Metallo-porphirins as bleach catalyst and process for cleaning fabrics.

0001This invention relates to a method for using metallo-porphyrins as bleach catalyst, a process for cleaning fabrics and to products for use in carrying out the process. More particularly, the invention relates to catalytic fabric stain bleaching at low to ambient temperatures, e.g. from 10-30°C, and to products comprising metallo-porphyrins.

0002Hydrogen peroxide releasing bleaching agents, such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium persilicate and sodium perpyrophosphate, are effective only at high washing temperatures, e.g. from 80°C up to the boil. They can be made more effective at lower temperatures by adding "activators", which are usually organic acid anhydrides, esters, amides or imides, functioning by a perhydrolysis reaction with the percompound forming organic peroxyacids which, unlike the percompound, are effective at lower temperatures. Indeed organic peroxyacids, i.e. percarboxylic acids, as a class and persulphates, e.g. potassium monopersulphate, are effective bleaches at 40-60°C and their use as a bleach system in detergent compositions has been proposed in the art. Still, a large number of peroxyacids do not exhibit adequate bleaching performance at and below 40°C.

0003With the trend towards lower fabric-washing temperatures, to e.g. 40°C and below, there is continuous incentive to look for more effective low temperature bleach systems. The present invention seeks to provide a method for improving the bleaching effect of peroxyacid bleach systems comprising a peroxyacid <u style="single">per se</u> or formed <u style="single">in situ</u>.

0004It is known that iron porphyrins can act as an oxidation catalyst. US Patent N° 4,077,768 describes the application of this catalyst with an oxidising bleach, e.g. hydrogen peroxide and also peroxyacids, in aqueous wash liquors for dye bleaching in solution, i.e. for inhibiting dye-transfer. The method as described in this patent comprises treating the fabrics in a bath containing a dissolved or solubilised iron porphyrin, to which bath is also supplied the oxidising bleach which is added or released slowly and in small amounts at a rate not substantially greater than that at which it is removed from said bath by reaction with the contents thereof.

0005Said rate of bleach release in or bleach addition to the bleaching bath, according to this reference, is necessary so as to prevent catalyst decomposition. Gradual introduction of hydrogen peroxide over a period of at least 5 minutes to 30 minutes is said to be suitable, and compositions comprising iron porphyrins and an oxidising bleach in a form such that it dissolves in the bath at said controlled rate are also suggested. Indeed, the method and compositions of this US Patent are particularly designed for inhibiting dye-­transfer but they are no good in the effective bleaching of stains on fabrics at the lower wash temperature region of e.g. between 10 and 40°C.

0006Surprisingly, however, metallo-porphyrins do effectively catalyse the fabric stain bleaching action of peroxyacid bleach systems if certain conditions are fulfilled.

0007It has now been found that metallo-porphyrins, when adsorbed on to fabrics, can effect a catalysing action on the fabric stain bleaching of peroxyacids, making them effective for use in washing at lower temperatures. The term "peroxyacids" used here includes both the organic peroxyacids, i.e. percarboxylic acids, and the inorganic peroxyacid salts, e.g. persulphates, such as potassium monopersulphate. Pre-adsorption of the metallo-porphyrin catalyst on to the fabric is a prerequisite for catalytic activity on stain bleaching. Direct mixture of catalyst and peroxyacid in solution (either slowly added or in one aliquot) or inadequate adsorption of the metallo-porphyrin on to the fabric upon peroxyacid release in the bath do not give the desired benefit.

0008Hence the metallo-porphyrin catalyst must be pre-­adsorbed on to the fabric prior to contacting the fabric with the peroxyacid. Pre-adsorption can be effected by applying the metallo-porphyrin manually upon the fabric stains or by by treating the fabric in a bath containing a dissolved or solubilised amount of metallo-porphyrin. Sufficient time, however, must be allowed for the catalyst to sufficiently adsorb on to the fabric. Generally at least 2 minutes should be allowed for the fabric to adsorb an effective amount of metallo-porphyrin from solution, preferably 5 to 30 minutes, particularly from 7-15 minutes. When the metallo-porphyrin catalyst is manually applied, via an applicator, upon the fabric stains to effect local stain removal, a shorter residence time in the order of 1 to 5 minutes, preferably 2 to 5 minutes, will normally be sufficient for the catalyst to be effective. It goes without saying that longer residence times will favour the adsorption degree and that in principle there is no upper time limit for the fabric being in contact with the catalyst prior to washing or treating with the peroxyacid solution other than for economic and practical reasons.

0009Once the metallo-porphyrin is adequately adsorbed on to the fabric, for which the above-stated period of time must be allowed, it is of no benefit, rather it can be detrimental to the bleaching effect if the fabric is then treated with a bleaching bath wherein the peroxyacid is released at the controlled rate as defined in the art. Treatment of the fabric in a bleaching bath comprising the full amount of peroxyacid is thus advantageous and preferred to obtain the full benefit of the metallo-porphyrin bleaching catalysis action.

0010Here lies the essential difference between the present invention and the subject matter of the art disclosed in US Patent N° 4,077,768.

0011The metallo-porphyrins usable as a catalyst in the present invention are compounds having the following structural formula: <chemistry id="chem0001" num="0001"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0001.tif" /></chemistry> wherein M can be Fe (III), Mn (III), Ru (II/III) or Mo (V); Ar is a substituent on the meso-positions and selected from the group consisting of : <chemistry id="chem0002" num="0002"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0002.tif" /></chemistry> and <chemistry id="chem0003" num="0003"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0003.tif" /></chemistry> wherein n and m may be 0 or 1, A may be sulphate, sulphonate, phosphate or carboxylate groups; and B is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, polyethoxyalkyl or hydroxyalkyl. Preferred molecules are those in which the substituents on the phenyl or pyridyl groups are selected from the group consisting of : -CH₃; -C₂H₅; -CH₂CH₂CH₂SO₃⁻; -CH₂CH(OH)CH₂SO₃⁻ and SO₃⁻. Preferred metallo-porphyrins are those wherein M is Fe(III) or Mn(III), the iron porphyrins and manganese poyphyrins.

0012A particularly preferred iron or manganese porphyrin is one in which the Ar substituent is 4-N-methylpyridyl: <chemistry id="chem0004" num="0004"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0004.tif" /></chemistry> Typical examples of these preferred compounds are 4-­4-TMPPFe(III) and 4-TMPPMn(III), known as: [tetra-(N-methylpyridyl)-porphyrinato-iron(III)]Cl₅ and [tetra-(N-methylpyridyl)-porphyrinato-manganese(III)]Cl₅, respectively.

0013Other specific examples of suitable metallo-porphyrins are : <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>i) Iron or manganese porphyrin in which the Ar substituent is 2-N-methylpyridyl: <chemistry id="chem0005" num="0005"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0005.tif" /></chemistry></li><li>ii) Iron or manganese porphyrin in which the Ar substituent is 4-sulphonatophenyl: <chemistry id="chem0006" num="0006"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0006.tif" /></chemistry> [tetra-(sulphonatophenyl)-porphyrinato-iron(III)]Cl₅.</li></ul>

0014The major determinant of catalytic activity appears to be the cationic or anionic nature of the catalyst. Since the catalyst must interact with both the oxidant and substrate, both of which are normally anionic, the advantage of a cationic catalyst is easily understood in terms of favourable electrostatic interactions. With 4-TSPPFe(III) the interaction with the substrate is electrostatically disfavoured and electron transfer to the substrate will be less able to compete with catalyst decomposition. Since most substrates in stains are likely to be anionic, a cationic metallo-porphyrin catalyst such as 4-TMPPFe(III); 4-TMPPMn(III); 2-TMPPFe(III) and 2-TMPPMn(III), would be the best choice for practical purposes.

0015Accordingly, the invention provides a process for cleaning and bleaching fabrics, which process comprises treating the fabric with a metallo-porphyrin compound selected from Fe(III)-, Mn(III)-, Ru(II/III)- and Mo(V)-­porphyrins, leaving the fabric in contact therewith for a predetermined time of not less than 1 minute, preferably 2 minutes, to effect sufficient adsorption of said compound on to the fabric, and thereafter washing the fabric with a peroxyacid bleach composition.

0016In one aspect of the invention the fabrics are treated in a bath comprising 2 to 25 ppm of a dissolved or solubilised metallo-porphyrin for not less than 2 minutes, normally 5-30 minutes, preferably 7-15 minutes, to which bath a peroxyacid bleaching agent is then added at a level of about 20 to 1000 ppm. The amount of solubilised or dissolved metallo-porphyrin in the bath will depend upon the fabric wash load and the rate of staining, and adjusting the amount is within the ability of the skilled artisan.

0017In another aspect of the invention an effective amount of metallo-porphyrin is manually applied from an applicator on to the fabric on places with stubborn or persistent stains, leaving the fabric treated therewith for at least 1 minute, preferably 2 minutes, normally 2-5 minutes, which fabric is then washed in a conventional manner with a peroxyacid bleach composition.

0018It should be appreciated that the fabrics which are treated in a bath comprising a dissolved or solubilised metallo-porphyrin may, or may not, have been manually pretreated with metallo-porphyrin as is deemed necessary and processes involving this combined treatment are also within the purview of the invention.

0019The peroxyacid, the activity of which can be catalysed by metallo-porphyrins, particularly iron and manganese porphyrins, includes any organic peroxyacid and inorganic peroxyacid salt.

0020Examples of such organic peroxyacids can be represented by compounds of the general formula : HO-O-<img file="EP0306089A2_D0007.tif" />(O)_n-R-Y wherein R is an alkylene or substituted alkylene group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an arylene group containing from 6 to 8 carbon atoms, n is 0 or 1, and Y is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl or any group which provides an anionic moiety in aqueous solution. Such groups can include, for example <chemistry id="chem0007" num="0007"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0008.tif" /></chemistry> wherein M is H or a water-soluble, salt-forming cation.

0021The organic peroxyacids and salts thereof can contain either one, two or more peroxy groups and can be either aliphatic or aromatic. When the organic peroxyacid is alphatic, the unsubstituted acid may have the general formula : <chemistry id="chem0008" num="0008"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0009.tif" /></chemistry> and m can be an integer from 1 to 20.

0022Specific examples of compounds of this type are peracetic acid, perlauric acid and diperoxydodecanedioic acid.

0023When the organic peroxyacid is aromatic, the unsubstituted acid may have the general formula : HO-O-<img file="EP0306089A2_D0010.tif" />(O)_n-C₆H₄-Y wherein Y is, for example, hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, <chemistry id="chem0009" num="0009"><img file="EP0306089A2_D0011.tif" /></chemistry>

0024The percarboxy or percarbonic and Y groupings can be in any relative position around the aromatic ring. The ring and/or Y group (if alkyl) can contain any non-­interfering substituents, such as halogen or sulphonate groups.

0025Specific examples of such aromatic peroxyacids and salts thereof include peroxybenzoic acid, m-chloro­peroxybenzoic acid, p-nitro-peroxybenzoic acid, p-­sulphonato-peroxybenzoic acid, diperoxyisophthalic acid and peroxy-alpha-naphthoic acid.

0026A specific example of inorganic peroxyacid salts is potassium monopersulphate. A product comprising this compound is the triple salt, K₂SO₄.KHSO₄.2KHSO₅, available commercially under the trade-name Oxone® from E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company.

0027The process of the invention may be carried out by simply preparing an aqueous bath comprising a dissolved or solubilised metallo-porphyrin, immersing in said bath the fabric with agitation for a predetermined period of not less than 2 minutes, and thereafter adding to said bath an oxidising bleaching agent in one aliquot, comprising a peroxyacid whilst further agitating the system during a normal washing/soaking time of about 10-60 minutes.

0028An essential element in the fabric bleaching (cleaning and stain removal) of the invention is that the metallo-porphyrin catalyst has already been present on the cloth upon addition of the oxidising peroxyacid. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that this is because the catalyst is stable only in the presence of the substrate which it can oxidise; otherwise it is itself oxidised to a less active form. This can be a drawback for a potential fabric washing product where convenience is all-­important. One way around this problem would be to delay the release of the oxidant peroxyacid for 5 to 15 minutes, thereby allowing time for the majority of the catalyst to adsorb on to the fabric.

0029Accordingly, in one of its product or composition aspects the invention provides a washing product comprising a peroxyacid bleach and, as catalyst therefor, a metallo-porphyrin compound, the peroxyacid being in a form such that it is released into the wash solution only 5 to 15 minutes, preferably 7 to 10 minutes, after the product has been dissolved or dispersed in water. A product that will meet this requirement may be presented in the form of a packaged washing powder comprising a metallo-porphyrin, e.g. [tetra-(N-methylpyridyl-)porphyrinato Fe(III)]Cl₅, together with a separate pack of one-wash peroxyacid-­containing sachets which release their contents only 5-­15 minutes after contact with the wash liquor.

0030Alternatively, the product can be in the form of a sachet within a sachet, the inner sachet containing a peroxyacid and being provided by means of delaying release of the contents, and the outer sachet containing a washing composition comprising the metallo-porphyrin catalyst and releasing its contents fairly rapidly upon immersion in water.

0031Another product form is that of a washing powder comprising a peroxyacid and a metallo-porphyrin catalyst in which the peroxyacid is provided in the form of coherently coated particles. Still other product forms ar feasible and those skilled in the art will have no difficulty in selecting product forms by means of existing technology.

0032Sachets comprising the peroxyacid made of a material consisting of paper coated (at 200 g/m) with a mixture of tallow alcohol (80%) and stearic acid (20%) has proved effective in that they give a delay of release of approximately 7-10 minutes. The same mixture of tallow alcohol and stearic acid can be used as the coating material for peroxyacid particles.

0033Delayed release as meant here should avoid slow and gradual leaching of the peroxyacid in the wash solution; the contents as a whole should preferably be isolated from the wash solution before the time of release.

0034In another embodiment, the invention provides a pretreatment product for local application on to fabrics, textiles and clothes, consisting essentially of a liquid or paste-like composition comprising a dispersion or solution of a metallo-porphyrin catalyst in a suitable liquid or semi-liquid carrier, presented in a suitable dispenser for manual application. This composition may be dispensed from any known form of applicator, e.g. aerosol pressure bottles, pump-spray bottles, roller-ball capped bottles, pad applicators etc.

0035Usually the liquid carrier will also contain a volatile solvent which evaporates upon application, leaving the metallo-porphyrin firmly attached on to the fabric surface to absorb. An example of a suitable carrier is a mixture of a nonionic surfactant and a lower alcohol, e.g. methanol.

0036Compositions comprising metallo-porphyrins, e.g. 4-TMPPFe(III), dispersed in a carrier of this type are typical for roller ball capped bottle and pad applicators. Liquid or paste-like compositions for use in a pretreatment product may contain from about 0.1-­1.0 g/l metallo-porphyrin, usually from about 0.2-0.5 g/l.

0037The treating bath as well as the washing composition comprising the metallo-porphyrin catalyst can contain any of the usual components of detergent compositions in the usual amounts. Thus organic detergents of the anionic, nonionic, zwitterionic and cationic types and mixtures thereof may be present, the amount of which generally will be from about 3 to about 40% by weight.

0038Suitable detergents are well known in the art and examples of such suitable compounds commonly used in the art are given in "Surface Active Agents", Vol. I, by Schwartz and Perry (Interscience 1949) and "Surface Active Agents", Vol. II, by Schwartz, Perry and Berch (Interscience 1958).

0039Detergency builders, whether inorganic or organic, phosphate or non-phosphate, water-soluble or insoluble, and other water-soluble salts and buffering agents may preferably also be present. In addition thereto the washing composition may contain any other non-­interfering ingredients normally used in detergent compositions in minor amounts, which serve to improve the bleaching and laundering characteristics of the composition or which add aesthetic appeal to the composition. Such minor ingredients can include sequestering agents and co-builders (e.g. homo- and co-­polymers); suds control agents; soil suspending agents and anti-redeposition agents; enzymes, particularly proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes; corrosion inhibitors, optical brightening agents, colouring agents, perfumes clays and fillers.

0040Detergent compositions usable in the present invention may contain from about 3 to about 40% by weight of organic detergent, 0 to 60%, preferably from 5 to about 40% by weight of detergency builder, from about 1 to 10% by weight of peroxyacid, and from about 0.05 to 1.0% by weight of metallo-porphyrin. They are usable normally at a dosage of 2-10 g/l for washing fabrics at wash loads of about 4-5 kg.

EXAMPLE I

0041The catalytic activity of 4-TMPPFe(III) upon the stain removing capacity of various peroxyacids was demonstrated.

0042The experiments were carried out with tea-stained test cloths immersed in a bath containing 9 ppm 4-TMPPFe (III) and 0.1 M borax (pH 9.2 and T = 30°C) for 10 minutes. To each bath was then added peroxyacid at a concentration of 1 mM and the reflectance at 460 nm of the test cloths was measured after 25 minutes' wash. These reflectances were compared against control washing with peracid only under the same conditions.

0043Bleaching enhancement ΔΔR460* observed. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="78.75mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="78.75mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left"><u style="single">Peracid</u></entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center"><u style="single">ΔΔ R460*</u></entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Perbenzoic acid</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">5.3</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">p-nitroperbenzoic acid</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.0</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">p-sulphonato perbenzoic acid</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">5.5</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Peracetic acid</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">7.2</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Potassium monopersulphate</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">3.0</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0044These bleaching experiments were repeated at 10°C over a slightly longer time, as any change in temperature will not affect the outcome of the composition reaction, but will affect only the rate at which the reactions take place.

0045Because of this slow rate, the concentration of the peroxyacid was increased from 1 mM to about 2-3 mM to obtain the full benefit of catalysis within an hour.

0046Similar benefits were observed for perbenzoic acid, p-nitroperbenzoic acid, p-sulphonatoperbenzoic acid and potassium permonosulphate. No repeated experiments were made with peracetic acid.

EXAMPLE II

0047In this Example bleaching experiments were carried out at 30°C on tea-stained test cloths using sachets (2.5 x 2.5 cm) made of paper coated (at 200 g/m) with a mixture of tallow alcohol (80%) and stearic acid (20%), which gave a delayed release of approximately 7-10 minutes. Each sachet contained sufficient potassium monopersulphate to give a final concentration of 1.95 mM (0.6 g/l).

0048These sachets were used in treating baths of pH 9.2 comprising 0.1 M borax with and without 4-TMPPFe(III) at a concentration of 10 ppm.

0049The results are shown in Fig. 1.

0050In the experiment involving the 4-TMPPFe(III) catalyst a rapid and intensive darkening of the cloth was seen as the intensely coloured porphyrin complex was adsorbed (see run A). With a sufficient monopersulphate level bleaching began after 5 minutes and gave 2 units more bleaching than the monopersulphate only control after approximately 40 minutes (run A vs. B).

EXAMPLE III

0051The following liquid pretreatment product was prepared: 4-TMPPFe(III)      0.2 g/l nonionic surfactant (Synperonic®A7)*      50% v/v methanol      50% v/v *C₁₃-C₁₅ alcohol/7 ethoxylate.

0052The product dispensed from a roller-ball capped bottle was applied directly to the stain and the solvent, methanol, allowed to evaporate (abt. 4 minutes) leaving a high level of catalyst and nonionic adsorbed on to the stained area. Washing the pretreated cloth with a peracid (monopersulphate) containing product resulted in improved bleaching of the treated area.

0053A striking demonstration of the potential of the product is obtained by the use of Direct Red 80 dyed cotton as monitor. This dye is a particularly good substrate for catalyst bleaching and the cloth is heavily dyed. The bleaching of the pretreated cloths was performed in the absence of a detergent base using only borax as buffer to adjust the pH at 9.4 with potassium monopersulphate (1 g/l) as the bleach. The results are presented below, where the bleaching was assessed using K/S values from reflectance measurements at the dye maximum of 540 nm. <tables id="tabl0002" num="0002"><table frame="all"><tgroup cols="4" colsep="1" rowsep="1"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="39.37mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="39.37mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" rowsep="0" align="left">Temp. (°C)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" rowsep="0" align="center">Wash time (min.)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col4" align="center">% removal</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" /><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" /><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">treated</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">untreated</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row rowsep="0"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">20</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">15</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">37</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">3</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="right">35</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="right">3</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">65</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="right">3</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0054When a percompound/precursor system was used, sufficient time must be allowed for the precursor to generate the peracid. With 5 g/l of a detergent formulation comprising 10% sodium perborate/2.3% tetraacetyl ethylenediamine at 30°C, a generation time of 10 minutes, folowed by a wash of 15 minutes, resulted in an additional benefit of 3.9 units on tea-­stained test cloth. This represented an increase of 24% to 40% removal of the stain.

EXAMPLE IV

Stain bleaching with manganese porphyrin

0055A sample of 4-TMPPMn(III) was prepared as a penta­(hexafluorophosphate) salt with a molecular weight of 1,300.

0056Bleaching was performed on test pieces that had been soaked in a 10 ppm solution of 4-TMPPMn(III) for 30 minutes. This level was sufficient to saturate the cloths present, although the adsorption appeared to be about 2.5 times slower than for 4-TMPPFe(III).

0057Potassium monopersulphate was used as the oxidant and the catalyst was tested on three different bleach-­sensitive cloths, viz tea, EMPA 114 (= red wine) and Direct Red 80.

0058The DR 80 cloth was dyed with a red Azo-dye that resembles the substrate used for solution bleaching studies and as such represented a good comparison of homo- and heterogeneous bleaching response.

0059The EMPA 114 was prewashed before use to remove the detergible fraction. Cloths were removed at different times during the bleaching reaction and resultant reflectance measurements were corrected for contributions from uncatalysed bleaching.

0060The results showed an additional benefit due to catalysis after some 10-15 minutes, and the results for both 4-TMPPMn(III) and 4-TMPPFe(III) were collected and shown in the following Table: <tables id="tabl0003" num="0003"><table frame="all"><title>TABLE</title><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left"><u style="single">Test cloth</u></entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center"><u style="single">ΔΔR - Mn(III)</u></entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center"><u style="single">ΔΔR - Fe(III)</u></entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">Tea-stained</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">0</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">3</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">EMPA 114</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">5</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">3</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="left">DR 80-Dye</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="char" char=".">10.4</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="right">7</entry></row></tbody></tgroup><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="52.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="52.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="left">Test conditions:</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="justify">Temperature 30°C</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="justify">Wash pH = 9.4 (0.1 M Borax)</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="justify">Catalyst level 10 ppm</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="justify">0.7 mM K-monopersulphate with Fe(III)</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col3" align="justify">0.65 mM K-monopersulphate with Mn(III)</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0061Two points emerge from this Table: <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>1) the effect of 4-TMPPMn(III) on EMPA 114 and DR 80 was greater than that of the Fe(III) analogue.</li><li>2) the results for 4-TMPPMn(III) display a particularly interesting selectivity: EMPA 114 and DR 80 underwent catalysed bleaching whereas tea did not.</li></ul>

0062These results could possibly be used as a guidance to use mixtures of metallo-porphyrins for obtaining the best peracid bleaching results at lower temperatures.