Mono or multilayer deposits on a substrat and process for making them.

The invention relates to layer elements attached to supports, which can be single or multi-layered. The individual layers are applied from a solution of organic materials that are suitable for the layer formation first to a modified support and then to the respective previous layer. These layer elements are thus built up by sequential physisorption (salt formation). The invention thus also relates to the production of such layer elements.

Coated supports are widely used in industrial technology. For example, the friction properties of materials can be adapted to a desired purpose by appropriate treatment of their surface. Furthermore, it can be a protective film for the underlying carrier in order to preserve their special surface properties. In particular, however, coated carriers have recently been used as components in components for optical communication technology and as electronic and optoelectronic information stores.

Particularly for electronic and optical purposes, it is necessary to produce extremely thin, defect-free multi-layer coatings, the layers of which have a high degree of order and an adjustable, largely homogeneous layer thickness, with this high degree of order being maintained even in the area of ​​a large number of coating layers.

The thin layers made from suitable organic materials therefore represent the basis for defect-free systems ordered at the molecular level, as are required, for example, for<ul id="ul0001" list-style="dash"><li>optical applications (directional radiation with low attenuation, e.g. optical fibers with non-linear optical properties),</li><li>electrical applications (electrical conductors with high anisotropy, eg one-dimensional or two-dimensional conductors in the field of molecular electronics),</li><li>"Host lattice" for the defined incorporation or specific binding of functional groups or molecules.</li></ul>

Further areas of application of such layer elements attached to supports are the modification of electrodes and their use in the catalysis of chemical reactions, as well as sensors, biosensors, surface coatings (for example coating cationic surfaces, for example the inside of tubes, with heparin to increase biocompatibility).

The most widely investigated method for producing ultra-thin films and multi-layer layers is the classic Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. The layers are built up by sequential transfer of monolayers from a water surface to a solid substrate. This method is characterized by a relatively high outlay on equipment, which nevertheless allows the coating of only small supports. The organic material for building up the layers must have a sufficient ability to spread on the water surface.

Attempts have also been made to make supports containing carboxyl groups, such as can be produced, for example, by oxidation of polyethylene supports, as the basis for uniform coating. For this purpose, for example, long-chain carboxylic acids were brought from the solution onto the carrier described with the aid of calcium ions. The calcium ions mediate an ionic bond between the carboxyl groups of the carrier and the applied carboxylic acid. Since dicarboxylic acids and calcium ions from a solution would immediately lead to an insoluble and no longer usable salt precipitate, only monocarboxylic acids can be used. If additional layers were to be applied to this first layer, the non-functionalized part of the carboxylic acid molecule facing away from the carboxyl group would first have to be functionalized in order to enable a further structure. Attempts have still been made to produce a multilayered layer structure by alternating reaction of 1,10-decane bisphosphate and its zirconium salt or by alternating reaction of 1,10-decane bisphosphate and zirconyl chloride. Such attempts ended after about 8 layers, because then the surface showed too severe defects for an orderly further layer structure. If zirconyl chloride is used, the source of the defect formation can be assumed to be the change from the inorganic crystal lattice to the combined organic crystal.

It has also been observed that defects were encountered on an ionically modified support surface when attempting to coat with α, ω bilayered organic molecules, the ions having the opposite sense of charge, due to the fact that many of the bilaterally ionized organic molecules were do not arrange perpendicular to the surface of the support and thereby bond with the support with only one ionic end of this molecule, but that is, arrange parallel to the support surface and form a bond with the ionic support surface with the two ionic ends of the molecule. On the one hand, this leaves no functional group (in this case the 2nd ionic group of this organic molecule) for the further build-up of layers, and on the other hand such an undesired organic molecule, which is adsorbed parallel to the support surface, covers the ionic groups of the underlying support between the two resulting binding sites and excludes these covered ionic groups from the formation of ordered layers .

Finally, organic monolayers can be formed by adsorbing organic mercapto compounds, for example on gold surfaces (self-assembly technique).

There was therefore still a need for layer elements which are attached to supports and have a high degree of order without the defects described. Such layer elements attached to supports should furthermore have greater mechanical and thermal stability and greater solvent resistance than, for example, LB layers. In addition, new layer elements attached to supports should be able to be produced in the form of larger areas.

The disadvantages mentioned are overcome by the single-layer or multilayer layer elements according to the invention which are attached to supports. The layer elements according to the invention form a highly organized organism which is obtained by physisorption with the formation of salt and in which a uniformly charged surface is present, which in the subsequent layer contains organic molecules is documented, which have the opposite sense of charge of the previous layer.

The invention relates to layer elements attached to a carrier, consisting of<ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>a) a modified support with a uniform surface, the modification meaning the area-wide attachment of ions or ionizable compounds of the same charge, and</li><li>b) one or more layers of organic materials which contain ions charged in the same direction in each layer, the ions of the first layer having the opposite sense of charge for modifying the support and, in the case of several layers, each further layer having the opposite sense of charge of the previous one.</li></ul>

The invention further relates to a method for producing layer elements attached to supports, which is characterized in that<ul id="ul0003" list-style="none"><li>i) modifies a support with a uniform surface so that it carries ions or ionizable compounds of the same charge throughout the area, and</li><li>ii) one or more layers of organic materials, which contain ions charged in the same direction in each layer, are applied to the modified support from a solution of such organic materials, wherein the organic material for the first layer has ions with opposite charge sense to the charge sense of the ions of the modification of the carrier and, in the case of several layers, alternately applies further layers with ions with the opposite charge sense to the previous one in the same way as the first layer.</li></ul>

Multilayer systems of the type described consist of at least 2 materials with oppositely charged ionic groups. The simplest layer structure corresponds to type ABABAB .... The functionality of the layers can be specifically increased by using more than 2 materials, e.g. ABCBABABCB ... or ABCDCBADCBAC ..., where A and C as well as B and D carry the same charge. The layer structure results consistently from the selection of the immersion bath for the respective application of the individual layers.

The method according to the invention permits the large-scale production of highly ordered multilayer layer elements on supports.

Suitable supports for the layer elements according to the invention are those with a uniform, solvent-accessible surface, for example flat, cylindrical, conical, spherical or other uniformly shaped supports, that is to say also inner surfaces of bottles, tubes, etc .; Carriers with a flat surface are preferred. The carriers can be transparent, opaque or reflective as well as electrically conductive, semiconducting or insulating for various optical or electrical fields of application. The chemical nature of these carriers can be inorganic or organic. Inorganic carrier materials are, for example, metals, semiconductor materials, glasses or ceramic materials such as gold, platinum, nickel, palladium, aluminum, chromium, steel and other metals germanium, galium arsenide, silicon and other semiconductor materials, glasses of the most varied chemical composition, quartz glass, other glasses, as well as porcelain and other mixed oxides, which are understood as ceramic materials. Other inorganic substances which are suitable as supports are, for example, graphite, zinc selenide, mica, silicon dioxide, lithium niobate and other supports, optionally as inorganic single crystals, as are known to the person skilled in the art from LB technology.

Organic materials for the supports in the layer elements according to the invention are predominantly polymeric materials because of the dimensional stability and the solvent resistance. Examples include: polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and others, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate, polyamide, poly (methyl) acrylates, polystyrene , Polyethylene or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Such organic carriers are also known to the person skilled in the art from LB technology.

The chemical nature of the carrier material plays a subordinate role, so that the above lists are only exemplary and not exhaustive.

The supports to be used according to the invention have charged or ionizable surfaces or their surfaces are modified so that they are covered area-wide with ions or ionizable compounds of the same charge. This area-wide attachment can mean a first monomolecular layer which is firmly linked to the support. The area-wide attachment of ions or ionizable compounds can, however, also be brought about by a chemical reaction on the support itself, in which, on the surface, a monomolecular layer is densely coated with ions or ionizable groups charged in the same direction. Such a modification is known to the person skilled in the art who is active in the field of multilayer thin layers. Examples of this are self-assembly monolayers, e.g. from an α, ω-dithiol, cysteamine, amino groups-containing thiols and other thiols which contain a further ionic or ionizable group, on metals such as gold, silver, cadmium and others. Here, the thiol group is firmly bonded to the metallic surface and the second thiol group, a carboxyl group, an amino group or another ionic or ionizable group forms the ionic modification of the metallic support to be used. Another important example is a silanization of the surface with silanes containing alkoxy groups, which additionally contain a further ionic or ionizable group. This silanization is possible in the manner known to the person skilled in the art for all silicon-containing supports. The ionic or ionizable group can be, for example, a sulfonic acid group or an ionizable amino group. Yet another example relates to the chemical modification of polymeric organic carriers (polymer-analogous reaction). For example, polyethylene can be superficially equipped with carboxyl groups using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid. (Meth) acrylates or (meth) acrylamides can also be provided with carboxyl groups on the surface by saponification. The surface sulfonation of polystyrene resins also leads to a modification which can be used according to the invention. The last-mentioned modified polymers can also be referred to as flat ion exchangers. It is also known to the person skilled in the art that instead of anionic groups (carboxyl groups, sulfo groups) it is also possible to obtain cationic groups, such as amino groups, by chloromethylation and subsequent introduction of an amino group. Such reactions are known as polymer-analog reactions.

Also to be mentioned is freshly split mica, on which cationic compounds can be adsorbed directly. Furthermore, cationic compounds, such as polyethyleneimine, can also be adsorbed onto glass or quartz after brief immersion in sodium hydroxide solution.

In all the cases mentioned and in other conceivable cases, it is not critical which type the ions or ionizable groups are on the surface of the support, but the dense, area-wide coverage with such groups is decisive.

It is also important that ions or ionizable groups which are charged in the same direction always represent the modification of the support.

The organic materials for forming the individual layers on the modified support are either monomeric substances with two ionic or ionizable functional groups with the same charge (so-called bolaamphiphiles) or polymers with a large number of ionic or ionizable functional groups with the same charge (so-called polyelectrolytes or polyiones). These organic materials always carry functional groups of the same charge (ie either cations or groups or anions ionizable to cations or groups ionizable to anions). It is entirely conceivable here that different cations or different anions or groups which can be ionized to form such groups can be represented in the molecule. For reasons of accessibility and ease of preparation, however, it is preferred that the two functional groups are identical in the monomeric substances and that the large number of functional groups is identical in the polymers as well.

The low-molecular bolaamphiphiles contain a hard segment in the center, as is also present in rod-shaped (calamitic) liquid crystals as a mesogenic group. Such groups are, for example, biphenyl, terphenyl, stilbene, tolane, bis-aryl esters, azobenzenes, or compounds in which the aromatic ring is hydrogenated. These and other mesogenic groups are known to the person skilled in the art. In the general chemical formula (I) given below, the group mentioned is designated by -X- and explained in more detail with examples.

In the case of the use of monomeric substances, those of the formula are preferably used in the layer elements         Ion-Z¹ - (- Y¹-Z²-)_m-X-Z³-Y²-Z⁴ ion (I) used in the<dl id="dl0001"><dt>X</dt><dd>-C≡CC≡C-,<chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0001.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0002.tif" /></chemistry> the aromatic nuclei in these groups can be substituted one to three times by methyl, fluorine or chlorine or can be hydrogenated to cycloalkane,</dd><dt>Y¹ and Y²</dt><dd>independently for - (- CH₂-)_q-, - (- Si (CH₃) ₂-O-)_q-, - (- CH = CH-)_q- or - (C≡C-)_q- stand, in these groups the hydrogen atoms can be partially or completely substituted by methyl, fluorine or chlorine,</dd><dt>Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴</dt><dd>independently of one another a single bond, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO-, -SO₂-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, = N-CO, -CO-N =, -NH - or -N (C₁-C₄-alkyl) - represent,</dd><dt>ion</dt><dd>represents a cation, an anion or a group ionizable to the cation or anion,</dd><dt>m</dt><dd>0 or 1, preferably 1,</dd><dt>n</dt><dd>integer values ​​from 0 to 7,</dd><dt>O</dt><dd>integer values ​​from 1 to 3,</dd><dt>p</dt><dd>the value 1 or 2 and</dd><dt>q</dt><dd>represent integer values ​​from 1 to 20.</dd></dl>

X is preferably one of the groups<chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0003.tif" /></chemistry>

The index n preferably takes integer values ​​from 0 to 3. The index o preferably takes the value 1 or 2. The index p preferably takes the value 1.

Y¹ and Y² are preferably - (CH₂)_q- In which the hydrogen atoms can be partially or completely replaced by methyl, fluorine or chlorine. In a particularly preferred manner, Y¹ and Y² independently of one another have the meaning - (CH₂)_q- in which the hydrogens are not substituted. The index q preferably takes integer values ​​from 4 to 14, particularly preferably from 6 to 12. Z¹ to Z⁴ preferably take on the meaning -O-, -CH₂-, -CO-NH-, single bond or -CO-O-.

Cations bound via Z¹ and Z⁴ are those of the formulas<chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0004.tif" /></chemistry> or ionizable, like<chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0005.tif" /></chemistry> called in the<dl id="dl0002"><dt>R¹, R² and R³</dt><dd>independently of one another are hydrogen, straight-chain or branched C₁-C₄-alkyl or C₅-C₆-cycloalkyl, where R³ can also be phenyl or benzyl and</dd></dl> furthermore in (II) or (IV) two of the radicals R¹ to R³ together with the N atom, which they can substitute, form a pyridine ring, morpholine ring, piperidine ring or pyrimidine ring.

The radicals R¹ to R³ are preferably hydrogen or straight-chain or branched C₁-C₄-alkyl, where R³ can also be benzyl and where in (II) two of the radicals R¹ to R³ can form one of the heterocyclic rings mentioned above.

Such cations are combined with anions such as chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride, tetrafluoroborate, perchlorate, nitrate, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, tosylate, acetate, methyl sulfate, trifluoromethyl sulfate, higher alkyl sulfonate or benzenesulfonate to balance the charge. Preferred anions for charge balancing are the monovalent ones, including the simple ones, such as the halides, perchlorate or acetate.

If ion is an anion, this is, for example, carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphonate or alkyl sulfate. To balance the charge, such anions are combined with the cations of the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, the ammonium ion or the fully or partially substituted ammonium ion; preferred cations are the monovalent, especially those of the alkali metals and the unsubstituted ammonium ion and the tetramethylammonium ion.

A functional group that can be ionized to form an anion can be, for example, a not fully dissociated carboxyl group.

A functional group which can be ionized to form a cation is, for example, an amino group which is only protonated by the acidity of the solvent or by an acidic group on the ionic carrier.

In principle, mixtures of different substances of the formula (I) can be used, provided that they meet the requirement for a content of ions charged in the same direction. To achieve uniformly thick layers, however, it is preferred to use only one substance of the formula (I) in each layer.

Polymers with a large number of ionic or ionizable functional groups are also referred to as polyelectrolytes. Anionic or cationic or ionizable groups in such polymers are, for example:<chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0006.tif" /></chemistry>

Examples of polyelectrolytes are: Polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyethylene sulfonic acid, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyvinylphenylsulfuric acid (phenol ester), maleic alkene copolymer, maleic acid-vinyl alkyl ether copolymer, polyglutamic acid, polylysine, as well as the corresponding copolymers with neutral amino acids, polyvinylamine, polyethyleneimine (polymethylene-4-vinyl chloride) ) -N, N-dimethylpiperidinium salt, poly (vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium) salt.

Important and easily processable polyelectrolytes are in a special way:<chemistry id="chem0007" num="0007"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0007.tif" /></chemistry>

The chain of the polymeric organic material for the layer elements can accordingly be a polyolefin, an acrylic polymer, a polyvinyl acetate, a polyester, a polyamide, a poly- or copolyamino acid, such as polylysine or polyglutamic acid, an ionic polysaccharide or another polymer known to the person skilled in the art. The polymer can carry the ions or the ionizable functional groups in the monomer unit and thus be water-soluble, but it can also initially be a hydrophobic and therefore not water-soluble polymer in which ions or ionizable groups are incorporated by polymer-analogous reactions.

Both in monomeric organic materials and in polymeric organic materials, dyes and active substances which are important for the final use of the layer elements according to the invention applied to supports can be attached or integrated by covalent bonding. One example is a substance from the pair of antibodies / antigen for the purpose of sensor technology, for example from the pair of biotin / streptavidin.

In the event that a mixture with the same molecular length but different molecular structure in the context of the formula (I) is used when using monomeric organic materials, lateral crystallization can be prevented within a layer built up with this, which makes this layer two-dimensionally amorphous and thus optical becomes more homogeneous. Due to the different setting of such a mixture of monomeric organic materials, a tailored layer element can be produced for different optical requirements. When using polymeric organic materials (polyelectrolytes), the amorphous character of a layer built up by them is generally given even without the use of a mixture of several polyelectrolytes.

While a complete monolayer of constant thickness is always applied to monomeric bola amphiphiles, the thickness of the applied monolayer can also be adjusted in the case of polyelectrolytes by varying the parameters polymer molecular weight, concentration and adsorption time. Small molecular weights and / or small concentrations result in small layer thicknesses, while large molecular weights and / or high concentrations result in large layer thicknesses.

It is also a special variant of the invention that only a layer of monomeric organic materials (bolaamphiphiles) or a polymeric organic material (polyelectrolyte) is initially applied to a sensitive modified carrier so as to seal and thus seal the carrier layer that has become sensitive through modification protect. At this stage, the further stratification can then be interrupted first so that it can only be resumed after some time (possible intermediate storage). Such a one-layer coated modified carrier thus represents a storage-stable preliminary stage for multilayer layer elements according to the invention.

To produce the layer elements according to the invention attached to supports, the individual layers can be applied to the modified support from their solutions in a suitable solvent. A solution with organic material with the opposite sense of charge of its functional groups is used for each order. Between the individual orders, unbound or only loosely adsorbed residual amounts of organic material are removed from the previous order by rinsing.

Suitable solvents are: water, aqueous solutions of salts (for example NaCl, MnCl₂, (NH₄) ₂SO₄) and water-miscible, non-ionic solvents such as C₁-C₄ alkanols, C₃-C₆ ketones including cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane , Dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and oligomers of ethylene and propylene glycol and their ethers and open-chain and cyclic amides, such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and others. Only in special cases will polar, water-immiscible solvents, such as chloroform or methylene chloride, come into question, which may contain a proportion of the above-mentioned organic solvents, provided that they are miscible with them. Water or solvent mixtures, part of which is water, are preferably used. If the solubility of the monomeric or polymeric organic materials (bola amphiphiles or Allow polyelectrolytes), because of the simplification of the process, only water is used as the solvent.

It has been observed many times that monomeric organic materials (bolaamphiphiles) arrange themselves parallel to one another in water as solvents and form micelles, which facilitates an orderly, regular build-up on the support. Furthermore, the bola amphiphiles can also pull up at an angle other than 90 ° to the support surface or to the last applied layer if this is only carried out regularly through the entire layer.

When polyelectrolytes are applied, they bind flatly and therefore rule out a loss of bondable points in the layer underneath. This is further favored by the fact that there are no discrete covalent bonds, but that a spatially fixed assignment of the ions of different layers is not necessary due to the electrostatic forces.

The process according to the invention for the production of the new layer elements applied to supports can easily be implemented in the continuous mode of operation by passing the modified support to be coated one after the other through different baths with the organic materials to be applied alternately and interposed baths with washing liquids. This makes work considerably easier compared to the LB technique. It is made easier by the fact that the cleanliness requirements between the application of two layers are not as high as with the LB technique.

To build up the layer elements according to the invention attached to supports, it is possible to start in all layers from monomeric organic materials with a sense of charge that changes from layer to layer.

Likewise, it is possible to start from only polyelectrolytes with a charge sense that changes from layer to layer. However, it is equally possible to use bola amphiphiles and polyelectrolytes alternately, again with alternating charge senses.

Polyelectrolytes which carry both cationic and anionic groups and which then have a similar absorption behavior when one of the two groups is in excess are equally suitable.

It has been possible to apply up to 110 layers on a modified support in the sense according to the invention. The layer elements according to the invention were characterized by the following measurement methods: The layer systems on quartz supports were examined in transmission as a function of the layer thickness by means of UV / Vis spectroscopy. Neither the bola amphiphiles (bands at 284 nm and 263 nm) nor the polyelectrolytes (band at 225 nm) showed any shifts compared to the solution spectra. A uniform growth of the layers up to a number of layers of 38 was demonstrated by a constant increase in the optical absorption. Since the absorption of even thicker layers is greater than 1.5 and thus comes outside the linear range, the method cannot be used for thicker layers for fundamental reasons.

Using ellipsometry at a wavelength of 633 nm, it was demonstrated that up to a layer thickness of 5 layers, assuming a constant refractive index, there is a constant increase in the layer thickness with each layer. In a sample with 6 layers of bola amphiphile, a layer thickness of 185 ± 1.2 Å with a refractive index of n = 1.55 was determined at 5 different measuring points on a 2 cm 2 support.

X-ray small angle scattering was used to examine several samples, but no Bragg reflex was observed in any case. This indicates a poor crystallographic correlation of the individual layers despite the good constant layer thickness of the entire layer (see ellipsometry).

The good homogeneity of the layers was also checked by light microscopy. This shows a dependence of the layer quality on the substrate quality. Effects from the edge of the carrier affect the layer up to about 2 mm.

A lateral structure could not be resolved by light microscopy using Normarski interference contrast or crossed polarizers. With incident light microscopy on reflective substrates (Si wafers), uniform interference colors were observed over the entire coated area with the exception of the edge.

The following exemplary embodiments explain the method according to the invention without restricting it to them. A number of exemplary embodiments are additionally illustrated by the attached figures (FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2-12).

1A, 1B and 2-8 show an example of the modification of a carrier (such as Si or glass) and options for the construction of multilayers. The characters [1] and [2] indicate the work steps to be carried out one after the other. Fig. 1A contains five symbols that appear in the following figures (from top to bottom): the cation C₂H₅O-Si (CH₃) ₂- (CH₂) ₃-N⊕H₃; the di-anion of compound (5) from Example 5; the dication of compound (7) from Example 7; the polymer with a variety of cations and the formula<chemistry id="chem0008" num="0008"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0008.tif" /></chemistry> the polymer with a variety of anions and the formula<chemistry id="chem0009" num="0009"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0009.tif" /></chemistry>

1B shows an example of the modification of a carrier and options for the construction of multilayers (examples 8 and 9).

2 illustrates Example 10.

3 and 6 illustrate Example 11.

4 and 7 illustrate Example 12.

5 and 8 illustrate Example 13.

Fig. 9 shows formulas and symbols for poly-l-lysine with MW 75000 (top) and for biotinylated poly-l-lysine (bottom); see. Example 14.

10 shows in the upper picture a coated carrier with a cover layer made of poly-l-lysine (cf. Example 15); In the picture below, a cover layer made of biotinylated poly-l-lysine is attached (see Example 16).

11 shows a biospecific recognition reaction of a biotinylated support surface (lower picture) in comparison to a non-biotinylated support surface (upper picture, no recognition) by means of fluorescence-labeled streptavidin (FITC = fluorescein isothiocyanate).

FIG. 12 shows the fluorescence spectrum of the two carrier surfaces from FIG. 11, upper and lower image.

Examples

The implementations of Examples 1 to 7 can be represented as follows:<chemistry id="chem0010" num="0010"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0010.tif" /></chemistry><chemistry id="chem0011" num="0011"><img file="EP0472990A2_D0011.tif" /></chemistry>

example 1

Preparation of isopropyl 11-bromo-undecanoate.

35.6 g (0.13 mol) of 11-bromundecanoic acid were mixed with 40.3 g (0.67 mol) of isopropanol, 3.8 g (0.022 mol) of p-toluenesulfonic acid and 100 ml of CHCl₃ and heated under reflux on a water separator, until no more water parted. After the reaction was allowed to cool and washed with water, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, water again and then distilled off the solvent.

37.8 g (92% of the theoretical yield) of a colorless, clear, somewhat viscous substance were obtained from the yellow oily residue by distillation. Identification: IR and NMR spectra

Example 2

Preparation of compound (1) of the above formula

10.4 g (0.06 mol) of 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, 9.4 g (0.18 mol) of KOH and a spatula tip KJ were dissolved in 640 ml of ethanol. The solution was heated to boiling and then, with continued boiling, a solution of 42.9 g (0.14 mol) of isopropyl 11-bromundecanoate in 60 ml of ethanol was added quickly. This immediately caused a milky cloudiness, which became even more intense over time. After 64 hours the precipitated white precipitate was filtered off, washed in portions with 100 ml of hot 10% KOH solution and until the filtrate neutralized with H₂O. After drying, 25.8 g (73% of the theoretical yield) of a white powdery substance was obtained. Identification: IR and NMR spectra

Example 3

Production of connection (2)

22.5 g (35 mmol) of compound (1) was suspended in 300 ml of dioxane. The reaction mixture was heated to boiling and then dropwise concentrated with 10 ml. HCl was added, resulting in a clear solution. The reaction mixture was then heated under reflux overnight, during which two immiscible phases formed. When the reaction mixture was cooled, a white precipitate formed in the upper organic phase. The precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed acid-free with H₂O. After recrystallization from ethanol / dioxane (2/1), 18.0 g (92% of the theoretical yield) of a white powdery substance were obtained. Melting point: 170 ° to 171 ° C Identification: 1. Elemental analysis: <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="4" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">found</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=",">C 73.76%</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">H 9.00%</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">O 17.27%</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">about.</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=",">C 73.61%</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">H 9.08%</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">O 19.31%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>2. IR and NMR spectrum.

Example 4

Preparation of compound (3) and (4)

In a 100 ml three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, dropping funnel and gas inlet valve, 4 g (7.2 mmol) (2) were placed. Thereafter, 10 ml of thionyl chloride were added dropwise with thorough stirring in the course of 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux at 110 ° C. for 2 hours, a brown, clear solution being formed. After the reaction had ended, the excess thionyl chloride was drawn off under a weak water jet vacuum and then the reaction vessel was vented with argon. The resulting compound (3) was diluted twice with 25 ml of dried dioxane; the solvent was distilled off under normal pressure.

Thereafter, (3) was redissolved in 25 ml of dried dioxane and the mixture was brought to about 10 ° to 15 ° C. with an ice bath, with (3) remaining in solution. After the addition of 1.8 g (18 mmol) of triethylamine, 1.6 g (15.5 mmol) of 3-dimethylamino-1-propylamine in 5 ml of dioxane were slowly added dropwise to the reaction mixture with thorough stirring, a yellow precipitate forming immediately . The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 40 hours under an argon atmosphere and then heated under reflux for about 10 minutes. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then cooled further with an ice bath. The precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed several times with 100 ml of cold acetone. After two recrystallizations from dioxane / acetone, 2.6 g (50% of the theoretical yield) of the slightly yellowish-colored compound (4) were obtained. Identification: IR and NMR spectra.

Example 5

Production of connection (5)

2.0 g (28 mmol) (4) were suspended in 100 ml of dimethylformamide (DMF); 1.8 g (12 mmol) of methyl iodide was added to the mixture, whereby (4) was dissolved in a few minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred under the exclusion of light and under an argon atmosphere overnight. After the reaction was completed, the residue was separated by filtration. The yellowish product was then isolated twice by precipitation with CHCl₃ / ether (1/9), washed in portions with 100 ml of CHCl₃ / ether (1/9) and then washed with a little ether. After recrystallization from ethanol, 2.5 g (89% of the theoretical yield) of a yellowish substance was obtained. Identification: NMR spectrum.

Example 6

Production of connection (6)

In a 500 ml three-necked flask, 7.5 g (40 mmol) 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, 9.9 g (177 mmol) KOH, a spatula tip KJ and 100 ml ethanol / H₂O (1/1) were placed and heated. 24.8 g (99 mmol) of bromundecanol, which was dissolved in 200 ml of ethanol / H₂O (3/1), were added dropwise to the boiling reaction mixture over the course of 20 minutes with vigorous stirring. The mixture was then refluxed for two days, forming a thick brown precipitate. The precipitate was isolated using an ultracentrifuge and recrystallized from CHCl₃ / ethanol (1 / 2.5). 12.0 g (57% of the theoretical yield) of colorless, shiny silver, scale-like crystals were obtained. Identification: 1. Elemental analysis: <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="4" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">found</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=",">C 77.42%</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">H 10.29%</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">O 12.29%</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">about.</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=",">C 77.52%</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">H 10.33%</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">O 12.15%</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>2. IR and NMR spectrum.

Example 7

Production of connection (7)

2.0 g (3.8 mmol) (6) were suspended in freshly distilled DMF under a nitrogen atmosphere. 7.8 g (37.8 mmol) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in 5 ml of DMF were added. Then 0.8 g (8.4 mmol) of sulfuric acid in 2 ml of DMF was slowly added dropwise to the reaction mixture; the temperature was kept below 25 ° C. by ice cooling. The mixture was stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere and with the exclusion of light for 2 days, a white precipitate being formed. After the reaction was complete, 0.7 ml of H₂O were added to the mixture while cooling in an ice bath and stirring vigorously. The precipitate was then separated off by filtration. The filtrate, which contained the product, was then brought to pH 8.5 with 10% strength KOH solution. The solvent was distilled off and the residue was chromatographed over 500 ml of silica gel using warm DMF as the eluent. 1.2 g (45% of the theoretical yield) of a white powdery substance were obtained. Identification: NMR spectrum.

Example 8

The silanization of the carrier

Quartz glass or silicon wafers were used as supports. The wafer was treated with H₂O in an ultrasonic bath for 1 minute and carefully dried with N₂ gas, the surfaces being cleaned free of dust. Then the wafer was brought into Caro's acid for cleaning (conc. H₂SO₄ / H₂O₂ = 7/3) and treated in it at 80 ° C for 1 hour in an ultrasonic bath. After cooling to room temperature, the wafer was treated three times for 60 seconds in H₂O in an ultrasonic bath and washed acid-free with H₂O. The wafer was then brought into H₂O / H₂O₂ / NH₃ (5: 1: 1) solution and treated therein at 80 ° C for 5 minutes. Then the wafer was placed in H₂O and washed carefully salt-free. Finally, the wafer was treated in methanol, methanol / toluene and toluene for 2 minutes each before the silanization reaction to remove traces of water. The wafer thus obtained was placed in 5% 3-aminopropyldimethylethoxysilane solution in toluene under an N₂ atmosphere. The silanization reaction was carried out under an N₂ atmosphere for 15 hours. After the reaction had ended, the wafer was first treated twice with toluene under an N 2 atmosphere for 30 minutes. Finally, the wafer was treated with toluene, toluene / dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and DMSO in an ultrasonic bath for 1 minute each. A homogeneous hydrophobic surface was obtained.

Example 9

Production of a carrier with a monomolecular intermediate layer according to FIG. 1B

The quartz glass or Si wafer was treated according to Example 8. This wafer, which now contained ionizable amino groups on the surface, was for 20 minutes with a solution of 4 to 5 mg (5), 0.3 ml of 0.1 N HCl, 1.7 ml of H₂O and 8 ml of DMSO at 0 ° C treated, wherein the negatively charged anions (5) in the solution were adsorbed on the positively charged surface of the wafer for salt formation of the ammonium sulfate type. Then the wafer was first treated in ice-cold H₂O and twice in H₂O at room temperature for 20 seconds each. This wafer with a monomolecular intermediate layer was provided for the further production of multilayer systems.

Example 10

Production of a carrier with a polymeric intermediate layer according to FIG. 2

The quartz glass or Si wafer was treated according to Example 8 for this purpose.

This wafer, which now contained ionizable amino groups on the surface, was for 20 minutes with a solution of 20 mg of polystyrene-polysulfonic acid sodium salt (9), 0.3 ml of 0.1 N HCl and 9.7 ml of H₂O at room temperature treated, wherein the negatively charged anions (9) in the solution were adsorbed on the positively charged surface of the wafer for salt formation of the ammonium sulfate type. This wafer with a polymer interlayer was provided for the further production of multilayer systems.

Example 11

: Production of a physisorbed monomolecular multilayer on the monomolecular and polymeric intermediate layer according to FIG. 3 and FIG. 6

The supports which were produced in accordance with Example 9 and Example 10, namely the supports with the monomolecular or polymeric intermediate layer, were used.

The wafer was treated for 20 minutes with a solution of 10 mg (7) in 10 ml H₂O at room temperature. This was followed by three rinse cycles in H₂O at room temperature for 20 seconds each. This wafer was then treated for 20 minutes with a solution of 4 to 5 mg (5), 2 ml H₂O and 8 ml DMSO at room temperature. Then the wafer was first treated in ice-cold H₂O and twice in H₂O at room temperature for 20 seconds each.

For the construction of the multilayer, these adsorption processes were repeated alternately with (5) and with (7).

Example 12

: Production of a physisorbed polymeric multilayer on the monomolecular and polymeric intermediate layer according to FIG. 4 and FIG. 7

The carrier was pre-cleaned and silanized as described in detail in Example 8. The supports were then treated to give a stable charged surface in accordance with Example 9 and Example 10. The wafer was first placed in a solution of 30 mg of the above-described polymeric ammonium salt (8) and 10 ml of H₂O and treated therein for 20 minutes at room temperature. The wafer was then washed three times for 20 seconds each in 10 ml H₂O at room temperature.

Then the wafer was placed in a solution of 30 mg of the described polystyrene sulfonate (9) and 10 ml of H₂O and treated therein for 20 minutes at room temperature. The wafer was then again treated three times in 10 ml of H₂O at room temperature for 20 seconds each. To build up the polymeric multilayer, this process was continued in the manner corresponding to Example 11.

Example 13

: Production of an alternating multilayer of monomolecular di-anion and the polymeric ammonium salt described in the above scheme on the monomolecular and polymeric intermediate layer according to FIG. 5 and FIG. 8

The carrier was pre-cleaned and silanized as described in detail in Example 8. The supports were then treated to give a stable charged surface in accordance with Example 9 and Example 10.

The wafer was first placed in a solution of 30 mg of the polymeric ammonium salt (8) described in the above formula and 10 ml of H₂O and treated therein for 20 minutes at room temperature. The wafer was then washed three times for 20 seconds each in 10 ml H₂O at room temperature. Thereafter, the wafer was placed in a solution of 4 to 5 mg (5), 2 ml of H₂O and 8 ml of DMSO and treated therein for 20 minutes at room temperature, then the wafer was first in ice-cold H₂O and twice in H₂O at room temperature for 20 Treated for seconds.

To build up the alternating multilayer, this process was continued in the manner corresponding to Example 11 and Example 12.

Example 14

Preparation of ε-biotinylated poly-l-lysine (Compound 8)

Compound 8 was prepared by reacting poly-l-lysine (SERVA, Mn = 50,000-100,000) with the activated biotin active ester (biotin-N-hydroxysuccinimide ≡ BNHS). 50 mg (0.5 mmol) of poly-l-lysine and 30 mg (0.5 mmol) of triethylamine were placed in a 100 ml flask and dissolved in 30 ml of methanol. Then 40 mg (0.024 mmol) BNHS, dissolved in 10 ml CHCl₃ / isopropanol (1: 1), slowly added dropwise to the reaction mixture, heated to reflux for one hour and then stirred at room temperature overnight. The resulting yellowish precipitate was isolated by filtration. It was suspended in 30 ml of methanol, stirred under reflux for 20 minutes, and again cooled to room temperature. The solid was separated again by filtration and washed in portions three times each with 20 ml of methanol, again suspended in 10 ml of CHCl₃ / isopropanol (1: 1), stirred for a further 20 minutes under reflux and cooled again to room temperature. After filtration, the solid was washed in portions three times with 20 ml of CHCl₃ / isopropanol (1: 1). The residue isolated in this way was dried under an oil pump vacuum, dissolved in a little distilled water and freed from low molecular weight by-products by gel permeation chromatography. The pure colorless copolymer was obtained by freeze-drying from an aqueous solution.

The yield was 25% of theory. The biotinylated poly-l-lysine was characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. According to 1 H-NMR, the copolymer composition (l-lysine / l-lysine-ε-aminobiotinamide) is 1: 1 (formula in Fig. 9).

Example 15

: Production of a physisorbed multilayer with a cover layer made of poly-l-lysine

The carrier was pre-cleaned and silanized as described in detail in Example 8. The support was then provided with a negative surface by adsorption of the low molecular weight dianion according to Example 9.

The wafer was treated for 20 minutes at room temperature with a solution of 2 mg poly-l-lysine in a mixture of 2.8 ml H₂O and 0.2 ml 0.1 N HCl. The wafer was then washed three times for one minute in 10 ml of H₂O at room temperature (graphic representation in Fig. 10, top picture).

Example 16

: Production of a physisorbed multilayer with a top layer made of biotinylated poly-l-lysine (compound 8)

The carrier was pre-cleaned and silanized as described in detail in Example 8. The support was then provided with a negative surface by adsorption of the low molecular weight dianion according to Example 9.

The wafer was treated for 20 minutes at room temperature with a solution of 2.3 mg of the biotinylated poly-l-lysine prepared in Example 14 in a mixture of 2.8 ml of H₂O and 0.2 ml of 0.1 N HCl. The wafer was then washed three times for one minute in 10 ml of H₂O at room temperature (graphic representation in Fig. 10, lower picture).

Example 17

: Biospecific recognition reaction of a biotinylated carrier surface in comparison to a non-biotinylated carrier surface using fluorescent-labeled streptavidin

The multilayer systems produced in Example 15 and Example 16 were simultaneously immersed in a solution of 0.02 mg of fluorescein isothiocycanate-labeled streptavidin in 4.0 ml of 0.15 M NaCl solution at room temperature. After 20 minutes, the two supports were washed three times for one minute in 10 ml of H₂O at room temperature and then examined by fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy. The support produced in Example 15 with a surface of pure poly-l-lysine showed a very low fluorescence in the fluorescence microscope, which originated from a few adsorbed fluorescent particles. The carrier produced in Example 16 with a surface made of biotinylated poly-l-lysine showed a uniformly distributed, very intense fluorescence in the fluorescence microscope (graphic representation in FIG. 11). Using fluorescence spectroscopy, a relative fluorescence intensity at the maximum of fluorescence of 100 scale parts was determined on the support from Example 16. The support from Example 15 showed a relative fluorescence intensity of 8 scale divisions.

The fluorescence spectrum for Example 17 is shown in FIG. 12.