Gravel packer.

This invention relates to a tool for use in gravel packing wells, more particularly to a retrievable gravel packing tool useful for effecting a circulation- squeeze type gravel pack.

In certain wells, the liquids and gases from the producing formation contain sand which is a problem. In such cases, it is well known to install a screen in the production tubing, and to pack gravel around the screen to prevent the sand from the formation flowing into the production tubing. In such an arrangement, a gravel pack screen assembly is run into the formation on a string of tubing to the desired location, and gravel (typically coarse sand mixed in a gelled liquid) is pumped down to the exterior of the gravel pack screen assembly to fill the area between the screen assembly and the formation. After a sufficient amount of gravel has been pumped down to the exterior of the gravel pack screen assembly to completely fill the area between the screen assembly and the formation, the screen assembly is released from the tubing string and the tubing removed from the well with production tubing subsequently being installed in the well.

It is common in the art to circulate the gravel-laden liquid outside the screen assembly, and to return the liquid through the screen to the surface, leaving the gravel in place around the screen assembly. After the initial circulation, the operator may want to further consolidate the gravel pack, which is done through squeezing, or applying pressure to the gravel pack after closing the circulation path used to return the gravel-laden liquid to the surface. It is also desirable to be able to reverse-circulate gravel-laden fluid out of the tubing string and gravel pack screen assembly prior to retrieving it from the wellbore.

According to the present invention, there is provided a retrievable gravel packer for placing a gravel pack in a wellbore about a gravel screen disposed therebelow across a producing formation, comprising: a mandrel assembly including first and second substantially concentric tubular mandrels extending from the upper end to the lower end thereof defining a mandrel annulus therebetween, and closeable crossover means at the upper end of said assembly for communicating said mandrel annulus with said wellbore; a housing assembly disposed about. said mandrel assembly including a compressible packer element and packer element compression means; and a circulation assembly disposed at the lower end of said mandrel assembly including a circulation housing having circulation ports in the wall thereof and secured to said second mandrel, a circulation mandrel secured to said first mandrel and disposed within said circulation housing to define a circulation annulus therebetween in communication with said mandrel annulus, said circulation mandrel having relief ports extending from the interior of said circulation mandrel through the wall thereof to said circulation annulus, said circulation mandrel further including lateral circulation channels through the wall thereof extending from said circulation ports of said circulation housing t.o the int.erior of said circulation mandrel, the bore thereof being in communication with the bore of said first mandrel, first valve means slidably disposed in said circulation mandrel for closing circulation through said circulation channels, second valve means slidably disposed within said circulation mandrel for opening communication through said relief ports, a check ball at the lower end of said gravel packer, and check ball release means for selectively releasing said check ball from said gravel packer.

Preferably, the first and second valve means include a valve sleeve disposed across said relief ports and said circulation channels, said valve sleeve having apertures through the wall thereof aligned and in communication with said channels.

The check ball release means preferably includes a downwardly protruding nose at the bottom of said valve sleeve above said check ball, and outwardly displaceable collet means supporting said check ball. The collet means preferably comprises a circumferentially disposed plurality of downwardly extending collet. fingers secured to said circulation mandrel, through which said nose protrudes above said check ball.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to weight-set single-zone retrievable gravel packers.

In order that the invention may be more fully understood, one preferred embodiment thereof will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>FIGS. lA-lD comprise a schematic sectional elevation of a gravel packer of the present invention, disposed in a wellbore, and having a gravel pack screen suspended therefrom via a hydraulic releasing tool.</li><li>FIGS. 2A-2H comprise a detailed half-section elevation of the gravel packer of FIG. 1, in an unset mode.</li><li>FIG. 3 shows a J-slot employed in the gravel packer of FIG. 1.</li></ul>

Referring to FIGS. 2A-2H, and 3, gravel packer 10 disposed in wellbore casing or liner 8 comprises mandrel assembly 12 surrounded by housing assembly 14, and having circulation assembly 16 suspended therefrom.

Mandrel assembly 12 includes crossover assembly 20, including tubular crossover housing 22 having threaded adapter bore 24 at its upper end to secure gravel packer 10 to a tubing string (not shown). Crossover housing 22 has a cylindrical exterior 26, and an interior bore 28 below adapter bore 24 including annular shoulder 30, first cylindrical seal bore 32, crossover bore wall 34, second cylindrical seal bore 36, and threaded exit bore 38. A plurality of crossover ports 40 extend through the wall of housing 22 to open on crossover bore wall 34.

Tubular crossover sleeve 42 having leading annular edge 44 at the top thereof is slidably disposed in housing 22, upward travel thereof limited by the abutment of stop collar 64 against spring shoulder 100. The exterior of crossover sleeve 42 includes first cylindrical seal surface 46 carrying 0-ring 48, chamfered annular edge 50 leading to second cylindrical seal surface 52 carrying o-rings 54 and 56 bracketing annular crossover recess 58 to which crossover apertures 60 extend through the wall of sleeve 42, and recessed exterior 62. Stop collar 64 having threaded surface 66 thereon above annular stop 68 is disposed at the bottom of sleeve 42. Housing 22 is made up with sleeve 42 through the engagement of threaded exit bore 38 with threaded surface 66 until the lower edge of housing 22 contacts annular stop 68. The interior of stop collar 64 includes longitudinal, inward-extending keys 80.

The interior of crossover sleeve 42 includes a first seal bore 70 carrying O-ring 72 in the wall thereof, below which crossover bore 74 of greater diameter communicates with crossover apertures 60. Below crossover bore 74, second seal bore 76 of greater diameter and carrying 0-ring 77 extends to threaded exit bore 78.

Keyway adapter 90 extends upwardly into sleeve 42, seal surface 92 on the exterior thereof sealing against second seal bore 76, and threaded surface 94 mating with threaded bore 78. Exterior surface 96 having keyways 98 cut therein extends downwardly to annular spring shoulder 100 at the bottom of keyway adapter 90. The interior of keyway adapter comprises a crossover bore 102 of substantially the same diameter as sleeve crossover bore 74, bore 102 extending down to spring shoulder 100, whereat it terminates at a seal bore 104 carrying a-ring 106, below which threaded exit bore 108 leads to the bottom of spring shoulder 100. Keyways 98 accommodate keys 80 of stop collar 64, permitting crossover housing 22 to longitudinally slide or telescope with respect to crossover sleeve 42, while restricting mutual rotation of the two components.

0-ring 106 provides a seal between seal surface 112 on upper mandrel 110 where threaded surface 114 therecn is made up in exit bore 108 of keyway adapter 90. Below threaded surface 114, upper mandrel 110 includes cylindrical exterior surface 116, which includes annular shoulder 118 thereon. At the lower end of surface 116, threaded surface 120 leads to seal surface 122 at the bottom of upper mandrel 110. The bore wall 124 of upper mandrel 110 is of substantially the same diameter as that of crossover bore 102 of keyway adapter 90. ⁴

Upper slip assembly 130 is disposed on upper mandrel 110 about shoulder 118. Upper slip collar 132, having annular shoulder 134 on the interior thereof, rides over shoulder 118. Longitudinally extending, circumferentially disposed slots 136 extending to the bottom of slip collar 132 accommodate slips 138 therein, laterally extending legs (not shown) at the upper ends of slips 138 residing in lateral channels 140 of slots 136. Slips 138 have arcuate inner surfaces 142, leading to oblique bottom surfaces 144, while the exterior of slips 138 includes a longitudinal slot 146 bounded by slip walls 148 having teeth 150 thereon. Leaf springs 152 contacting the bottoms 154 of slots 146, and anchored by bolts 156 in spring slots 158 of slip collar 132, maintain slips 138 against exterior surface 116 of upper mandrel 110.

Coil spring 160, surrounding upper mandrel 110, bears against the bottom of keyway adapter 90 and the top of slip collar 132 in a substantially relaxed state in FIG. 2B.

Bypass seal mandrel 170, having threaded entry bore 172 at the top interior thereof is sealed with seal surface 122 on upper mandrel 110 by 0-ring 174 when made up therewith. The interior of bypass seal mandrel 170 below seal cavity 176, comprises bore wall 178 of substantially the same diameter as that of upper mandrel bore wall 124. At the upper exterior of bypass seal mandrel 170, seal saddle 180 including shallow annular groove 182 therein accommodates bypass seal 184. Below saddle 180, the exterior of bypass mandrel 170 necks down to cylindrical ratchet surface 186 having left-hand ratchet threads 188 extending outwardly therefrom. At the bottom of bypass seal mandrel 170, enlarged exterior cylindrical surface 190 leads to threaded surface 192 and seal surface 194.

J-slot mandrel 200 is secured to threaded surface 192 via threaded entry bore 202, 0-ring 204 therebelow providing a seal with bypass seal mandrel 170 against seal surface 194 thereof. The interior of J-slot mandrel 200 comprises bore wall 206, of substantially the same diameter as bore wall 178. The exterior of J-slot mandrel 200 includes cylindrical surface 208 having recessed area 210 cut therein, from which J-slot lugs 212 radially protrude. The bottom of J-slot mandrel 200 terminates with interior threads 214 proximate the top of and by which circulation assembly 16 is secured thereto, 0-ring 216 sealing therebetween.

- Tubular intake mandrel 220, having a uniform cylindrical exterior surface 222 and a uniform cylindrical inner bore wall 224 defining slurry intake bore 226, extends from seal bore 70 of sleeve 42 through all of mandrel assembly 12 to connect to circulation assembly 16 via exterior threads 228.

Crossover assembly 20, upper mandrel 110, bypass seal mandrel 170, J-slot mandrel 200, upper slip assembly 130, coil spring 160 and intake mandrel 220 comprise mandrel assembly 12.

Housing assembly 14 includes upper slip wedge collar 230, having frusto-conical slip ramp 232 at the top thereof, threaded cylindrical surface .234 therebelow on the exterior, and an axial bore defined by bore wall 236 extending therethrough, through which upper mandrel 110 is slidably disposed, lower lip 238 on slip wedge collar 230 abutting the top of bypass seal mandrel 170.

Upper bypass case 240 is secured to collar 230 by threaded entry bore 242 mating with threaded surface 234. Exterior cylindrical surface 244 extends downward to packer compression ring 246, which surrounds the lower end of upper bypass case 240 and is joined thereto at threaded junction 248. The interior of upper bypass case 240 includes longitudinally extending splines 250, which extend substantially to radial shoulder 252, below which the interior necks down to seal bore 254, having 0-rings 256 disposed in recesses therein. Bypass ports 258 extend through the wall of case 240, and the lower ends of case 240 and co-extensive packer compression ring 246 provide radially flat upper packer compression shoulder 260.

Tubular packer saddle 270 extends through seal bore 254 of case 240, the upper annular end 272 of saddle 270 being of larger diameter than cylindrical packer element surface 274 and containing longitudinal slots 276 therein which slidably mate with splines 250 on the interior of case 240. The upper interior of saddle 270 is undercut to provide an enlarged ratchet bore 278 to clear ratchet threads 188, and a seal surface against which seal 184 may act when gravel packer 10 is set. The lower interior of saddle 270 necks down to exit bore 280.

Saddle 270 is secured at threaded junction 282 to lower bypass case 290, case 290 having threads 292 on its upper exterior by which lower packer compression ring 294 is secured via threads 296. An 0-ring 298 carried in seal bore 300 of ring 294 seals against packer element surface 274 of saddle 270. Lower packer compression ring 294 extending over the upper face 302 of lower bypass case 290 provides a radially flat lower packer compression shoulder 304. Three annular elastomeric packer elements 306 comprise packer element means 310 and are disposed about packer saddle 270.

The exterior 312 of lower bypass-case 290 is substantially cylindrical while the middle bore 314 thereof below threaded junction 282 is cylindrical and of substantially the same diameter as exit bore 280 of saddle 270, lower bypass ports 315 extending through the wall of case 290 into middle bore 314. Below middle bore 314, chamfered surface 316 leads obliquely outward to ratchet dog bore wall 318, below which threaded exit bore 320 is secured to threaded surface 322 on the upper exterior of lower slip wedge collar 323. Ratchet dog annulus 324, defined between lower bypass case 290, lower slip wedge collar 323 and bypass seal mandrel 170, contains a plurality of arcuate ratchet dogs 330 having left-hand threads 332 cut on the interior thereof, and circumferentially extending slots 334 on the exterior thereof. Spacer legs 336 extending upwardly from lower slip wedge collar 323 separate ratchet dogs 330, legs 336 also containing slot 338 therein aligned with slots 334 on dogs 330. Garter springs or elastic bands 340 extend through slots 334 and 338 about ratchet dogs 330 and spacer legs 336.

The bore 342 of collar 323 is substantially the same as that of middle bore 314 of lower bypass case 290. The lower exterior of collar 323 comprises slip ramps 344 separated by spacer walls 346 having undercut therein lateral channels 348 adjacent the surface of ramps 344. Lower slips 350 ride on ramps 344, lateral webs (not shown) extending into channels 348 in walls 346: The upper exterior of slips 350 comprises slip face 352 having teeth 354 thereon. The lower exterior of slips 350 comprises T-shaped strut 356, the laterally oriented ends of which extend into grooves 358 in the • sides of strut channels 360 at the upper end of lower slip collar 362, which is comprised of a plurality of arcuate sections secured together by means well known in the art to form a collar.

Drag block assembly 420 includes drag block housing 370 which interlocks via outwardly facing annular shoulder 372 and recess 374 with inwardly facing shoulder 364 and recess 366 on lower slip collar 362 as the arcuate segments forming slip collar 362 are secured together. Drag block housing 370 contains a plurality of drag block cavities 376 therein, separated by walls 378, arcuate spring bases 380 extending therebetween about J-slot mandrel 200. Drag blocks 390 are disposed in cavities 376 over leaf springs 392, the centers 394 of which bear against spring bases 380, and the ends 396 of which bear against drag blocks 390 in spring cavities 398. Lips 400 and 402 at each end of drag blocks 390 extend longitudinally therefrom, retainer ring 404 maintaining top lips 400 inside cavities 376, and retainer collar 406, which is secured at threaded junction 408 to drag block housing 370, maintains lower lips 402 in cavities 376. The exteriors 416 of drag blocks 390 bear against the walls of casing 8, and may have carbide inserts (not shown) embedded therein to reduce wear.

The lower end of drag block housing 370 comprises J-slot case 410, including J-slots 412 therein, which receive J-slot lugs 212 (see FIG. 3).

Circulation assembly 16 includes tubular circulation housing 422, which is secured via threaded bore 424 to threaded surface 214 on J-slot mandrel 200, seal bore 426 effecting a seal with 0-ring 216. The exterior of circulation housing 422 is cylindrical, and circulation ports 427 extending through the wall thereof. Tubular circulation mandrel 428 is disposed within housing 422, and secured thereto by welds 430 between the periphery of circulation ports 427 and the outer surface of lateral protrusion 432 on mandrel 428, which protrusions 432 accommodate oblique circulation channels 434 extending between the interior of circulation mandrel 428 and the exterior of protrusions 432, which are aligned with circulation ports ₄27. Circulation mandrel 428 is secured to intake mandrel threads 228 via threaded bore 436, below which annular shoulder 438 protrudes outwardly above smooth sleeve valve bore 440, extending to the bottom of mandrel 428. Protrusions 432 rest on annular lip 442 on the interior of circulation housing 422 in addition to being welded at 430. Sleeve valve assembly 444 is slidably disposed within sleeve valve bore 440 of mandrel 428, and comprises port closure sleeve 446 threaded at 447 to circulation closure sleeve 448. Port closure sleeve bears o-rings 450 and 452 on exterior port seal surface 454, bracketing ports 456 in mandrel 428. Annular ball seat 458 is located at the top of port closure sleeve 446.

Circulation closure sleeve 448 includes a tubular top portion 460, the wall of which is pierced by circulation apertures 462, aligned with channels 434. 0-ring 464 is disposed on upper cylindrical exterior surface 466, into which shear pin recess 468 is cut. Shear pin 470 extends into recess 468 through aperture 472 in circulation mandrel 428, and is held in place between circulation closure sleeve 448 and collet adapter 474, which is secured to the lower end of mandrel 428 at threaded junction 476. The middle and lower portions of sleeve 448 are solid, inwardly extending annular shoulder 478 connecting upper exterior surface 466 with lower exterior surface 480, the latter terminating in nose 482.

Collet adapter 474 necks inwardly at annular shoulder 484 connecting upper bore 486 and lower bore 488 through which nose 482 protrudes. Collet ring 490 is secured thereto at threaded junction 492. A ring of circumferentially disposed, longitudinally extending collet fingers 494 reach downward from collet ring 490, terminating at inwardly extending lips 496, upon which ball 498 rests.

Lower adapter 481 is secured to circulation housing 422 at threaded junction 483, 0-ring 485 sealing therebetween. Cylindrical exterior surface 487 necks down at 489 to exterior threads 491, while interior bore wall 493 necks down below collet fingers 494 to exit bore 495.

Various passages are defined within gravel packer 10. Central intake passage 1000 extends from the top of gravel packer 10 into sleeve valve assembly 444 to apertures 462. Return passage 1002 extends from the bottom of gravel packer 10 below collet ring 490, becomes annular in shape thereat and continues upward around circulation mandrel 428 (past protrusions 432), around intake mandrel 220 upward to crossover assembly 20, ending at crossover apertures 60. Circulation passages 1004 extend from the interior of sleeve valve assembly 444 to the exterior of gravel packer 10 at circulation housing 422.

Concentric bypass passage 1006 extends from upper bypass ports 258 through an annular channel defined between upper bypass case 240, packer saddle 270, lower bypass case 290 and bypass mandrel 170, to lower bypass ports 315.

OPERATION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring generally to FIGS. lA-lD, 2A-2H, and 3, and more specifically to FIGS. 1A-1D, gravel packer 10 suspended from a tubing string (not shown) is schematically depicted in wellbore casing or liner 8, an hydraulic releasing tool 500 disposed below gravel packer 10 through slip joint 700 and a gravel screen 702 suspended from hydraulic releasing tool 500 below blank pipe. Gravel screens and slip joints are well known in the art, and hydraulic releasing tool 500 may be a modification of that more fully described in co-pending European patent application filed on even date herewith and based on U.S. patent application serial no. 756.892. A washpipe or tailpipe 704 having check valve 708 disposed therein is suspended from hydraulic releasing tool 500 and extends into screen 702, which extends across producing formation 6. As the tubing string is run into the wellbore, fluid can move around packer element means 310 via bypass passage 1006, and the tubing string is filled through circulation passages 1004 and intake passage 1000, in response to the wellbore/tubing string pressure differential.

After running the tubing string into the wellbore, the bottom of the wellbore is tagged with gravel screen 702 and slip joint 700 is compressed. The string is then picked up to extend the slip joint 700 while leaving the screen on bottom.

Gravel packer 10 is then set by application of right-hand rotation through mandrel assembly 12, which moves J-slot lugs 212 to positions 212b (see FIG. 3) above the open bottoms of J-slots 412 from 212a, from which they were removed when the tubing string was picked up. The tubing string is then set down, which sets lower slips 350 against lower slip wedge collar 323 through movement of mandrel assembly 12 with'respect to housing assembly 14, the latter's movement being restricted by drag blocks 390.. After lower slips 350 set against casing 8, continued downward travel of mandrel assembly 12 closes bypass passage 1006 by bringing seal 184 against the interior of packer saddle 270, after which upper slip assembly 130, biased by spring 160, contacts upper slip wedge collar 230 and forces it and upper bypass case downward, compressing packer element means 310 against casing 8 after which upper slips 138 contact and set against casing 8. The downward travel of mandrel means assembly 12 results in ratchet dogs 330 engaging ratchet teeth 188, locking gravel packer 10 in a set mode, spring 160 aiding in maintaining it therein. The packer is then pulled upward by the tubing string to test the ratchet engagement and upper slips, and the upper annulus 4 between the tubing string and casing 8 is pressured up to test the seal of packer element means 310 against casing 8.

To gravel pack, circulation is established through passages 1000 and 1004 into annulus 5, down to gravel screen 702, through the apertures 706 therein, up washpipe 704, through hydraulic releasing tool 500, through slip joint 700 and into return passage 1002, out of crossover assembly 20 through apertures 60 and ports 40, and up annulus 4 to the surface.

A fluid injection rate is then established by pulling up on the tubing string to close crossover assembly 20, and pressuring up the tubing until it is ascertained that fluid can be pumped into formation 6 at a desired rate and pressure. If not, the formation may have to be treated with acid to increase its permeability. If the injection rate is satisfactory, bypass passage 1006 can then be opened to "spot" the gravel-laden slurry to gravel packer 10 by pulling against the tubing string, applying pressure to annulus 4, rotating the tubing string to the right 12 to 16 turns to release ratchet dogs 330 from ratchet threads 188 and seal 184 from packer saddle 270, indicated by a relieving of the pressure in annulus 4. Slurry can then be spotted down to the gravel packer 10 circulating through gravel screen 702, as fluid below packer element means 310 will be displaced upward into annulus 4 via bypass passage 1006 by the slurry traveling down the tubing string and into intake passage 1002. After slurry spotting, the tubing string is set down to close bypass passage 1006 and open crossover assembly 20. The slurry is circulated out passage 1004 and down to screen 702, the gravel being deposited outside screen 702 adjacent formation 6, fluid returns being taken up washpipe 704.

After the gravel pack is placed, the tubing string is again pulled against the set gravel packer 10 to close crossover assembly 20, and the pack slurry is squeezed into the formation and against screen 702 5 by application of tubing pressure through intake passage 1002, circulation passages 1004 and lower annulus 5. If desired, the operator may alternate between circulating and squeezing several times to place more gravel and ensure the integrity of the pack. It should be noted that gravel packer 10 permits squeezing without subjecting the casing above packer element means 310 to squeeze pressure, an important feature in wells with old or otherwise deteriorated casing.

Excess slurry can be reverse circulated out of the tubing string, gravel packer 10 and annulus 5, by circulating clean fluid down annulus 4 to crossover assembly 20, down return passage 1002, through seat 668, out reversing apertures 553 and reversing ports 555 past boot 566, up annulus 5, into circulation passages 1004, and up intake passage 1000 to the surface through the tubing string. Circulation to screen 702 is prevented by check valve 708 in tailpipe 704.

The gravel pack can be retested if desired in the circulate and/or squeeze mode, and repacking done if necessary, in the same manner described above.

Since the screen 702 has not previously been released, a ball 501 is dumped through the tubing string to seat 458, and intake passage 1000 thereabove is pressurized through the tubing string, this pressure being employed to move sleeve valve assembly 444 downward, after shearing pins 470 which results in nose 482 ' pushing ball 498 through collet fingers 498, releasing it to drop to releasing tool 500 and specifically ball seat 668.

This downward movement of sleeve valve assembly has also opened ports 456 between intake passage 1000 and return passage 1002, and closed circulation passage 1004. Therefore, pressure applied in the tubing string is transmitted to return passage 1002, crossover assembly 20 being closed, and downward through slip joint 700 to seat ball 498 against seat 668 above apertures 553 in hydraulic release tool 500. Pressure is continued until shear pins 578 shear, and releasing mandrel 506 moves downward inside collet sleeve 504, releasing collets 588 from the outward bias of annular shoulder 658 at the bottom of releasing mandrel 506. Tubing pressure is then relieved.

The gravel packer 10 may then be unset, by pulling the tubing string against gravel packer 10, applying pressure to the annulus, rotating the tubing string to the right to release the ratchets and open bypass passage 1006 (indicated by relief of annulus pressure). The tubing string is then pulled up to retract upper slips 138, unset packing element means 310, unset lower slips 350 and return lugs 212 back into J-slots 412. Gravel packer 10, with slip joint 700, collet sleeve 504 and releasing mandrel 506 may then be removed from the wellbore, leaving tool case 502 and screen 702 in place with the gravel pack about the latter. Subsequently, a tubing seal assembly on production tubing may be stabbed over tool case 502 to produce formation 6 through screen 702.