty life, i.e., 50 hours is the average life-time expectancy.

U.S. Patent 3,417,717 is directed to a particular furnace construction and process for the combustion of waste materials containing combustible and normally non-combustible components. A combustion compartment within the furnace is shaped like a trough or bowl. The material to be heated in the furnace is heated in the presence of oxygen-enriched air which is blown into the combustion chamber. The temperature within the combustion chamber is greater than 1500°C. The material being heated will burn and the residue will melt to form a molten slag which forms in the trough or bowl. The trough or bowl has a lower edge over which the molten slag flows into a discharge shaft, through an immersion tube into a granulation vessel containing water, where the slag particles are cooled and form granules. The granules are said to be hygienic and may be disposed or used as construction materials.

In U.S. Patent 3,417,717, the combustion or flue gases flow through an uptake flue and thereafter a downtake flue containing an air preheater to preheat combustion air. Some ash is discharged at the bottom of the downtake flue. Also, the remaining flue gas is treated in a dedusting and suction device by which smaller ash particles are removed before the flue gas is exhausted through a chimney into the atmosphere.

The system of U.S. Patent 3,417,717 is still believed to suffer problems associated with the efficient and complete conversion of refuse to a safe product while at the same time providing for effective and complete treatment of the combustion products so that both the slag and the effluent are completely safe for the environment. This pnor art patent mixes oxygen with air, resulting in certain inefficiencies compared to using oxygen itself as the oxidizing gas to produce an oxygen atmosphere in the combustion chamber. Moreover, there is no transfer of the combustion products to a second chamber with rapid cooling by which a significant portion of the particulate matter of the effluent is removed, followed by extensive treatment of the remaining effluent, as occurs in the present invention. Therefore, the combustion products of the process used in this prior art patent are believed to contain significantly more particulate material which is more difficult to remove than is the case using the present invention.

U.S. Patent 4,606,760 is directed to a system including a process and apparatus for simultaneously separate volatile metals, such as zinc and lead, and non-volatile metals. such as copper, from mixtures of metallic and metallic oxides. The separation occurs in a reactor having a lower reactor chamber and an upper reflux chamber connected by a vertical, hollow shaft substantially filled with the mixture of pieces of carbonaceous material, such as coke, and metallic material having minimal oxide content to maintain a reducing atmosphere. The lower reactor chamber is intensely heated by an arc plasma generator which, together with reducing gases, cause a reducing reaction to melt the non-volatile copper and other metals which form a pool or puddle on the floor of the reaction chamber and to form a layer of slag covering the puddle, while simultaneously vaporizing the volatile zinc, lead and other volatile metals. The reflux chamber is maintained at a temperature and vapor pressure suitable for condensing the vapor of the volatile metals, such as the lead vapor, but insufficient to condense the zinc vapor. As a result, condensed lead gravity flows back through the filled shaft to the metal puddle while zinc and other uncondensed metal vapors are removed from the upper reflux chamber and are condensed in an external condenser to form commercial grade zine.

U.S. Patent 4,606,760 specifically requires that the processing be done in a reducing atmosphere and specifically fills the shaft connecting the lower reaction chamber and the upper reflux chamber with coke to maintain the reducing atmosphere. By requiring a reducing atmosphere, the system of this patent is directed to a different process than the oxidizing process of the present invention conducted in an oxygen atmosphere. There is no rapid cooling between the two chambers such that particulate matter which may be produced as part of an effluent is rapidly cooled. Nor is there any apparatus or process provided for to treat any effluent other than the condensation of the vapors of zinc or other relatatively non-volatile metals. The present invention provides for a complete treatment of all of the components of the material being treated, including the combustion products with their entrained particulate matter

<b>Substitute Sheets for EP 0 489 867 B1 page 3 lines 29 to 53</b>

Hirth <i>et al</i>., "A Thermal Process For the Detoxification of Filter Ash From Waste Incinerators," ENVIROTECH VIENNA, Feb. 20-23, 1989, discloses a thermal process for detoxification of filter ash, comprising about 3% of the resulting residue from incinerating waste. The major component, about 97%, of the residue is bottom ash that can be landfilled or used without any significant additional treatment. The filter ash includes harmful heavy metal compounds, dioxins and furans, and is removed from a precipitator forming a part of the main incineration system. The filter ash is melted in a separate furnace heated to a temperature above 1200°C. At that temperature, most of the heavy metal compounds are vaporized and dioxins and furans are thermally destroyed. The filter ash forms a glass-like residue. Especially important was choosing the optimum heating method for the furnace. In order to prevent small filter ash particles from being carried away with the off-gases, electric heating rods were used as a gentle method of heating with minimal ventilation inside the furnace. The exhaust gas from the furnace contains the vaporized heavy metal compounds. This exhaust gas is quenched with cold air immediately after it leaves the furnace, resulting in sudden cooling that condenses and desublimates the heavy metal compounds to form small particles. These particles are removed by a filter and removed from the treatment system along with the condensate to form a concentrate of heavy metals. The remaining heavy metals are bonded into the glass-like residue when the residue cools and do not leach out to the environment.

III.

<b>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</b>

One aspect of the invention relates to a process for removing harmful constituents from solid waste material. In this aspect, the process comprises the steps of continuously feeding a particulate mix of solid waste material containing the harmful constituents and a combustible excitation material for providing heat energy into a reaction chamber, introducing oxygen only into the chamber to produce and maintain therein an oxygen atmosphere, reacting the mix in the chamber in the oxygen atmosphere by heating the mix to a temperature greater than 1,093°C (2,000°F) at which a reaction of the mix will be self-sustaining and maintaining the self-sustaining reaction until the solid waste material becomes a molten slag and effluvia is produced comprising gaseous effluent and particulate effluent, the temperature within the chamber above the molten slag being high enough to destroy substantially all of the harmful constituents of the effluvia released by the formation of the molten slag, cooling the molten slag to make a solid slag product that binds the harmful constituents not in the effluvia, and conducting the effluvia generated by the formation of the molten slag from the reaction chamber through a conduit connected to the reaction chamber and to a second chamber and rapidly cooling the effluvia by at least 556°C (1,000°F) in the conduit and in the second chamber to cause particulate effluent therein to precipitate out of the effluvia and into the second chamber.

A second aspect of the invention relates to an apparatus for removing harmful constituents from solid waste material. In this second aspect, the apparatus comprises a reaction chamber, means for continuously feeding a particulate mix of the solid waste material and a combustible excitation material as a source of heat energy into the reaction chamber, lance means for introducing oxygen only, from an oxygen source, into the reaction chamber to produce an oxygen atmosphere therein, and for maintaining the oxygen atmosphere within the reaction chamber, means for heating reaction chamber to react the mix in the chamber to a temperature greater than 1,093°C (2,000°F) in the presence of the oxygen atmosphere until the solid waste becomes a molten slag and effluvia is produced comprising gaseous effluent and particulate effluent, the temperature within the chamber above the bath of molten slag being high enough to destroy substantially all of the harmful constituents of the effluvia generated by the formation of the molten slag, means for cooling and conducting excess molten slag from the reaction chamber, means for conducting the effluvia generated by the formation of the molten slag from the reaction chamber into a second chamber, the conducting means being connected to the reaction chamber and to the second chamber and said conducting means and said second chamber being adapted for rapidly cooling the effluvia by at least 556°C (1,000°F) in the conducting means and in the second chamber to cause particulate material in the effluvia to precipitate in the second chamber, means for treating the effluvia to remove substantially all of the remaining particulate and harmful constituents to achieve acceptable environmental quality, and means for releasing the treated gaseous effluent into the atmosphere.

A third aspect of the invention relates to an additional process for removing harmful constituents from solid waste material. The process of this third aspect comprises the steps of feeding particulate solid waste material containing harmful constituents into a reaction chamber, introducing oxygen only into the chamber to produce and maintain therein an oxygen atmosphere, heating the solid waste material within the reaction chamber to a temperature greater than 1,093°C (2,000°F) at which a reaction of the mix will be self-sustaining and maintaining the self-sustaining reaction until the solid waste material becomes a molten slag and effluvia is produced comprising gaseous effluent and particulate effluent, the temperature within the chamber above the molten slag being high enough to destroy substantially all of the harmful constituents in the effluvia released by the formation of the molten slag, conducting excess molten slag from the reaction chamber and cooling the conducted molten slag to make a solid slag product that binds the harmful constituents not in the effluvia, conducting the effluvia generated by the formation of the molten slag from the reaction chamber through a conduit connected to the reaction chamber and to a second chamber and rapidly cooling the effluvia by at least 556°C (1,000°F) in the conduit and in the second chamber to cause particulate effluent therein to precipitate out of the effluvia and into the second chamber, further treating the effluvia to remove substantially all of any remaining particulate and harmful constituents of the effluvia to achieve acceptable environmental quality, and releasing the treated gaseous effluent into the atmosphere.

In accordance with the present invention, solid waste is transformed by heat in the presence of oxygen and an excitation material to a slag-like material from which has been removed the environmentally harmful constituents. The solid waste material may be conventional solid wastes but the present invention is principally intended for the transformation of the ash by-product of prior incineration, especially fly ash. The process is also applicable to metal waste as previously described. The effluvia of the process take the form of particulates and the gaseous by-products of the process. In accordance with the present invention, the particulates are electrostatically removed and filtered from the effluvia. The-gas is processed to destroy or chemically convert harmful constituents. The remaining gas is then safely exhausted into the atmosphere.

Thus the present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for the continuous as opposed to batch transformation of solid waste material at elevated temperatures, especially incinerator ash and steel or aluminum waste as previously described. Coherent radiation is the initial source of energy for rapidly igniting the process. The process is sustained by adding to the solid waste, as necessary, an aggregate of more readily combustible excitation materials. These combustible excitation waste materials may be waste materials (herein excitation waste) which have not yet been burned or conventional sources of energy such as coal or wood chips. The conversion of the effluvia to environmentally acceptable gases which can be atmospherically exhausted is a part of the process.

The present invention has particular utility in that it uses coherent radiation produced by a laser to provide rapid excitation of the waste material. The coherent radiation is provided by a CO₂ laser.

In accordance with the present invention solid waste material, especially a product of prior incineration and metal waste, is fused in a reaction chamber. Heating takes place in the presence of oxygen only and an excitation material (e.g. coal) causing the waste material to reform into a ceramic-like material and an effluvia of gas and particulates. The process is excited by coherent radiation, and where the waste material is fly ash or the like, excitation material is included to sustain the process. The effluvia passes from the reaction chamber to a second chamber where its temperature falls rapidly. The high temperature of the first chamber (above 1093°C (2000°F)) followed by the rapid drop in temperature in the second chamber removes appro::imately 80% of the undesirable constituents from the effluvia (i.e. products of combustion and inorganics). The remaining undesirable constituents are removed by further processing of the effluvia.

The apparatus for accomplishing the process includes a primary reaction chamber within which the solid waste and excitation materials are heated in the presence of oxygen only; a second chamber wherein further transformation of the effluvia takes place; electrostatic precipitators for removing metal particulates from the effluvia; and gas treatment apparatus which includes precipitation through cooling, filtering and quenching, for further transforming the effluvia into a gas which can be safely discharged into the atmosphere.

The slag-like product of the present invention may be produced in small pebbles which are sufficiently free of hazardous contaminants so as not to require environmental listing, and therefore can be safely disposed of.

<b>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</b>

For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings forms which are presently preferred. <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Figure 1 is a schematic layout of the system apparatus used to perform the process of the present invention.</li><li>Figure 2 is a top plan view of the system apparatus with a section taken below the roof or other covering.</li><li>Figure 3 is a vertical sectional view of the primary and secondary chambers taken along the lines 3-3 in Figure 2.</li><li>Figure 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of the CO₂ laser used with the present invention.</li><li>Figure 5 is a sectional view of the system apparatus taken along lines 5-5 in Figure 3 showing the primary stack and one of the electrostatic precipitators used with the present invention.</li><li>Figure 6 is a sectional view of the precipitator shown in Figure 5 taken along the lines 6-6.</li><li>Figures 7A and 7B are longitudinal sectional views of a precipitator used with the system apparatus.</li><li>Figure 8 is a sectional view of the precipitator shown in Figures 7A and 7B taken along the lines 8-8.</li><li>Figures 9 is a perspective view of the water pool used as part of the effluvia transformation section of the system apparatus.</li></ul>

<b>DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT</b>

Referring now to the drawings in detail, wherein like numerals indicate like elements, Figure 1 schematically illustrates the system apparatus for implementing the process for making solid waste material environmentally safe using heat. The overall structure is shown in more detail in Figures 2 and 3.

The masonry structure 10 houses the major components of the apparatus including the reaction chamber 16 in which the solid waste material is transformed to slag. Masonry structure 10 preferably is made of steel reinforced concrete. Temperature sensors 12 are positioned within the structure 10 to monitor the heat absorbed by the masonry. Such temperature sensors are connected to appropriate control and safety systems (not shown) for monitoring the temperatures within the walls to prevent crumbling and other adverse effects of heat on the masonry. The interior of each of the reaction chambers is covered with Francet® or a similar heat resistant ceramic material. Heat exchangers (partly shown) surround the primary reaction chamber 16. Heat exchangers to provide sufficient cooling may be used as needed.

Positioned within the masonry structure 10 is an inner confinement structure 14 made of refractory brick. The inner confinement structure 14 provides the principal means for housing the reaction chamber 16 and second chamber 18, the primary and secondary stacks (or flues) 20 and 22, the precipitator 25, and the heat exchangers for cooling the gaseous and particulate effluvia of the process. More particularly, located within the inner confinement chamber 14 is the primary reaction chamber 16, the second chamber 18, the primary stack or flue 20, the secondary stack or flue 22, electrostatic precipitator 25, heat exchanger 26, and third chamber 28. The operation and functional interrelationship of each of the foregoing elements is explained hereinafter.

Located outside of the structure 10 is a carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser 30 whose optical axis 32 passes through the primary reaction chamber 16 to provide energy for initiating the heating process used to transform the solid waste material. The coherent radiation generated by the laser 30 passes along optical axis 32 through apertures 34 and 48 in the masonry structure 10 and confinement wall 14, respectively. Aperture 34 is controlled by a light valve 36. The optical axis 32 passes through apertures 34, 48 in the walls of reaction chamber 16 to the point of excitation 38 therein. The optical axis 32 is preferably pitched at an axis of from 5° to 10° from the horizontal.

The optical axis 32 is aligned with the optical axis of the helium neon laser 40. Laser 40 is used to properly align the laser 30 by directing visible coherent radiation along the optical axis 32 through the point of excitation 38. A visible light laser, such as laser 40, is required because the radiation emitted by a CO₂ laser is not visible.

Due to the length of the optical path 32, it is necessary to provide a means for aligning the coherent radiation emitted by laser 30. This is accomplished using the helium-neon laser 40 as an auto collomator. The auto collomator guides adjustment of the optical axis 32, left, right, up or down. It also adjusts its azimuth. Although other auto collomators are available, an Accu-ray 1007 available from Phoenix Environmental Ltd., the assignee of this invention, may be used as the auto collomator. Of course, other optical means for aligning the radiation emitted by CO₂ laser 30 along an optical axis 32 may be used as desired.

The principal purpose of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for transforming solid waste materials, especially fly ash, to a slag or ceramic-like solid material and a gaseous effluent. The gaseous effluent is supplementally processed to remove harmful particulates. The effluent is also processed to convert or neutralize other constituents to make it safe for release into the atmosphere. The present invention finds particular utility in the use of coherent radiation to initiate a high temperature process (1093-2186°C) (2,000°F to 4,000°F) for transforming solid waste materials which cannot be reduced by conventional combustion, such as fly ash or waste materials which cannot be safely burned in a conventional manner such as medical waste.

Fly ash is a by-product of conventional combustion processes such as municipal incineration. As such, it will no longer readily burn in a conventional sense, that is by oxidation. It is therefore necessary to provide high temperatures in order to separate the ash into its constituents for removal of undesirable constituents. It is also desirable to convert, the ash into a crystal-like material (herein also called slag). This effectively locks in or binds any remaining undesirable constituents to prevent them from leaching or otherwise entering the environment when the ceramic-like product of this invention is stored at an outdoor disposal site or put to useful purpose.

It should be noted that the solid product resulting from the process described herein is called a slag. But the product is not the slag which is a by-product of steel making. This term is chosen simply to characterize the products' hard, crystal-like physical appearance. The slag's actual chemical make-up is determined by chemical and physical analysis and depends on the solid waste material.

Transformation of fly ash requires high temperatures to separate the constituent materials. Such temperatures are generated by combining the solid waste with combustible materials such as combustible waste materials, coal or wood chips, and oxygen. The combustible materials act as a fuel to provide heat at a high temperature for effecting the desired transformation of the solid waste materials. Another feature of this invention is the use of continuously fed particulates to create an effective volume of material.

While the transformation of the solid waste material is taking place, the liquid slag is removed from the primary reaction chamber through a slag receiving opening 42. The effluvia of gases and particulates which have been generated by the combustion process are further treated as hereinafter described.

Laser 30, as more particularly shown in Figure 4, is mounted between aluminum I-beams 106, 108. I beam 108 is rigidly fixed to a granite slab, not shown. Laser 30 is preferably a 250 watt/cw carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser. Such lasers are available in the open market and any appropriate brand of laser may be selected for use with the present process. However, the laser used with the present invention is constructed by the inventor and is of the type illustrated in Figure 4.

The coherent infrared radiation generated by laser 30 passes along optical path 32 through aperture 34 in the wall of masonry structure 10. Aperture 34 is a 4" diameter gate valve angled approximately 20' from the axis of the laser to deflect the laser beam when the valve is closed, otherwise the laser would deflect back on itself. Aperture 34 is controlled by light valve 36, which functions to stop the laser beam and deflect the power at an angle. The aperture 34 (and all other apertures in the optical axis 32) is precisely aligned with the optical axis so as to permit entrance of the radiation through structure 10 and into the confinement chamber 14 (through aperture 48) while at the same time minimizing the escape of effluents.

It should be noted that it is not necessary to focus the coherent radiation. However, the coherent radiation is collomated.

Heat exchanger 46 is connected to a reservoir of cooled liquid (e.g. water) for maintaining the light valve 36 and chamber wall at proper operating temperatures.

The coherent radiation also passes through an opening into primary reaction chamber 16 and through the point of excitation 38.

Solid waste and excitation material is fed from hopper 50 into the primary reaction chamber through gate valve 54 controlled by actuator 55. The feed material is conveyed by conveyor 61 into hopper 50 from tipping bay 53 at the end of loading ramp 59. The feed material falls through tube 56 where it may be partially preheated. Thus, the combined solid waste and excitation material to be treated according to the process and apparatus of the present invention flows into the primary chamber 16 to the area encompassing the point of excitation 38. See Figure 3.

Reaction chamber 16 is divided into a primary reaction core 77 and a primary reservoir 79. Reaction chamber 16 is 24,8 cm x 38,1 cm (9.75" x 15") in width and length. Initial excitation of the solid waste and excitation material takes place in core 77. The slag thus formed overflows into reservoir 79. Once the reservoir 79 is filled, slag flows through exit tube 66 whose entrance is at a higher level than the floor of core 77.

The apparatus also includes chamber 18. This chamber is used to rapidly cool the effluvia flowing from reaction chamber 16 through-inclined tube 65. The interior of both chambers 16 and 18 is coated with a hard, heat resistant material such as refractory brick or ceramic lining.

Within the primary chamber 16, the excitation material and the solid waste is raised to temperatures exceeding 1093°C (2,000°F) (e.g. 1631°C (3,000°F) or above).

The excitation material mixed with the solid waste material is held in hopper 50 and then fed directly into reaction chamber 16. The preferred mixture is 50% solid waste and 50% excitation material by weight although other mixtures may be used if they does not adversely effect the quality of the effluvia discharged into the atmosphere.

The principal reaction takes place in chamber 16 where, in the presence of oxygen only, the temperature of the solid waste material (and the excitation material) is raised to temperatures high enough to cause the solid waste to liquify and fuse. Also an effluvia of gases and particulates is formed. The effluvia flows up the tube 65 into the second chamber 18. The effluvia also flows through water cooled exhaust tube 65 to chamber 20. The major constituent of solid waste forms a molten, slag-like material. The molten slag fills the reaction core 77 and flows into the primary reservoir 79 until it too is filled. The entire reservoir 77, 79 fills until slag flows out through exit tube 66 to lava receiving tube 42. Slag flows through tube 42 into a receiving container 43 which, when filled, transports the slag to another location.

The transformation process is initiated by placing a mixture of excitation material and waste material (e.g. coal and steel waste as previously described) in a small ladle 87 positioned at the excitation point 38. The excitation point 38 may be 10'16 to 12'7 cm (4 to 5 inches) above the floor of the reaction chamber 16. Preferably the starting mixture is simply piled on the floor of chamber 16 and the laser beam from laser 30 directed at it. One of many advantages of using a laser is that it can be directed where desired on the starting mixture. By way of example, the starting mixture may be 4'53 - 6'80 kg (10 to 15 lbs.) of coal and an equal amount of steel chips. The solid waste could also be "rebar" which is reinforced concrete rubble. This material is heated by the coherent radiation to near starting temperatures.

Oxygen is also introduced once the starting mixture has reached the requisite temperature. In particular, oxygen from a source 68 is piped through 6 lances 70 into the reaction chamber 16 at the rate of 56'640 m³ (2,000 ft³) per hour. Lances 70 are arranged around the periphery of chamber 16 so as to introduce the oxygen at a chord angle to the vertical axis of the chamber. Thus, the oxygen swirls in a vortex within the chamber. The movement of the oxygen enhances the heating process.

A feature of the present invention is the use of particulate waste material to start and maintain the process. The initial pool of molten material in itself is not commercially capable of handling volumes of waste. This small reaction is accelerated, with oxygen and previously described waste, to a large viable pool of high temperature liquid which is capable of handling commercial volumes of waste. It has been found that although it is possible to reach desired temperatures by directing the coherent radiation into a solid block of waste material, the pool of molten material is too small to be effective. By using an aggregate of particulate waste and excitation material, the pool can be excited to fill the base of reaction chamber 16. This expanded pool engulfs the waste material and permits transformation thereof at commercially practicable rates. Initial tests of the process in an experimental chamber have resulted in waste material treatment rates of 14,95 kg (33 lbs.) per minute without losing air quality for the exhausted effluvia. Present scale up calculations indicate that rates of 10 to 20 tons per 20 hour day should be capable of being accomplished. The process could treat 60 tons/day but this rate would exceed pollution controls.

At start up, the laser 30 is operated at approximately 150 watts per cm (continuous wave (cw)) to excite the starting material to operating temperatures above 1093°C (2,000°F). Laser 30 is turned off after 3 to 20 seconds which is when the starter material reaches a liquid state at the point of impingement by the laser. Oxygen is introduced into chamber 16 through the lances 70. After several seconds, the reaction becomes self-sustaining and the laser may be shut down at this time.

As previously indicated, a gaseous and particulate effluvia is a principal product of heating the waste material. This gas includes products of combustion and inorganics.

The effluvia flows up the tube 65 to the second chamber 18. The effluvia rapidly drops in temperature as it leaves reaction chamber 16 and flows through chamber 18 (approximately 1297°C (2,400°F) as it leaves chamber 16 to 649°C (1,200°F) to 760°C (1,400°F) as it exits chamber 18). This drop in temperature within 3 feet and in about 2 seconds causes the particulates to drop out. It has also been found that the initial heating at above 1093°C (2,000°F) destroys the organic compounds.

The effluvia passes from the secondary reaction chamber 18 into the primary stack 20. The effluvia passes up the primary stack 20 and through the electrostatic precipitator 25. See Figure 5.

Precipitator 25 is cooled by heat exchanger 74.

The effluvia then passes up secondary stack 22 and into the heat exchanger 26. Heat exchanger 26 comprises a Pyrex® borosilicate glass tube with both an external heat exchanger 76 and an internal heat exchanger 78. See Figure 6. Both heat exchangers are liquid cooled.

The heat exchanger 26 reduces the temperature of the effluvia flowing through it from approximately 538°C (1,000°F) to 260°C (500°F). The cooled effluvia flows into the cooling chamber 28 where it is further reduced in temperature to between 37,8 - 93°C (100 and 200°F). Chamber 28 is a refractory walled chamber lined with ceramic. It includes a heat exchanger 260 for further cooling the effluvia.

Figures 7A, 7B and 8 illustrate the three electrostatic precipitators 24, 24' and 25 used with the process. The precipitators 24 and 24' are identical and differ from precipitator 25 only in that precipitator 25 does not include the gate valve 100 hereinafter described.

As shown, each precipitator is housed within a protective refractory or metallic shell 82 within which is mounted a borosilicate glass (Pyrex) tube 84 held in place by bushings 86 and 88. Tube 84 is 121'9 cm (4 feet) in length, has an inside diameter of 17,78 cm (7"), and a wall thickness of 4,76 mm 3/16". The entire electrostatic precipitator is approximately 111'76 cm (44 inches) in length.

One end of the tubes 82, 84 is closed by the plate 90 provided with a central aperture 102 through which the effluent is drawn. The aperture also provides for the admission of coherent radiation from a helium/neon laser for the purpose hereinafter described. Mounted at the entrance end of the precipitators 24, 24' is a heat exchanger 92.

Each precipitator includes an elongated brass electrode 94 mounted above an opposing elongated brass electrode 96 which supports 200 pin resistors 98 mounted in four rows of 50 equally spaced pin resistors along its length. Each of the pin resistors includes a wire pin 99 projecting from a resistive material 101. Each pin resistor is 1,000 ohms and rated at 5 watts. Four rows of 50 pin resistors are provided as illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. The distal end of each pin resistor is spaced approximately 2'54 cm (1 inch) from the opposing surface of the brass electrode 94. Each of the pin resistors is electrically connected to the electrode 96 by a silver solder.

The brass electrodes 94 and 96 are supported by the end plates 90 and 91 which preferably are made of a ceramic, diaelectric material. End plates 90, 91 include apertures 102, 104, respectively, through which effluent is drawn into and out of the precipitators. Also coherent radiation from a helium neon laser may pass through the apertures.

The electrodes 94 and 96 are connected to a source of high voltage direct current. Electrode 94 is connected to the negative terminal and electrode 96 is connected to the positive terminal. For example, such source may be 15,000 volts. When the precipitators are operating, there will be a current flow between electrodes of between 5 to 50 milliamps.

For the most efficient operation, the effluent is drawn through the precipitator at a rate of approximately 2,944 m³ (105 cubic feet) per minute (measured at the carbon filter 310) although each precipitator will function less efficiently at higher flow rates. The minimum flow rate for each precipitator is approximately 0,566 m³ (20 ft³) per minute.

The precipitators 24, 25 expose a large cross section of the electrodes to the gas and, therefore, operate efficiently to remove any ionized particulates remaining in the effluent.

Optional control over the flow of the gas through the precipitators 24, 24' may be provided by an electro neumatic gate valve 100 which includes a sensor for sensing the presence of light provided by a helium neon laser. A helium neon laser (not shown) is mounted with appropriate optics to direct coherent radiation through the apertures 102 and 104 in end plates 90 and 91. The gate valves 100 are not necessary and may be omitted.

In operation, when the sensor detects the presence of the coherent radiation, this is an indication that there is no effluvia present. If however the gas is present, there will be sufficient reduction of the light intensity by the particulate material to scatter the radiation. This is sensed by the sensor indicating the operating status of precipitators.

The electrostatic precipitator operates by creating an electrostatic field between the brass electrode 94 and the pin resistors 98. Particulates entrapped within the gas are attracted to the pin resistors and thus removed from the effluent. Cleanout petcocks 23 are provided.

The electrostatic precipitators 24 and 24' are mounted in the wall of chamber 28; that is, they extend through walls 14 and 10 into the chamber 300.

Precipitators 24, 24' may be operated singlely or in parallel as desired.

The CO₂ laser 30 is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. As shown, the laser is mounted on I-beams 106 and 108. The I-beam 108 is fixed to a granite slab (not shown). The brass high voltage electrodes 110 and 112 support the gas tube 114 which in turn is covered by a glass cooling jacket 116. The electrodes 110 and 112 are mounted between ceramic insulators 118 and fixed to the I-beams 106, 108 by nylon screws 120. The electrodes 110 and 112 are provided with gas fittings 121 and 122 for connection to a source of carbon dioxide and pumping equipment. The ports 124 and 126 through the electrodes 110 and 112 are closed by zinc selenide windows 128, 130.

High reflectivity mirrors 132 and 134 are mounted at opposite ends of the laser 30. The mirrors are mounted on micro-adjustable precision gimbal mounts for proper adjustment. Mirror 132 is fully reflective whereas mirror 134 is 85% reflective. The output mirror 134 is zinc selenide. The mirror 132 is gold or platinum. A phosphor screen may be selectively inserted in the port 126 to align the front mirror in laser 30.

As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the precipitators 24 and 24' extend through the walls 14 and 10 into the chamber 300 within which is provided one or more vacuum pumps 302. The vacuum pump 302 is designed to create a vacuum which pulls the effluvia through the entire system. In operation, the vacuum pump 302 should draw the effluvia through the system at an overall rate of approximately 8,50 - 14,16 m³ (300-500 cubic feet) per minute although other rates may be desirable in some instances.

The effluvia is pushed by the vacuum pump 302 through pipe 306 into a pool of water 304 located below the chamber 300. The effluvia exits from hole in the lower surface of pipe 306. See Figure 9. The now scrubbed effluvia bubbles through the water 307 in pool 304. The effluvia next flows through a pipe 305 and pump 307 into the chamber 308.

As best shown in Figure 1, the effluvia flows through the carbon filter 310 and pipe 311 into the wind tunnel 312. Three filters 310 are used at a total capacity of 11,33 - 16,99 m³ (400-600 ft³)/minute. The chamber 308 also includes a dehumidifier 314 and a compressor 316. The dehumidifier 314, largely used in warm weather, serves to remove moisture from the effluvia. The compressor 316 is used to draw gases from chamber 308. The overall flow rate through the compressor is 8,50 - 16,99 m³ (300 to 600 ft³) per hour at 875 kPa (125 lbs. per square inch). The wind tunnel may includes emissions testing apparatus.

The carbon filter 310 is used to filter substantially all of the remaining particulate matter from the effluvia which then flows into the wind tunnel 312.

The purpose of the wind tunnel 312 is to dilute the effluent, which now consists essentially of carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxygen (O₂) and water for exhaust into the atmosphere. The wind tunnel 312 includes a fan 318 which draws air into wind tunnel through the heat exchanger 320. As shown, the wind tunnel 312 is an elongated chamber which preferably is set at an approximately 45° angle to the horizontal with the fan 318 at the higher elevation. The wind tunnel 312 is lined with ceramic tile. The horizontal wind tunnel 312 gives easy access for maintenance; allows for a draw or negative pressure throughout the plant; provides easy access for emissions monitoring; and allows for the use of an argon laser for opacity analysis and laser spectrum analysis.

The wind tunnel 312 includes a carbon filter 322 for removing particulate matter from the air prior to mixing the air with the effluent.

Within the wind tunnel, effluent is mixed with air and then exhausted by the fan 316 into the atmosphere. The wind tunnel exhausts mixed air and air quality effluvia at a rate of 141,6 m³ (5,000 ft³) per minute.

An air quality monitor 324 is mounted on the wall of the wind tunnel 312 adjacent to the fan.

Figure 3 illustrates the manner in which the slag is treated as it flows from the primary reaction chamber 16. The liquid slag stream flows down exit tube 66. In the course of its flow down the tube, the slag begins to harden. The liquid flows through a stream of compressed air directed into the tube 66 through the pipe 332. The compressed air causes the liquid stream to separate into small globules which ultimately harden into individual pebbles as they are cooled by the heat exchanger 330. These slag pebbles then flow through tube 42 into the collection container 43.

The liquid stream next flows through the tube 328 which is surrounded by the heat exchanger 330. The lava is cooled by the heat exchanger 330.

A more detailed description of the process is as follows:

The process of reducing solid waste material to a more readily disposable slag is commenced by placing a mixture of solid waste (e.g. steel waste) and excitation material in reaction chamber 16. For example, a bed of 50% steel chips (4,53 - 6,79 kg) (10-15 lbs.) and 50% particulate coal (4,53 - 6,79 kg) (10-15 Ibs.) together with a small quantity of wood chips (e.g. 0,453 kg (1 lb.)) is placed on the floor of the chamber. The starting material may also be 40% rebar, 30% wood chips and 30% coal by weight, for example. Coherent radiation at about 150 watts/cm² cw is directed at the bed which is positioned at the excitation point 38. The hopper 50 is filled with mixed metal chips, coal, glass and wood chips in readiness for feeding into the primary chamber 16 through the tube 56. The hopper 50 may be continuously filled from the tipping bay 53. Enough mixed steel chips and coal should be available to maintain the process once initiated. Present calculations indicate that the process should reduce the solid waste steel chips at a rate of approximately 4'53 kg (10 lbs) per minute.

The particulate coal presently used in both the starter and feed mixes is so-called "rice coal". Rice coal is oval in shape 19,05 mm (3/4") along its major axis, 12,7 mm (1/2") along its minor axis, and 6,35 mm (1/4") thick). Rice coal is readily available. However, other particle sizes (both smaller and larger) may be used. Generally larger particle sizes may be used for reaction chambers larger than the chamber 16 described herein.

The coherent radiation from laser 30 impinges upon the starter material until it reaches a temperature or 1353°C (2,500°F) or greater. It has been found that the use of particulates as a starter material allows the heating process to commence rapidly within primary reaction chamber 16.

Within 3 to 20 seconds after initiation of the process, oxygen is introduced through the 6 lances 70 located near the bottom of the chamber 16. The oxygen is introduced at approximately 56,64 m³ (2,000 ft³)/hr. (9,43 m³ (333 ft³)/hr. per lance). A range of 25,49 - 33,98 m³ (900 to 1,200 ft³)/hr may be used depending upon the effect on air quality in the wind tunnel. The oxygen from lances 70 is emitted into the primary reaction chamber 16 at an angle so that the gases within that chamber are forced to swirl within the chamber, which helps distribute the heat throughout the chamber. Upon introduction of the oxygen, the temperature of the starting material rises within chamber 16 to over 1631°C (3,000°F). This takes about 5 to 45 minutes until the starting mixture fuses to puddles of liquid.

As the starter material reaches operating temperatures, the gate valve 54 is opened and the particulate solid waste and excitation material such as coal mix is continuously fed into the primary reaction chamber.

The solid waste and excitation material is injected into chamber starting at a rate 4,53 - 9,06 N (1 to 2 lbs.)/min. The material is fed at this rate until a 228,6 mm (9") diameter liquid bath about 12,7 mm (1/2") deep forms in the bottom of chamber 16. The feed rate is then increased to 3 lbs./min. until the bath grows to a depth of 5'08 cm (2 inches). The feed rate is then increased to 14,949 kg (33 lbs.)/min., which is the typical operating rate for this particular system. The energy for fusing the solid waste (steel chips in this example) is supplied by the particulate coal; i.e. 87921'3 watts (3,000,000 btu/hr). Once the process is underway, the compressor 316 recirculates effluvia into the chamber 16 at a rate of 11,33 - 16,99 m³ (400-600 ft³)/hr.

The feed rates and composition of the feed mix will be adjusted empirically depending upon the solid waste material being combusted. Specifically, the parameters are adjusted to reach chamber temperatures in excess of 1993°C (2,000°F), that is in the range of 1093 - 1631°C (2,000-3,000°F).

Once the slag has filled chamber 16 as described above, it flows down tube 66. The slag can be converted into a pebble-like form by a blast of compressed air from tube 332 or can be poured into a mold. As the slag pebbles leave tube 66, the coherent radiation from laser 326, if used, causes them to anneal and thereby better lock in any remaining metals or other constituents. The slag then falls through tube 328 surrounded by heat exchanger 330 which cools it further. The hardened slag flows through tube 42 into the container 43. When container 43 is filled, it may be moved outdoors to allow the slag to reach ambient temperatures and thereafter be transferred to another site.

The hot gaseous effluvia from the heating process flows up tube 65 into the chamber 18. The effluvia flowing into the secondary chamber 18 includes products of combustion and inorganics.

It has been found, however, that the level of PIC's produced using the method and apparatus of the present invention is low. The high temperatures in chamber 16 (above 1093°C (2,000°F)) leave virtually no PIC's in the effluvia. The liquid stream is at 1631°C (3,000°F+). The temperature above the bath is 1093°C - 1371°C (2,000°F-2,500°F). Measurements indicate that 99% of the undesirable materials are being transformed in the chamber 16.

Chamber 18 greatly enhances the total output of the system by providing an efficient means for treating the effluvia. This allows better control of the effluvia for ultimately exhausting it into the atmosphere. Specifically, the effluvia is rapidly cooled as it passes from chamber 16 (1260°C - 1315'5°C (2,300°F-2,400°F) at the entrance to tube 65 into and out of chamber 18. This cooling removes most of the particulate matter as the effluvia temperature decreases by 538°C - 815'5°C (1,000°F to 1,500°F) causing the particulate to precipitate in chamber 18. Residence time in chamber 18 is about 2 seconds.

The effluvia is drawn from the secondary chamber 18 through the primary stack 20 where it is further cooled. The heated effluvia then passes through precipitator 25.

The precipitator 25 ionizes remaining the particulate matter in the effluvia, such as the heavy metals and arsenic, and causes them to collect on or about the electrodes. The precipitator 25 includes petcocks 23 which permit the collected particles to be removed.

The effluvia flows up the secondary stack 22 and through the heat exchanger 26 into the cooling chamber 28 at approximately 260°C (500°F). Within the cooling chamber 28, the heat exchanger 260 reduces the temperature of the effluvia to between 38 + 93°C (100 and 200°F).

The effluvia then flows through one or both of the precipitators 24 and 24' where additional remaining particulate matter is substantially electrostatically removed from the effluvia.

The vacuum pump 302 forces the effluvia to flow from chamber 300 through a pipe below the surface of pool 304 which is filled with water.

The water neutralizes certain oxides remaining in the effluvia. Thus sulphur dioxide (SO₂) becomes sulphur trioxide (SO₃) which, in the water, converts to sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄). Moreover, any ozone (O₃) is converted to oxygen.

The effluent is bubbled up from pipe 306, to pipe 305 into 3 carbon filters 310 (combined capacity 8,49 - 14,16 m^3" (300-500 ft³/min.)) and then passes into the wind tunnel 312. Pump 307 assists in this process. The fan 316 mixes the effluent with atmospheric air. At this point the effluent consists of dilute carbon dioxide and water vapor. This effluent is freely exhausted into the atmosphere at 15,6 - 21,1°C (60°F-70°F).

In a test conducted using the apparatus and process of the present invention, a sample of solid waste having the following constituents was reduced: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none" compact="compact"><li>Rice Coal - 5-10% by weight</li><li>Aluminum and Steel Chips - 75% by weight</li><li>Waste Glass or Sand - 10% by weight</li><li>Wood Chips - 1-5% by weight</li><li>Miscellaneous - 5% by weight</li><li>Injection rate - 14,949 kg (33 lbs)/min</li><li>O₂ (CFM) - 2,000 CFH; 33.3 CFM</li><li>O₂ kPa (PSI) - 703 kPa (100 psi.)</li></ul>

The aluminum and steel chips are industrial waste such as aluminum stampings and cold rolled steel shavings. Waste glass simulates the presence of silica. Wood chips provide additional fuel. And the miscellaneous materials include cutting oils and debris.

The burn lasted from 11:20 A.M. to 1:05 P.M. and was monitored every 5 minutes.

The air quality and temperature readings for the effluent were as follows: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="12" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="12" colname="col12" colwidth="13.12mm" /><thead valign="top"><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="center"><b>AIR QUALITY AND TEMPERATURE READINGS:</b></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col5" align="center">Activated Carbon Exhaust from Filter 310</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col12" align="center">External to Wind Tunnel 312</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Time</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">SO₂</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">LEL</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">CO</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">O₂</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="center">SO₂</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="center">LEL</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="center">CO</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="center">O₂</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="center">Temp</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="center">Argon</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="center">Partclt</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">10:39</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">0</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">21.2</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">0</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.3</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(66.1) 18'94</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">1.49</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.119</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">11:20</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">45</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">21.7</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">0</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.3</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(66.9) 19'38</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">2.24</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.117</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">11:25</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.7</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">86</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">22.8</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">1</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.3</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.0) 19'44</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">4.20</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.117</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">11:30</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">113</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">23.1</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.3</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.1) 19'49</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">3.67</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.117</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">11:35</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.4</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">112</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">24.5</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.3</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.2) 19'55</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">2.76</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.119</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">11:40</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.1</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">86</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">26.7</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">7</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.4</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.4) 19'66</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">2.50</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.116</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">11:45</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.3</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">147</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">26.8</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">10</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.5</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.6) 19'77</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">2.40</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.115</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">11:50</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">215</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">25.3</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">8</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.7</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.7) 19'83</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">3.40</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.111</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">11:55</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">2.0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">196</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">24.8</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">10</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.6</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.8) 19'88</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">3.00</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.110</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:00</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">4.0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">184</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">24.4</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.0</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">14</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.6</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.9) 19'94</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">2.72</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.110</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:05</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.7</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">189</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">26.2</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.1</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">12</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.6</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(68.0) 19'99</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">2.40</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.112</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:10</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.7</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">171</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">26.1</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.2</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">9</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.6</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(68.1) 20'05</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">2.27</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.108</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:15</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.3</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">5</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">574</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">24.8</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.3</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">10</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.7</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(68.3) 20'16</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">1.51</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.107</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:20</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.7</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">7</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">728</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">23.8</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.2</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">14</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.6</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(68.4) 20'22</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">2.00</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.107</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:25</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.9</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">7</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">570</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">23.7</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.1</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">21</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.6</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(68.5) 20'27</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">1.53</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.107</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:30</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.9</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">7</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">546</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">24.4</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.1</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">23</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.6</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(68.7) 20'38</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">1.40</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.092</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:35</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.6</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">5</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">518</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">25.0</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.1</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">21</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.5</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(68.8) 20'44</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">1.23</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.100</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:40</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">1.0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">5</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">528</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">25.2</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.2</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">38</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.6</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(68.9) 20'49</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" align="right">0.85</entry><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" align="right">.093</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">12:55</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">485</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">28.5</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" /><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" /><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" /><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" /><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" /><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" /><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" /></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="12" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="6" colname="col6" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="7" colname="col7" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="8" colname="col8" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="9" colname="col9" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="10" colname="col10" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="11" colname="col11" colwidth="13.12mm" /><colspec colnum="12" colname="col12" colwidth="13.12mm" /><thead valign="top"><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="left">Averages (excluding the preliminary reading at 10:39 a.m., taken before test started)</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0.96</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">305</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="right">24.8</entry><entry namest="col6" nameend="col6" align="right">0.07</entry><entry namest="col7" nameend="col7" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col8" nameend="col8" align="right">12</entry><entry namest="col9" nameend="col9" align="right">21.5</entry><entry namest="col10" nameend="col10" align="right">(67.9) 19'94</entry><entry namest="col11" nameend="col11" /><entry namest="col12" nameend="col12" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="right">Legend</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="right">SO₂ = Sulphur Dioxide measured in parts per million (PPM)</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="right">LEL = Lower Explosive Limit measured in percent (%) by volume</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="right">CO = Carbon Monoxide measured in parts per million (PPM)</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="right">O₂ = Oxygen measured in percent (%) by volume</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="right">Temp = Temperature measured in degrees (°) Celsius (Fahrenheit)</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="right">Argon = Argon laser measuring opacity in milliwatts (mW)</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col12" align="right">Partclt = Background Particulate readings in milliwatts (mW)</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

A solid sample of slag collected from another test rund one at about the same time and using substantially the same waste and operating parameters was tested by an independent laboratory with these results: <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">E.P. Toxicity</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">(Recovery 95%+)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Arsenic (As)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">less than 0.05</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Cadmium (Cd)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">less than 0.05</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Chromium (Cr)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">less than 0.05</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Lead (Pb)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">less than 0.05</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Selenium (Se)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">less than 0.05</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Silver (Ag)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">less than 0.05</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Barium (Ba)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">less than 0.1</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Mercury (Hg)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">less than 0.005</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

Other hazardous wastes may be treated in the same manner. Infectious waste is reduced in the primary reaction chamber 16.

The process has been described for fusing steel waste and coal as the excitation material. The process is also applicable to incinerator ash and rebar as a solid waste.