Radar arrangements.

0001The invention relates to radar arrangements and security apparatus, and more specifically to security apparatus for detecting, by means of radar, the presence of an intruder within a space to be protected.

0002According to the invention there is provided a portable intruder detection unit for detecting by radar targets within a predetermined area extending at least partially around the unit, comprising a base carrying transmitting and receiving antenna means, a power supply, means for energising the antenna means to emit a frequency-modulated carrier wave, and means for sensing a Doppler-shifted component in a signal produced by a signal reflected from a moving target within the predetermined area and received by the antenna means.

0003According to the invention there is further provided a portable radar arrangement comprising a base, transmitting antenna means mounted on the base so as to be at a predetermined height above the ground when the base is standing on the ground, means for energising the antenna means with a carrier frequency-modulated at a predetermined frequency, receiving antenna means mounted on the base so as to receive f reflected signals from targets, signal processing means responsive to the reflected signals to produce a processed signal dependent on reflected signals differing in frequency from the transmitted signals, the said processed signal including a series of harmonics of the modulating frequency each modulated by a Doppler-frequency component having an amplitude dependent on a Bessel function term of respective order, means for selecting a predetermined one. of the said harmonics, means for extracting the Doppler-frequency component therefrom, and means for sensing the amplitude of the extracted component; the selected harmonic being such that its amplitude is reduced by the respective Bessel function for targets adjacent the transmitting antenna means; and the said predetermined height of the transmitting antenna means being such that direct and ground reflected waves originating from the transmitting antenna means are subject to mutual interference at distances beyond said predetermined distance.

0004A security unit embodying the invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings in which: <ul id="ul0001" list-style="none"><li>Figure 1 is a perspective external view of the unit;</li><li>Figure 2 is a block circuit diagram of the unit;</li><li>Figure 3-is a graph showing the variation of amplitude of a signal produced in the unit; and</li><li>Figure 4 is a graph showing how the overall signal amplitude received by the.unit varies with'range for a particular size of intruder, or target.</li></ul>

0005The apparatus to be described is in the form of a portable unit 5 (Fig.1) approximately 1050 mm in height (in one example) which can be easily carried into an area to be protected and - then can be placed on the ground, or other flat surface, so as to protect the area in a manner to be explained in more detail.

0006As shown in Figure 1, the unit 5 has a generally conically shaped base portion 6 which merges into a short cylindrical part 8 itself merging into an extended tubular part 10 supporting an enlarged head 12. The unit stands on three legs 14.

0007The unit is battery powered, though may be operated from the mains instead.

0008In operation, the unit is placed within the area to be protected and emits a radar signal into the area which extends for 360⁰ around the unit. Reflections from moving targets in the area are received by the unit and processed to produce an alarm indication. The alarm indication may be given audibly or visually on the unit itself and/or may be transmitted by line connection or radio link to a distant location. Figure 2 shows the block circuit diagram of the unit.

0009It has a single transmitting and receiving antenna 20 which is physically positioned within .the head 12 (Fig.l) of the unit.

0010The antenna 20 is fed from a transmitter 22 operating at a frequency in one example between 1 and 2 GHz and this signal is frequency-modulated by an FM signal at 1 MHz derived from a 4 MHz oscillator 24 via two divide-by-two dividers 26 and 28.

0011The received signal (the target echo), as received by the antenna 20, is directed by a circulator'30 to a first mixer 32 whose other input receives the transmitted signal on a line 34. The difference frequency is amplified by an amplifier 36 tuned to the second harmonic of the modulation frequency of the transmitted signal and passed to a second mixer 38. The second input of the mixer 38 is fed with a signal derived from the divider 28 via a switch 40 and an adjustable phase shifter 42, and is therefore at twice the frequency of the FM signal supplied to the transmitter 22. The divider 28 is arranged to produce two outputs at the divided frequency, these outputs having a 180° phase shift between them and either being selectable by the switch 40.

0012In a manner to be considered in more detail below, the mixer 38 therefore extracts the Doppler sidebands around the second harmonic of the modulation frequency which are passed through an amplifier 44 to an amplitude detector 46. The amplitude of these Doppler sidebands vary with range as a second order Bessel function.

0013If the form of the transmitted signal is assumed to be:<maths id="math0001" num=""><img file="EP0058032A2_D0001.tif" /></maths>where f_o = carrier frequency <ul id="ul0002" list-style="none"><li>f_{m =} modulation frequency</li><li>Δ_f = frequency excursion (equal to twice the frequency deviation),</li><li>the difference frequency signal may be written<maths id="math0002" num=""><img file="EP0058032A2_D0002.tif" /></maths></li><li>where J , J₁, J₂, etc. = Bessel functions of first kind and order 0, 1, 2 etc., respectively <ul id="ul0003" list-style="none"><li>D = (Δf/f_m) sin 2πf_mR_o/c</li><li>R_o = distance to target at time t = 0(distance that would have been measured if target were stationary)</li><li>c = velocity of propagation</li><li>^f_d = 2v_rf_o/c ⁼ Doppler frequency shift</li><li>v_r = relative velocity of target with respect to radar</li><li>φ_o = phase shift approximately equal to angular distance 4πf_oR_o/c</li><li>φ_m = phase shift approximately equal to 2πf_mR_o/c</li></ul></li></ul>

0014The difference frequency signal V_d therefore consists of a Doppler frequency component of amplitude J (D) and a series of cosine waves of frequency fm,2f_m,3f_m ...... each of the harmonics of f_m being modulated by a Doppler-frequency component with amplitude proportional to J_n(D).

0015Amplifier 36 is. tuned to pass the second harmonic of the modulation frequency (that is, the term J₂ from Equation (1) above). The bandwidth of the amplifier 36 is sufficient to pass both the upper and lower Doppler-frequency sidebands centred at the second harmonic. The mixer 38 mixes the amplifier output with the second harmonic of f and the amplifier 44 is tuned to extract the Doppler-frequency from the mixer output. The phase shifter 42 enables adjustment of the phase of the second harmonic of f_m to give best discrimination. The switch 40 enables either the two 180°-spaced outputs to be selected, so as to minimise the necessary adjustment range of the phase shifter.

0016Because the term D is dependent on the target distance (see above), the second order Bessel function term has an amplitude which varies as a function of distance, as shown in Fig.3. The curve of Fig.3 shows how the amplitude of the term has nulls at points spaced at certain distances from the antenna.

0017In addition, the height of the antenna 20 above the ground is such-that the direct and reflected waves interfere and tend to cancel each other beyond a predetermined distance from the antenna (dependent on the antenna height and the wavelength use

0018The overall effect, therefore, of the nulls in the second order Bessel function term (explained above),and the cancellation by interaction between the direct and reflected waves,is to provide a quite precise limit to the range from the antenna within which targets can be sensed. Figure 4 shows one form which the overall response can have. In this way; therefore, the system is rendered insensitive to large, distant, targets.

0019Small targets (e.g.birds) very close to the antenna are not sensed because the response of the second order Bessel function term is zero or very low at such distances (see Fig.3).

0020As the unit is sensitive only to the Doppler-shifted components, it is insensitive to stationary targets.