Electronic system to distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations

Background of the Invention

1. Field of the Invention.

0001The present invention relates to an electronic system that enables distinguishing between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations which, when incorporated into cardiac pacemakers, prevents the pacemakers from stimulating ventricular contractions following nonsinus atrial depolarizations.

2. Description of Related Art.

0002Contraction of cardiac muscle, like all muscle tissue, occurs in response to changes in the electrical potential of the membranes of the muscle cells. When the changes in membrane electrical potentials are recorded and plotted against time, a pattern characteristic of sinus cardiac depolarization is produced. First, a P wave corresponding to depolarization of the atria is seen. A fraction of a second later, a QRS complex corresponding to ventricular activation is observed.

0003In normal sinus cardiac activation, the wave of electrical depolarization begins in the high right atrium in the sinoatrial (SA) node. From there the wave spreads over the atria in a pattern resembling spreading of waves created by throwing a pebble into water. Located near the juncture of the right atrium and right ventricle is the atrioventricular (AV) node. The wave of depolarization that has spread over the atria converges at the AV node and from there is conducted via specialized conduction fibers to the ventricles resulting in ventricular activation. The delay inherent in conduction from the atria to the ventricles allows sufficient time for atrial contraction to fill the ventricles, and thus maximizes the efficiency of each ventricular contraction.

0004Because the sequence of atrial and ventricular depolarization observed in normal sinus rhythm optimizes blood flow with each ventricular contraction, maintenance of this sequence is required for continued good health. In a number of disease states, however, normal sinus rhythm is disrupted. For example, when premature ventricular contractions occur, the wave of depolarization begins in a ventricle causing the ventricles to contract before they have been filled with blood from the atrial contraction. If premature ventricular contractions occur too frequently, the reduced amount of blood pumped can be life threatening. Another common abnormal cardiac rhythm is seen when normal conduction from the atria to the ventricles is partially or totally blocked. In these patients, the wave of depolarization begins in the SA node as in normal sinus rhythm, but the wave is not conducted to the ventricles and thus fails to result in the blood being pumped through the pulmonary and systemic vascular systems.

0005Electronic pacemakers have proved a very effective and reliable treatment modality in patients whose normal sinus rhythms have been disrupted by disease. Many pacemakers in current use that are implanted are dual chambered devices that are capable of sensing and pacing in the atrium and the ventricle. These pacemakers are called "universal" since they can perform almost any function. When the patient's atrial rate falls below a predetermined level, the pacemaker paces the atrium. After a delay sufficient to permit conduction from the atrium to the ventricle, if conduction has not occurred, the pacemaker also paces the ventricle. In many cases the atrial rate is sufficient, however, there is a lack of appropriate AV conduction. In these patients, the pacemaker will sense the patient's own atrial P wave and then pace the ventricle after the P wave.

0006One of the greatest difficulties in modern pace- making is that current pacemakers cannot distinguish between sinus P waves and nonsinus P waves. Two major types of nonsinus P waves exist. The first is the "retrograde" P wave. This can occur any time the ventricle is paced by a pacemaker or a premature ventricular contraction occurs with conduction of the ventricular impulse retrogradely to the atrium (retrograde conduction can exist even in a patient with complete antegrade AV block). In this instance, the pacemaker senses the retrograde P wave and responds as though it were a normal sinus P wave. Since the pacemaker is programmed to pace the ventricle after every sensed P wave, an "endless loop" type of pacemaker mediated tachycardia can result. Every time the pacemaker paces the ventricle, it conducts retrogradely to the atrium, is sensed by the pacemaker, and then the pacemaker undesirably paces the ventricle.

0007Many artificial adjustments are made in current pacemakers in an attempt to circumvent "endless loop" pacemaker mediated tachycardia. The majority of these attempts involve creation of a time during the cardiac cycle when the pacemaker does not sense in the atrium. United States Patent 4,343,311 provides an example of this approach. The disadvantages occasioned in creating a time when the pacemaker does not sense in the atrium include patient-to-patient variability in the time delay required, the lack of atrial sensing throughout the entire cardiac cycle, and restricting the upper limit that the pacemaker can pace the ventricle.

0008The second type of nonsinus P wave is observed in supraventricular tachycardia. In the vast majority of cases of supraventricular tachycardia, the pacemaker senses the P waves and will pace the ventricle at the rate of the P wave. The normal human AV node acts as a filter such that, in the adult, atrial impulses faster than 200 per minute usually will not be transmitted through the AV node to the ventricles. This is a natural event that a pacemaker can circumvent. For this reason, pacemakers have an "upper rate limit" where, regardless of atrial rate, the pacemaker will not transmit impulses to the ventricle above this rate. United States Patent 4,059,116 discloses a pacemaker that employs an upper rate limit. If supraventricular tachycardia could be distinguished from a normal rapid sinus tachycardia, the artificial "upper rate limit" could be eliminated.

0009In "retrograde" P waves, the sequence of atrial activiation differs from sinus P waves. In sinus P waves, the atria are activated from the SA node and activation spreads from the high atrium to the low atrium. In "retrograde" P waves, the atria are activated in the reverse direction from low atrium to high atrium. In over 90 percent of supraventricular - tachycardias, the atria are activated in a different sequence from sinus rhythm. Therefore, sinus and nonsinus P waves can be distinguished by determining the atrial activation sequence.

0010In currently used pacemakers, sensing of the atrium is either "unipolar" or "bipolar." In unipolar sensing, there is a single electrode at the tip of the pacemaker lead. This lead usually is placed in the right atrial appendage (RAA) and uses the pacemaker generator as the indifferent electrode. In the bipolar configuration two electrodes are placed approximately 20 mm apart at the end of the lead which also is paced in the right atrial appendage. None of the pacemakers in current use possess a design that enables determining the atrial activation sequence to distinguish between sinus and nonsinus P waves.

Summary of the Invention

0011The present invention is directed to apparatuses that distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations by determining the direction of atrial activation. The invention includes cardiac pacemakers designed to distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations, which pacemakers stimulate ventricular contractions only when the immediately preceding atrial depolarization was a pacemaker stimulated or spontaneous sinus atrial contraction. According to the present invention, the direction of atrial depolarization is determined by detecting atrial electrical activity at two or more points in the atrium, one point closer to the ventricle than the other. The temporal relationship of the times at which atrial electrical activity is detected at the two points then is compared with the temporal relationship characteristic of sinus atrial depolarizations to distinguish sinus from nonsinus atrial depolarizations.

0012Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for detecting electrical activity at two points in the atrium and comparing the temporal relationship of the activity so detected to distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations.

0013A further object of the present invention is to provide cardiac pacemakers that distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations and that do not stimulate ventricular depolarizations when the immediately preceding atrial depolarization was a nonsinus atrial depolarization.

0014Other and further objects, features, and advantages will be apparent from the following description of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, given for the purpose of disclosure when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

0015<ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>Figure 1 is a diagram of a pacemaker having a two electrode lead positioned in the right atrial appendage and shows the electronic circuitry of the pacemaker.</li><li>Figure 2 is a strip chart recording showing the temporal relationship of atrial electrical activity recorded by unipolar sensing and bipolar sensing using the apparatus of Figure 1.</li><li>Figure 3 is a diagram of a pacemaker having a lead with two pairs of electrodes positioned in the right atrial appendage and shows the electronic circuitry of the pacemaker.</li><li>Figure 4 is a strip chart recording showing the temporal relationships of atrial electrical activity detected by unipolar and bipolar sensing of sinus and retrograde atrial electrical activities using a lead with two electrodes positioned in the right atrial appendage and bipolar sensing using a lead with two pairs of electrodes positioned in the right atrial appendage.</li><li>Figure 5 is a diagram of a pacemaker having a two electrode lead positioned with one electrode in the right atrial appendage and one electrode in the high right atrium and shows the electronic circuitry of the pacemaker.</li><li>Figure 6 is a strip chart recording showing the temporal relationship of atrial electrical activity detected by unipolar and bipolar sensing of sinus and retrograde atrial electrical activity using the apparatus of Figure 5.</li><li>Figure 7 is a diagram of a pacemaker having a two electrode lead positioned so that one electrode is in the low septal right atrium and the other is in the high right atrium and shows the electronic circuitry of the pacemaker.</li><li>Figure 8 is a diagram of a pacemaker having a lead with two pairs of electrodes positioned so that one pair of electrodes is in the low septal right atrium and the other is in the high right atrium.</li><li>Figure 9 is a strip chart recording showing the temporal relationship of atrial electrical activity detected by unipolar and bipolar sensing of sinus and retrograde atrial electrical activity using a two electrode lead positioned so that one electrode is in the low septal right atrium and the other is in the high right atrium and by bipolar sensing using a two paired electrode lead positioned so that one pair of electrodes is in the low septal right atrium and the other pair of electrodes is in the high right atrium.</li></ul>

Description of the Preferred Embodiments

0016The pattern of electrical activity associated with sinus atrial depolarizations differs from that associated with nonsinus atrial depolarizations such as occur following retrograde conduction of electrical activity beginning in the ventricles and that which are observed in supraventricular arrhythmias. Recording atrial electrical activity on a strip chart recorder provides a convenient method for visualizing these differences. Both the morphology (the shape of the electrogram) and the timing of the electrogram are useful parameters to distinguish sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations.

0017As described below, the present inventor has devised several apparatuses and procedures for detecting and utilizing differences in the patterns of atrial electrical activity to distinguish sinus from nonsinus atrial depolarizations. In each of the below examples, an electric lead having at least two or two pairs of electrodes attached near one end is employed to detect atrial electrical activity. The end of the lead bearing the electrodes is positioned within the electrical field created by electrical activity in the atrium. The terms distal electrode or distal electrode pair shall mean the electrode or electrode pair positioned on the lead closest to the end of the lead implanted in the atrial electrical field. The terms proximal or proximal electrode pair shall mean an electrode or electrode pair positioned on the lead at a point farther from the end of the lead placed in the atrial electrical field than the distal electrode or distal electrode pair. Unipolar shall mean a mode of detecting voltage differences between two electrodes wherein one of the electrodes is on the lead placed in the electrical field created by atrial electrical activity and the other is an indifferent electrode outside the field. Bipolar shall mean a mode of detecting voltage differences between two electrodes wherein both electrodes are on the lead placed in the electrical field created by atrial electrical activity.

EXAMPLE 1.

0018Referring now to Figure 1, a pacemaker 10 with a two electrode sensing/pacing lead 12 is shown with the lead positioned in the right atrial appendage (RAA). Presently, the right atrial appendage is the most common site for placement of pacemaker leads 12. In the "unipolar" configuration, a single electrode close to the site of electrical activation (the electrode on the end of this lead) is compared with a distant "indifferent" electrode. In current pacing, the indifferent electrode is actually the casing of the pacemaker. Therefore, in unipolar sensing, the electrical potential is sensed between two electrodes; one is within the atrial electrical field and the other is distant from this field. In this example, which is the least complicated embodiment of the present invention, unipolar sensing in the right atrial appendage is utilized. A single pacemaker lead 12 having two electrodes 14 and 16 is employed. One electrode 16 is at the distal tip of the lead and the more proximal electrode 14 is several millimeters to centimeters, such as 20 to 40 mm, back from the tip. As is shown in Figure 1, using this lead 12, there are three inputs to the pacemaker: unipolar from the distal electrode 16, unipolar from the proximal electrode 14, and bipolar between the electrodes.

0019The diagram of the atrium included in Figure 1 shows the sinus node 18 (pacemaker of the heart) and the AV node 20 which is the conduction tissue that transmits electrical impulses from the atrium to the ventricle or that transmits impulses retrogradely from the ventricle to the atrium. Activation of the atrium in sinus rhythm begins at the sinus node 18. In contrast, retrograde activation of the atrium begins at the AV node 20. In the unipolar electrode configuration, the proximal 14 and distal 16 electrodes are connected to a lead wire 12 which is connected to the pacemaker. The indifferent electrode is sensed from the pacemaker covering. As shown in Figure 1, the input goes through a standard pre-amplifier and then to a conventional sensing circuit 22. There are three outputs of the sensing circuit: a bipolar electrogram comparing the potential between the proximal and distal electrodes 24, a unipolar electrogram 26 from the proximal electrode where the potential between the proximal electrode and the indifferent electrode is displayed, and finally the unipolar electrogram 28 from the distal electrode where the potential between the distal electrode and the indifferent electrode is displayed. These electrodes then input into the conventional timing circuit 30, and a time difference in milliseconds is calculated. For these inputs, there are only two times that need be calculated: 1) the timing from the unipolar proximal electrogram to the unipolar distal electrogram, and 2) the timing from the bipolar (proximal-distal electrogram) to the unipolar-proximal electrogram). The bipolar to unipolar distal time is not calculated because it is derived from the other two calculated times.

0020Once the timing of the atrial electrograms has been calculated above, it is used by a suitable logic circuit 32 to determine whether the atrial activation is sinus or nonsinus. There are two methods available for making this determination. First, if the data are found to be conclusive that, in all patients, there is a consistent numerical difference in these two timings between sinus and nonsinus atrial electrograms, then this numerical difference will be programmed into the pacemaker logic circuit. For example, if in all patients in sinus rhythm the proximal unipolar electrogram is more than 10 milliseconds after the bipolar electrogram and in retrograde activation, the unipolar proximal electrogram is more than 10 milliseconds before the bipolar electrogram, these parameters will be programmed into the pacemaker, and the pacemaker will use these criteria to distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial electrograms. On the other hand, it is possible that some patients may have unique differences between their own sinus and nonsinus P waves. In these cases, the pacemaker will be programmed with the times unique to the patients in whom the pacemaker is to be used. In these patients, the pacemaker will use the times unique to the patients to distinguish between sinus 34 and nonsinus 36 atrial electrograms. Returning to Figure 1, once the pacemaker distinguishes between sinus 34 and nonsinus 36 atrial activity, this information is fed to the remainder of the pacemaker logic 38 which includes conventional ventricular stimulating circuitry and the pacemaker 10 stimulates a ventricular depolarization only when the immediately preceding atrial contraction was a spontaneous or pacemaker stimulated sinus atrial depolarization.

0021Testing in more than ten patients has demonstrated that comparing unipolar atrial electrograms to bipolar atrial electrograms provides a reliable method for distinguishing between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations. Figure 2 demonstrates how strip chart recording of atrial electrograms is used to distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations. Presently, standard intracardiac electrophysiologic catheters have been used to determine activation sequence. These catheters have between four and ten electrodes embedded in them. Using these catheters, unipolar electrograms can be sensed using any one of the electrodes and bipolar electrograms can be sensed using any two of the electrodes. The electrograms shown in Figure 2 were recorded from electrodes on the catheter numbered such that the most distal electrode was number 1 and the most proximal electrode was number 6. Each metal electrode is 2 millimeters in width. The distance between members of an electrode pair (1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6) is millimeters and the distance between pairs is 5 millimeters. Therefore, in this catheter, electrode 1 is at the tip, 2 is 4 millimeters back from the tip, 3 is 11 millimeters back from the tip, 4 is 15 millimeters back from the tip, 5 is 22 millimeters back from the tip, and 6 is 26 millimeters back from the tip.

0022Using the catheter described above and placed into the right atrial appendage, recordings of sinus and retrograde atrial electrical activity were made and are shown in Figure 2. The tracing was recorded at 250 millimeters per second. A duration of 50 milliseconds is shown at the bottom of the tracing. Both tracings are organized from top to bottom in the same order. First, there are four surface elec- trocardiagram leads I, aVF, Vi, and V₆ and then there are six intracardiac electrograms. The first is the bipolar electrogram taken between the most proximal and the most distal of the electrodes. This is labeled Bιs. Then, unipolar electrograms are shown progressing down the page from electrode 1 (U_i) through electrode 6 (U₆). The unipolar electrogram from electrode 2 has been omitted. In the left panel is the set of electrograms from sinus rhythm (with a rate of 110 per minute), and in the right panel the electrograms recorded during retrograde atrial contraction (at a rate of 120 per minute) are shown. In both tracings, a vertical dotted line 40 is drawn at the point of probable sensing in the bipolar electrogram. The numbers on the tracing are the time, in milliseconds (msec.) of the unipolar electrogram compared to the bipolar electrogram. Positive numbers indicate that the unipolar electrogram occurred later than the bipolar and negative numbers indicate that the unipolar electrogram occurred before the bipolar electrogram. On the left, in sinus rhythm, all of the unipolar electrograms occur simultaneously or after the bipolar tracing, whereas on the right, with a retrograde atrial activation sequence, all of the unipolar tracings occur at the same time or before the bipolar tracing. The greatest degree of separation between the tracings occurs in the most proximal unipolar electrogram which is 12 milliseconds after the bipolar tracing in sinus rhythm and 38 milliseconds before the bipolar electrogram in retrograde atrial activation. Therefore, the difference between these is 50 milliseconds. Note also that the morphology of the bipolar atrial electrogram is entirely different in sinus rhythm compared with retrograde atrial activation. This difference also may be used to differentiate the direction of atrial activation.

0023Figure 2 shows tracings made with a catheter that had six intracardiac electrodes. The lead attached to a pacemaker capable of distinguishing sinus from -nonsinus atrial depolarizations requires only two electrodes. From these two electrodes, three inputs to the pacemaker are made: 1) the bipolar electrogram, 2) a unipolar electrogram from the distal electrode, and 3) a unipolar electrogram from the proximal electrode.

EXAMPLE 2.

0024Referring now to Figure 3, a pacemaker having a lead 50 with two pairs 52, 54 of electrodes is shown with the lead placed in the right atrial appendage. This figure also shows a diagram of the pacemaker circuitry used in conjunction with this lead to distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial activation. In this example, there are two electrode pairs 52, 54 embedded in the pacemaker lead. The functioning of the circuitry would be similar to that in Example 1 except that the outputs from the sensing circuit 56 would be the electrogram 58 detected at the distal pair of electrodes 54 and the electrogram 60 detected at the proximal pair of electrodes 52 and only the time interval between the electrogram 60 from the proximal electrode pair 52 and the electrogram 58 from the distal electrode pair 54 would be calculated by the timing circuit 62. To indicate that the remaining circuitry would be similar to Figure 1, numbers corresponding to these of Figure 1 with an "a" included have been affixed to Figure 3.

0025In Figure 4, electrogram tracings from the right atrial appendage demonstrate the difference between unipolar and bipolar sensing in the right atrial appendage. The catheter used in this example had five pairs of electrodes numbered so that electrode number 1 was at the tip of the catheter and electrode number 10 was most proximal to the tip. Since, in the right atrial appendage, only the first six electrodes are in contact with atrial muscle, only the tracings from these five of the first six electrodes are shown in Figure 4 (U₁, Us-Us) Referring to the top tracings of Figure 4, in the unipolar electrogams, as in the previous example, the sinus rhythm tracings are later than the bipolar reference and the retrograde tracings are earlier than the bipolar reference. The bottom tracings in Figure 4 were taken from bipolar pairs of electrodes positioned as shown in Figure 3. In sinus atrial activity, electrical activity was detected at the proximal bipolar pair of electrodes 52 after the distal bipolar pair of electrodes 54. In contrast, in retrograde atrial activity, activity was detected at the proximal electrode pair 52 before activity was detected at the distal electrode pair 54.

EXAMPLE 3.

0026Figure 5 shows an embodiment of the present invention wherein the pacemaker distinguishes sinus atrial acitivity from nonsinus atrial activity using an electric lead 70 that has a distal electrode 72 on the tip of the lead 70 placed in the right atrial appendage and a proximal electrode positioned on the lead so that the proximal electrode is in the high right atrium when the distal end of the lead 70 is positioned in the right atrial appendage. Therefore, using this lead, sensing is between the right atrial appendage and the high right atrium. The pacemaker circuitry employed in this example is similar to that in Figure 1, and has corresponding numerical designations including "b".

0027Figure 6 shows electrograms produced by recording from one electrode 72 in the right atrial appendage and another 74 in the high right atrium. Again, for experimental purposes, a multielectrode catheter was used to produce the tracings shown in Figure 6. As is shown, in sinus rhythm, the unipolar electrogram from the electrode in the high right atrium (U_io) occurs 21 milliseconds after the onset of the bipolar electrogram (Bi-₁₀), and in retrograde activation, the unipolar electrogram from the electrode in the high right atrium (Uio) occurs 42 milliseconds before the bipolar electrogram (Bi.io) The pacemaker circuitry shown in Figure 5 uses those time differences to distinguish sinus from nonsinus atrial activity.

EXAMPLE 4.

0028Figure 7 depicts an embodiment of the present invention using an electric lead 80 with the tip positioned in the low septal right atrium rather than in the right atrial appendage as in the previous example. The tip 82 of the lead 80 is secured in the low septal right atrium by affixing the screw tip attached to the lead to the atrial wall. This lead has a distal electrode 84 positioned at the tip of the lead and a proximal electrode 86 positioned on the lead so that, when the tip of the lead is in the low septal right atrium, the proximal electrode is in the high right atrium. Thus, the distal electrode records potentials near the AV node and the proximal electrode records from the high right atrium. Figure 7 also shows the electronic circuitry of a pacemaker used with this lead that distinguishes between sinus and nonsinus atrial activity. This circuitry is similar to that shown in Figure 1.

0029The top two panels of Figure 9 show the electrograms produced by recording from electrodes positioned as described in this example. As is shown, the proximal unipolar electrogram (U_io) occurs 38 milliseconds after the bipolar electrogram (B_1-10) in sinus atrial activity and, in retrograde atrial activity, the proximal unipolar electrogram (Uio) is detected 56 milliseconds before the bipolar electrogram (B₁-₁₀) These time differences are used by the pacemaker to distinguish sinus from nonsinus atrial activity.

EXAMPLE 5.

0030Figure 8 shows another embodiment of the present invention using a pacemaker with the tip of -its lead 90 positioned in the low septal right atrium. In this example, the lead has two pairs of electrodes; one pair 92 is positioned near the tip of the lead in the low septal right atrium, and the other pair 94 is positioned on the lead so that it detects electrical activity in the high right atrium. Figure 8 also shows the pacemaker circuitry used by a pacemaker equipped with a lead as shown. in this example to distinguish sinus from nonsinus atrial activity. This circuitry is similar to that shown in Figure 3.

0031The lower panels of Figure 9 show atrial electrograms recorded using an electric lead positioned in the low septal right atrium so that the distal electrode pair is in the low septal right atrium and the proximal electrode pair is in the high right atrium. As is shown, in sinus atrial activation, electrical activity at the electrode pair in the high right atrium (Bε-s) is detected 21 milliseconds after electrical activity is detected by the distal electrode pair (B₁-₂). In contrast, in retrograde atrial activation, electrical activity at the electrode pair in the high right atrium (Be-^g) occurs 21 milliseconds before electrical activity in the distal electrode pair (Bi-₂).

0032In summary, by using the above described apparatuses, sinus atrial activation is distinguishable from nonsinus atrial activation. The ability to make this distinction is useful in diagnosing cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Because pacemakers constructed according to the above teachings are able to distinguish between sinus and nonsinus atrial depolarizations, ventricular stimulation following non- sinus atrial contractions is prevented without relying on the many artificial adjustments which must be made in pacemakers in widespread current use.