Lubricant compositions and methods

Area of technology

The present invention relates to Lubricants and especially lubricant compositions comprising a superabsorbent Polymer comprise in combination with a lubricant material.

State of technology

Lubricant materials are used to to separating moving surfaces, to friction and wear to minimize. Archaeological Finds that dated before 1400 v. Chr., Show that already used at this time sebum to lubricate the horse and cart axles has been. Leonardo da Vinci discovered the fundamental principles of lubrication and friction, but only in the late 1880s was the Area lubrication to a deeper science, as Tower in 1885 in the UK his studies of the axle bearings of railway wagons wrote. developed in 1886 Reynolds these studies further and created on its basis the theoretical basis for the fluid film lubrication.

Lubrication principles vary from the Separation of moving surfaces by a liquid lubricant on the Boundary lubrication up to dry sliding. In many ways extend these principles over the same areas.

Fluid film lubrication

is In fluid film lubrication acting on the moving surfaces load entirely by supported the fluid, which is located between the two surfaces, wherein this fluid to a pressurized film concerns. The force acting on the film pressure developed by itself the movement of the surfaces, whereby the lubricant again into a wedge-shaped zone is converted. The behavior of the moving surfaces is totally dependent the fluidity or the viscosity behavior the lubricant from. Film pressure and power loss are dependent on the viscosity of the lubricant as well as on the configuration of the moving surfaces and the shear strength from the lubricant. The hydrodynamic However, action, or the printing film has action in oil or water lubricated Camps sufficient strength to support the applied load. For bearings, the for built heavy loads in slow-moving devices are able the necessary hydrodynamic properties or print film properties are sometimes achieved in that the lubricant between the moving surfaces is pumped. This method is especially in lubricants low viscosity employed, such as for example in water. It would therefore be advantageous for these additives to develop types of lubricants which these difficulties clear off.

Oil film lubricant on surfaces are with respect to their lubricity limited and therefore have load limits. asperities or increased Set on the moving surfaces again bear the burden, when the load limit of the lubricant is reached so that the Lubrication of a full lubrication to boundary lubrication and after all passes to a complete boundary lubrication, the coefficient of friction between the moving surfaces increases. High load, low speed, low viscosity lubricant, high surface roughness or an insufficient supply of lubricant causes this transition of a full lubrication towards the boundary lubrication. Chemical additives can, however, reduce the resulting consequences of wear and friction.

Surface contact through asperities on the moving surfaces can lead to a tearing open of surfaces to lead and provides particularly with increasing load is a problem. The consequences are deformation, temperature rise and surface fusion with consequent seizure of the surfaces. This problem occurs especially strong in hypoid gears in vehicle differentials on. lubricants combat extreme pressure the seizure of the surfaces Under these circumstances and contain organic compounds, at these high temperatures react on the surfaces form high-melting inorganic lubricant films. Sulfur, chlorine, Phosphorous and lead compounds in these additives produce layers low shear strength, which minimize the Oberflächenaufreißen or viewed moving surfaces coating to prevent fusion. As additives for extreme Pressure loads chemically acting, they are not used, when the metal surfaces could be characterized heavily corroded. Alternatives to additives for extreme Pressure loads are increasing the viscosity of lubricants or oils by applying an additive, reducing the burden, the Improving the surface quality of up moving surfaces, and the use of external pressurization.

Dry rubbing or dry sliding with contact between two solids enters flüssigkeitsge<?page 3?>lubricated Systems, for example when starting up the machine, at a misalignment during running or when they are too close, in the reversal of the moving surfaces, or unforeseen or unplanned interruptions in lubricant supply. Conventional lubricants, such as fats or oils, be on moving surfaces also not used when extreme temperatures, high vacuum, Radiation or impurities are present. Solid lubricants, under these conditions as thin coatings or as Particulate materials are applied, reducing wear and friction , to the moving surfaces. These films or particulate materials may solid or particulate carbon graphite or solids or particulate materials from lead-bearing metal, bronze, Aluminum, polyethylene or polytetrafluoroethylene in a binder comprise or contain, said film or the particles in a or two moving surfaces are attached. The Effectiveness of the solid lubricant film or the solid lubricant particles is controlled to some degree by the binder with which solid or particulate Lubricants are used, and the conditions of application, such as the stress generated when using the Surface temperatures, the speed of the moving surfaces, the solidification, the Fatigue, seizure, recrystallization, oxidation and hydrolysis. It would be therefore be advantageous to have a binding agent is available, which is a has strong adhesive force and against some of the in use occurring conditions resistant is.

In elasto-lubrication, the, the load on rolling contacts in ball and roller bearings carries gear teeth, cams or friction drives, can lubrication problems be minimized. If the load on a small contact area focuses on these moving surfaces, this leads high elastic Kontaktbelastuttgen. Lubricating films help to carry those loads which between due to the close relationship the formation of a thin, hydrodynamic film and the elastic deformation is referred to as "elastohydrodynamically".

The lubricant viscosity and fix film conditions at the beginning of the contact zone in these systems In general, the lubricant film thickness which is substantially over the large part the contact length is uniform. It is for a simplified theory static elastic contacts assume that high contact pressures to excessive lubricant viscosity and pressure distribution near the Hertz pattern to lead. We know beyond also means that only a slight Reduction in film thickness to increased loads with strong Contact deformation results. In the graphic representation of the contact pressure in psi (pounds per square inch) in the ratio the distance and direction of lubricant flow is obvious that optimum lubricity with a strong pressure peak at the outlet portion of the lubricant film is achieved; Registered but not temperature fluctuations are still Relaxation or any other entity acting in the lubrication system variables considered. It would be therefore advantageous to provide an additive the viscosity and film formation as well as the retention under these and other conditions increases.

Elastohydrodynamic The resilience in a fully Film by the fatigue strength the moving surfaces limited in systems with rolling contacts. The effect of grain boundaries between the contact surfaces, at which the shear stress is strongest, resulting in the Producing damage. fatigue cracks occur in highly stressed areas with repeated load cycles on. Detached particles is - this is as exfoliation referred to - and thereby show the depth of those zones with the maximum shear stress. The fatigue cracks start at concentrated points with oxide particles and impurities.

When the thickness of the lubricant film at high load, low speed or low viscosity of the lubricant thinner is a surface finish which moving or rolling surfaces, it comes to the boundary lubrication which the chemical nature of the Lubricant depends. shortening fatigue life and the surface wear can under with the proper lubricant additives preventing such conditions will.

Petroleum based lubricants

are petroleum based lubricants due to their high availability and the low costs involved used to a large extent. Petroleum based lubricants are in the field of techniques well known and generally a low viscosity and low density paraffins at relatively high freezing points. In combination with oxidation inhibitors to obtain a better heat stability the oxidation resistance is improved and sludging tendency minimized.

Aromatic petroleum-based lubricants, such as naphthenes, are generally resistant to oxidation, but at high temperatures to form insoluble sludges. Naphthenic oils have a low pour point, a low oxidation stability and properties that are between those of paraffin and aromatic Substances are present. To a small degree, they are also in paraffin lubricants available. naphthenic oils or naphthenes are, however, even in conjunction with antioxidants used. It<?page 4?>would therefore advantageous additives create that minimize these difficulties.

The representative lubricating oils petroleum based belong among others SAE oils Type 10W, 20W, 30, 40, 50, 10W-30, 20W-40, 75, 80, 90, 140, 250, and so-called automatic transmission fluids.

additions

Various additives, the lubricating materials are mixed, help to meet the requirements, the of modern automobile engines, high-speed machines, high-pressure hydraulic systems, Torque converters, aircraft engines, turbine engines, steam engines, Steam turbines, electric motors, hydraulic systems and similar equipment be provided.

Petroleum based lubricants and other so-called oleaginous Lubricant use sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus-containing organic compounds, and alkylphenols as antioxidants or as oxidation inhibitors. Hydrogen peroxide, which in the oil initially during Oxidation are formed, lead in the sequence for the production of organic acids and other oxygen-containing organic compounds. inhibit antioxidant either Formation of hydrogen peroxides or lead to their complex formation, to the formation of acids, to minimize sludge and varnish.

Some antioxidants commonly used for steam turbines, Electric motors and hydraulic systems include, among others 2-naphthol, Di-t-butyl-p-cresol and phenyl-1-naphthylamine. Thiophosphates, such as zinc, Barium and calcium thiophosphate are also often referred to as Anti-oxidant in lubricating oils for automotive and truck engines.

Alkylsuccinartige acids and other weakly polar organic acids or organic amines be used as a rust inhibitor, as well as organic phosphates, polyhydric alcohols, sodium sulfonates and calcium sulfonates.

Many anti-wear compounds are generally well known in the art, to improve the Boundary film lubrication, and are divided into seven main groups. The first comprises compounds containing oxygen, such as for example, fatty acids, Esters and ketones; the second includes compounds which sulfur or combinations of sulfur and oxygen; the third comprises organic chlorine compounds such as chlorinated Wax; contains the fourth treated organic sulfur compounds such as sulfur Fats and sulfur treated olefins; the fifth comprises compounds which contain both chlorine and sulfur; the sixth includes Compounds which organic phosphorus compounds, such as Tricresyl phosphate, thiophosphates and phosphites; and the seventh comprises organic lead compounds such as tetraethyl lead. The use of olefins for the lubrication of the moving aluminum surfaces and iodine for heat-resistant Alloys has already been described in the art.

Wear protection products in boundary lubricants used weak contain polar organic acids such as for example alkylsuccinartige acids and organic amines. be Tricresylphosphat- or zinc dialkyldithiophosphate additives in lubricants for hydraulic pumps, transmissions and torque converters used while with strong rubbing movements between the two metal surfaces, wherein Where additional loading occurs, lubricants and especially oil lubricants are required, which active sulfur, chlorine and lead compounds contain. This for extreme pressure additives suitable start a chemical Reaction to compounds on the surface of the moving metal parts form, such as lead sulfide, iron chloride and iron sulfide.

Detergent agents and Dispergensmittel are used in lubricants and function by adsorption all insoluble Particles or by the movement or sliding on two more surfaces are formed, and keep the particles in the lubricant in suspension. This deposit will be reduced to the moving surfaces and the cleanliness of the moving surfaces improved. Detergent agents, such as alkyl methacrylate polymers, polar nitrogen groups which possess in the side chain, are used in many different applied areas and art are good in this area known.

The addition of Fließpunkterniedrigern, such as polymethacrylates or wax with naphthalene or Wax phenol condensation products also improves the properties the lubricants.

Many contain lubricants also viscosity index improving agent, such as polyisobutylenes, polymethacrylates and poly (alkyl styrenes) having a molecular weight of about 5000 to 20000. The addition of Foam inhibitors such as methyl silicone polymers to lubricants and oleaginous particularly Lubricants reduces frothing.

Synthetic lubricants

Another class of lubricants comprises synthetic oils, such as polymerized olefins of low molecular weight, Ester lubricants, polyglycols and silicones, all of this in Be<?page 5?>rich art are well known. Other synthetic oils include Tricresyl phosphate, silicones, other organic phosphates, polyisobutylene, Polyphenilether, silicates, chlorinated aromatic substances and Fluorocarbons.

include The silicone lubricant in general, polymers with low molecular weight or by Di-organo groups substituted Siliconoxid, where it is at the organo groups to ethyl groups, phenyl groups or mixtures it is and this either as room temperature liquids with the viscosity of oil formulated or are connected to fats. The Chlorphenylmethylsiliconöle are particularly suitable.

Organic esters generally comprise Diesters which with on the condensation of long chain dibasic acids about 6 to 10 carbon atoms, is based, such as adipic acid, azelaic acid and sebacic with branched chain alcohols having about 8 to about 9 carbon atoms. lubricants higher Temperatures, such as for Turbines, and particularly for jet engines be used include esters of trimethylolpropane or pentaerythritol with these acids. Polymethacrylate thickeners, are sometimes added in amounts of up to 5%, increase the viscosity these liquids, which is slightly lower than that of mineral oils.

include The polyglycol lubricants those based on polypropylene glycol, the propylene oxide from is produced, and which contain hydroxyl end groups. there These are water-soluble lubricants. Mixing of propylene and ethylene oxides in the polymerization process leads to Forming a water-soluble Polymer, which also finds use as a lubricant. Liquid or oil-like Polyglycols have lower viscosities and a molecular weight of about 400, while Polyglycols having a molecular weight of 3,000 at room temperature viscous polymers. The use of mono- or polyhydric Alcohols, such as dihydric alcohols, in the Ethylenoxidpolymerisation and / or propylene oxide polymerization results in the formation of mono- or Diethers which yield a different class of polyglycols. The Esterification of the hydroxyl groups in the polyols with acids low or high molecular weight, that is with those which up to have 18 carbon atoms, leads to another variety of Polyglycolschmierstoffen.

The polyglycols are in various Industrial applications used in which hydraulic fluids needed will. They generally cause no resolution Rubber and rubber are used as lubricants or as textile fiber lubricants in textile processing application. Since it at high temperatures in volatile Products decompose, they look for continuous lubrication systems Application, such as in jet aircraft engines and other operations at high temperatures at which it would otherwise lead to deposition of carbonaceous materials on the moving surfaces and in consequently to difficulties in operation and maintenance work would come. Combining water soluble Polyglycols with water produces compositions in hydraulic applications application find, such as in die-casting machines, furnace controls, electric welding equipment and hydraulic catapults for the Navy, as well as in devices for the Handling of projectiles.

Find phosphate lubricant Use in fire resistance applications and generally comprise triaryl or trialkyl phosphates. Fire resistance applications include casting machines, aircraft hydraulic fluids, air compressor lubricants and various systems for Shipping and industry. Mixing of phosphates with chlorinated Biphenyls generates a hydraulic stability.

The polymerization of isobutylene, containing smaller amounts of 1-butene and 2-butene, generates Polybutylenschmiermittel having a viscosity range from 5 to over 600 centistokes at 210 ° F with a chain length of about 20 to about more than 100 carbon atoms. polyisobutylenes find application in high temperature equipment such as conveyors, ovens, dryers and combustion plants, as they volatile substantially completely decompose and oxidize byproducts and not in this way leave carbon residues, what with lubricants based on mineral oil is not the case. They are used in electrical transformers, Cables and refrigerator compressors, while those with higher viscosity as viscosity index additives in lubricants petroleum-based be used.

Polyphenilether or Polyphenoxypolymere, where the ether group in the three phenyl position in the Polymer chain is, are used in high temperature applications, such as in jet engines and hydraulic systems since they are thermally stable to about 500 ° F.

High-temperature hydraulic fluids from silicate esters include tetra (2-ethylhexyl) and tetra (2-ethylbutyl) silicates as well as the so-called Dimersilicate, such as hexa (2-ethylbutoxy) disiloxane.

chlorinated Biphenylflüssigkeiten impart lubricating fluids and hydraulic fluids refractory properties.

Fluorocarbons, such as Polychlorotrifluoroethylene and copolymers of perfluoroethylene perfluoropropylene non-solid lubricants, offer a high resistance to oxidation in the lubrication of equipment, the liquid Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide work.

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fats

The fats include high-viscosity lubricants, by combining a petroleum lubricant or a synthetic lubricant prepared with a thickener will. The thickeners generally comprise fatty acid soaps of lithium, calcium, strontium, sodium, aluminum, silica gel and Barium. The grease formulation may also include coated clay, such as bentonite clay and hectorite clay, the quaternary ammonium compounds with coated. Sometimes carbon black is added as a thickening agent to the High temperature properties of petroleum-based greases and synthetic improve fats. The addition of organic pigments and powders, which the Arylharnstoffverbindungen indanthren, ureide and phthalocyanine contain fats gives stability at high temperatures.

Grease additives generally fall into in the category of those additives, used in the lubricants based on mineral oil, such as For example, amine, phenolic, phosphite, sulfur, and selenium oxidation inhibitors. Amindeaktivatoren also be used if copper discoloration present a problem, or when there is a risk that Copper a catalytic oxidation promotes. Amine salts, metal sulfonates, Metallnaphtalenate, esters and non-ionic surfactants Fabrics lend the additional fats Water resistance, and protect some of them against salt spray corrosion.

Fats with in applications transmissions or sliding surfaces are used which contain high-pressure additives, such as Bleiseifen-, Sulfur, chlorine and phosphorous additives as have been described above. The addition of solid powder types, such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, Asbestos, talc or zinc oxide provides boundary lubrication.

Glycerol stabilizes the soap structure when it comes to in combination with small amounts of water and dimethyl minimization the foam is used.

Formulating the above-mentioned synthetic lubricant with thickeners enables the production of specialty fats and includes, inter alia, polyglycol, diester, silicone-diester, Polyester and silicone lubricant. Non-melting thickener are especially preferred such as copper phthalocyanine, Aryl ureas, indanthrone and with organic surfactants Fabrics coated clay. The organic ester and silicone greases are generally used in military applications used especially in connection with high temperatures.

The mechanical properties of Fats were measured and those materials having a NLGI number from 0 to 6 characterize these greases.

solid lubricants

The solid lubricants include inorganic Compounds, organic compounds, and metal in the form of Films or particulate materials for the barrier layer lubrication of sliding surfaces. These materials are substantially at room temperature and higher temperatures fixed, can but in some cases at temperatures above Room temperature substantially liquid.

The inorganic compounds belong Materials such as cobalt chloride, molybdenum disulfide, Graphite, tungsten, mica, boron nitride, silver sulfate, cadmium chloride, Cadmium, borax and lead iodide. These compounds are examples for so-called Layer lattice solids in which strong covalent or ionic staff form bonds between atoms in an individual layer while weaker Van der Waals forces bonds form between the various layers. Due to their high melting points, their high thermal stability in vacuum, their low evaporation rate and its good radiation resistance find them generally in high-temperature applications use. Among the particularly suitable materials include formulated graphite and Molybdenum disulfide. Both the molybdenum disulfide and the graphite have layer-lattice structures with a strong bonding between the grid and a weak bond between the layers. Sulfur-molybdenum-sulfur lattices form strong bonds , while weak sulfur-sulfur bonds between the layers of the facilitate sliding of the layers to one another. molybdenum disulfide and graphite are therefore especially important solid inorganic lubricants.

The particulate solid materials be as colloidal dispersions in water, wax, wax emulsions, Oil, Castor oil or mineral gasoline formulated. The solid non-particulate materials can as solutions in solvents are used, the selected in order to dissolve the solids, a substantially liquid to form compound at room temperature. These solutions can turn to emulsions be transformed, as described herein, and indeed particularly water emulsions. If solvents not available are or their use is too difficult or too expensive to be the solid lubricants used as particles.

The term used here are either water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions or oil-in-oil emulsions designated, resulting in the solution either in continuous or in diskonti<?page 7?>ous Phase is. Water dispersions are used for the lubrication of dies, Tools, molds for metalworking, oxygen equipment and in wire drawing used.

used as a lubricant graphite-water dispersions lose water due to evaporation, which must be regarded as a disadvantage is. By mixing graphite with cadmium oxide or molybdenum disulfide this can be prevented.

Other suitable inorganic Materials that do not have layer-lattice structure include basic White lead or Lead carbonate, zinc oxide, and lead monoxide. By dispersing inorganic compounds in various liquids such as for example Alcohols with low molecular weight glycols, petroleum oils, synthetic oils and Water compositions are achieved which, for the lubrication of airframes with fasteners, such as nuts, bolts and Screws in gears, wire drawing and in lubricating Fittings are used.

The organic solid lubricant compounds belong high melting organic powders such as phenanthrene, Phthylocyanin copper, and mixtures of inorganic compounds and / or other lubricants. mixed with molybdenum copper phthalocyanine gives a good roller bearing lubricant.

The metal lubricants are generally soft metals such as gallium, iridium, thallium, lead, Tin, gold, silver, copper and the Group VIII noble metals, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, Osmium, iridium and platinum. If these metal lubricants in a liquid and in particular in a lubricant liquid as described herein, such as petroleums, synthetic oils and water to particulate, Dispersions transferred, arising thereby easy to apply lubricant compositions. chalcogenides the base metals can also be used, namely especially the oxides, selenides or sulfides.

If the solid lubricants with combines various binders, so they are better on the moving surfaces stick. Binders are especially necessary in dry lubricant applications, where solid or particulate Lubricants are used, and they are sometimes called bonded solid lubricants designated. Among the various curable and thermoplastic binder systems include phenolic, Vinyl, acrylic, alkyd, polyurethane, silicone and epoxy resins. It would be advantageous to provide a novel binder in the same kind of acts or improving the function of these binders.

Find These types of coatings Use as lubricants for Fasteners and bolted connections. Among the in the last mentioned applications solid lubricants used include alia silver, nickel, copper, molybdenum disulfide, lead, or graphite.

Metalworking Lubricants

Metalworking is another important area of ​​lubrication, which in general surgery covers, which are to machining, grinding, honing lapping, Punching, cutting, drawing, spinning, extrusion, molding, forging and rolling it. The lubricants employed generally comprise Water, mineral oils, Fatty oils, and fatty acids, Waxes, soaps, various chemical compounds, minerals and synthetic lubricants as described herein. Some the aforementioned materials are disadvantageous because they do not have the appropriate adhesive properties or viscosity characteristics have to while adhere to the work on the metal surfaces to remain, and have to accordingly rephrased be to ensure that they her in metalworking operations to Place to stay. The addition of synthetic polymers to these lubricants would eliminate some of these disadvantages.

Lubricants are also in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia described in Chemical Technology, Second Edition, pages 559-595.

for the present invention are all lubricant aforementioned compounds or compositions as materials for reducing the friction between moving surfaces referred or as lubricants.

JP-A-04 011697 discloses aqueous, Lubricating compositions, the cross-linked by one or more, strongly absorptive water Polymers which the aqueous one liquid be added. The polymer absorbs at least fifty times its own weight of water. The compositions 0.005 to 1 wt .-% polymer and optionally conventional additives. The polymers in Normal temperature for usually granule form or viscous are mostly have a crosslinking density of from 0.001 to 10 millimoles / g and a grain size of up to 150 microns. The polymers may be polyacrylates, Isobutylenmaleate, Stärkepolyacrylate, PVA-polyacrylates, Polyacrylamides, hydrophilic acrylic polymers, polyvinyl alcohols and act polyether.

From the foregoing, it clearly apparent that a need for additional Materials is having not only the same advantages as those of the prior art, but additional Advantages, <?page 8?>as well as materials that the various drawbacks eliminate the prior art.

Accordingly, an object of the present Invention to provide a novel composition comprising a contains material for decreasing friction between moving surfaces as well as a A method for lubricating a surface.

These and other advantages according to the present achieved the invention in which it is to provide a composition and a method of expansion of the various advantages of the These prior art, and which also one or more constraints or disadvantages of the compositions of matter described above eliminate and procedures.

The following description lists additional Features and advantages of the invention, not only from the description, emerge but also from the implementation of the extension. The written Description and claims which specify in particular the objectives and other advantages of the Invention and show how these realized and attained can.

To achieve these and other advantages in accordance with the purpose to achieve, as will be described in detail herein, the invention comprises the invention a composition containing a superabsorbent polymer comprising more than absorb one hundred times its weight in water can combined with a lubricant optionally containing an containing additive, wherein the composition is substantially anhydride, said Lubricant is a petroleum lubricant, a lubricant of synthetic oil or a metalworking lubricant , wherein the composition contains water or substantially anhydrous , said lubricating grease or a solid lubricant comprising, and optionally in combination with a petroleum lubricant, a lubricant of synthetic oil or a metalworking lubricant. The additive described herein includes, without limitation, Oxidation inhibitor, a rust inhibitor, an antiwear, a detergent / dispersant, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver or foam inhibitors, namely particularly those described in this document are.

The invention also includes a method for lubricating a surface, which comprises coating the surface with such a lubricating composition having. The method according to the invention, the use of oil and other lubricants with or without additives or water as a lubricant on, as described in this document. In another embodiment the invention relates to the controlled delivery of a lubricant to a surface, to reduce friction between moving surfaces by the Lubricant composition of the invention at least one of these surfaces is applied.

The invention also includes a method for the preparation of the aforementioned A lubricating composition for reducing friction between movable surfaces by combining a lubricant with a superabsorbent polymer. In cases in which the various components of the lubricant composition react with each other and it is difficult or impossible for their identity in final define composition entirely or partially, is a product prepared according to the invention, which is produced by the method according to the invention. The invention therefore also relates to a novel product, which is prepared by the method of the invention.

The invention also relates to a method comprising controlling the supply of a lubricant to at least one of two moving surfaces, the friction between moving surfaces to decrease, said method comprising applying a lubricant composition or a product which, according to the method the invention was prepared, having on at least one of the surfaces. The application of the lubricant composition or product, which according to the invention was prepared to at least one of the surfaces also those cases lock in, in which one, some or all of the surfaces are stationary, or one, some or all surfaces are movable, but in any case these surfaces in a brush engaged with each other or will have.

The applicant wishes that the controlling Supply of the lubricant to a surface includes phenomena where the withdrawn lubricant gradually, gradually released, intermittently fed or applied gradually can be, which is the objective lubricant composition or the product produced by the process of the invention can act. In another embodiment, the controller the feed can be effected in that one of the surfaces a microscopic layer withdraws, and that they have a sometimes or more molecular layers of the lubricant composition or the product, which was prepared by the method of the invention, withdrawing from at least one other surface and the rest of the A composition or product on at least one other surface leaves.

In another aspect of the invention can the various lubricant as plasticizers for the superabsorbent polymer serve, especially the organic lubricants and particularly those organic lubricants at temperatures between about 15 and 30 ° C liquid are. If the lubricant called MORFLEX®, Citroflex® and AROSURF® compositions have, as they are referred to in this document, they contain particularly different in the<?page 9?>defined sem document Lubricant additives.

In the written description and in the claims the composition is described as a superabsorbent polymer, which is combined with a lubricant, thereby intends is that the superabsorbent Polymer and the lubricant either a solution, a dispersion or an emulsion including both water-in-oil emulsions as well as oil-in-water emulsions and oil-in-oil emulsions form, in which a solution is emulsified, and the solution in the form of a continuous or a discontinuous phase may be present.

The present invention according to the superabsorbent used Polymer absorbs more than a hundred times its own weight in water and has a polymer of acrylic acid, an acrylic ester, acrylonitrile or acrylamide, and copolymers thereof or starch graft thereof, or mixtures thereof, with the mixtures of 2 to about 3 or 4 superabsorbent Polymers.

To the superabsorbent polymers, which in the present invention may be used include those described by Levy in the U.S. Patents 4,983,389 and 4,985,251 in a general way and in special manner described, and in particular these include those disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,983,389 in column 9, line 37-48, column 10, line 40-68, and column 11, line 1-21 are described, as well as those disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,985,251, Column 9, line 1-30 are described. contain the various US patents to Levy detailed teachings regarding the superabsorbent Polymers.

Other superabsorbent polymers include AQUASORB®, where it This is copolymers of acrylamide and sodium acrylate or its potassium or ammonium salts thereof; AQUASORB®, which is this is cross-linked sodium polyacrylate-acrylamide copolymers; AQUA GATES^TM, Which is here to ionic Polyacrylamides and cross-linked modified polyacrylamides acts; TERRA-SORB^TM, Which is about to see an hydrolyzed starch-polyacrylonitrile concerns; SANWET^®. which is here to a starch-Pfropfnatriumpolyacrylat or a polyurethane with starch Pfropfnatriumpolyacrylat, Starch Pfropfnatriumpolyacrylat, Strength, Polymer with 2-propen-acid, Sodium salt, is; WATER LOCK®, thereabout wherein a poly-2-propenoic acid, sodium salt and Starch-g-poly (2-propenamide-co-2-propenoic acid, sodium salt) or mixed sodium and aluminum salts or potassium or a 2-Propenoic acid, Sodium salt or polyacrylamide co-sodium) is; AQUA KEEP^®. where this is a polyacrylic acid, sodium salt, is; AGRI-GEL^TMWhere this is a Acrylnitrilstärkepfropfcopolymer concerns; SGP^® 502S, which is here to a starch-g-poly (Acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) concerns; STOCKOSORB^®Which acrylate / acrylamide copolymers, Acrylate / polyvinyl alcohol copolymers and polyacrylates and the various Sodium and potassium salts thereof; FAVOR^® C, which is a potassium polyacrylate / polyacrylamide copolymer concerns; XU 40346.00 from Dow Chemical, which is partially a is the sodium salt of crosslinked polypropenoic; ASAP^TM 1000 which is a reaction product of lightly cross-linked sodium polyacrylate is in water with hydrophobic amorphous silicon dioxide and acrylic acid; ARIDALL^®. in which it is sodium or Kaliumpolyacrylate that can be easily linked; SANWET^®. which is a Stärkepfropfnatriumpolyacrylat concerns; NORSOCRYL^®, Which is to be a Poly (sodium acrylate) homopolymer is; and ALCOSORB^TM. which is a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate These and the various superabsorbent polymers derived from Takeda Et al., US Patent No. 4,525,527. . Mikita et al, US Patent No. 4,552,938. US Patent No. 4,618,631. . Mikita et al, US Patent No. 4,654,393. . Alexander et al, US Patent No. 4,677,174. . Takeda et al, US Patent No. 4,612,250. Mikita Et al., US Patent No. 4,703,067. and Brannon-Peppas, Absorbent Polymer Technology, 1990 are described. Other superabsorbent polymers which, by Buchholz et al., superabsorbent polymer, Science and Technology 1994 ACS, are described, also be used.

The invention can include the addition of other Materials for superabsorbents Polymer comprise, to improve its load characteristics, and these include hygroscopic materials, such as acrylic acid copolymers (Z. B. Pemulen^®TR-1), as well as the various inorganic or organic equivalents thereof, which are known in the art, in particular the organic hygroscopic materials. Other organic hygroscopic Materials in this respect include glycerol, and the various Soaps, especially those described in this document, and you can also be used, as well as mixtures of hygroscopic Materials, especially mixtures of 2 to about 3 or about 4 components.

Mixtures of these hygroscopic Materials with superabsorbent Polymers can also be used, especially mixtures of 2 to about 3, or about 4 component.

In one embodiment, the material for the Reducing the friction, a lubricant based on mineral oil, which contains an additive, a synthetic lubricant, grease, a solid lubricant or a Metalworking lubricant wherein the synthetic lubricant, the fat, the solid lubricant or metal working lubricant may optionally contain an additive. Lubricating oils have either a petroleum or a synthetic oil or synthetic organic liquid as described in this Document are described wherein the without limitations petroleum lubricants including Paraffins, aromatics, naphthenic, The synthetic oils including the silicones, organic esters, poly<?page 10?>glycols, phosphates, polyisobutylenes, Polyphenolethern, silicates, chlorinated aromatics, and fluorocarbons, are as described in this document contain.

The fats that solid lubricants and metalworking lubricants also correspond to those as described in this document.

Various mixtures of the individual Lubricants described above can be used, including mixtures from 2 to about 3 or about 4 lubricants. As previously mentioned, Accessories described in this document also in accordance with the invention used. The composition of matter includes additives where petroleum as a lubricant is used, while the method of the invention for lubricating a surface, the Use of superabsorbent Polymers in combination with the lubricants described herein with or without additives includes.

The material to reduce Friction between moving surfaces or lubricant according to the present Invention is used also includes oil, both petroleum and synthetic oils those materials comply with that described in this document will.

The invention also relates to superabsorbent polymer, equipped with a solid or particulate inorganic lubricant is combined, such as those described in this document are, including Mixtures of solid or particulate inorganic lubricants, namely especially mixtures of 2 to about 3 or about 4 solid or particulate inorganic lubricants.

In one embodiment, these include inorganic lubricants graphite, the chalcogenides of molybdenum, antimony, Niobium, and tungsten, where the chalcogens oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium and especially molybdenum disulfide, cobalt chloride, antimony oxide, Niobium selenide, tungsten disulfide, mica, boron nitride, silver sulfate, Cadmium chloride, cadmium iodide, borax, basic white lead, lead carbonate, Lead iodide, asbestos, talc, zinc oxide, carbon, bearing metal, bronze, Brass, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, thorium, copper, silver, Gold, mercury, lead, tin, indium or Group VIII noble metals exhibit.

Chalcogenides of non precious metals can also be used, namely especially the oxides, selenides or sulfides. In another embodiment, the inorganic solid or particulate Material, a phosphate such as a zinc phosphate, iron phosphate or manganese phosphate, or mixtures thereof. Mixtures of the solid or particulate lubricants can be used, particularly mixtures with 2, 3 or about 4 components.

The superabsorbent polymers are also with a solid or particulate organic lubricant combined, namely including mixtures the organic lubricant and especially mixtures of 2 to about 3 or about 4 component.

The solid or particulate organic Lubricant comprises phenanthrene, copper phthalocyanine, a Fluoralkylenhomopolymer or copolymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene, Polyhexafluorethylen or copolymers of perfluoroethylene and Perfluorpropylene. homopolymers polyvinylidene fluoride or copolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene can also be used as well as other fluorinated polymers are well known in the art. The solid or particulate organic lubricant may also include Alkylenhomopolymere or copolymers such Example, polymers of ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, and Isobutylene and the various copolymers thereof, namely particularly the 2 or 3 component copolymers thereof. The solid or particulate organic lubricant may also include a paraffinic hydrocarbon wax. Various Mixtures of the solid or particulate organic lubricants can also be used, in particular the mixtures having 2 to about 3 or about 4 component.

Combinations of the solid or particulate inorganic Lubricant and the solid or particulate organic lubricant can also be used, in particular the combinations having 2 to about 3 or 4 components. Both the solid or particulate inorganic lubricants and the solid or particulate organic lubricants can with liquid at room temperature Materials are combined to the friction between the movable surfaces to reduce, such as oil lubricants and / or synthetic lubricants as described in this document describes or water and combinations of water and oil (including the synthetic lubricants) as described in this document becomes.

The solid or particulate inorganic Lubricants or solid or particulate organic lubricants can also in combination with the superabsorbent polymers, either as a mixture a powdered superabsorbent Polymer with solid or particulate organic lubricant be used, or by the superabsorbent polymer water or oil, or both is added, both of which are described in this document.

The superabsorbent polymer is to reduce the friction combined with a material having a metalworking lubricant contains, comprising the water. The water-containing metalworking lubricant contains a solid or particulate inorganic or organic lubricant and water. The solid or particulate Lubricants correspond to those described in this document will.

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The lubricant compositions of the present invention and the lubricant compositions, which according to the method of the invention are used, at room temperature liquid compositions have which possess SAE viscosities, as described in this document, or they can have consistency of grease as that term and its consistencies are described in this document.

Throughout the description and in the claims the lubricant is as a material for reducing friction between moving surfaces described, which is to be expressed that the material either a composite or a material composition or Mixtures of a composite and a composition of matter having.

The average particle size of the particulate inorganic Lubricant or organic lubricant or the superabsorbent polymer may range between about <0.5 microns and about 300 microns or about 0.0254 mm (0.001 inches) and about 7.62 mm (0.3 inches) and preferably between about 0.127 mm (0.005 inches) and about 5.08 mm (0.2 inches). The superabsorbent polymer (As well as the lubricant composition) may also be in the form of flakes or sheets present.

In the lubricant composition can be either a liquid including a viscous fluid, a gel or a solid acting, the at room temperature is either solid, semi-rigid or flexible. The solid lubricant compositions belongs a powdered lubricant composition. One of the most striking features of the lubricant composition the fact that they are of any conventional molding or extrusion process sliced, sheets, rods, Blocks, Powder or filaments can be formed, and that particularly strong Lubricant compositions according to the contours of the surface or of the surfaces, which are to be lubricated, can be formed.

In addition, can also multiple dry films of the same or another lubricant composition are produced, that is, Lubricants laminate structure, wherein the layers of the laminate between about 0.05 mm and about 0.635 mm (2 to about 25 mils) thick are. These laminates can be also have some laminate layers, the only superabsorbent polymer or the lubricant and the balance on the lubricant composition based. additionally refer to the same or different layers of the lubricant composition laminar be used.

The superabsorbent polymer is used in combination with the lubricant in an amount of about 0.001 wt .-% to about 99 wt .-% and especially from about 0.1 wt .-% to about 85 wt .-% or from about 0.2 wt .-% to about 75 wt .-% based on the combination of of lubricant (with or without lubricant additives, or other additives) and superabsorbent Polymer. In one experiment, the superabsorbent polymer with about 350 times its weight of powdered graphite combined. Powder having an average particle size of about have minus 325 mesh, are used by some of the superabsorbent powder added.

be the lubricant and additives when used with the superabsorbent polymer by swelling the polymer either by the polymer itself or by dispersion with the lubricant (and additives, if any, used be) either in water or in an environment with high humidity combined, such as at 80% rel. Humidity.

Before or after contacting the superabsorbent Polymer with the water or humidity, the polymer in the form of a powder, flakes or granules with the lubricant in a conventional Mixer, such as a HOBART^TM-Mixer, mixed until a uniform Dispersion is achieved. This method, by using a solvent or a dispersant for the lubricant can be facilitated, preferably in some make one that is easy from the lubricant composition of the invention can be removed, such as a ketone, namely particularly Ketones with lower alkyls such. As acetone MEK, MIBK, DIBK and similar.

Then, the lubricant combines the superabsorbent Polymer or is taken up by this, which with water or has been brought to swell in high humidity. The Lubricant composition is then dried to the water to remove, for example, in an environment with 27- 38% rel by. Humidity is placed, or by a vacuum or a increased Temperature is exposed. As a result, substantially all of the Water is removed, which has been fed in the first part of the process.

The lubricant composition either prior to removal of the water, as described in this document described, or after removal of the water by molding molded or extruded, and when powdered or granular lubricants to be formed, the lubricant composition in a will usual accordingly mill the desired Meshwert ground after the water has been removed.

Another salient feature the lubricant compositions is their ability, under the lubricant Pressure as a film or drop, or droplets, such as for example as Microdroplets free to enter and the shared lubricant pick up again, after the pressure has been removed or <?page 12?>has subsided. When checking the Lubricant compositions was discovered that the superabsorbent polymers sponge-like, the lubricant compositions in this regard own properties, although it no sponge-like Features, such as, for example, porosity, with the naked eye can be seen. It can However, other matrix compositions can be formulated, the porous properties own that are easily visible.

A lubricant composition is, in the aforesaid manner using graphite As noted above, or a 2 mol ethoxylate of isostearyl alcohol (AROSURF® 66 E2) were prepared. Although the latter is used as a surfactant is, it also has some lubricating characteristics and should for the purpose also contemplated the present invention, as lubricant will.

Other solid fillers, adjuvants and diluents may in Combined with the lubricant composition of the present Invention used lubricants used, including, but including surfactants Agents, liquid Thinner, solvent and similar belong.

additional illustrative examples of Production method for controlled delivery

lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer or devices

I. admixtures of superabsorbent polymers and lubricants or lubricant formulations: waterless compositions

This procedure uses the Fein Stauf eyes and enclosing of formulations of water-based (for. example, suspensions, emulsions, Mixtures) of one or more solid (e.g., as graphite and / or Carbon) and / or liquid (Z. B. Oil and / or non-petroleum) Lubricants with or without additional lubricant additives by superabsorbent Polymers. lubricant additives can be chemically active and / or chemically inert and Dispergensmittel, Solvents, Detergent agents, antiwear agents, extreme pressure agents, Antioxidants, rust and corrosion inhibitors, emulsifiers, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, surfactants Substances, foam inhibitors, viscosity improvers and similar include. superabsorbent polymers can before mixing with the water-based lubricant formulations in powder, flaky, granular, composite material shaped, be extruded or otherwise.

In this process, the hydrous superabsorbent Polymers containing various concentrations of the lubricant formulations contain, dried to the trapped water by a or more standard techniques to remove (z. B. heat, low Humidity, vacuum, chemicals, microwave, low temperatures, Freeze drying and the like). The percentage enrichment of water containing solid and / or liquid Lubricant components with or without any additional lubricant additives within a matrix of superabsorbent polymer depends on the type of superabsorbent Polymers (z. B. stärkegepfropft, Acrylate, acrylamide, acrylate / acrylamide, and the like), the porosity of the superabsorbent polymer, of the total water absorbency the superabsorbent Polymer, the speed of water absorbency, and the concentration and the nature of the solid and / or liquid lubricant or the Lubricant formulation from the admixtures.

II. Admixtures superabsorbent Polymers and lubricants or Schmierstofffo rmulierungen: water based compositions

This procedure uses the Fein Stauf eyes and enclosing of formulations of water-based (for. example, suspensions, emulsions, Mixtures and the like) of one or more solid and / or liquid lubricants, with or without additional lubricant additives by one or more superabsorbent polymers. superabsorbent polymers can before mixing with the water-based lubricants or lubricant formulations in powdered, flaked, granular, composite material shaped, be extruded or otherwise.

Hydrated superabsorbent polymers containing various concentrations of the lubricant formulation included, are in single units (eg. granules) or fused Masses (eg. As gels) of hydrogels of various viscosities, size, shape, Tensile strength and consistency yet. The hydrogel form and / or viscosity the superabsorbent on the Polymer-based lubricant formulation will depend on the concentration of the Water, the concentration and / species) of the superabsorbent polymer, the water absorbency of / the superabsorbent Polymer / polymers and the concentration and the kind of or the solid and / or liquid Lubricant or lubricants or lubricant formulations in the aqueous Admixtures from.

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III. admixtures superabsorbent Polymers and lubricants or lubricant formulations: Agglomerated Waterless compositions

This method consists of Admixture of one or more superabsorbent polymers (eg. B. powders Flakes, granules) to one or more solid and / or liquid lubricants, with or without additional Lubricant additives, and agglomerating the homogeneous or heterogeneous admixture compositions under at different humidities, pressures, temperatures and the like Using standard techniques, to solid, uniform pellets, Extrusions, foils, composites, pads, fibers, granules, Laminates and the like in various shapes, sizes and structural consistencies (z. B. flexible, rigid or low high / to form tensile strength). The type of agglomerated composition depends on the type and concentration of one or more polymers supersaugfähiger, the type and concentration of one or more lubricants and lubricant additives and those used in the preparation of the lubricant composition Agglomeration processes from.

IV. Admixtures Monomers and lubricants or lubricant formulations: polymerizing Polymer or lubricant components

This method consists of Polymerizing the superabsorbent polymers in the preparation of Monomers used (ie with or without crosslinking agents) and one or more solid and / or liquid lubricants and lubricant additives into solid Matrices (z. B. grains, Flakes, pellets, powders, extrusions, and the like) in which lubricant components via the whole network of superabsorbent Polymer is incorporated into the structure.

V. admixtures of superabsorbent polymers and lubricants or lubricant formulations with crosslinking agents

In this method, agglomerated or not agglomerated superabsorbent polymer-based lubricant compositions with crosslinking agents or additional Cross-linking agents are mixed to the solid lubricant compositions different binders, solvents, Coating, threshold or to give other structural or matrix characteristics.

Controlled delivery of on superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions or devices

The rate and duration of controlled delivery of one or more solid and / or liquid lubricants from one to superabsorbent Polymer-based solid matrix or liquid composition (with different viscosities) by diffusion, precipitation, storage, etc. are proportional to the physicochemical fluctuations in the superabsorbent polymer, represented by temperature and pressure fluctuations, compressions, abrasion, Erosion, friction, biodegradation, humidity, electrical Conductivity, Chemicals and the like caused, acting on the lubricant composition, the mobile to reduce the friction between two or more Parts used.

Examples of friction reducing compositions on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer or devices for use as solid and / or liquid lubricants can following include: <ul><li>A. Washers - pressure-sensitive, self-lubricating; flexible, semi-flexible or rigid, and the like;</li><li>B. friction-reducing plates, pads, composites, agglomerates - self-lubricating, pressure-sensitive, abrasion-sensitive; flexible, semi-flexible or stiff, and the like;</li><li>C. Bearings - self-lubricating, Composites, metal-matrix composites, and the like;</li><li>D. Shocks / struts / pressure pads / impact plates - self-lubricating, pressure-sensitive, and the like;</li><li>5. shims or spacers;</li><li>6. Seals;</li><li>7. Gels or greases - compositions on the basis of oil and / or water with variable viscosity.</li></ul>

Prepared device for the controlled delivery of the base of superabsorbent Polymer, such as washers, pads and the like, can be designed such that they in different physicochemical forces, such as pressure, temperature, abrasion and / or moisture and can therefore be self-lubricating react under stress. So can agglomerated, for example, based superabsorbent polymer lubricant compositions liquid under stress conditions, small amounts of lubricant, which in the superabsorbent contained or incorporated polymer matrix in compression or compression of the device in desired Write areas. When compressing the device is&lt;?page 14?&gt;reversible and can excess amounts the lubricant fluid, which is in direct contact with the unit, resume, which in a closed system is possible in particular. Solid lubricants can added to this system and simultaneously with the liquid Lubricants are submitted.

Prefabricated devices or compositions, on superabsorbent Polymer based which contain solid lubricants, able to solid lubricant on desired surfaces take, for example, if a vertical or horizontal friction (Ie, a sliding movement) occurs in one or more planes of the device, and the abrasion of the polymer-lubricant complex causes Deposition of the target surface to be applied to the solid lubricant. The amount of solid formation is directly proportional to the force, acting on the matrix of superabsorbent polymer.

The superabsorbent polymer alone can also act as a self-lubricating solid or liquid matrix when moisture or humidity or water fluctuations on the superabsorbent polymer act. superabsorbent polymers be very lubricious, when activated by water, and absorb water differentially based on the chemical components that in the polymerization for the preparation of the superabsorbent Polymers have been used. This activated by water operation may require an additional Release and / or lubricating mechanism in certain situations trigger, when superabsorbent polymers combined with one or more solid and / or liquid lubricants will. Thus, For example, the compression and high moisture or humidity to a device act, the superabsorbent on Polymer based, the release of solid and / or liquid lubricants cause under a variety of conditions. Likewise, the presence of one or more superabsorbent polymers in a solid or liquid Lubrication system or device act as Feuchtigkeitsableiter to certain parts and the like to protect against the effects of water or water migration.

USE ENVIRONMENTS FOR LUBRICANTS BASED ON superabsorbent POLYMERS

RATES BETWEEN CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

Lubricant compositions the base of superabsorbent Polymers composed of one or more hydrophilic components. Therefore, the best possible controlled delivery performance in closed or sealed systems are expected, which are not exposed to ambient conditions. Nevertheless, even in open systems for a short time Lubricating performance can be expected.

EXAMPLE 1

A series of on körnchenförmigem, superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions using manufactured by Feinstaufsauge- and Einschließverfahren. at these methods were made prefabricated (irregularly shaped) grains superabsorbent Polymer with diameters in the range of about 1 to 3 mm. Carbon, graphite (ca. -325 Mesh) and a combination of carbon and graphite are in the compositions used as examples of solid lubricants. For as templates for the superabsorbent polymers used solid lubricants, it was to SANWET® IM-1500 LP (stärkegepfropftes Sodium), ARIDALL® 11250 (Potassium polyacrylate, lightly cross-linked) and DOW® XU 40346.00 (partial sodium salt crosslinked polypropenoic). Pemulen® TR-1 (acrylic acid copolymer) is used in a series as a formulation or lubricant additive to the load characteristics of a superabsorbent polymer granule to expand.

Solid lubricants are in a time and temperature dependent aqueous Feinstaufsauge- and Einschließprotokoll in the superabsorbent polymer granules added. The speed of granule absorption and the concentration the solid lubricants or lubricant formulations the superabsorbent Polymer matrices are included, depend on several factors from, such as the type of superabsorbent polymer, porosity of the granules, the water temperature and the type and / or concentration of the formulation and the lubricant additives used in the admixture. The drainage the hydrated granules which contain an lubricants, carried out by air drying in low humidity or by chemical drying in a series of solvent baths.

The following protocols are used, to the 3 types of superabsorbent Polymer granules to load the solid lubricants or lubricant formulations.

SANWET® IM-1500 LP (a) - A formulation with 299.625 g (79.9% w / w) distilled water and 0.375 g (0.1% w / w) PEMULEN® TR-1 is in 500 ml bottles NALGENE® 30 minutes on a STRO&lt;?page 15?&gt;KEMASTER® color mixer. After that 75 g (20% w / w) carbon (ca. -325 mesh) of the aqueous Formulation added and mixed for about 5 minutes with the color mixer. This mixture was added 5 g (w / w) SANWET® IM-1500 LP granules of superabsorbent Polymer added and a further 60 minutes continuously shaken. The entirely swollen SANWET® IM-1500 LP granules containing the carbon, PEMULEN® TR-1 and water were sieved dried (30 mesh) and about 96 hours in a room whose relative Humidity 27-38 percent and its temperature 23-26 ° C was maintained to remove the entrapped water. The dehydrated granule were filled into plastic bottles. The granular lubricant compositions controlled release consisted of 13.1% (w / w) SANWET® IM-1500 LP + 86.4% (w / w) carbon + 0.5% (w / w) PEMULEN® TR-1. It was in a related Experiment observed that the weight of SANWET® IM-1500 LP, which was used in an amount of 5.0087 grams, at Due to the inclusion of the carbon and PEMULEN® TR-1 38.1043 grams has risen based on the dry weight, which means an increase in weight of 660.8%.

ARIDALL® 11250 (b) - A formulation of 24 g (80% w / w) distilled water, 3 g (10% w / w) graphite, and 3 g (10% w / w) on carbon was in a 100 ml beaker KIMAX® hot one Plate to 80 ° C heated. This heated formulation were for about 5 to 10 seconds 0.4062 g ARIDALL® 11250 granule added. The cup was then from the hot plate and approximately 30 seconds swirled vigorously. The hydrated entirely granules, containing carbon and graphite, were then in The following series of consecutive 100 ml solvent baths washed, to remove the water: 3 minutes in 10% acetone / 90% distilled Water; 3 minutes 30% acetone / 70% distilled water; 3 minutes distilled in 50% acetone / 50% water; 3 minutes in 70% acetone / 30% distilled water; 3 minutes distilled in 90% acetone / 10% Water; and 5 minutes in 100% acetone. appeared at this time the grains dewatered to about 90% to be. The granules, containing the remaining water and solid lubricants, were 24 to 48 hours in a room with low humidity (27-38% rel. given humidity and 23-26 ° C), to ensure that the granules are completely dry. The dehydrated granules were in glass vials filled. The granular lubricant composition controlled Release consisted of 20.6% (w / w) ARIDALL® 11250 + 39.7% (w / w) carbon and 39.7% (w / w) graphite. The weight of 0.4062 grams ARIDALL® 11250 granules increased to 1.9768 grams on a dry weight basis, what a weight gain of 386.7% due to the absorption of graphite and carbon equivalent.

ARIDALL® 11250 (c) - Another formulation 48 g of distilled water (80% w / w) and 12 g carbon (20% w / w) was dissolved in a 100 ml beaker KIMAX® on a hot Plate to 80 ° C heated. This heated formulation were for about 5 to -10 seconds 0.8031 g ARIDALL® 11250 granule added. The cup was then from the hot plate and approximately 30 seconds swirled vigorously. The hydrated entirely granules, containing the carbon, were then placed in The following series of consecutive 100 ml solvent baths washed, to remove the water: 3 minutes in 10% acetone / 90% distilled Water; 3 minutes 30% acetone / 70% distilled water; 3 minutes distilled in 50% acetone / 50% water; 3 minutes in 70% acetone / 30% distilled water; 3 minutes distilled in 90% acetone / 10% Water; and 5 minutes in 100% acetone. appeared at this time the grain of dewatered about 90% to be. The granules, containing the remaining water and solid lubricants, were 24 to 48 hours in a room with low humidity (27-38% rel. given humidity and 23-26 ° C), to ensure that the granules are completely dry. The dehydrated granules were in glass vials filled. The granular lubricant composition controlled Release consisted of 30.8% (w / w) ARIDALL® 11250 + 69.2% carbon. The weight of 0.8031 grams ARIDALL® 11250 granules increased to 2.6101 grams on based on the dry weight, corresponding to a weight increase of 225% equivalent due to the absorption of carbon.

ARIDALL® 11250 (d) - In another formulation 27 g (90% w / w) distilled water, 1.5 g (5% w / w) carbon and 1.5 g (5% w / w) graphite in a 100 ml beaker KIMAX® on a hot plate at 80 ° C heated. This heated formulation were for about 5 to 10 minutes 0.4023 g ARIDALL® added 11250 grains. The cup was then from the hot Drive away and about 40 seconds swirled vigorously. The fully hydrated granules, containing the carbon and graphite, were then ca. 15 minutes in a bottle NALGENE® washed with 500 ml of 2-propanol. At this time appeared the granule dewatered to about 75% to be. The granules, containing the remaining water and solid lubricants, were 24 to 48 hours in a room with low humidity (27- 38% rel. given humidity and 23-26 ° C), to ensure that the granules completely are dry. The dehydrated granule were in glass vials filled. The granular lubricant composition controlled Released consisted of 44% (w / w) ARIDALL® 11250 + 28% (w / w) carbon and 28% (w / w) graphite. The weight of 0.4023 grams ARIDALL® 250 grains increased to 0.9144 grams on a dry weight basis, what a weight gain of 127.3% due to the absorption of carbon and graphite equivalent.

&lt;?page 16?&gt;

DOW® XU 40346.00 (e) - A formulation from 57 g (95% w / w) distilled water and 3 g (5% w / w) graphite was dissolved in a 100 ml beaker KIMAX® on a hot Plate to 80 ° C heated. This heated formulation were for about 4 minutes 0.8022 g DOW® XU 40346.00 granule added. The cup was then from the hot plate and approximately 30 seconds swirled vigorously. The fully hydrated granules, containing the graphite, were sieved (30 mesh) and for 48 hours, placed in a drying room with low humidity (27-38% rel. Humidity and 23-26 ° C) to the enclosed to remove water. The dehydrated granule were in glass vials filled. The granular lubricant composition controlled Release consisted of 40.6% (w / w) DOW® XU 40346.00 + 59.4% graphite. The weight of 0.8022 grams of DOW® XU 40346.00 granules increased to 1.9750 grams on a dry weight basis, what a Weight gain of 146.2% due to the absorption of graphite equivalent.

EXAMPLE 2

A series of agglomerated (d. h. granules, Briquettes or slices) based lubricant compositions on superabsorbent Polymer was prepared by means of mixing and compaction procedures. For the agglomeration processes were prefabricated superabsorbent polymer powders with a diameter of 1 to 300 is used to. Petroleum oils or Free surfactants Agents, such as AROSURF® 66-E2 (POE (2) -Isostearylalkohol; Sherex Chemical Co., Inc.), petroleum oils such Example Marvel® Mystery Oil (MARVEL Oil Company, Inc.) or ROYCO® 481 oil (grade 1010; Royal Lubricants Co., Inc.) and / or Citratesther (Citroflex® / MORFLEX® products) such as Citroflex® A-4 (Acetyltri-n-butyl citrate; Morflex, Inc.) in the agglomerated compounds as examples for liquid lubricant used. It should be noted that AROSURF® 66-E2 and Citroflex® A-4 not only possess lubricating properties, but also as a formulation or lubricant additives (Ie plasticizer) are used to the agglomerated matrices Various degrees of flexibility or to impart elastomeric properties. The superabsorbent polymers, as matrices for the liquid Lubricants used include WATER LOCK® A-100, A-120, A-140, A-180 and A-200 (starch-g-poly (2-propenamide-co-2-propenoic acid, sodium salt)), SUPERSORB® (starch acrylonitrile copolymer) FAVOR® CA 100 (Crosslinked potassium polyacrylate / polyacrylamide copolymer), STOCKOSORB® 400F (crosslinked Potassium polyacrylate / polyacrylamide terpolymer), and AQUAKEEP® J-500 (acrylic acid, polymers, Sodium salt).

Liquid lubricants and additives to Formulation and the lubricants are in a series of time-consuming, moisture- and solvent-dependent Beimischungs- and agglomeration into granules, chips or briquettes agglomerated. The physicochemical properties of the agglomeration prepared lubricant composition for the controlled release change depending on the type and concentration of admixtures used in the superabsorbent Polymer or superabsorbent Polymers of or the solvent) and the formulation and lubricant additives. Additional matrix variations be observed when the moisture of the formulation, the order the mixing of the components, the degree of compaction of the formulation components and the mixing speed and shear force during mixing of the formulation components changed will. vigorously Mixing the formulation components, the evaporation of the solvent (Z. B. acetone and / or 2-propanol) effected.

were in several admixtures the powdered Formulations during evaporation of the solvent or into granules with a diameter of about 0.5 to 5 mm agglomerates, while in other admixtures, after evaporation of the solvent a powdery composition remained. The solvent free compositions were then placed into molds and hand compressed, or were solvent based compositions poured into molds before all solvent was removed, and not compacted. Granular and powdered lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer were cured at high humidity and then at low moisture dried to the moisture trapped to remove.

The following Beimischungs- and agglomeration protocols be used to the superabsorbent polymer-based granule, produce Scheibchen- or briquet compositions: WATERLOCK® A-140 (a), - A formulation of 25 g (25% w / w) MARVELS Mystery Oil or ROYCO® 481 Oil is to added 100 g of acetone in a stainless steel bowl and a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz;. Speed ​​# 2) for about 5 minutes mixed in a room, the relative humidity at 83% and 25 ° C is maintained. While of mixing is 75 g (75% w / w) WATERLOCK® A-140 superabsorbent polymer powder from any petroleum / acetone mixture added. The mixing is continued for about 1-2 hours to to expel the acetone. While the mixing process agglomerate both the petroleum and the WATERLOCK® A-140 compositions on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer granules to masses whose diameter in the range from &lt;1 is up to 5 mm. Formation of agglomerated granules is an impact the high humidity during the Mixing process. The agglo&lt;?page 17?&gt;The numbered granules on NALGENE®-Seven in a curing room with high atmospheric humidity at about 80% relative humidity and a temperature of 27 ° C for about. given 24 hours to allow the agglomerated granules absorb moisture, to ensure that the complex of powder on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer and lubricant remains bound in separate granules. The granular, on superabsorbent Polymer-based compositions are then for about 48 hours placed in a Trockungsraum with low humidity, the a relative humidity of about 27-38% and a temperature of having 25-26 ° C. The dried superabsorbent on Polymer-based granules for a controlled delivery, which Marvel® Mystery Oil or ROYCO® included 481 oil, be in glass vials stored.

WATERLOCK® A-100, A-120, A-140, A-180 and A-200; SUPERSORB®, FAVOR® CA 100; STOCKOSORB 400 F; and AQUA KEEP J-500 (b) - A formulation of 100 g (50% w / w) AROSURF® 66-E2 is added to 300 g of acetone in a stainless steel bowl and a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz;. Speed ​​# 2) for about 5 minutes hours in a room with about 27-38% relative humidity and 25-26 ° C mixed. During the Mixing process, 100 g (50% w / w) WATERLOCK®, SUPERSORB®, FAVOR®, STOCKOSORB® or AQUAKEEP® powder the base of superabsorbent Polymer slowly into the AROSURF® 66-E2 / acetone mixture added. Mixing is continued until the acetone sold was and powdered Composition consisting essentially flowable (ca. 2-3 hours). As next is the 1: 1 composition of superabsorbent polymer and the lubricant in a series of plastic petri dishes (35 × 10 mm) compacted by hand, to use it for other discs, and in PEEL-A-WAY® R-30 plastic tissue embedding molds (30 mm long × 25 mm wide × 20 mm high) to form briquettes. The petri dishes and tissue embedding molds which the compacted powder containing lubricant compositions are for 72 hours in a Aushärteraum where humidity is high, the relative humidity comprising of about 80% and a temperature of 27 ° C, so that the compressed, powdery Formulation absorbs moisture and to single unitary Masses connects, which adapted itself to the forms in general have. These compositions are then for about 72 hours in a Trockungsraum given with low humidity, the relative humidity of about 27-38% and a temperature of 25-26 ° C. The dried briquettes and discs are stored in plastic bags ZIPLOC®. It has been found that the flexibility, tensile strength, and lubricant characteristics the individual agglomerated, formulated compositions of the type of superabsorbent Polymer depend, the the AROSURF® 66-E2 Lubricant is admixed.

WATERLOCK® A-140 (c) - Formulations of 50 g (25% w / w) ROYCO® 481 Oil or 25 g (25% w / w) ROYCO® 481 Oil and 25 g (25% w / w) graphite are added to 200 g or 100 g of acetone in stainless steel bowls and with a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz;. Speed ​​# 2) for about 5 minutes mixed in a space having a relative humidity of about 27-38% and a temperature of 25- 26 ° C. While of mixing, 150 g (75% w / w) or 50 g (50% w / w) WATERLOCK® A-140 superabsorbent polymer slowly into the mixture of oil and acetone ROYCO® 481 or the mixture of ROYCO® 481 Oil, graphite added and acetone. After about 1 hour mixing is about the half each semiviskosen formulation, a flowable formulation contains acetone-based, in a series of plastic petri dishes (35 × 10 mm) molded to disks to form, and in PEEL-A-WAY® R-30 plastic tissue embedding molds (30 mm long × 25 mm wide × 20 mm high) was cast to form briquettes. The uncompressed Compositions in any form will be for 24 hours in a drying room given with low humidity, the relative humidity of 27-30% and a temperature of 25-26 ° C, so that acetone can escape from the compositions. The Compositions are then for 72 hours in a Aushärteraum brought into contact with high humidity, the relative humidity comprising of about 80% and a temperature of 27 ° C, to ensure that the lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent polymer moisture record and connect to unified masses that their Form according to the Aushärteformen correspond. After all returned the compositions placed in the drying room with low humidity (27-38% rel. Humidity and 25-26 ° C) to which remove entrapped water from the matrices. The dried Formulations in briquettes and discs form are stored in plastic bags ZIPLOC®. The mixing is on the other half of the two formulations for a further continued an hour until the acetone from the individual powder compositions volatilized Has. Each lubricant composition on the basis of superabsorbent polymer then in a series of plastic petri dishes (35 × 10 mm) and in PEEL-A-WAY® R-30 plastic tissue embedding molds (30 mm long × 25 mm wide × 20 mm high) compacted by hand to it chips or briquettes to form. The forms which the individual powdered lubricant compositions included, are for 72 hours at 80% relative humidity and 27 ° C in a Aushärteraum where humidity is high, so that the compositions can absorb moisture and to set into unified matrices that its form their molds correspond. These compositions&lt;?page 18?&gt;then for more 72 hours at 27-38% relative humidity and 25-26 ° C in a drying room with optionally low humidity to ensure that the trapped water was removed from the dies. The agglomerated Compositions are stored in plastic bags ZIPLOC®. It has agglomerated shown that the non-compressed and compressed Compositions of the two lubricant formulations differences in terms of their flexibility, exhibit tensile strength and lubricant properties.

WATERLOCK® A-140 (d) - Formulations of 20 g (10% w / w) AROSURF® 66-E2 or Citroflex® A-4, and 200 g of acetone in stainless steel bowls with a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz; Speed ​​no. 2) for about 5 minutes in a room at about 27-38% relative humidity and 25-26 ° C mixed. During the Mixing 130 g (65% w / w) or 100 g (50% w / w) WATERLOCK® A-140 superabsorbent polymer slowly to the acetone / AROSURF® 66-E2 or Citroflex® A-4 Mixtures added and mixed for another 5 minutes. To this time, 50 g (25% w / w) ROYCO® 481 Oil to the 130 g polymer / 20 g AROSURF® or Citroflex® / 200 g acetone formulations were added and mixed for about 1 hour. In the other formulations, 40 g (20% w / w) ROYCO® 481 Oil to the 100 g polymer / 20 g AROSURF® or Citroflex® / 200 g acetone formulations were added and mixed for 5 minutes. After all 40 g (20% w / w) of graphite are added to these compositions and approximately mixed for 1 hour. The remaining process for Formulating the uncompressed and compressed lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer corresponding to those as described in the preceding WATERLOCK® A-140 (c) Protocol described.

WATERLOCK® A-140 (e) - Formulations of 50 g (25% w / w) AROSURF® 66-E2 or Citroflex® A-4, and 200 g of acetone in stainless steel bowls with a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz; Speed ​​no. 2) for about 5 minutes in a room at about 27-38% relative humidity and 25-26 ° C mixed. During the Mixing, 100 g (50% w / w) WATERLOCK® A-140 superabsorbent polymer slowly to the acetone / AROSURF® 66-E2 or Citroflex® A-4 Mixtures added and mixed for another 5 minutes. To this time, 50 g (25% w / w) graphite to the AROSURF® 66-E2 or Citroflex® A-4 Formulations and added ca mixed for 1 hour. The remaining A method for formulating the uncompressed and compressed Lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent polymer described correspond to those such as the WATERLOCK® A-140 (c) protocol were.

WATERLOCK® A-140 (f) - A formulation with 100 g (50% w / w) graphite is 200 g of acetone in a stainless steel bowl and with a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz;. Speed ​​# 2) for about 5 minutes hours in a room at about 27-38% relative humidity and 25-26 ° C mixed. During the Mixing, 100 g (50% w / w) WATERLOCK® A-140 superabsorbent polymer slowly added to the acetone / graphite mixture and mixed for about 1 hour. The remaining procedures for formulating the uncompressed and compacted lubricant compositions based on superabsorbent Polymer correspond to those such as the WATERLOCK® A-140 (c) described protocol.

WATERLOCK® A-140 (g) - Formulations of 80 g (40% w / w) AROSURF® 66-E2, 20 g (10% w / w) of graphite or ROYCO® 481 Oil or 10 g (5% w / w) ROYCO® 481 Oil and 10 g (5% w / w) graphite and 200 g of acetone are added to stainless steel bowls and with a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz;. Speed ​​# 2) for about 5 minutes mixed in a space defined by a relative humidity about 27-38% and a temperature of 25-26 ° C. While of mixing, 100 g (50% w / w) WATERLOCK® A-140 superabsorbent polymer slowly to the graphite and / or ROYCO® 481 Oil formulations of AROSURE® 66-E2 and Of acetone and about 2 hours thoroughly mixed, the mixing components, while the acetone evaporates. Each of the superabsorbent polymer on based powdered Compositions of graphite and / or ROYCO® 481 Oil is then reacted with Hand plastic petri dishes (35 × 10 mm) compacted to discs to form. The compositions in the plastic petri dishes for 72 Hours in a Aushärteraum where humidity is high, the relative humidity of 80% and a temperature of 27 ° C, so that the superabsorbent polymer record in the lubricant admixtures and moisture to uniform matrices can thicken, which have the shape of the petri dishes. The petri dishes, which the graphite and / or ROYCO® 481 Oil compositions included, then for further 72 hours a drying room with low humidity added (27-38% relative humidity and 25-26 ° C) to ensure that the trapped water evaporated from the matrices. Compared to several other AROSURF® / graphite and / or AROSURF® / ROYCO® 481 Oil compositions in slices form the above, according to the Protocols described were prepared, it seems that the Flexibility, the tensile strength and the binding properties of the superabsorbent polymer on based lubricant by changing the concentration of AROSURE® 66-E2 changed in the formulation could become. Similar Findings are expected in the Citroflex® formulations.

&lt;?page 19?&gt;

STOCKOSORB® 400 F (h) - A formulation of 50 g (25% w / w) graphite and 50 g (25% w / w) ROYCO® 481 Oil is added to 200 g acetone in a stainless steel bowl stir with a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz; Speed ​​no. 2) for about 10 minutes in a room at about 27-38% relative humidity and 25- 26 ° C mixed. During the Mixing, 100 g (50% w / w) STOCKOSORB® 400F superabsorbent polymer slowly to acetone / graphite / ROYCO® 481 Oil Blend added and mixed for about 1 hour. The remaining method for formulating the uncompressed and compressed lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer correspond to those such as the WATERLOCK® A-140 (c) described protocol were.

STOCKOSORB® 400F (i) - A formulation of 25 g (12.5% ​​w / w) AROSURF® 66-E2 and 200 g of acetone is placed in a stainless steel bowl and with a KITCHENAID® KSM 90 mixer (Drahtquirlzusatz;. Speed ​​# 2) for about 5 minutes hours in a room at about 27-38% relative humidity and 25-26 ° C mixed. During the Mixing, 100 g (50% w / w) STOCKOSORB® 400F superabsorbent polymer slow to AROSURF® 66-E2 / acetone Mixture was added and mixed for another 5 minutes. During this Time 25 g (12.5% ​​w / w) ROYCO® added 481 oil for the formulation, while mixing for further 5 minutes is continued. Finally, 50 g (25% w / w) added graphite to this admixture and mixed for about 1 hour. The remaining procedures for formulating the uncompressed and compacted lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent polymer described correspond to those such as the WATERLOCK® A-140 (c) protocol were.

EXAMPLE 3

A series of aqueous, semiviskosen to viscous Lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent polymer was formulated by means of the incorporation procedure. In the methods Several types of powder or fine granules of superabsorbent polymer in the order of approximately &lt;0.5 to 300 to use. For those used as examples in the formulations liquid lubricants is it to the petroleum Marvel® Mystery Oil, and / or ROYCO® 481 Oil, and / or oil-free oil AROSURF® 66-E2 and / or Water. Graphite (ca. -325 Mesh) and / or carbon (ca. -325 mesh) are used as examples for solid Lubricants in the aqueous Formulations on the basis of superabsorbent polymer or combined with one or more liquid Lubricants based on mineral oil and / or Non-petroleum based used aqueous Multicomponent lubricant formulations to build. Formulation or lubricant additives such as polymer or non-polymeric emulsifiers, Dispergensmittel, plasticizers, surfactants Agents, suspending agents, viscosity modifying agents and the like, could optionally to the aqueous added compositions be to the overall characteristics of one or more solid and / or liquid Lubricants strengthen. The superabsorbent Polymers in the liquid Compositions are used as templates, it is to FAVOR® CA 100 (crosslinked Kaliumpolyacrylat- / polyacrylamide copolymer), STOCKOSORB® 400F (crosslinked Kaliumpolyacrylat- / Polyacrylamidterpolymer) SANWET® IM 1500F (stärkegepfropftes Sodium), ARIDALL® 1125F (Potassium polyacrylate, lightly cross-linked), DOW® XU 40346.00 (partial sodium salt crosslinked polypropenoic) WATERLOCK® A-180 (Starch-g-poly (2-propenamide-co-2-propenoic acid, Sodium salt), WATERLOCK® B-204 (starch-g-poly (2-propenamide-co-2-propenoic acid, potassium salt), AQUASORB® / AQUASTORE® F (copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate), SUPERSORB® (starch acrylonitrile copolymer) ALCOSORB® AB3F (Crosslinked polyacrylamide copolymer), and AQUAKEEP® J-550 (acrylic acid, polymers, Sodium salt). A commercial formulation of acrylamide-acrylic acid sodium salt copolymer emulsion in hydrocarbon oil (AQUASORB® EM-533; SNF Floeger, France) is also used as a liquid lubricant on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer.

A water-based liquid and / or solid lubricants are vigorously mixed with one or more superabsorbent polymers, to a variety of gels, semi-gels, Creams or fat-like compositions variable viscosity to form whose physicochemical properties of the nature and the concentration of the superabsorbent polymers, the type and Concentration of the lubricants, water quality and the Concentration to activate the swelling or gelling of or the superabsorbent Polymers, the type and concentration of formulation and lubricant additives, the Order of mixing of the components and the mixing the shear force components used depend. The optimum performance This water-based lubricant compositions the base of superabsorbent Polymer can expect in a closed or sealed system will. This would allow the composition with variable viscosity, the original swelling capacity or Hydrogelkonsistenz of or the superabsorbent maintain polymers because little or no water evaporates, which within the superabsorbent Polymer matrix is ​​bound, and therefore the lubricating properties consistent to keep. But if it is used in an open system would Evaporation of the water from the aqueous lubricant compositions on the basis of superabsorbent Polymer lead that the superabsorbent Polymer shrinks and its hydrogel &lt;?page 20?&gt;and viscosity properties lose, whereby the addition of water would be necessary to the composition be reconstructed so that their consistency similar to that is the original in the Composition was observed.

In other formulations could liquid and / or solid lubricants blended the superabsorbent polymers be to an initial non-aqueous forming composition. Various concentrations of water could these formulations may be added in a final step, for the lubricant composition to form gels, semi-gels, Creams and the like with different viscosities To enable the use environments (eg. as in a closed System via a Fitting).

The following admixing protocols be used to the lubricant compositions with variable viscosity on the basis of superabsorbent formulate polymers.

FAVOR®CA 100, STOCKOSORB® 400F, SANWET® IM-1500F, ARIDALL® 1125F, DOW® XU 40346.00, WATERLOCK® A-180, WATERLOCK® B-204, AQUASORB® / AQUASTORE®F, SUPERSORB®, ALCOSORB® ABF, and AQUAKEEP® J-550 (b)) - Formulations with 3 g (10% w / w) graphite or carbon, or 1.5 g (5% w / w) of graphite and 1.5 g (5% w / w) of carbon and 26.94 g (89.8% w / w) or 26.91 g (89.7%) of distilled water with a spatula in polyethylene containers (35 x 45 mm Diameter; 50 ml) with a hinged lid for about 1 minute together mixed. subsequently 0.06 g (0.2% w / w) or 0.09 g (0.3% w / w) of each superabsorbent polymer Graphite, carbon or carbon / graphite formulation added and with a spatula for about 2 minutes mixed. Now PARAFILM® M is on container given before the flip cover is closed and the container, which superabsorbent the 0.2% or 0.3% Polymers have in the lubricant composition, on a STROKEMASTER® Color Mixer be mixed for 10 or 15 minutes. Container with the lubricant compositions variable viscosity be stored in ZIPLOC® sacks. It has been shown that the properties (eg., Viscosity) of the formulation with the type and / or concentration of the composition in the Change lubricants used.

FAVOR®CA 100, STOCKOSORB® 400F, SANWET® IM-1500F, ARIDALL® 1125F DOW® XU 40346.00 WATERLOCK® A-180 WATERLOCK® B-204 AQUASORB® / AQUASTORE®F, SUPERSORB®, ALCOSORB® AB3F and AQUAKEEP® J-550 (C) - Formulations with 1.5 g (5% w / w) ROYCO® 481 Oil and 28.47 g (94.9% w / w), 28.41 g (94.7% w / w), 28.35 g (94.5% w / w), 28.29 (94.3% w / w) and 28.20 g (94% w / w) distilled water in polyethylene containers (35 x 45 mm Diameter, 50 ml) added with hinged lid and for about 10 Minutes on a paint shaker STROKEMASTER® mixed. Subsequently 0.03 g (0.1% w / w), 0.09 g (0.3% w / w), 0.15 g (0.5% w / w), 0.21 g of (0.7% w / w) and 0.3 g (1% w / w) of each superabsorbent polymer in each container added and 1-2 minutes of vigorous shaken by hand. To a thorough to guarantee thorough mixing, the containers with the lubricant compositions superabsorbent on the basis of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 1% polymer for about. set to the color mixer 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes. Subsequently PARAFILM® M on container given before the hinged lid to be closed to ensure that the lid before mixing on the paint shaker firmly and tightly are closed. container be with the lubricant compositions with variable viscosity stored in ZIPLOC® sacks. It has been shown that the properties (eg., Viscosity) of the formulation with the type and / or concentration of superabsorbent polymer and / or the concentration of the lubricant used in the Change compositions.

FAVOR®CA 100, STOCKOSORB® 400F, SANWET® IM-1500F, ARIDALL® 1125F DOW® XU 40346.00 WATERLOCK® A-180 WATERLOCK® B-204 AQUASORB® / AQUASTORE®F, SUPERSORB®, ALCOSORB® AB3F and AQUAKEEP® J-550 (D)) - Formulations with 1.5 g (5% w / w) ROYCO® 481 Oil and 1.5 g of (5% w / w) graphite or carbon and 0.75 g (2.5% w / w) of graphite and 0.75 g (2.5% w / w) of carbon and 26.97 g (89.9% w / w), 26.91 g (89.7% w / w), 26.85 g (89.5% w / w), 26.79 g (89.3% w / w) or 26.7% (89% w / w) distilled water in polyethylene containers (35 x 45 mm Diameter; 50 ml) was added with a hinged lid and 10 minutes long on a STROKEMASTER® Color Mixer mixed. subsequently 0.03 g (0.1% w / w), 0.09 g (0.3% w / w), 0.15 g (0.5% w / w), 0.21 g (0.7% w / w) and 0.3 g (1% w / w) of each superabsorbent polymer in each container added and 1-2 minutes of vigorous shaken by hand. To a thorough to guarantee thorough mixing, the containers with the lubricant compositions superabsorbent on the basis of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 1% polymer for about. set to the color mixer 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes. Subsequently PARAFILM® M on container given before the hinged lid to be closed to ensure that the lid before mixing on the paint shaker firmly and tightly are closed. container be with the lubricant compositions with variable viscosity stored in ZIPLOC® sacks. It has been shown that the properties (eg., Viscosity) of the formulation with the type and / or concentration of superabsorbent polymer and the type and / or concentration of lubricant used change in the compositions.

AQUASORB® EM-533R - Formulations of 0.9 g (3% w / w), 1.5 g (5% w / w), 2.1 g (7% w / w) or 3 g (10% w / w) a Mixture of superabsorbent Polymer, hydrocarbon oil and surfactant &lt;?page 21?&gt;Medium, as supplied by the manufacturer, was added to 29.1 g (97% w / w), 28.5 g of (95% w / w), 27.9 g (93% w / w) and 27 g (90% w / w) distilled water in polyethylene containers (35 × 45 mm diameter; 50 ml) added with snap-on lid and ca. vigorously for one minute hand shaken. PARAFILM® M or aluminum foil was the containers given before the snap-on lid was tightly closed in order to ensure that the container not leak before a STROKEMASTER® Color Mixer were asked, and mixed thoroughly on this for about 10 minutes. The lubricant compositions were variable viscosity stored in ZIPLOC® sacks. The properties of the formulation (eg., Viscosity) hung from the concentration of AQUASORB® EM-533R in each of the compositions from.

It should be noted, that the addition of formulation additives such as hydrophilic Polymers (eg. As PEMULEN® TR-1 / TR-2), Silica materials (eg. B. WESSLON® 50, SUPERNAT® 22) and the like the component compatibility in several of the both in this example and in other examples Admixtures described has demonstrably improved. The effect of silicas on the Reibungsverminderungs- and wear the lubricant composition would, however, in any application be specially checked, to their suitability for to determine the respective formulation.

EXAMPLE 4

The invention described in Examples 1-2 comparative friction-reducing effect more solid (ie granule or disc-shaped) and superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions is in a Series of laboratory tests checked at where a Schmierstoffprüfgerät and procedures be used which, starting from the ASTM test standards have been modified, such as B461 and B526, ASTM Manual, Volume 18, Friction, Lubrication and Wear Technology, ASTM International, 1992, Page 942ff). Compositions which do not on superabsorbent polymer based, and one or more lubricants and any lubricant additives are composed, are used as standard substances. A Control consisted of a test in which no superabsorbent polymer or no lubricants were used, that is, from a Metal-to-metal contact.

Generally, there was a 7.62 × 45.7 × 61 cm (30 × 18 × 24 inches) size Device consists of a 19 cm (7½ inches) Clamping arm or a tie rod with an impingement or pressure plate or disk having a diameter of 5.7 cm (2¼ inch), which when lowering the solid lubricant composition (z. B. the slices) touched which flat on a 7 cm (2¾ inches) size cup-like Sample plate was placed in aluminum, the end of the shaft an engine (model Dayton 6K255C, ¾ hp, 3450 U / min., 115 volts, 10.8 amps, 60 Hz, single phase, shaft with 1.6 cm (5/8 inch) in diameter; Dayton Electric Manufacturing Company of Chicago, Illinois) attached was. A 53.3 cm (21 inch) torque wrench (TEC 250, Snap-On Tools Corporation, Kenosha, Wisconsin) is by means of a screw of 19 cm (7½ inches) Tie rod attached to the Newton-meters (Nm) (feet per pound (Ft-lbs)) to measure the force applied by a hand on a superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant composition is applied. The maximal Force meter kilograms (foot-pounds) which is based by hand to a superabsorbent polymer in the lubricant composition may be applied, is 367.4 Nm (27 ft-lbs) (this corresponds to a display on the torque wrenches 271.2 Nm (200 ft-lb), which a calculated value of 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) based on the length the tension rod and the torque wrench corresponds).

Short, periodic and long-term stress tests (Table 1) are conducted in an open system to the comparable effectiveness of selected superabsorbent polymer on based lubricant compositions for preventing or to determine reduction of the adverse effects of friction, which high torque and high RPM (Ie high temperature and high shear at a force of 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) and 3450 rpm) for different Time periods or intervals is generated. The observed effects the solid by the testing apparatus on a lubricating composition or matrix applied loads were recorded separately for each test series (Z. B. brittleness, Elasticity, Temperature effects, potential controlled release). The tests were designed so that with their help the controlled release and effectiveness of the solid superabsorbent polymer-based lubricant compositions and the tensile strength and integrity of the superabsorbent polymer on based matrices according to the different periods and levels the compression and decompression generated by friction, and the shear force to be checked could.

A series of short-term Tests performed to determine whether by a force of 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) which on the pressure plate or pressure plate of the tie rod selected fixed, on superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions with controlled feed, which in a sample holding mug with 3450 U / min. turns, is applied, a sufficient amount of lubricant from the compressed is released or matrix is ​​deposited, to prevent that the motor shaft and the sample cup rotates. The duration of a is each test about 5 seconds. Several fixed on supersaug&lt;?page 22?&gt;enabled polymer-based compositions (Z. B. slices) which 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) achieved without to fray or tear, were performed in a consecutive series of periodic, 5 seconds continuous start / stop tests again with 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) to at most tested 15 times to determine if a sufficient amount of Lubricant (s) of a uniform, on superabsorbent polymer is released or discharged based matrix which repeatedly short-term, high loads due to high compression, friction and decompression has been suspended. A test was terminated when the engine has been stopped before a force of 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) has been reached, and it was the number of effective lubricating periods with 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) recorded. It should be noted be that the sample container and the pressure plate between each test series a test were purified. There was also a third series of long-term Stress tests with a force of about 367.4 or 183 Nm (271 or 135 ft-lbs) (ie a display of 135.6 Nm (100 ft-lbs) corresponds to the torque wrench a calculated value of 184.4 Nm (136 ft-lbs) based on the length the tension bar and torque wrench) performed. In this series was a force of 184.4 and 367.4 Nm (136 or 271 ft-lbs) at 3450 rev / min. continuously at several agglomerated, on superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions (z. B. slices or granules) for a Duration applied 15 minutes to determine the effectiveness and structural integrity the solid compositions to determine. The tests were conducted by terminated 15 minutes or if the motor before reaching of the 15 minute long test period was stopped, and the duration the effectiveness and condition of the matrix are recorded.

The tests were conducted in a room with a relative humidity of about 68-79% and a temperature of 21-23 ° C. The on superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions were prior to the implementation the tests in this room sealed in double-walled, with zipper mounted bags.

In general, laboratory test results (Table 1) indicated that superabsorbent polymers with one or more conventional solid and / or liquid Lubricants formulated and solid matrices, such as Slices can be agglomerated to stress conditions at elevated a longer to allow lubrication. It has been found that the manufacturing process, such as mixing and agglomeration are of great importance for the properties controlled release of the superabsorbent polymer-based matrices and for a longer Lubrication performance. Type, number and concentration of superabsorbent polymers, Lubricants, lubricant additives have as well as the order of addition of the components and the compression strength a direct influence on the characteristics of the controlled Release of the formulated, based superabsorbent polymer matrices.

EXAMPLE 5

The comparative described in Example 3 friction-reducing effect of several of superabsorbent polymer based lubricant compositions with variable viscosity in a series of laboratory tests checked at where a Schmierstoffprüfgerät and procedures be used which, starting from the ASTM test standards have been modified, such as D2714 (ASTM Handbook, Volume 18, Friction, Lubrication and Wear Technology, ASTM International, 1992, Page 942ff). Compositions which do not on superabsorbent polymer based, and one or more lubricants and any lubricant additives are composed, are used as standard substances. A checkpoint consisted of a test in which no superabsorbent polymer or no lubricants were used, i.e. of a metal-to-metal contact.

Generally, there was a 76.2 × 45.7 × 61 cm (24 × 30 × 18 inches) size Device consists of a 19 cm (7½ inches) Clamping arm or a tie rod of steel with a semicircular, 2.54 cm (1 inch) wide x 1.27 cm (1/2 inch) deep impingement or pressure groove in the bottom of the rod, which the 2.54 cm (1 inch) sample-holding collar touched large when lowering the a diameter 1.6 cm (5/8 inch) shaft of a motor touched (Model Dayton 6K255C, ¾ hp, 3450 U / min., 115 volts, 10.8 amps, 60 Hz, single phase, wave 1.6 cm (5/8 inch) in diameter; Dayton Electric Manufacturing Company, Chicago, Illinois). A 53.3 cm (21 inch) torque wrench (TEC 250, Snap-On Tools Corporation, Kenosha, Wisconsin) is by means of a screw of 19 cm (7½ inches) Tie rod attached to the Newton-meters (Nm) (feet per pound (Ft-lbs)) to measure the force applied by hand to a superabsorbent polymer on based lubricant composition is applied. The maximum force in Newton-meters (foot-pounds) which is based by hand to a superabsorbent polymer in the lubricant composition may be applied, is 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) (this corresponds to a display on the torque wrenches 371.2 Nm (200 ft-lb), which a calculated value of 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) based on the length the tension rod and the torque wrench corresponds).

A series of short-term stress tests (Table 2) is carried out in an open system to &lt;?page 23?&gt;the comparable efficacy the selected, on superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions for preventing to determine or reduce the adverse effects of friction, which high torque and high RPM are produced (eg. as the lubrication efficacy at 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) force and 3450 rpm). The tests were designed according to the effectiveness of the superabsorbent polymer to water and based lubricant compositions with variable viscosity to a short period at high pressure (ie, 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs)) and high friction (ie at 3450 U / min.) to check.

The tests were carried out to To determine if a force of 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) to 0.15 g water and superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions can be applied, which are located on the motor shaft collar with 3450 U / min. rotates, without the engine is stopped. The duration of each is testing about 5 seconds. A test with a formulation is terminated if the engine has been stopped before a force of 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) was achieved, and the obtained Newton-meters (ft-lbs) were recorded.

The tests were conducted in a room with a relative humidity of about 68-79% and a temperature of 21-23 ° C. The water and superabsorbent Polymer-based lubricant compositions were prior to the implementation the tests in this room in double-walled, with zipper stored sealed bags.

In general, the results show the laboratory tests (Table 2) that superabsorbent polymers with water and one or more lubricants in a variety of hydrogel compositions variable viscosity can be formulated, which lubricate an efficient manner the open test system in short-term tests. In tests where standard formulations such as ROYCO® 482 oil, Marvel® Mystery Oil, carbon and graphite, graphite, carbon, water and carbon, Graphite and water were used, the engine has been stopped before torque was achieved by 367.4 Nm (271 ft-lbs) (Ie from 109.8 to 313.2 Nm (81-231 ft-lbs). It has been found that a metal-to-metal control the engine already at a torque of 46.1 Nm (34 ft-lbs) stops.

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