Multilayer ceramic dielectric capacitors.

0001This invention relates to electrical components such as multilayer ceramic dielectric capacitors and in particular, but not exclusively, to metal-impregnated- electrode multilayer-ceramic-dielectric capacitors.

0002According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing an electrical component comprising providing an insulating substrate, forming a connection termination on the substrate by firing a frit containing glass and silver or silver alloy thereon, forming an electrode of the electrical component in contact with the termination, and forming a silver sulphide layer on the exposed silver of the termination.

0003According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing a multilayer ceramic dielectric capacitor including the steps of applying a frit containing glass and silver or silver alloy to end facets of the capacitor to which electrodes of the capacitor extend, firing the frit to provide silver containing end terminations, and providing the exposed silver of the end terminations with a silver sulphide layer.

0004Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing which shows a perspective schematic view of a basic multilayer ceramic dielectric capacitor structure.

0005The basic capacitor comprises a stack of ceramic dielectric layers 1 with electrodes 2a and 2b therebetween. Alternate electrodes 2a terminate at the right hand face 3 and do not extend completely to the left hand face 4, whereas alternate electrodes 2b extend to the left hand face 4, but do not reach the right hand face 3. Thus the electrodes 2b can be electrically interconnected at the end face 4 (end terminated) and the electrodes 2a can be likewise electrically interconnected at the end face 3, to form two electrically insulated sets of electrodes 2a and 2b. In order to facilitate preparation of the drawing, which is only schematic, the electrode sets are shown as extending to the lateral sides of the stack. However, in practice neither set of electrodes extend to the lateral sides, which in the finished device are all ceramic. Instead of the internal electrodes 2a and 2b being rectangular and stepped sideways in successive layers as shown, they may alternatively, for example, have elongate portions which cress one another, as described in our co-pending British Application No. 41677/78 (Serial No. 2032689) (A.L.Oliver-G.Mills 1-1), or instead of being rectangular the electrodes may be comprised of pluralities of parallel conductive lines, as described in our co-pending British Application No. 8204777 (Serial No. ) (J.H.Alexander 21).

0006The manufacture of multilayer-ceramic-dielectric capacitors with the basic structure shown in the drawing comprises the following steps. Green (unfired) ceramic sheets of barium titanate, for example, are prepared in a conventional manner, for example tape casting, tape drawing or printing. In order to manufacture capacitors in quantity a screen-printing technique is employed to print a large number of electrodes side by side on one relatively large sheet of green ceramic, although alternatively a single electrode may be provided on a suitably sized sheet _of green ceramic. The electrodes may be printed by means of a conductive ink or, in the case of metal- impregnated electrodes, the printed electrodes on the green ceramic comprise fugitive electrodes printed by means of a fugitive electrode ink comprising a charcoal powder with a binder and solvent such as to make it compatible with the green ceramic. Further sheets are similarly printed. A number of such sheets, the number corresponding to the number of electrodes in each capacitor, are stacked one on top of the other with the electrodes staggered and partially overlying one another as illustrated in the drawing. A blank green ceramic sheet is applied to the top of the stack. Extra blank green ceramic sheets may be applied to the top and bottom of the stack in order to protect the outer electrodes and to give adequate strength to the finished device. The block of stacked green ceramic sheets thus formed is cut to make individual green capacitor elements. The electrodes do not extend up to the lateral cut faces as previously mentioned.

0007Subsequently the capacitors are fired. In the case of fugitive electrode devices the green capacitor elements are heated at for example, 1°C/min to 350°C, to bake out the binders in the fugitive ink and the green ceramic, before firing at, for example, 200°C/hour to 1120°C for 2 hours in a conventional manner, during which firing the charcoal of the fugitive ink burns, providing spaces between the dielectric layers comprised by the fired ceramic sheets which become sealed together during the firing process.

0008The fired capacitor elements are then end terminated at faces 3 and 4 whereby to connect the alternate electrodes 2a and 2b of the drawing, or in the case of fugitive electrodes, to connect the alternate spaces between the dielectric layers. After firing the electrodes 2a, or spaces corresponding thereto, are exposed attend face 3, whereas only the electrodes 2b, or spaces corresponding thereto, are exposed at end face 4, the illustrated gaps at the end faces 3 and 4 provided by the staggered overlying arrangement of the electrodes being closed by ceramic of the dielectric layers 1 during the manufacturing process. Likewise the lateral faces are closed by ceramic. Thus end terminations applied to end faces 3 and 4 can only connect a respective one set of electrodes, or spaces.

0009The end terminations of multilayer ceramic capacitors, in particular fugitive electrode (lead- impregnated) capacitors, may be formed from silver and this may be achieved by applying a silver and glass frit which is fired onto the end faces in air at some temperature above 700°C. The actual temperature depends on the softening temperature of the glass frit and whether or not there was any palladium or platinum loading of the silver to reduce leaching at a subsequent soldering stage. In the case of fugitive electrode devices the terminated capacitor elements are subsequently metal impregnated, for example lead impregnated, in a vessel which is such as to permit the air in the spaces between the dielectric layers to be pumped out before the elements are immersed in molten metal, for example in lead at 370-400 C. The lead is forced into the spaces by the application of a nitrogen pressure of approximately 40 psi for 20 minutes in the case of porous end terminations. The impregnation period is generally at least 10 minutes and the pressure is less than 60 psi. For lead impregnated capacitors it is necessary to employ materials for the end terminations which are porous to, but not readily soluble in, lead at the lead impregnation temperatures employed. The end terminations are of a porous nature whereby to facilitate the lead impregnation between the dielectric layers to form the internal electrodes proper. Impregnation is carried out only via the porous end terminations. With such end terminations the impregnated capacitor element is a saleable item, however, alternatively, external connection wires may be soldered to the end terminated faces of the element and the capacitor encapsulated in, for example, resin.

0010A major problem with lead impregnated capacitors concerns the provision of readily solderable end terminations, and if silver/glass^-frit terminations are used, even those which include platininum or palladium, the silver rapidly dissolves in the lead during impregnation and a non-terminated capacitor element results. Whilst we have successfully used aluminium and aluminium/silver terminations in an attempt to solve the dissolution problem, as is described for example in our co-pending British Application No. 8203644 (Serial No. ) (J.H.Alexander 17X), these terminations are not always readily solderable and require further treatment to render them so.

0011We have now found that silver/glass frit terminations can be treated such as to overcome the dissolution problem and the solderability problem in one step. This is accomplished by lightly sulphiding the silver of terminations which are provided on a capacitor stack by firing a silver/glass frit thereon at a temperature up to 800°C. The silver sulphide Ag₂S thus formed is a good electrical conductor and acts as a physical barrier between the silver of the termination and the lead employed in the impregnation process. In addition, the lead.wets the silver sulphide, thus ensuring that a layer of lead remains as a coating on the outer part of the termination. It is, therefore, extremely easy to solder to the silver terminations by virtue of the presence of the lead layer, and good electrical contact between wires soldered to the terminations through to the internal lead electrodes is thus achieved.

0012The silver sulphide may be formed, for example, by exposing the silver to hydrogen sulphide or sulphur vapour at a temperature of 350 to 400°C. It is important to ensure that all silver surfaces that will come into contact with the lead are coated with silver sulphide. This may be accomplished by putting silver- end-terminated capacitor elements in a chamber, evacuating the chamber, heating the elements to 350 to 400⁰C and admitting hydrogen sulphide or sulphur vapour into the chamber. The vapour then fills all open voids and cavities in the end terminations, the silver sulphide forming a contact of the vapour with silver. Other sulphiding agents may comprise organic materials such as CH₃SH, C₂H₅SH, for example.

0013The silver/glass frit end terminations need not employ pure silver, the sulphiding process is equally applicable to end terminations formed from glass frits and alloys of silver, such as zinc, tin, nickel or copper, which are less expensive than pure silver. Thus there may be provided leach-resistant readily-solderable silver or silver alloy based end terminations for metal impregnated multilayer ceramic capacitors. The sulphiding process may also be employed in connection with silver or silver-alloy based contacts provided on other types of ceramic capacitors or on other electrical components, such as on film circuits.