A method and apparatus for processing electrical signals.

0001The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for processing electrical signals in order to recognise signal features indicative of variations in a process producing the electrical signals, and is particularly of interest for acoustic emissions or stress waves detected by transducers.

0002Acoustic emission or stress wave activity is associated with operating machinery or processes, and is produced as a result of friction or impacts taking place during the operation of the machinery or process.

0003In prior art methods of processing acoustic emissions a transducer detects the acoustic emissions and produces an electrical signal, which corresponds to the acoustic emission activity. In a first method the level of the electrical signal is measured, for example the mean level (RMS level) as disclosed at page 213 of the Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Second Edition, Volume 5, Acoustic Emission Testing, American Society for Nondestructive Testing under the heading "Root Mean Square Parameter". A good component operating under normal conditions gives a relatively low electrical signal level, corresponding to a relatively low acoustic emission activity whereas a bad component under normal conditions gives a relatively high electrical signal level, corresponding to a relatively high acoustic emission activity. A good component operating under adverse conditions also gives a relatively high electrical signal level. This method is therefore only suitable for use at a fixed operational condition, or some method of normalising the electrical signal level measurement with respect to the operating conditions is required. As an example the acoustic emission activity from a rotating structure increases with rotational speed, it would be necessary to normalise for different rotational speeds. Furthermore this type of measurement is sensitive to the detection sensitivity of the transducer during the measurement.

0004In a second method the ratio of the peak level of the electrical signal to the mean level (RMS level) of the electrical signal is measured as shown in US3677072. The ratio of the peak level of the electrical signal to the mean of the electrical signal provides a measure of variations in the nature or form of the source processes producing the acoustic emissions enabling the occurrence of distress to be detected due to the increased occurrence of transient signal excursions. This method has the advantage of being self normalising since to a first approximation it is independent of the operating condition and variations in signal detection sensitivity. A disadvantage of this method is the susceptibility of the measurement to spurious electrical noise signals such as those caused by electromagnetic switching transients, which can give rise to relatively high ratios of peak level of electrical signal to mean level of electrical signal.

0005A third method measures the amount of electrical signal which exceeds a predetermined threshold level as disclosed at pages 213-214 of the Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Second Edition, Volume 5, Acoustic Emission Testing, American Society for Nondestructive Testing under the heading "Signal Above Threshold". Ideally the threshold level floats dependent upon the electrical signal level viewed over a longer time period. For example the threshold level may be two times the mean level of the electrical signal. This method also has the advantage of being self normalising. A disadvantage of this method is that as the number of transient signal excursions per unit time increases there is also a tendency for the floating threshold level to rise.

0006It is possible for this method to give a reducing value for the amount of signal which exceeds the threshold level as the rate of transient signal excursions increases because the floating threshold level rises significantly over and above that caused by any rise in the continuous level.

0007The present invention seeks to provide a method and apparatus for processing electrical signals in order to recognise signal features indicative of variations in the process producing them which overcomes the problems associated with the prior art methods and apparatus.

0008Accordingly the present invention provides a method of processing electrical signals in order to recognise signal features indicative of variations in the process producing the electrical signals, comprising measuring the minimum value of the electrical signal, measuring the mean value of the electrical signal, determining the ratio of the mean value of the electrical signal to the minimum value of the electrical signal, monitoring said ratio for variations of the ratio which are indicative of variations in the process producing the electrical signal.

0009The electrical signals may correspond to the acoustic emission activity generated by a process.

0010The electrical signal may correspond to the intensity of the acoustic activity.

0011The electrical signal may correspond to the level of the acoustic activity.

0012The electrical signal may correspond to a power of the level of the acoustic emission activity.

0013The electrical signal may correspond to the square of the level of the acoustic emission activity.

0014The present invention also provides an apparatus for processing acoustic emissions in order to recognise features indicative of variations in the process producing the acoustic emissions comprising at least one transducer for being acoustically coupled to a source producing acoustic emissions and arranged to detect the acoustic emissions and to produce an electrical signal dependent upon the acoustic emission activity, means to measure the minimum value of the electrical signal, means to measure the mean value of the electrical signal and means to determine the ratio of the mean value of the electrical signal to the minimum value of the electrical signal, variations in said ratio being indicative of variations in the process producing the acoustic emissions.

0015Divider means may measure the ratio of the mean value of the electrical signal to the minimum value of the electrical signal.

0016A first logarithmic amplifier means may produce the log of the mean value of the electrical signal, a second logarithmic amplifier means may produce the log of the minimum value of the electrical signal, subtractor means subtracts the log of the minimum value of the electrical signal from the log of the mean value of the electrical signal to determine the ratio of the means value of the electrical signal to the minimum value of the electrical signal.

0017Logarithmic amplifier means may produce the log of the electrical signal, the means to measure the minimum value of the electrical signal measures the minimum value of the log of the electrical signal, the means to measure the mean value of the electrical signal measures the mean value of the log of the electrical signal, subtractor means subtracts the minimum value of the log of the electrical signal from the mean value of the log of the electrical signal to determine the ratio of the mean value of the log of the electrical signal to the minimum value of the log of the electrical signal.

0018The present invention will be more fully described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>Figure 1 is an apparatus for processing acoustic emissions according to the present invention.</li><li>Figure 2 is a graph of acoustic emission level versus time for a low amount of distress.</li><li>Figure 3 is a graph of acoustic emission level versus time for a high amount of distress.</li><li>Figure 4 is a graph of the ratio of the mean level of acoustic emission activity to the minimum level of acoustic emission activity versus time. Figure 5 is a second embodiment of an apparatus for processing acoustic emissions according to the present invention.</li><li>Figure 6 is a third embodiment of an apparatus for processing acoustic emissions according to the present invention.</li></ul>

0019An apparatus 10 for processing features indicative of variations in the process producing the acoustic emissions is shown in figure 1. The apparatus 10 comprises a transducer 12 which is acoustically coupled to a source process of acoustic emissions. The transducer 12 is coupled to a machine, an industrial process or other structure in which acoustic emissions, stress waves or vibrations are generated as a result of the operation of the machine, industrial process or other reasons in the structure. The acoustic emissions are commonly generated as a result of frictional processes and impacts. The transducer 12 is arranged to detect the acoustic emissions generated by or in the machine, industrial process or structure and to produce an electrical signal dependent upon the acoustic emission activity detected. The transducer 12 is commonly a piezoceramic element although other suitable types of transducer may be used, more than one transducer may be used.

0020The electrical signal produced by the transducer 12 is supplied to an amplifier 14. The amplifier 14 amplifies the electrical signal and may incorporate filters to select the required frequency band or frequency bands. The amplified electrical signal is then supplied to a signal enveloper 16 which envelopes the electrical signal.

0021The enveloped electrical signal is supplied to a mean level detector 18 and to a minimum level detector 20. The mean level detector 18 measures the mean, or average, level of the electrical signal corresponding to the mean level of the acoustic emission activity by integrating the electrical signal level over the measuring time period. The minimum level detector 20 measures the minimum level of the electrical signal corresponding to the minimum level of the acoustic emission activity.

0022The mean level of the electrical signal as detected by the mean level detector 18, and the minimum level of the electrical signal as detected by the minimum level detector 20 are supplied to a ratio measurer 22. The ratio measurer 22 determines the ratio of the mean level of the electrical signal to the minimum level of the electrical signal, which corresponds to the ratio of the mean level of the acoustic emission activity to the minimum level of the acoustic emission activity. The ratio measurer 22 divides the mean level of the electrical signal by the minimum level of the electrical signal and supplies the output to an output terminal 24.

0023The output terminal 24 may be connected to a display to show the ratio, or may be connected to an alarm such that when the ratio reaches a predetermined value the alarm is operated, or may be connected to a control device such that a feedback signal controls the operation of the machine or process e.g. to reduce the speed of the rotating structure or to add lubricant.

0024Figures 2 and 3 show graphs of acoustic emission or stress wave activity level versus time for low amounts of distress and high amounts of distress respectively. The mean level of the acoustic emission activity and the minimum level of the acoustic emission activity are shown in both cases. In figure 2 there are relatively few transient excursions 26 per unit time whereas in figure 3 there are a relatively high number of transient excursions per unit time. The minimum level of the acoustic emission activity and corresponding electrical signal level remains the same in both figures, but the mean level of the acoustic emission activity and corresponding electrical signal level increases with the number of transient excursions per unit time.

0025The envelope of the electrical signal and corresponding acoustic emission activity is characterised in terms of the ratio of the mean level of the electrical signal to the minimum level of the electrical signal to give a graph as shown in figure 4. A smooth envelope electrical signal, ie an electrical signal with relatively few and relatively small transient excursions, gives a ratio close to one whereas a rough envelope electrical signal, ie an electrical signal with a relatively high number and relatively large transient excursions, gives a ratio much greater than one, dependent upon the number of excursions and the level of the excursions. The area 64 of the graph corresponds to initial bedding in of the rotational structure, area 66 corresponds to normal operation and area 68 corresponds to increasing distress.

0026This method has the advantages of the second and third prior art methods of being self compensating for variations in the overall level of the electrical signal such as those caused by variation in the operating conditions of the machine or industrial process, ie speed, or changes in transducer sensitivity.

0027This method has the advantage of not being significantly affected by electromagnetic switching transients since these do not affect the minimum level of the electrical signal, and only marginally affect the mean level of the electrical signal as it is an integration of the electrical signal level over the measurement period.

0028This method also has the advantage of being able to cope with very high numbers of transient excursions per unit time whilst still giving the desired characterisation.

0029This method is also extremely simple to implement compared to the prior art methods.

0030A further apparatus 30 for processing acoustic emissions is shown in Figure 5, which also comprises a transducer 12 acoustically coupled to a source process and arranged to detect the acoustic emissions generated by the source process and to produce an electrical signal dependent upon the acoustic emission activity detected.

0031The electrical signal is supplied to an amplifier 32 which amplifies the signal. The amplifier 32 may also contain filters as in Figure 1. The amplified electrical signal is supplied to a signal enveloper 34 which envelopes the electrical signal.

0032The enveloped electrical signal is supplied to a mean level detector 36 and to a minimum level detector 38. The mean level detector 36 measures the mean, or average, level of the electrical signal corresponding to the mean level of the acoustic emission activity by integrating the electrical signal over the measuring time period. The minimum level detector 38 measures the minimum level of the electrical signal corresponding to the minimum level of the acoustic emission activity.

0033The mean level of the electrical signal as detected by the mean level detector 36 and the minimum level of the electrical signal as detected by the minimum level detector 38 are supplied to logarithmic amplifiers 40 and 42 respectively. The logarithmic amplifier 40 produces an output signal which is the log of the mean level of the electrical signal, and the logarithmic amplifier 42 produces an output signal which is the log of the minimum level of the electrical signal. The output signals of the logarithmic amplifiers 40 and 42 are supplied to a ratio measurer 44 which measures the ratio of the mean level of the electrical signal to the minimum level of the electrical signal by subtracting the log of the minimum level of the electrical signal from the log of the mean level of the electrical signal and supplying the result to an output 46.

0034Another apparatus 50 for processing acoustic emissions is shown in figure 6, this also comprises a transducer 12 acoustically coupled to a source process and arranged to detect the acoustic emissions generated by the source process and to produce an electrical signal dependent upon the acoustic emission activity detected.

0035The electrical signal is supplied to a logarithmic amplifier 52 which amplifies the signal and produces a log of the electrical signal. The logarithmic amplifier 52 may also contain filters for the same purpose as those in figure 1. The logarithmic electrical signal is supplied to a signal enveloper 54. The enveloped logarithmic electrical signal is supplied to a mean level detector 56 and to a minimum level detector 58 to measure the mean level of the enveloped logarithmic electrical signal and the minimum level of the enveloped logarithmic electrical signal. The mean level of the logarithmic electrical signal and the minimum level of the logarithmic electrical signal are supplied to a ratio measurer 60 which measures the ratio of the mean electrical signal level to the minimum electrical signal level. The ratio measurer 60 comprises a subtracter amplifier which subtracts the minimum level of the logarithmic electrical signal from the mean level of the logarithmic electrical signal to give the log of the ratio and supplies the result to an output 62.

0036Although this method produces a mathematically different result to when the log of the minimum value is subtracted from the log of the mean value, nevertheless it is a viable method of detecting the signal trends.

0037Although the description has referred to the level of the acoustic emission activity and the level of the electrical signal, the invention is intended to cover the concept of measuring the ratio of the mean electrical signal to the minimum electrical signal whether the electrical signal corresponds to an acoustic emission level, acoustic emission intensity, the acoustic emission level squared or some other power of the acoustic emission level or acoustic emission intensity ie (Mean Acoustic Emission level)² (Minimum Acoustic Emission level)².

0038The characterisation of the electrical signal may be carried out either linearly or logarithmically.

0039The description has referred to a method of processing electrical signals, corresponding to acoustic emission activity, in order to recognise features indicative of variations in the process producing the acoustic emissions. The method of processing electrical signals is equally applicable to electrical signals corresponding to other phenomena or parameters.

0040It is also possible to measure the ratio of the mean electrical signal to the minimum electrical signal by software or computational methods.

0041The mean value means any mean or average value between extreme values, for example the arithmetical mean.