Non-interfering method for measuring propagation delay of telecommunications network and apparatus for accomplishing same.

BACKGROUND

0001This invention generally relates to methods and apparatus for measuring the propagation delay of a telecommunications network. More particularly, this invention relates to non-interfering methods and apparatus for measuring propagation delay between communicating devices by using the edge of the data communications passband for sending and receiving signals meant for the measurement of propagation delay.

0002Data communication between two points theoretically can be conducted at the speed of light. However, due to delays inherent in the communicating devices themselves as well as delays in the intermediate transmitting stations, telecommunications are slowed down. Also, because of the ability of the telephone companies to route communications in many different ways due to local or regional congestion, communication between two points may take a roundabout route. Roundabout routes, however, offer inferior performances compared to more direct routes because of both increased noise and the delay itself. Thus, a good measurement of propagation delay could be beneficial in determining the source of inferior performance.

0003Presently, techniques for measuring propagation delay of communications between two devices connected by a transmission line require that the data communications on the line be interrupted so that a test of the line can be carried out. Because of the inconvenience of such interruptions, propagation delay is rarely measured.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0004It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for determining the propagation delay between devices communicating over a transmission line without interrupting the communication.

0005In accord with the object of the invention, a method for measuring the propagation delay of an unconditioned data communication line is provided and generally comprises: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>a) transmitting a known signal at a non-interrupting frequency over the data communication line from a first communicating means to a second communicating means;</li><li>b) looping the known signal back from the second communicating means to the first communicating means over the secondary channel, and detecting receipt of the known signal;</li><li>c) determining a loop time between the transmitting and receipt at the first communicating means of the known signal;</li><li>d) determining a delay distortion time as a function of the frequency of the known signal and an approximate distance between the first and second communicating means; and</li><li>e) determining propagation delay from said determined loop time, delay distortion time, and known fixed delays of the communicating means.</li></ul>

0006The propagation delay for a particular secondary channel frequency is preferably determined by subtracting a correction factor from the round trip delay (loop time minus known fixed delays). Alternatively, for any given secondary channel frequency, round trip or one way delay distortion may be determined from a look-up table which relates distance ranges to distortion delay relative to a middle frequency. An approximate distance between the communicating means from which a distance range is chosen is obtained from the difference of the measured loop time and the known fixed delays of the communicating means. The propagation delay is then determined by subtracting the known fixed delays and the round trip delay distortion time from the determined loop time, and dividing by two.

0007A better understanding of the invention, and additional advantages and objects of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0008<ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>Figures 1a and 1b are flow charts of non-interfering methods for determining propagation delay according to the invention;</li><li>Figure 2 is a graph showing round-trip propagation delay versus distance for a middle frequency, and approximate mean delay distortions versus distance for two out-of-band frequencies; and</li><li>Figures 3a and 3b are block diagrams of the sending and receiving means for determining propagation delay.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

0009Turning to Figures 1a and 2, a first preferred method for measuring propagation delay of an unconditioned communication line in a non-interfering manner is set forth. As seen at 20̸a, a source unit transmits over a secondary (diagnostic) channel of a line a known signal (typically a "space" comprised of all zeros or all ones) to a target unit. The target is arranged to loop back at 25a the known signal to the source, thereby establishing the integrity of the loop. At 30̸a, the source sends a known data pattern signal (e.g. reversals with data changing states at known intervals) over the secondary channel. With the target looping back at 35a the data pattern signal, the source will at 40̸a be able to receive back the pattern and record the instants in time that the changes in the state took place. Knowing the time at which each change in state of the data was transmitted, a determination of the average total signal propagation delay (hereinafter referred to as the " loop time") my be calculated at 50̸a.

0010In order to avoid interference between data communications being conducted over the line, the communication of the known data pattern signal is preferably conducted over a secondary channel (i.e. at a frequency at the edge of the passband) of the line. Thus, extra delay is encountered which will not be found in communications occurring over the midband frequencies of the unconditioned line. As is set forth in Figure 2 which was compiled from information set forth in the End Office Connection Survey Bell System Technical Journal, November 1984 (pages 20̸78-20̸87), this extra delay is a function both of the frequency of the secondary channel frequency as well as the distance between the communicating source and target. Thus, as indicated in Figure 2, for relatively short connections (less than one hundred eighty miles), the mean envelope delay distortion of a 330̸ Hz signal relative to a middle band frequency of approximately 170̸0̸ Hz is approximately 3 milliseconds. For medium connections (180̸ to 720̸ miles), the mean envelope delay for the 330̸ Hz signal is approximately 3.5 milliseconds, while for long connections (>720̸ miles), the mean envelope delay is approximately 4.5 milliseconds. Of course, for different frequencies, the mean envelope delay relative to the middle band frequency of 170̸0̸ Hz will be different. As also indicated in Figure 2 for a 30̸4 Hz signal, the mean envelope delays for short, medium and long connections are 3.6, 4.3 and 5.0̸ milliseconds respectively.

0011The mean envelope delays set forth in Figure 2 are shown as step functions depending on the group into which the line distance falls (i.e. short, middle or long). However, if desired, additional groups of distances could be added and more points plotted on Figure 2. Indeed, a curve of mean envelope delay versus line distance could determined for any particular secondary channel frequency used.

0012Returning to Figure 1a, a preliminary determination of line distance must be had before a determination of envelope distortion delay may be determined. Thus, at 54a, the known fixed delay of the communicating means is subtracted from the loop time found at 50̸a. The loop time minus the fixed delays provides a rough estimate of the line distance as a rough relationship of loop time to line distance exists. As seen in figure 2, for the first 180̸-20̸0̸ miles, approximately one millisecond of delay is added for each twenty miles; from 20̸0̸-720̸ miles, approximately one millisecond of delay is added for each seventy miles; and after 720̸ miles, approximately one millisecond of additional loop time is added for every one hundred miles of line distance.

0013Having initially determined the loop time minus the fixed delay at 53a. and the approximate line distance at 55 (through the use of a look-up table or Figure 2), the envelope delay (or "delay distortion time") is determined at 60̸ preferably using either a look-up table, or Figure 2. Then, with the determinations of delay distortion time and loop time minus fixed delay having been made at 60̸ and 53a respectively, a determination of propagation delay may be had at 70̸a. Preferably, the propagation delay is determined by subtracting the round trip delay distortion time determined at 60̸ from the difference of the loop time and fixed delays determined at 53a.

0014Turning to Figure 1b, an alternative preferred manner of practicing the method invention is seen, Steps 20̸b, 30̸b, 35b, 40̸b, 50̸b, and 53b all correspond to the previously described steps 20̸a, 25a, 30̸a, 40̸a, 50̸a, and 53b such that at 53b, a determination of the loop time minus the fixed delays is made. However, instead of using the loop time minus the fixed delays to provide a preliminary indication of distance, and then using the distance and secondary channel frequency to provide a determination of delay distortion according to a loop-up table as set forth in Figure 1a, the propagation delay is determined directly in Figure 1b at step 70̸b. The propagation delay is found by taking the loop time minus the fixed delays of the communicating means, and depending upon the value, choosing and subtracting a round trip delay distortion value. Thus, at 330̸ Hz and for measured loop times minus fixed delays of zero to sixteen milliseconds, a delay distortion of six milliseconds is chosen and subtracted from the adjusted loop time to provide the determined propagation delay (which is not less than zero). For measured loop times minus fixed delays of seventeen to twenty-six milliseconds, a delay distortion of seven milliseconds is chosen and subtracted to provide the propagation delay. Finally, for measured loop times minus fixed delays of twenty-seven milliseconds or greater, nine milliseconds is chosen as the delay distortion and is subtracted to provide the propagation delay.

0015As indicated in Figures 1a and 1b, if desired, the propagation delay of a line may be monitored over time by repeating the method steps set forth in Figures 1a or 1b. Of course, if a line is continually in use, steps 20̸ and 25 need not be repeated. The repetition of the propagation delay measurement would provide the user with an indication as to whether a communication is being rerouted during transmission.

0016Turning to Figures 3a and 3b where like numerals are indicative of like parts, the means for conducting the steps of Figures 1a and 1b are broadly shown and basically comprise front ends 10̸0̸a and 10̸0̸b to modems (not shown). While front ends 10̸0̸a and 10̸0̸b are not identical as shown , those skilled in the art will appreciate that it might be beneficial for all modems to incorporate the features of both the master and slave modems. On the sending end, primary data which has been modulated by a modem is high pass filtered at 10̸2a to clear the sidebands which would fall into the 30̸0̸-40̸0̸ Hz range of the secondary channel. A microprocessor 110̸a such as a Motorola 680̸9, having an associated timing source 10̸4a and ROM 10̸6a is provided and arranged to send data patterns (signals) as discussed with reference to Figures 1a and 1b. The data signals are then converted to FSK signals at the desired frequencies by and FSK signal generator 112a such as and XR220̸6 manufactured by Exar Corp. The primary data signal and the secondary FSK data signal are summed by a summing amplifier 115a and resistors 116a and 118a. The resultant composite signal is then transmitted over the data communication line 120̸a via transformer 122a.

0017The front end 10̸0̸b of the looping modem receives the composite transmitted signal at transformer 125b. The composite transmitted signal is then split. One path is high pass filtered at 130̸b to provide the primary data signals, and the other path is low pass filtered at 132b to provide the secondary data signal. The FSK secondary data signal is then demodulated via a phase locked loop circuit 134b such as and XR2211 manufactured by Exar Corp. The resultant digital data is then received by microprocessor 110̸b. If the signal is to be looped back, and the microprocessor 110̸b has been previously informed of the same, microprocessor 110̸b will have set loopback switch 140̸ (together with gain adjustment as required) to accomplish the same, and will have set switch 141 to cut off any secondary signals being received from the FSK transmit 112b. Thus, the secondary signals originally forwarded from modem front end 10̸0̸a will be looped back via resistor 118b, and summed by summing amplifier 115b together with primary signals which have been high pass filtered at 10̸2b to filter out sidebands which would fall in the secondary channel frequency range. The composite signal is then transmitted via transformer 122b, and line 120̸b back to the front end 10̸0̸a of the transmitting modem. At 10̸0̸a, the composite primary and secondary signal is received by transformer 125a and again split. One path is high pass filtered at 130̸a to provide the primary signal while the other is low pass filtered at 132a to provide the secondary channel signal which is demodulated by the phase lock loop 134a and sent to microprocessor 10̸0̸a. If the low frequency signals are for the purpose of measuring propagation delay, the receipt of the signal stops a counter in microprocessor 10̸0̸a, which, with the help of oscillator 10̸4a, had been timing the loop time between the sending and receipt of the same. The microprocessor 110̸a, with the use of ROM 10̸6a which preferably stores at least look-up tables regarding delay distortion time, may then conduct the necessary calculations for a determination of propagation delay.

0018There has been described and illustrated herein methods and apparatus for measuring the propagation delay of an unconditioned data communication line. While particular embodiments have been described, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereby as it is intended that the invention be broad scope and that the specification be read likewise, Thus, for example, while certain orders were set forth for subtracting fixed delays from loop times, and then determining and subtracting distortion delays, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the order of subtraction is for convenience, and is not necessarily required to practice the broad invention. Indeed, some in the art, knowing their fixed delays, may wish a determination of the propagation plus fixed delay. Also, while a non-interfering average frequency of 330̸ Hz was chosen as the preferred frequency for conducting the measurement, it will be appreciated that other frequencies could be chosen, provided the delay distortion time is taken into account for the chosen frequency when making the propagation delay determination. Further, the choice of means for finding the delay distortion times could vary form loop-up charts or tables, to dedicated circuitry depending on the loop time or loop time minus fixed communication means delays, to graphs, and to other available means in the art. Likewise, the provided circuitry for conducting the propagation delay measurement could easily be changed to various equivalents as would be known to those skilled in the art.

0019It will further be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that while the invention was described with regard to frequency division multiplexed (FDM) apparatus, the invention could be applied to time division multiplexed (TDM) apparatus. With TDM apparatus, because the known signal which is to be looped back is transmitted at the same frequency as the rest of the (primary) data, it is not necessary to determine delay distortion time in order to determine the propagation delay. Thus the use of secondary channel(s) with TDM apparatus permits the primary data to proceed unimpeded, provided, of course, enough bandwidth is available to accommodate both the primary data channels and the secondary channel used for the propagation delay measurement. Therefore, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that additional modifications can be made to the described invention without deviating from the scope of the invention as so claimed.