Security document.

The present invention relates to a security document, par­ticularly of the type comprising a flat support; one or more identification codes, either optical, magnetic or of any other type; and a hologram.

Security documents (such as passports, credit cards, se­curity passes, etc.) are known to be affixed with holo­grams, the sole function of which is to enhance the ap­pearance of the document; the authenticity of the holo­gram generally being checked only macroscopically by means of visual inspection by authorized personnel. Other known types of security documents present holograms for the purpose of preventing forgery, and which may be embossed either internally (embossed type) or externally (transfer foil type). Holograms of this sort, however, fail to meet two requirements essential for this type of application : - Protection of the hologram against physical-chemical agents in the environment and mechanical, thermal stress, etc., which may impair the quality of the image. This is particularly essential in cases where the document is checked automatically by devices designed to perform a programmed analysis of all and part of the image. - Preventing the hologram from being removed from the original and affixed to a forged document.

This is the case, in fact, with current types of "emboss­ed" holograms, which may easily be detached from the sur­face to which they are glued, and affixed to other forged documents.

"Transfer foil" types of holograms, while being prefer­able to the "embossed" type in that they are secured to a number of supports with a layer of heat-setting adhe­sive, have a very thin metalized surface layer with no protection and, therefore, very little resistance to bend­ing and abrasion. This inevitably results in wear and scoring of the holographic diffraction grating and, con­sequently, loss of data and references during both inte­gral and partial analysis of the original holographic image.

The aim of the present invention is to provide a security document of the aforementioned type, designed to overcome the drawbacks associated with known types of documents as described briefly above.

With this aim in view, according to the present invention, there is provided a security document comprising a sup­port, at least one identification code, and at least one hologram secured to the said support; characterised by the fact that it comprises one or more protective coatings applied at least on the surface of the said hologram, and reference means on the said hologram for positioning and/or identifying the said document.

A number of non-limiting embodiments of the present inven­tion will be described by way of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which : <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>Fig.1 shows a plan view of a document in accordance with the present invention;</li><li>Fig.2 shows a section along line II-II in Fig. 1;</li><li>Fig.s 3 to 6 show sections, similar to that of Fig.2, of alternative embodiments of the present invention;</li><li>Fig.s 7 and 8 show exploded views in perspective of fur­ther embodiments of the present invention;</li><li>Fig.9 shows a plan view of a further emnbodiment of the present invention.</li></ul>

Number 1 in Figs. 1 and 2 indicates a security document in accordance with the present invention.

Document 1 comprises, a flat support 2 conveniently formed from laminated plastic, paper, rolled metal or other flat material. One or more portions 3 of support 2 present codes for identifying the type document and/or the holder of document 1, which codes may be in the form of writing, or optical, magnetic or other types of codes. On the upper surface 4 of document 1, there is secured a reflection hologram 5 using adhesive, heat-setting ad­hesive means, etc.

Hologram 5 comprises a centre portion 7, constituting the actual holographic image, and an edge 8. The said edge 8 presents reference means 9 for enabling positioning of the hologram on to respective support 2, correct posi­tioning of the hologram on a manual or automatic reading device, and identification of the document by the said device.

As shown in Fig.1a, the said reference means 9 consist of diffraction marks located on at least two perpendicular sides of the said edge 8.

Fig.1b shows a variation of the Fig.1a embodiment. In this case, support 2 of hologram 5 presents four macroposi­tioning marks 20 located externally and alongside each edge of hologram 5. Macropositioning and identification of hologram 5 are entrusted to two sets of marks 21, 22 framing centre portion 7 constituting the actual hologra­phic image, and respectively arranged perpendicular and at an angle to the adjacent edge of centre portion 7. Hologram 5 also presents one or more optical bare and/or spot codes 23, and an alphanumerical code 24; the function of code 23 being to identify the issuing agency of docu­ment 1 (e.g. the bank) and therefore define the analysing and/or operating and/or connection sequence of various optoelectronic devices for detecting the authenticity of the hologram ; and the function of code 24 being to iden­tify the user (e.g. current account number), or vice versa.

The upper surface of hologram 5 is provided with a uni­formly thick protective coating 10 of transparent, flex­ible, abrasionproof material, such as resin or silicon lacquer.

For the sake of simplicity, the embodiments shown in Fig.3 onwards will be described using the same reference numbers as in Fig.s 1 and 2.

Fig.3 shows a solution whereby a first protective coating 10a, conveniently at least as thick as hologram 5, covers the entire upper surface 4 of support 2 with the exception of the portion occupied by hologram 5; and a second pro­tective coating 10b covers hologram 5 itself.

In the Fig.4 embodiment, support 2 comprises a recess 11 at least as deep as the thickness of hologram 5 and hous­ing hologram 5 itself; and protective coating 10 covers the entire upper surface 4 of document 1.

In the Fig.5 embodiment, the upper surface 4 of support 2 comprises an embossed code 14, substantially of the same shape and size as hologram 5, and to which is secured hologram 5, which varies the reflection angle, chromatic dispersion, etc. A first protective coating 10a, substan­tially as thick as hologram 5, covers the remainder of upper surface 4; and a second protective coating 10b is applied over the said first coating 10a and over holo­gram 5.

The Fig.6 embodiment is identical to that of Fig.5, ex­cept that upper surface 4 of support 2 is embossed entirely with forgeproof codes and patterns.

Fig. 7 shows a security document in accordance with the present invention and comprising a support 2 on the upper surface 4 of which there is formed a recess 11 as shown in Fig.4. Hologram 5 is transferred on to a plate 15 housed inside the said recess 11, which may contain em­bossed codes and/or positioning means, and conveniently secured inside the same by means of adhesive resins in such a manner as to prevent it from being detached undam­aged from support 2. The protective coating (not shown) may be any one of the types already mentioned.

The Fig.8 embodiment differs from the previous ones by employing a transmission type hologram 5 with protection on one or two sides. In this case, hologram 5 is placed between two plates 15a, 15b having respective centre holes 16a, 16b and housed inside a recess 11a also having a matching centre hole 17 coaxial with the said holes 16a, 16b.

In the embodiment shown in Fig.s 9a, 9b, the forgeproofing function is performed simultaneously by a liquid crystal display 18 and a hologram (not shown) placed on top. Display 18 affects reflection of the holographic image according to a code depending on the display configura­tion and on penetration, absorption (both achromatic and selectively chromatic), and reflection of the incident ray.

Fig.9a shows a document 1 with an alphanumerical display 18 supplied by wires connected to electrical contacts 19 on the outer edge of document 1.

The display shown in Fig.9b is a matrix type with supply contacts 19 located on the surface of the document. Ob­viously, in this case, protective coating 10 (shown by the dotted line) must be kept clear of contacts 19. To those skilled in the art it will be clear that changes may be made to the embodiments described herein without, however, departing from the scope of the present inven­tion.

For example, the characteristics of the various component parts of the document may be combined to form different embodiments.

Furthermore, positioning marks 20 may be located inside and/or outside the hologram , and be either printed in ink or formed from magnetic or other material.

At least one of frames 21, 22 may consist of resolving sights with diffraction gratings having groups of equally- or variably-spaced lines for resolution control of the document, or having a laminar or step or preferentially-­reflecting structure for reinforcing the diffraction waves and shifting the reflected peak. The said sights may also be inserted inside the holographic image for checking the authenticity of the security document.

Codes 23 may be at least partially replaced by crypto­graphic codes and/or Fourier transforms.

Reference means 9 and positioning marks 20 may consist of other uneven features in relation to the holographic background, such as diffraction gratings, specular sur­faces, inked graphics, embossed diopters, magnetic tracks or points, etc.

As regards Fig.1, hologram 5 may be placed at least par­tially over the codes in portions 3, which codes are con­veniently of different types.

Plate 15 (Fig.s 7 and 8) and recess 11a (Fig.8) may be provided with embossed codes and/or positioning means of any type.

Different optical profiles (prismatic, dioptrical, in microrelief according to a given code, etc.) may be formed on support 2, plate 15, or even on the outer surface of protective coatings 10, 10a and 10b.

Document 1 may present holes or slots for cooperating with positioning means (pins, guides, etc.) on the said reading device. Or the said positioning means may simply cooperate with the outer edges of document 1.

Finally, provision may be made for other forgeproofing devices, either optical or other types, e.g. chromatic liquid crystal displays for coded formation of icono­graphs, etc. over which to place hologram 5.

The display may also be arranged so as to extend beyond the hologram, thus enabling data on the display to be read also. In this case, the protective coating may or may not also cover the projecting portion of the display.