Tool insert

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

0001This invention relates to tool inserts and more particularly to tool inserts which comprise composite abrasive compacts.

0002A composite abrasive compact comprises an abrasive compact bonded to a cemented carbide support or substrate. The abrasive compact will invariably be a diamond or cubic boron nitride abrasive compact. Bonding between the abrasive compact and the substrate may be direct or through the medium of an interposed bonding layer.

0003Diamond abrasive compacts of such composite abrasive compacts consist of a layer of polycrystalline diamond (abbreviated often to PCD) which is made by subjecting individual diamond crystals to temperature and pressure conditions at which the diamond is crystallographically stable and at which direct diamond-to-diamond bonding occurs. A diamond solvent/catalyst second phase may be present to assist in the formation of the diamond-to-diamond bonding.

0004Composite abrasive compacts are extensively described in the patent literature and have been in commercial use for over a decade. Examples of patent specifications which describe and illustrate composite abrasive compacts are United States Patents Nos. 3,743,489, 3,767,371, 4,063,909 and 3,745,623.

0005United States Patent Specification 4,403,015 also describes a particular type of composite abrasive compact. This composite abrasive compact consists of a diamond or cubic boron nitride abrasive compact bonded to a cemented carbide substrate through an intermediate bonding layer less than 2mm in thickness and comprising cubic boron nitride in an amount effective to ensure rigid bonding between the hard sintered compact and the cemented carbide substrate, but not exceeding 70 volume percent, the residual part consisting of a compound selected from the group consisting of carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides or borides of 4A, 5A, 6A transition metals of the Periodic Table, an admixture thereof, or a mutual solid solution compound thereof. The intermediate bonding layer may also contain aluminium and/or silicon and perhaps a minor quantity of binder metal such as cobalt from the cemented carbide substrate.

0006United States Patent Specification No. 4,604,106 describes a composite abrasive compact comprising an abrasive compact bonded to a cemented carbide support through an intermediate layer which comprises a mixture of diamond crystals and pre-cemented carbide pieces. The carbide pieces are pre-cemented and not in the form of carbide powder. The specification also states that some cubic boron nitride may be included in the intermediate layer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

0007According to the invention, there is provided a tool insert comprising a diamond abrasive compact having a diamond solvent second phase and bonded to a cemented carbide support through an intermediate layer consisting essentially of discrete cubic boron nitride particles and carbide particles bonded into a coherent form by means of a bonding metal selected from cobalt, nickel, iron and alloys containing one or more of these metals, the cubic boron nitride particles constituting 60 to 20 percent by volume of the intermediate layer, the carbide particles and bonding metal together constituting 40 to 80 percent by volume of the intermediate layer and the bonding metal constituting 15 to 25 percent by weight of the carbide/metal combination.

0008The intermediate layer thus consists essentially of discrete cubic boron nitride particles, carbide particles and diamond solvents. Any other components such as diamond particles will be present in trace amounts only.

0009Further according to the invention, a method of making a tool insert as described above includes the steps of providing a body of cemented carbide, placing a mixture of cubic boron nitride particles, carbide particles and powdered bonding metal as defined above on a surface of the carbide body, the cubic boron nitride particles constituting 60 to 20 percent by volume of the mixture while the carbide particles and bonding metal together constituting 40 to 80 percent by volume of the mixture and the bonding metal constituting 15 to 25 percent by weight of the carbide/metal combination, placing a mixture of diamond particles and powdered diamond solvent on the cubic boron nitride containing mixture, and subjecting the cemented carbide body and mixtures to conditions of elevated temperature of at least 1400°C, and pressure of at least 5 GPa (50 kilobars) suitable to form a compact from the mixture of diamond particles and powdered diamond solvent.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

0010<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>Figure 1 illustrates a sectional side view of a tool insert of the invention;</li><li>Figure 2 illustrates a loaded cemented carbide cup used for producing the tool insert of Figure 1; and Figure 3 illustrates graphically the results of some cutting tests.</li></ul>

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

0011The tool insert of the invention is a composite diamond abrasive compact wherein the diamond compact layer is bonded to the cemented carbide support through an intermediate layer. The tool insert has several advantages over known composite diamond abrasive compacts. First, it has been found that the thermal stability of the diamond abrasive compact layer is, for reasons which are not known, better than similar prior art composite diamond abrasive compacts, i.e. those which also have a diamond solvent second phase. For example, it has been found that the diamond compact layer can withstand temperatures of up to 850°C in an inert or non-oxidising atmosphere for 10 minutes, without any serious degradation of the diamond occurring. This means that the tool insert may be used in cutting applications where high temperatures are generated at the cutting edge. Such high temperatures are experienced, for example, in drilling applications and high speed cutting applications. Second, the coherent bonded intermediate layer is abrasion resistant and minimises undercutting by chips produced during cutting. Third, stress fractures and cracks do not form in the intermediate layer during use. The formation of such stress fractures or cracks weakens the bond between the compact and the carbide support resulting in delamination occurring during use. In this regard, it has been found essential that the bonding metal content of the carbide/metal combination be at least 15 percent by weight of that combination to avoid stress fractures and cracks forming.

0012The intermediate layer will typically have a thickness of about 20 µm (microns) up to 5mm. The intermediate layer will preferably have substantially the same thickness or depth as the diamond compact layer.

0013The carbide particles are preferably tantalum carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, or a mixture thereof. The preferred carbide particles are tungsten carbide particles. These particles will generally be fine having an average size of less than 10 µm (microns).

0014The cubic boron nitride particles will also generally be fine typically having an average size of no more than 50 µm (microns).

0015The diamond solvent may be any known in the art but is preferably cobalt.

0016The conditions necessary to produce a diamond abrasive compact are well known in the art. The pressure applied is at least 5 GPa (50 kilobars) and the temperature applied is at least 1400°C. These elevated temperature and pressure conditions are typically maintained for a period of up to 30 minutes. Further, the apparatus used for producing such high temperature and pressure conditions is also well known in the art.

0017An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Referring to these drawings, Figure 1 illustrates a tool insert of the invention. The insert comprises a diamond abrasive compact layer 10 bonded to a cemented carbide support 12 through an intermediate bonded layer 14. The cemented carbide support 12 is preferably cemented tungsten carbide. The bonded intermediate layer 14 consists essentially of 50 percent by volume discrete cubic boron nitride particles and 50 percent by volume of a combination of tungsten carbide particles and cobalt. The cobalt is present in an amount of 20 percent by weight of the carbide/cobalt combination.

0018The tool insert is manufactured using a cemented carbide cup as illustrated by Figure 2. The cemented carbide cup 16 is circular in plan and has a recess 18 centrally located in one major surface 20 thereof. A mixture of the cubic boron nitride particles, tungsten carbide particles and powdered cobalt is placed in the recess 18 to form a first layer 22. The cubic boron nitride particles have an average size of less than 50 µm (microns), the carbide particles have an average size of 2 to 6 µm (microns), the powdered cobalt has an average particle size of less than 10 microns.

0019A mixture of diamond particles and cobalt powder is placed on top of the layer 22 to form a second layer 24. The diamond particles have an average size of less than 100 µm (microns) while the powdered cobalt was the same as that used for the mixture in the layer 22. The cobalt constituted 5 percent by weight of the diamond/cobalt mixture.

0020The carbide cup 16 was then placed in a suitable capsule and the capsule placed in the reaction zone of a conventional high temperature/high pressure apparatus. The contents of the capsule were subjected to a temperature of 1500°C and a pressure of 5.5 GPa (55 kilobars) and these conditions were maintained for a period of 15 minutes. The cup 16 was recovered from the capsule and the sides ground away to the dotted lines to produce the insert illustrated by Figure 1.

0021The tool insert of the invention was compared with a commercially available composite diamond abrasive compact. This commercially available composite diamond abrasive compact consisted of a diamond compact layer having a cobalt second phase and bonded directly to a cemented tungsten carbide support. The compact was produced by placing a mass of diamond particles in a cemented carbide cup of the type illustrated by Figure 2. The loaded cup was placed in a capsule and that capsule placed in a high temperature/high pressure apparatus and the contents subjected to the same temperature and pressure conditions described above. Cobalt from the cemented carbide cup infiltrated into the diamond mass during compact manufacture. The sides of the recessed body 16 were removed to produce the composite compact or tool insert.

0022The two tool inserts were subjected to a test in which they were both used to turn Paarl Granite at varying cutting speeds. The time taken for a 0,5mm wear flat to be produced was measured at speeds of 60 m/minute, 120 m/minute, 200 m/minute and 300 m/minute. The results are set out graphically in Figure 3. It will be noted that the time taken for the wear flat to be produced on the tool insert of the invention was longer than that taken for the commercially used tool insert, particularly at higher cutting speeds. At higher cutting speeds, higher temperatures are generated at the cutting edge, and this indicates that the tool insert of the invention is thermally more stable than the other tool insert.

0023Two other tool inserts of the invention were produced using the method described above, same that in the first variant the diamond/cobalt mixture contained 1 percent by weight cobalt and in the second variant the diamond/cobalt mixture contained 2,5 percent by weight cobalt. The three tool inserts were subjected to a turning test on Paarl Granite. Wear flats were measured at a cutting speed of 120 m/minute after a test time of 2 minutes. The inserts had been heat treated at 800°C, 830°C and 850°C in argon for 10 minutes prior to the turning test. The results are set out in Table 1. <tables id="tabl0001" num="0001"><table frame="all"><title>TABLE 1</title><tgroup cols="5" colsep="1" rowsep="0"><colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="4" colname="col4" colwidth="31.50mm" /><colspec colnum="5" colname="col5" colwidth="31.50mm" /><thead valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col2" align="center">Tool Insert</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col5" align="center">Wear Flat Area (mm²)</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" align="center">Intermediate Layer (Weight %)</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" align="center">Diamond Compact (Weight %)</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="center">800°C</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="center">830°C</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">850°C</entry></row></thead><tbody valign="top"><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" morerows="1" align="left">20% Co-WC-CBN*</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" morerows="1" align="left">1% Co Diamond</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">1,08</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">1,06</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="char" char=",">1,06</entry></row><row><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">1,04</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">1,00</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="char" char=",">1,37</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" morerows="1" align="left">20% Co-WC-CBN*</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" morerows="1" align="left">2,5% Co Diamond</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">1,00</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">1,01</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="char" char=",">1,11</entry></row><row><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">1,05</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">1,02</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="char" char=",">1,13</entry></row><row><entry namest="col1" nameend="col1" morerows="1" align="left">20% Co-WC-CBN*</entry><entry namest="col2" nameend="col2" morerows="1" align="left">5% Co Diamond</entry><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">1,01</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">1,04</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="char" char=",">1,56</entry></row><row><entry namest="col3" nameend="col3" align="char" char=",">1,04</entry><entry namest="col4" nameend="col4" align="char" char=",">1,05</entry><entry namest="col5" nameend="col5" align="center">-</entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry namest="col1" nameend="col5" align="justify">20 wt.% Co of the Co-WC-combination</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></table></tables>

0024In each instance after 10 minutes of heating at the designated temperature, wear flats of relatively small area had been produced indicating satisfactory performance. In all cases, when the temperature of heat treatment was raised to 870°C, the inserts failed.

0025The tool inserts of the invention, as mentioned above, have particular application in drilling applications. High temperatures are often experienced by the inserts when they are brazed to carbide studs for incorporation into the working surface of drill bits and when such studs or the inserts themselves are brazed into the working surface of a drill bit. Further, high temperatures are generated at the compact cutting edge during drilling. Thus, the thermal stability of the inserts of the invention gives the inserts a real advantage over similar inserts of the prior art.

0026The tool inserts may also be used for producing rotary drill bits, particularly rotary microdrill bits. The presence of the intermediate layer reduces the tendency for undercutting to occur during drilling. Also, high temperatures are generated at the compact cutting edge during use of such drill bits.