4-substituted isoxazole herbicides.

0001The present invention relates to herbicides.

0002In the food agricultural industry, it is useful to provide the public with a variety of herbicides.

0003US-A-4,339,588, discloses that 4-hydroxyisoxazole and its lower alkyl and acyl derivatives having the following structure have herbicidal and plant growth regulating properties: <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0001.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R is hydrogen, lower acyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms, lower alkyl containing up to 6 carbon atoms, substituted and unsubstituted phenyl and benzyl. Although herbicidal properties of 4-hydroxyisoxazole and its lower alkyl and acyl derivatives are disclosed, herbicidal properties of the starting material, 4-isoxazole carboxylic acid, are not disclosed or suggested.

0004Herbicidally active isoxazolyl-imidazolidinone derivatives are disclosed in US-A-4,836,845. The American Cyanamid patent does not disclose or suggest that the compounds useful in the methods of this invention have herbicidal properties.

0005US-A-3,321,313 discloses oxazolium salts useful as hardeners for gelatin.

0006US-A-4,741,763 discloses compounds of the structure: <chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0002.tif" /></chemistry>    There is a continuing need to provide the public with alternative methods for controlling undesirable plant growth. This is especially true in the agricultural sector. A variety of methods are needed to give users a better selection so that their specific needs are met.

0007The present invention solves the problem of the public need for alternative herbicides. According to the invention, there is provided a method of controlling plant growth comprising applying to the plants or to a habitat thereof a herbicidally effective amount of a compound characterized as having the structure: <chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0003.tif" /></chemistry> wherein    R is selected from carboxy, carboxylate salt, carboxylate ester, formyl, halomethyl or a substituted methyl group capable of ambient oxidation or hydrolysis to a carboxy group, wherein the substituent on the substituted methyl group consists of an aliphatic group having a heteroatom-containing group.

0008In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of controlling plant growth comprising applying to the plants or to a habitat thereof a herbicidally effective amount of a compound characterized as having the structure: <chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0004.tif" /></chemistry> wherein n is 2 or 3 and X is acetoxy, phenoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, <u>t</u>-butoxycarbonyl, pentadecyloxycarbonyl, carboxyphenoxycarbonyl, 2-tetrahydropyranyloxy, butoxycarbonyloxy, <u>N</u>-methylcarbamoyloxy, <u>N</u>-methyl-<u>N</u>-phenylcarbamoyloxy, N-tolylcarbamoyloxy, <u>N</u>-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamoyloxy, methylsulfonyloxy, tosyloxy, phenoxy, carboxy, carbamoyl, anilinocarbonyl, 4-methoxyanilinocarbonyl, 4-chloroanilinocarbonyl, dichloroanilinocarbonyl, 4-(carboxyethyl)anilinocarbonyl, 3-trifluoromethylanilinocarbonyl, 4-propylanilinocarbonyl, 4-cyanoanilinocarbonyl, 4-methanamidoanilinocarbonyl, 4-nitroanilinocarbonyl, 4-phenylsulfonylanilinocarbonyl, 4-benzenesulfonamidoanilinocarbonyl.

0009In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of controlling plant growth comprising applying to the plants or to a habitat thereof a herbicidally effective amount of a compound characterized as having the structure: <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0005.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R¹ is selected from hydroxy, alkoxy wherein the alkyl portion has 1 to 10 carbon atoms and consists of an aliphatic group, meta or para substituted phenoxy, amino, unsubstituted anilino, meta substituted anilino, para substituted anilino, and alkylamino wherein the alkyl portion has 1 to 10 carbon atoms and consists of a straight-chain aliphatic group having a hetero atom containing group.

0010In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a herbicidal composition containing an inert carrier, and, as an active ingredient, an effective amount of a compound according to the formulas as described above.

0011In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a solid herbicidal composition comprising a surfactant in an amount effective to prevent crystallization of the herbicide and an effective amount of a compound according to the formulas described above.

0012In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a wettable powder herbicidal composition comprising from 75% to 25% of a solid carrier and 25% to 75% of a solid solution of a surfactant and an active ingredient, wherein the surfactant is present in an amount effective to prevent crystallization of the active ingredient characterized as the 4-substituted isoxazole described in the formulas above.

0013It is an advantageous feature of this invention that it provides an alternative to existing herbicidal methods.

0014It is also an advantageous feature of this invention that it provides a herbicidal method using a class of herbicides which combine the features of effectiveness and stability over a long period of time.

0015The invention provides a method of controlling plant growth comprising applying to the plants or to a habitat thereof a herbicidally effective amount of a compound having the structure <chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0006.tif" /></chemistry> wherein    R is selected from carboxy, carboxylate salt, carboxylate ester, formyl,    halomethyl including dihalomethyl and trihalomethyl wherein the halogen atom is chloro, bromo, iodo, or fluoro, or    a substituted methyl group capable of ambient oxidation or hydrolysis to a carboxy group wherein the substituent on the substituted methyl group consists of an aliphatic group having a heteroatom-containing group. Substituted methyl groups capable of ambient oxidation to a carboxy group are well known in the art, such as 3-acetoxypropyl. Preferred substituted methyl groups are carboxyalkenyl or esters thereof or haloalkenyl groups wherein the carboxy group (carboxylate ester) or the halo atom is appended to an unsaturated carbon of the alkenyl group. Examples of such carboxyalkenyls or haloalkenyls are 2-carboxyvinyl, 2-ethoxycarbonylvinyl, 1-bromo-1-propenyl and 1-bromo-1-octenyl.

0016Ambient oxidation is defined for the purposes of this invention as oxidation by natural surroundings as opposed to oxidation using chemicals or temperature variations.

0017The oxidation mechanisms which the substituted methyl groups undergo include a-oxidation mechanisms, ö-oxidation mechanisms, and other oxidation mechanisms which are well known in the art. Examples of substituted methyl groups not capable of beta-oxidative activation include hydroxyethyl and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypropyl.

0018Preferred substituted methyl groups include ones that are capable of direct oxidation, such as hydroxymethyl or formyl, and ones that are capable of ö-oxidation, such as hydroxypropyl.

0019Examples of straight-chain aliphatic groups having a hetero-atom containing group including nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which are in, or directly appended via the hetero atom to, the aliphatic chain which are useful within the scope of this invention include carboxyethyl, acetoxypropyl, benzyloxycarbonylethyl, pentoxycarbonylpropyl, <u>t</u>-butoxycarbonylbutyl, phenoxycarbonylpropyl, benzyloxycarboxylpropyl, <u>N</u>-methylcarbamoyloxypropyl, methylsulfonyloxypropyl, tosyloxypropyl, carbamoylethyl, <u>N</u>,<u>N</u>-h(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoylethyl, <u>N</u>-phenylcarbamoylethyl, <u>N</u>-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamoylethyl, <u>N</u>-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamoylethyl, and 2-[3-(4-isoxazolyl)propoxycarbonyl]ethyl.

0020The invention also provides a method of controlling plant growth comprising applying to the plants or to a habitat thereof a herbicidally effective amount of a compound having the structure: <chemistry id="chem0007" num="0007"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0007.tif" /></chemistry> wherein n is 2 or 3 and X is acyloxy, such as acetoxy, aryloxycarbonyl, such as phenoxycarbonyl, carboxyphenoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl such as benzyloxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, <u>t</u>-butoxycarbonyl, pentadecyloxycarbonyl, heterocyclyloxy, such as 2-tetrahydropyranyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy such as butoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy such as <u>N</u>-methylcarbamoyloxy, <u>N</u>-methyl-<u>N</u>-phenylcarbamoyloxy, N-tolylcarbamoyloxy, <u>N</u>-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamoyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, such as methylsulfonyloxy and arylsulfonyloxy, such as tosyloxy, carboxy, carbamoyl, such as <u>N</u>-phenylcarbamoyl, N-(4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(dichlorophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-carboxyphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-propylphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-cyanophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-methanamidophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-nitrophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-phenylsulfonylphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-benzenesulfonamidophenyl)carbamoyl.

0021Examples of X for the method described above wherein n is 3 are acetoxy, phenoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, <u>t</u>-butoxycarbonyl, pentadecyloxycarbonyl, carboxyphenoxycarbonyl, oxy-2-tetrahydropyranyl, butoxycarbonyloxy, <u>N</u>-methylcarbamoyloxy, <u>N</u>-methyl-<u>N</u>-phenylcarbamoyloxy, <u>N</u>-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamoyloxy, methylsulfonyloxy, tosyloxy. Preferred compounds for the method described above include compounds wherein n is 3 and X is acetoxy, phenoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyloxy, methylsulfonyloxy and tosyloxy.

0022Examples of X for the method described above wherein n is 2 are carboxy, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(phenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(dichlorophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-carboxyphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-propylphenylcarbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-cyanophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-methanamidophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-nitrophenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(phenylsulfonylphenyl)carbamoyl, <u>N</u>-(4-benzenesulfonamidophenyl)carbamoyl.

0023The invention further provides a method of controlling plant growth comprising applying to the plants or to a habitat thereof a herbicidally effective amount of a compound having the structure: <chemistry id="chem0008" num="0008"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0008.tif" /></chemistry> wherein R¹ is selected from    hydroxy,    alkoxy wherein the alkyl portion has 1 to 10 carbon atoms and consists of an aliphatic group such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy,    meta substituted phenoxy and para substituted phenoxy, wherein the substituents comprise substituted or unsubstituted alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, carboxyethyl, alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, halo such as chloro, iodo, fluoro, bromo, including dihalo and trihalo such as 3,4-dichloro and trifluoro, cyano, nitro, phenylsulfonyl, benzamido, alkylformamido of 1 to 5 carbon atoms and alkylsulfonamido such as benzenesulfonamido,    amino, alkylamino including dialkylamino wherein the alkyl portion is substituted or unsubstituted and has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, carboxyethyl, and so on,    anilino, meta substituted anilino and para substituted anilino wherein the substituents comprise substituted or unsubstituted alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, halo, cyano, nitro, phenylsulfonyl, benzamido, alkylformamido of 1 to 5 carbon atoms and alkylsulfonamido.

0024Compounds of this class are particularly stable while having good herbicidal activity and are therefore, preferred.

0025The preparation of 4-substituted isoxazoles is disclosed in US-A-3,321,313 discussed above wherein the preparation of 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-isoxazole is disclosed. In general, 4-substituted isoxazoles are prepared according to the following reaction schemes:- <chemistry id="chem0009" num="0009"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0009.tif" /></chemistry> In general, aldehydes adjacent methylene groups may be converted to their corresponding enol ethers via acetal formation followed by pyrolysis. These ethers give rise to malonaldehyde bisacetals upon treatment with orthoformate esters in the presence of Lewis acid catalysis (for example borontrifluoride etherate). These acetals, either treated with aqueous acid followed by hydroxylamine hydrochloride or treated directly with aqueous hydroxylamine hydrochloride, yielded the corresponding isoxazoles.

0026Isoxazoles unsubstituted upon carbon-3 are base unstable. They decompose to form alphacyano-carbonyl derivatives. Base sensitivity is increased with electron-withdrawing substitution. Under reducing conditions, the isoxazole nitrogen to oxygen bond may be cleaved. Isoxazoles are generally very stable to strong acids, including concentrated sulfuric acid.

0027Application of the compounds which are useful in the process of the invention for purposes of herbicidal control can be accomplished employing both conventional type formulation and equipment. The compounds may, for instance, be formulated as wettable powders, dusts, dust concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates and the like which are amenable to application with conventional spraying or dusting apparatus.

0028A herbicidally effective amount of the compounds of this invention must be employed to successfully control plant growth. For purposes of this invention, generally, this amount is defined as employing the compounds as the active ingredient in an amount of from 0.28 kg to 22.4 kg of compound per hectare of area where control of undesirable plant species is desired.

0029For use in agriculture, the herbicides useful in this invention may be advantageously formulated as wettable powders. Wettable powders are usually prepared by grinding and milling the ingredient with a solid carrier, such as kaolin, diatomaceous earth, synthetic calcium silicate, fullers earth (calcium montmorillonite), talc, pumice, and the like. Usually, 25% to 75% by weight of solid carrier, is used. In addition, there is generally added 1% to 5% by weight of a dispersing agent, such as alkali metal salts of naphthalene sulfonic acid and anionic-nonionic blends, and from 1% to 5% by weight of a surfactant, such as polyoxyethylene alcohols, acids, adducts, sorbitan fatty acide esters, sorbital esters, and the like. The amount of solid carrier is then reduced accordingly to compensate for the amount of dispersing agent(s) and surfactant(s) incorporated into the formulation.

0030Wettable powders are prepared in the same manner as the dust concentrates excepting that 1% to 5% by weight of a dispersing agent such as the calcium salt of a polymerized alkyl aryl sulfonic acid, sodium lignosulfate, or sodium salt of condensed naphthalene sulfonic acid is blended with the mixture and 1% to 5% of a surfactant, such as polyoxyethylated vegetable oil, alkyl phenoxy polyoxyethylene ethanol, sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate is also blended with the formulation.

0031Wettable powder formulations are generally prepared by admixing from 25 percent to 95 percent, by weight, of active ingredient with finely ground clay, such as kaolin or attapulgite, either with or without a surface active agent, emulsifier or spreader-sticker. The latter is then dispersed in water for spray application.

0032Wettable powders are usually dispersed in water and applied as dilute aqueous sprays at a rate of 0.28 kg to 22.4 kg/hectare of active ingredient to the area where control of undesirable plant species is desired.

0033In practice, the wettable powder is dispersed in water and applied as a liquid spray to the foliage of undesirable plants. Application rates should be sufficient to provide 0.25 to 10 pounds per acre of the pyrazolium salt and, although 0.5 to 5.0 pounds per acre of the salt is generally satisfactory to control undesirable broadleaf weeds and undesirable grass plants, it should be recognized that rates exceeding 10 and as high as 20 pounds per acre can be used. These higher rates would, of course, be used in areas such as railroad sidings, beneath power lines and along hedge rows bordering property lines and fields.

0034Advantageously, many of the compounds useful in the process of this invention demonstrate a high degree of water solubility and lend themselves to the preparation of aqueous concentrates. Among the preferred salts are the alkali metal salts, ammonium salts or alkylammonium salts. In practice, the aqueous concentrates may be applied directly as a liquid spray to the foliage of undesirable broadleaf weeds and grassy plants. Alternatively, they may be further diluted with water and applied as dilute aqueous sprays to these undesirable plants.

0035The water-miscible concentrates are prepared by dissolving a wide range of percentages of one or more compounds of the invention in a water-miscible solvent, such as water itself or another polar water-miscible solvent, such as 2-methoxyethanol, methanol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, formamide, and dimethylformamide. Application of the material is made by adding a predetermined quantity of the water-miscible concentrate to a spray tank and applying the mixture as such or in combination with a suitable diluent, such as a further quantity of water or one of the above polar solvents.

0036The performance of the product in all of the above formulations, which are applied as liquid sprays, is expected to improve by the addition of a surfactant or blend of surfactants. Conventional anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants may be employed.

0037Illustrative nonionic surfactants are: alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers, polyoxethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monoleate, alkylarylpolyglycol ethers, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, trimethyl nonyl polyethylene glycol ethers, alkyl phenol ethylene oxide condensates, octyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanols, nonylphenyl polyethylene glycol ethers, condensates of polyoxy ethylenes, polyoxypropylenes, aliphatic polyethers, aliphatic polyesters, alkylaryl polyoxyethylene glycols, and the like.

0038Exemplary anionic surfactants include sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and the dioctyl ester of sodium sulfosuccinic acid.

0039Suitable cationic surfactants include dicoco dimethylammonium chloride, stearamidopropyl dimethyl betahydroxyethylammonium nitrate and the like.

0040These surfactants are preferably added to the spray tank at the rate of 0.1% to 5% by volume to provide good wetting of the spray solution on plant foliage.

0041Herbicidal concentrates containing surfactants are preferably formulated as aqueous sprays containing approximately 30% by weight of the appropriate salt, from 25% to 50% by weight of water and the remainder of the formulation (25%-45% weight) of a selected surfactant. Surfactants which are especially useful in preparing suitable surfactant containing concentrates include an octylphenol ethylene oxide condensate, an ethanolic solution of an alkylphenol ethoxylate, a polyglycolic ether condensate produced from ethylene oxide and an alkyl phenol, and an alkyl aryl polyglycolic ether.

0042Dusts are generally prepared by grinding together 1% to 25% by weight of the active agent with from 99% to 75% by weight of a solid diluent such as kaolin, attapulgite, talc, pumice, diatomaceous earth, fullers earth (calcium montmorillonite), wood flour, or the like.

0043Dust concentrates are prepared in similar fashion excepting that 25% to 95% by weight of the active agent is ground with 75% to 5% by weight of the diluent.

0044Dusts and dust concentrates are similarly prepared using from 5 percent to 95 percent of active ingredient and from 95 to 5 percent of finely divided inert ingredients. These dusts are generally applied as such, or they may be further diluted with finely ground inert solids and then applied with conventional dusting apparatus.

0045Emulsifiable concentrates may be prepared by dissolving or dispersing the active ingredient and organic solvent, with or without emulsifying agents, surfactants or the like. Such formulations are then diluted with either water or an appropriate organic diluent prior to application.

0046For application of the compounds useful in the process of this invention to the foliage of the undesirable plant species, the compounds are generally formulated as postemergence herbicidal compositions by admixing a herbicidal adjuvant with a herbicidally effective amount of the compound. Suitable adjuvants include one or more conventionally solid or liquid carriers, diluents and formulation aids, particularly surfactants.

0047The invention is illustrated by the following Example:-

Bioassay of Potential Herbicides

- Primary Screen

00487.5 x 7.6 x 6 cm units were filled with steam-sterilized soil and held in greenhouse flats (43 x 43 x 5 cm). The depth of planting and number of seeds per unit varied with each species.

0049Weeds tested included: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" align="center">Abbreviation</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">a. Barnyard grass (<u>Echinochloa</u><u>crusgalli</u>)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">BYGRASS</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">b. Green foxtail (<u>Setaria</u><u>viridis</u>)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">FOXTAIL</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">c. Wild oats (<u>Avena</u><u>fatua</u>)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">WILDOAT</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">d. Nightshade (<u>Solanum</u><u>sp</u>.)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">NSHADE</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">e. Velvetleaf (<u>Abutilon theophrasti</u>)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">VLEAF</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">f. Annual morningglory (<u>Ipomoea</u><u>purpurea</u>)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">MGLORY</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">h. Yellow nutsedge (<u>Cyperus</u><u>esculentus</u>)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">YNUTSED</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">i. Pigweed (<u>Amaranthus</u><u>retroflexus</u>)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">PWEED</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">j. Downy brome (<u>Bromus</u><u>teotorum</u>)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">DBROME</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0050Rationale for selection of these species included: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>a. Affected plants were indicators of symptomology of herbicides.</li><li>b. One or more species was sensitive to all United States commercial herbicides at the 4 pounds per acre rate.</li><li>c. Each species represents a different genus.</li><li>d. Economic importance.</li><li>e. Will germinate within 7 days and grow very well every month of the year.</li><li>f. Available source of viable seeds.</li></ul>

0051Germination tests were routinely conducted on new shipments of weeds to establish a baseline viability.

0052Preemergence test: Seeds were planted in a sandyloam soil mixture (3 parts sandy loam soil to 1 part perlite). Weed seeds were planted at the following densities using a volumetric measurement. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Weed Species</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">No. Seeds/Pot</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Barnyardgrass</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">50</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Green foxtail</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">45</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Wild oats</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">55</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Nightshade</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">35</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Velvet leaf</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">20</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Annual Morningglory</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">10</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Yellow nutsedge</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">10</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Pigweed</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">35</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Downy brome</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">50</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0053Postemergence test: Seeds were planted as described above except supersoil (fir bark, redwood, Canadian peat, and sand) was used. Plants were fertilized weekly with a 10:10:10 fertilizer mix.

0054Seedlings were thinned to the following densities: <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Weed Species</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">No. Seeds/Pot</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Barnyardgrass</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">40</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Green foxtail</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">40</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Wild oats</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">40</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Nightshade</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">20</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Velvet leaf</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">20</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Annual Morningglory</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">5</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Yellow nutsedge</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">5</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Pigweed</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">10</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Downy brome</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">4</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0055The preemergence test consisted of spraying the soil surface with the test compound at 4 pounds active ingredient per acre using a belt sprayer equipped with an overhead nozzle. A mixture of an octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol surface active agent, a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate surface active agent, and a sorbitan monolaurate surface active agent was added at 1000 ppm to increase spreadability of the compound. The compound was applied at 100 gallons per acre and 21.9 grams per square inch, and the belt speed was 0.5 miles per hour. Spraying was done within 6 hrs. after planting. The soil was watered shortly after treatment and received daily watering of a fine mist. Little or no drainage of water out of the cup bottoms occured.

0056Postemergence tests involved spraying of established seedlings using the same equipment and formulation as noted above. Weeds used in postemergence studies were held in moist soil without additional watering for 48 hrs. and then received daily watering of a fine mist spray.

0057A test consisted of <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>a. Control - seed only</li><li>b. Test - seed plus compound</li><li>c. Standard</li></ul>

0058One replicate of each test was conducted. The level of control was periodically evaluated with a written evaluation at one and two weeks posttreatment.

0059The percentage preemergence weed control was assessed using a ranking of 0 to 4, <tables id="tabl0004" num="0004"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ranking</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">0</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Near 100% germination, no phytotoxicity observed.</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Near 75% seed germination, no phytotoxicity to seedlings.</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Seed germination delayed, over 50% seed germination, and/or some phytotoxicity.</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Less than 50% seed germination and/or extensive phytotoxicity to established plants.</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">No observed germination and/or establishment.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0060Postemergence evaluation: <tables id="tabl0005" num="0005"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Ranking</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">0</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">No chlorosis, suppression or inhibition of plant growth, and so forth observed.</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">1</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Minimal phytotoxicity, plants generally healthy.</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">2</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Less than 50% plant injury, recovery evident.</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">Over 50% plant injury, some plant death.</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">4</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="left">All plants dead with no recovery.</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0061The test results are reported in Tables I, II and III. <tables id="tabl0006" num="0006"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0010.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0007" num="0007"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0011.tif" /></tables><tables id="tabl0008" num="0008"><img file="EP0476760A2_D0012.tif" /></tables>