Antenna adaptation in a time division duplexing system

Antenna adaptation in time-sharing duplex system

Background of the Invention Different types of wireless data communication networks, including digital cellular systems, wireless local area networks (WLANs), and even personal local area networks, such as Bluetooth, have gradually been regarded as the ideal connection method for many different application fields . These can be used to provide access to personal computers with wireless equipment in the home network, access to notebook computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs), and to provide solid and convenient access to business applications.

Of course, according to a current estimate, about 10% of notebook computers are equipped with wireless adapter cards when they leave the factory. An estimate is said to indicate that the proportion will increase to 30% within two years. Some microprocessor manufacturers, such as Intel, are working on integrating wireless capabilities into the processor chip platform. With the continuation of this and other initial work, it will lead the integration of wireless devices into all forms of computers.

It is actually possible to find some "hot spots" in some cities, where you can get links to multiple different types of networks at the same time. Unfortunately, if you don't use 100, just 10 networks that are close in space will mean that interference will become a problem. That is to say, although the most emerging wireless standards use distributed spectrum microwave frequency modulation to provide solid transmission and reception signals, or use a code division multiple access (CDMA) to overcome the sub-carrier, however, the microwave spectrum is still full of reading. The increased noise also reduces the efficiency of all users.

The capacity of the CDMA network that uses a frequency reuse factor (frequency reuse factor) is limited by the inter-cell and intra-cell interference. For example, multiple user detection (MUD) can be used to mitigate intra-molecular interference. Technologies such as intelligent management of channel power, coded text, and time slots (that is, solid microwave resource management (RRM)) can also be used.

The most interesting thing in the present invention is that it is also possible to use a directional or adaptive antenna to determine the best direction for transmitting and receiving signals. The directional antenna focuses on the power radiated by these signals, so that interference with other transmissions can be minimized.

One can be used to alleviate the interference between cells is a rotating (remote) or so-called use-side directional antenna. In order to understand the advantages of this, consider the case of a neighboring base station or a segment that causes inter-cell interference in the channel of the forward link from the central base station transmitter receiver (BTSs) to the user equipment. If these downlink (DL) channels have an angular separation between the base station or section to be connected and these interfering base stations or sections, then the directional antenna on the user equipment side can provide a certain degree of Interference suppression. The degree of suppression is related to the angular separation, the front to back ratio of the antenna, and the radio wave width of the antenna.

Users in adjacent cells or sectors also cause interference between cells in the uplink (UL) or reverse direction. If the directional antenna can be directed so that most of the transmission energy can be directly directed to the base station to be connected and far away from the neighboring cell or section, then the antenna can also provide interference suppression between cells on the uplink. The interference suppression will reveal itself as an interference reduction on the base station receiver to be connected.

Therefore, the use of this directional antenna directly contributes to the improvement of the connection allocation plan. It provides additional antenna gain compared to standard omnidirectional antennas when operating in a directional mode. According to the calculation used for guidance, the additional gain can be directly contributed to the allocation plan of the upper chain and the lower chain. The directional antenna also reduces the influence of uneven signal strength due to regional refraction. The directivity of the antenna only recognizes a part of the path structure from the regional environment to the input of the receiver, reducing the intensity of the signal. The edge of the required fast signal strength is therefore reduced.

However, in order to make the directional antenna the most active, it is necessary to guide an appropriate direction for the upper chain and the lower chain. In a packet-switched frequency division duplex (FDD) system, the direction of the uplink and the downlink must be the same, as the UL and DL carrier frequencies are simultaneously active. A compromise direction is therefore often chosen to optimize reception in these two directions.

However, Time Division Duplex (TDD), when it involves antenna guidance, has certain advantages over FDD systems: because the user equipment is half-duplex, the DL and UL pointing directions can be different to allow The direction of optimization in individual cases.

Because DL and UL traditionally operate on the same frequency, in most cases, the DL and UL path loss will be the same.

The frame structure of the TDD is to have available inactive time slots to check alternative antenna directions and calculate the antenna guide measurement scale.

Summary of the invention

The present invention is related to setting an optimized direction of an antenna in a wireless communication system. The system has a spontaneous steerable antenna that can choose several different angle settings. The antenna is first set to a candidate setting. A measurement scale is then measured with the setting, and the measurement scale is related to the use of the candidate setting at the current day, for example, by determining the quality of the signal received in the candidate setting. Such a measurement scale is then taken from at least two different candidate settings, and then a best setting or optimized setting result is determined. The procedure then determines an optimal setting by using different measurement scales for different communication channels in the system. In more detail, the optimized setting is to determine the optimized setting of a communication channel operating in the uplink direction by using a measurement scale different from that of the communication channel operating in the downlink direction. . The present invention can therefore result in a decision to optimize settings for different uplink and downlink channels.

Although the antenna has a few or more directional modes that can be used, in a preferred embodiment, the candidate settings provided by the steerable antenna include at least one omnidirectional mode, one Right direction mode and a left direction mode.

The measurement scale is traditionally measured during the reception of an appropriate signal. The appropriate signal can be a pilot channel signal, but it can also be obtained from other forms of signals, such as a data carrier signal. The present invention is especially aimed at a time division duplex (TDD) system, and is particularly advantageous because the measurement scale can be taken out during inactive time slots. In addition, because in a typical TDD system, whether the uplink or downlink is active in each given time slot, the integration of the uplink and downlink communication channels is easier to determine.

In an additional part of the invention, it is to apply the determined optimal antenna settings to select different gain adjustment factors. The gain adjustment factor indicates the path loss related to the system operating in a specific directional mode, and the gain adjustment factor is then applied to the operation to modify the control power level of the transmitted signal. Therefore, for example, a typical closed-loop power control algorithm for setting the power level settings of the uplink and the downlink is used to adjust the antenna gain associated with a specific optimized setting.

Furthermore, the optimized directivity setting can be stored in a register, memory or other storage device and read out synchronously with a known actively allocated time slot. Therefore, a system that requires the antenna to be guided in a specific direction from a given time slot can be easily guided to another optimized direction in the next adjacent time slot.

The other part of the present invention is to guide the optimization to an initial acquisition mode. During an initial detection mode, the system parameters are determined by antennas set in an omnidirectional direction. However, an additional program group is better executed after the initial detection to determine the best pointing angle for the subsequent transmission. In this case, the measurements taken during the omnidirectional mode are adjusted to achieve the same sensitivity on the item of the largest predictable path loss, just as the original search was by a directional mode The same as guided. The sensitivity improvement factor is determined by the gain difference between an omnidirectional and directional mode, and the measurement during subsequent procedures is the same. This part of the invention allows for the additional gain of a directional mode to provide the still increased coverage of the system.

Description of the drawings

The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly explained by the following descriptions of specific preferred embodiments of the present invention, as well as a complete description of various drawings about the same parts. Each icon does not need to have a specific size, but instead emphasizes the principle of the present invention.

Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a time division duplex microwave transmission connector used to implement the present invention.

Figure 2 is an antenna microwave pattern to explain three different selectable modes.

Figure 3 is used to present the different power levels of the uplink and the downlink in a typical scheme.

Figure 4 illustrates how the receiver signal strength and interference signal strength measurements are obtained by the receiver.

Figure 5 presents a typical uplink and downlink assignment to explain that during certain assigned time slots, the uplink requires directivity settings during other time slots, and such measurements may also need to be assigned by But it is obtained in non-active time slots.

Fig. 6 is used to explain that a time slot path loss calculator can be used to develop a gain relationship for adjusting the antenna position, which can be applied to closed-loop power control in sequence.

Fig. 7 is a more detailed flow chart for the calculation of the lower link (DL) antenna direction. Fig. 8 is a high-level flow chart to illustrate that the forward path loss link can be applied to power level setting control.

Figure 9 is a calculation of the direction of an uplink (UL) antenna.

Figure 10 explains how the time slot is used to define the uplink and downlink.

Figure 11 (A to D) is an explanation of the different schemes used to allocate the uplink and downlink time slots in different switching direction configurations.

Figure 12 is a more detailed explanation of an array of controllers and a possible time slot assignment.

detailed description

A description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is as follows. This particular embodiment is used in a cellular wireless communication system. The system is widely known as the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) of the ubiquitous Quick Turning Telephone System (UMTS), which is It is described in detail in the specifications of the T1.3Gpp.25 series of the Telephone and Communications Industry Association (TIA); however, it should be understood that the principles of the present invention can be applied to other forms of wireless communication systems.

Basic operation In any cellular system, there is a central base station transmitting and receiving station (BTS) or access point (AP) for communication with remote units or user equipment. Any such system is bidirectional in nature, which means that it must provide communication capabilities from the BTS to the UE (downlink) and from the UE to the BTS (uplink). The duplexing of the uplink and downlink communication channels can be implemented in two main ways. These are Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). The carrier frequency of the FDD separation is used to help the communication between the upper chain and the lower chain. For this time-sharing duplex (TDD), the same frequency width is used for the upper chain and the lower chain. However, if TDD is used, the uplink is active during certain time slots, and the downlink is active during another period. The communication channel from user to user can be in separate time slots (TDMA) or can be time modulated in code division multiple access (CDMA). TDD/CDMA and TDD/TDMA-based access methods can therefore be seen in current use.

For the TDD system, the propagation channel is mutual, that is to say, the path loss in the channel and the stable statistics of the strength of the radio wave will be the same in the transmission direction from the BTS to the UE and from the UE to the BTS. Because the same carrier coding frequency is used in both directions.

Turning the focus to Figure 1, in this equipment (UE), the use of a typical TDD/CDMA form of transmitter and receiver is shown on the high-level diagram. The transmitter receiver includes an antenna 10, a receiver subsystem 20 and a transmitter subsystem 30.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the antenna 10 is a directional type antenna. Therefore, the radiating units 12-1 to 12-n including multitasking are connected to a directional controller 14. The directivity controller 14 receives control input to set a transmission or reception direction of the antenna unit 12. The direction is that the controller 14 may include switches, phase shifters, or other components such as block impedance, and various methods known in the art to influence the combined directivity of the antenna components 12.

A duplexer 18 is appropriately regarded as a transmission/reception switch 18 in the case of a TDD system to allow the receiver 20 and the transmitter 30 to be connected to the antenna subsystem 10.

The receiver 20 includes a receiving amplifier 21, a microwave frequency (RF) download converter 23, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 22, and includes a phase shifter 25, a pair of mixers 26-1, 26-2 and In-phase and quadrature demodulator 28 of a pair of band filters 27-1 and 27-2. In a method well known in the art, the receiving amplifier receives a received signal, amplifies the signal, and then provides the amplified signal to the RF download converter 23.

Given an input frequency from the VCO 20 and possible frequency band selection input 24, the RF download converter 23 shifts the received microwave energy to an intermediate carrier (IF) frequency signal. The I/Q demodulator 28 then provides received data symbols as output in the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels.

Regarding the transmitter 30, the transmitted data symbols are provided to an I/Q modulator 38, which itself includes a pair of mixers 31-1 and 31-2 quadrature phase shifters 32 and a totalizer. 33. Provided by an area-related signal, the I/Q modulator 38 provides a modulated signal at IF frequency to an RF up-converter. The receiving VCO 35 and any frequency band selection input 36 then up-converts the IF signal to an RF carrier frequency to be connected. The transmission amplifier 37 then sequentially controls and provides the modulated transmission signal to the duplexer 18 via a transmit and receive (T/R) input. A level detector circuit 38 can be used to detect the transmitted RF power level. The T/R input is controlled based on the allocation of time slots provided by the base station in a control channel. During certain time slots, the duplexer 18 is set to a receiving mode (that is, the downlink is active); at other times, it is set to a transmission mode (that is, the uplink is active) : It is still open at other times (that is, the invalidated time slot). An identical level detection circuit 29 can be used to determine the level of the received level detection signal.

According to this particular embodiment, the antenna subsystem 10 has three selectable modes through the directional control input 16. Turning the focus back to FIG. 2, these modes can be an omnidirectional mode, in which the antenna 12 provides an omnidirectional transmission/reception pattern with fairly uniform intensity in all azimuth directions under normal operation. The second mode of the antenna 10 illustrated by the pattern 41 on the right hand side is to provide a microwave pattern that is usually on the right hand side of the azimuth plane. Similarly, the third setting of the antenna 10 provides an antenna pattern that is usually facing the left-hand side of the azimuth plane. Therefore, with appropriate input applied to the directivity controller 16, the antenna 10 can be set to one of three pointing modes (omnidirectional, right-hand direction, or left-hand direction). The antenna system using this setting is well known in the art. For example, refer to US Patent Publication No. 2003/0048226A1 filed by Tantivy Communications (which is also the assignee of the present invention). Although this specific embodiment only uses three antenna patterns, it should be understood that other specific embodiments can also use more modes.

Figure 3 graphically illustrates the general situation in which central transmitter receiver base stations (BTSs) are used in a cellular wireless environment. The user equipment (UE) device is usually located in a specific cell 39-1 in the corner. In this case, the user equipment can detect a pilot channel signal of a power level P1, mainly BTS 51-1. However, it is also possible for the user equipment to detect other neighboring BTSs, such as BTS 51-2 at power level P2, BTS 51-3 at power level P3, and BTS 51-4 at power level P4. Signal. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the neighboring BTSs 51-2, 51-3, and 51-4 all contribute to the interference related to the signal to be connected received by the predetermined BTS 51-1, and may also interfere with the slave Transmission from the UE to its scheduled BTS 51-1. Therefore, different solutions that consider the directional nature of the antenna 10 can be used to optimize the performance of the entire system.

The calculation method developed by the present invention utilizes a received signal power measurement and interference signal power measured at the UE. These can be provided by additional receiving circuits as shown in Figure 4. The receiving circuit 60 can take out the receiving I channel (RXI) and the receiving Q channel (RXQ) and input them to a typical power detector 61. The RXI and RXQ signals can also be input to the demodulator 62 that inputs the active CDMA password as a special channel. The demodulator 62 therefore provides a measure of received cipher signal power (RCSP).

As for the estimation of the received interference power related to neighboring base stations 51-2, 51-3, 51-4, additional demodulators 63-1, 63-2...63-P, summing circuit 64, and The subtraction circuit 65 is provided. That is to say, by applying the demodulator of the invalidated CDMA cipher (the cipher is used for the channel currently used by the UE) from the BTS 51-1, the relative signal power in the interference channel in such a cell is The individual is provided by the sum taken out in the summing circuit 64. The interference power is then removed from the overall received power (by the subtractor circuit 65) to estimate the interference Cipher Channel Signal Strength (ICSP).

It can now be understood that the present invention will need to select an optimal antenna mode setting in the uplink and downlink directions for each specific active time slot. Figure 5 is a high level icon in this case. The lower chain time chart 70 is an icon description together with the upper chain time chart 75. The downlink schedule 70 and a UTMSWCDMA time slot are allocated as follows. A time slot has a full duration of 10 microseconds (ms) and it is divided into 15 time slots (ts), which is 3.84 million chips per second (Mc/s) encryption code chip time (tc) ) 2560 times. Therefore, one time slot corresponds to 2560 chips of the CDMA distributed cipher. The physical capacity of this time slot can be packed to one corresponding to the length described in sub-clause 5.2.2 of the W-CDMA specification. Each time slot can be allocated as uplink (UL) or downlink (DL). With this flexibility, the time-sharing duplex capability can be applied to different environments and scheduling schemes. In any configuration, at least one time slot is allocated for uplink in each time slot, and at least one time slot is allocated for downlink.

Therefore, the situation of an embodiment can be developed as shown in FIG. 5, in which the adjacent time slots 71-1 and 71-2 are optimized to point to the left mode and the right mode in sequence. A subsequent time slot 71-3 may need to be optimized by optimizing the antenna position in the omnidirectional setting, and the next time slot 71-4 (following an idle time slot) may need to be optimized. Point to the left mode. Similarly, in a chain direction, adjacent time slots 72-1, 72-2, and 72-3 may need to set the antenna to the right, omnidirectional, and right modes, respectively. It can be taken from Figure 5 that the perception is that the antenna position and invalid time slots related to the active time slots of Meiyi, such as 71-5 and 71-6 without shadows, can also be used to obtain the current calculations. Measurements.

The overall result of applying the algorithm according to the present invention is that not only the antenna position is optimized, but also a modified path loss calculation can be obtained. In more detail, as shown in FIG. 6, a slot path loss calculator is traditionally used to provide a path loss associated with a receiving antenna set in all directions. However, because the antenna gain varies according to its directivity pattern, in order to correct any estimate of the path loss in the previous section, an antenna gain correction step 81 should be included. Therefore, the setting of a given antenna gain correction 81 at an antenna position can be used to correct the uplink path loss estimate, which may then be applied to the closed-loop power control algorithm 82. Therefore, the present invention not only provides an incremental sensitivity in signal reception, but also further provides an advantage to optimize the closed-loop power control procedure.

Figure 7 is a flow chart of steps used to determine an optimized antenna, which can determine the best angle setting in the downlink (DL) direction, that is to say, the best angle setting is used in the user equipment The receiving signal transmitted by the base station (BTS) (also referred to as node B in the W-CDMA specification) is transmitted at the end.

In the first step of this method, the allocation of time slots is obtained. These allocations are for the allocated active time slots and the allocated non-active time slots in the downlink, as shown in FIG. 5. It then provides a total number of time slots, which will be monitored in the program. The allocation of the time slot will traditionally be completed by the Node B or other central controller in a method suitable for the current user equipment and based on the situation observed by the Node B.

The next step for each monitored time slot of state 92 and state 94 of the RCSP and ICSP is to measure for each antenna mode. Therefore, the antenna 10 is temporarily set in each of the three modes (omnidirectional, right or left mode), and both RCSP and ICSP are determined.

In state 96, the RCSP and ICSP measurements for each antenna mode may then be filtered through appropriate low-pass filters and/or average calculations.

In state 98 the user equipment (UE) then transmits a report back to the measured Node B. These will include at least the RCSP used to measure the active time slot and the ICSO used to continuously measure the active and inactive time slots. This allows Node B to determine the signal to interference ratio in the active time slot. With this information, he can allocate an active time slot to the user equipment (UE) according to the ratio of signal to interference (SIR) observed during extraction from different antenna settings.

For this state, the optimal direction in state 102 can be determined by calculating the SIR to determine the ratio of RCSP to ICSP for active and inactive time slots. That is to say, the RCSP is taken for the active time slot, and the ICSP measurement is taken from the inactive time slot (it is known that only interference signals will appear). In this way, an optimal antenna setting, whether it is in the omnidirectional mode or the left or right mode, can be determined by the measurement taken.

The RCSP and ICSP active time slot measurements used for other antenna direction settings in the lower connection direction can be taken out at the appropriate signal and during a period when no important user data is transmitted, for example. This may be taken out during the transmission of pilot synchronization or similar signals, but it should be understood that the measurement can also be taken out by data signals or under other circumstances.

After the antenna is given a directivity setting, the forward (DL) path loss can then be estimated, as shown in FIG. 8. In other words, the gain line of a given antenna can be obtained. This updated antenna gain setting can then be used to modify a forward path loss (FPL) estimate, which is then used in a closed power control algorithm, such as state 106. As shown in the same embodiment, an upper link (that is, the reverse path loss) can be obtained from the measurement of the downlink (forward) loss, which is a common situation in closed power control calculations. Once the base station knows the power level of its transmission and the power level of the signal received by a remote unit (with the report sent back), it can then calculate how much energy will be lost through the transmission path. The general power control algorithm must then estimate the path loss of the uplink (reverse direction) based on the measurement of the downlink. In this special situation, the antenna will experience different gains according to its angle setting. The angle setting can be used to provide a corrected gain value and then used to correct the winding path loss.

Consider another method. The estimation of path loss for both directions must be revised. The adjustment of the forward link is to correct the antenna gain used to estimate the path loss. Secondly, a reverse link adjustment is used to modify the actual reverse link transmission power level setting on the user equipment side, and the user equipment side will try to transmit it back to the base station next time.

Fig. 9 is a flow chart. According to the sequence of the steps, it is possible to determine the best pointing angle for the uplink, that is, when the user equipment is used for transmission. In the first step 150, a neighboring cell interference measurement is determined for all pointing angles. In other words, the common control channel signals used in the neighboring BTSs (51-2, 51-3, 51-4) are measured for all pointing angles. In state 152, a direction is selected so that during transmission, it maximizes its connection power with the BTS 51-1 to be connected, and minimizes its connection with neighboring BTSs 51-2, 51-3, 51 -4 interference. That is, in state 150, the user equipment determines the reverse link path loss to adjust the BTSs and then calculates an interference level transmitted from the UE for each possible angle setting. The overall optimal angle is then selected to maximize the power to the base station 51-1 to be connected while minimizing the degree of interference to other neighboring base stations 51-2, 51-3, and 51-4. . This concept will be described in further detail in the following application of the present invention to UMTS In an alternative scheme of W-CDMA, the base station load of the neighboring base station may also be monitored in step 154. In other words, each base station may periodically broadcast some data indicating its relative busyness, that is, how many time slots in it are active. If in state 156, a neighboring base station is detected to be particularly busy, then in step 158, a subsequent direction is selected to reduce the interference to its specific neighboring area. Therefore, for example, the user equipment (UE) can determine that a neighboring base station 51-3 is specifically busy, and assign most of its time slots to an active state. If the specific neighboring area is relatively busy than other neighboring base stations, and especially if the base station assigned now is not particularly busy, then a direction will be selected to reduce the interference of the base station in the busy area . Therefore, this can improve the overall system performance between the UE and the base station 51-1 to be connected with the smallest reduction to the connection to be connected.

Once again, even in the uplink direction, the path loss calculation will be adjusted to use the difference in the gain set in the uplink and downlink antenna directions, as shown in step 160.

Fig. 10 graphically illustrates that both the uplink and downlink directions can be used in a duplex system, which means that the uplink and downlink time slots of this system are active during each time slot. However, others are common and may be as shown in Fig. 11(A), Fig. 11(B), Fig. 11(C) and Fig. 11(D). These figures respectively show the time slot allocation between the upper chain and the lower chain. They are respectively allocated for several switching point configurations with symmetrical upper chain and lower connection, and asymmetrical upper chain and lower connection allocation for several Switch point configuration, with symmetrical upper chain and lower connection allocation for single switching point configuration and asymmetric upper chain and lower connection allocation for single switching point configuration.

In a TDD system, certain categories of the array guidance must therefore be achieved in order to perform the optimal antenna setting. If the software is fast enough, the guidance of the array can be performed by sending a message to the directional control input 16 by the software. However, if the software cannot be executed fast enough, a hardware state machine operating under the control of the software is needed. The array setting shared processor can simply contain the value of the next time slot like a buffer. In such a specific embodiment, the execution will be read out at the correct time.

A more complex ACSP may require several registers containing values to be set to the following N array object positions. The software can write to the buffer before the time slot actually arrives. At the correct point in time, the ACSP will then apply these settings to the control input 16 in the antenna array.

A more complex ACSP embodiment will be as shown in Figure 12, the multiple locations are the same operation to the aforementioned controller, but considering several buffers, each of which is included in the application at different points in time The setting value. The implementation of such an ACSP has a number of buffers including buffers for receiving mode (downlink) and time slots allocated for transmission (uplink). The array register can be set at the same time at one time, or be modified separately according to needs. It can also be double-buffered to allow for writing at any time, and again controlled by software time constraints.

As suggested in FIG. 12, the present invention further confirms that the allocation of uplink time slots can be offset by the fixed time interval allocated from the downlink. In this environment, a duplexer 18 is set to always switch between the transmission and reception modes within a predetermined period of time. As shown in the time chart in Figure 12, a specific user equipment (UE) identified as unit number 1 will take the initiative in the downlink direction in the first explained time slot, and will be two time slots later in the downlink direction. initiative. The ACSP logic will therefore always know to switch between transmit and receive modes in alternate time slots at the beginning of a time slot. Adopting a slightly stricter structure in the allocation of the time slots of the uplink and downlink can contribute to simplifying the ACSP architecture.

Description of UMTS-TDD Readers will now experience a more detailed description to understand how the present invention can be used in a UMTD-TDD system environment. The following discussion will assume that the reader has an understanding of the specification of the present invention and the different channels defined.

1. The steady state is as defined in the above-referenced W-CDMA specification. The steady state is CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH. The CELL_DCH is a state in which the UE is actively engaged in voice and/or data traffic. The allocation of DL and UL time slots/encryption/power can be changed under the control of RRM and the UE can be rotating. The CELL_FACH is a state in which the UE does not have allocated resources, the noise measurement is reported for future allocation by RRM, and the UE can be rotating.

1.1 The calculation concept of the downlink shown in Figure 7 and the following detailed assumptions for the DL direction, the antenna 10 is guided by maximizing the ratio (SIR) of the signal to the interference in adjacent cells/sections lead. As briefly described above, the decision to make a steering based on the SIR requires a signal to be connected (RCSP) and neighboring cell interference (ICSP) measurements for the active time slot (those are the UEs Transmission traffic) and inactive time slots. For the measurement of the SIR of the active time slot (ie RCSP/ICSP), it is necessary to maintain its maximum value when the UE is rotating and/or the time slot allocation may change in neighboring sectors or cells. Good guiding direction. The SIR measurement used for non-active time slots is required to provide the correct steering direction, if the time slot should become active in future allocations. The measurement of RSCP (received signal coding power) for the P-CCPCH signal and ISCP (interference signal coding power) for dedicated time slots have traditionally been used.

1.1.1 RX signal power measurement The signal power measurement is done by the UE in other RRM functions, or a common control channel pilot signal, supported by P-CCPCH RSCP. The addition of a directional UE antenna requires the P-CCPCH RSCP measurement to be made in all possible antenna pointing directions. If a three-mode antenna is used on the UE, the measurement of the P-CCPCH RSCP must be done in the omnidirectional mode, left radio wave and right radio wave mode. The measurement of the P-CCPCH RSCP is performed only on a time slot, and in this time slot, the UE receives data (CELL_DCH) on a telecommunication or broadcast channel. This measurement will be used for one of the three selected radio wave positions (omnidirectional, left, and right). When the UE does not need to receive data, measurements in the other two directions can be made on the P-CCPCH, because the SIR in these directions may be lower than the current direction. Because the P-CCPCH is always transmitted by the base station in the omni-directional mode base station antenna, the measurement of the received power of the P-CCPCH during the inactive time slot at other locations will be in the same direction as the P-CCPCH (Assuming that the time slot is closed in real time and assuming that some average number is completed by step 96 (Figure 7)) the received power of the active time slot is the same.

1.1.2 Inter-cell interference measurement Inter-cell interference measurement can be done through time slot ISCP measurement with the support of the UE and RRM. For the purpose of this discussion, ISCP is assumed to provide only intermolecular interference power. The directional UE antenna requires that the time slot ISCP measurement needs to be made in all possible antenna directions. If a three-mode antenna 10 is used for the UE, the ISCP measurement will therefore be made in omnidirectional, left-wave and right-wave modes for each possible interference code. For the measurement of the active time slot, the measurement can be made only at the current pointing position (although guiding the antenna will disturb the receiver of an active channel). By definition, other locations used for active time slots will have a reduced degree of SIR to try to receive data at other locations that may tend to reduce performance (CELL_CH).

1.1.3 RX signal power report For the purpose of power control and for the allocation of DL and UL time slots, the measurement of the P-CCPCH RSCP is also periodically reported to the microwave cryptographic controller (RNC). With a directional antenna such as the three-mode array 10, three different measurements are composed of RSCP. All three measurements are used to determine the direction of the antenna used by the UE in the future, but only the current measurement of the RSCP in the direction of the antenna is reported to the RNC. The unprocessed RSCP measurements are subjected to different levels of filtering (step 92) before they are reported by the UE (step 98). The RSCP is a measurement in all directions, whether it is used as a report or not, it is filtered in the same way as currently performed. The report uses the average associated with the current pointing direction.

1.1.4 Inter-cell interference reporting time slot ISCP measurement is also periodically reported to the RNC for the purpose of forward channel (DL) allocation. The RNC specifies the time slot to be measured. With this three-mode directional antenna, three different measurements are composed of ISCP for each time slot. If the ICSP time slot report is used for an active time slot (a time slot is used by the UE), the ISCP value of the report is taken from the direction of the current line. If the ISCP time slot report is used for an inactive time slot (a time slot assigned in the future), the reported ISCP value is taken from the direction of the antenna that provides the highest SIR. The unprocessed ISCP measurements are subject to different levels of filtering before they are reported by the UE. The ISCP is the measurement in all directions and all the time slots, regardless of whether it is used as a report or not, it is filtered in the same manner as currently performed. The reporting step 98 therefore uses the average of the active time slot ISCPs related to the current pointing direction to report each, and the average related to the maximum SIR directionality is used for inactive ISCP time slot reporting.

1.1.5 The pointing direction of the active time slot At present, the pointing direction of the UE antenna is determined by calculating the SIR (RSCP to ISCP ratio) for the active time slot or all pointing directions. The antenna position is then adjusted before the next time slot to point in the direction of its highest SIR. The RSCP and ISCP values used to report the active time slot will be the values used to determine the SIR to determine the selected direction. It should be noted that if Node B (the assigned transmitter receiver base station) itself uses the directional radio wave old antenna, the SIR calculated by the antenna guidance calculation will not be the same in the forward link control. The SIR maintained by the threshold is the same, because the RSCP of the P-CCPCH will be calculated by the base station in the omnidirectional mode. However, because the directional antenna is to reduce the interference of the neighboring cell, the SIR tends to transmit in the omnidirectional mode of Node B over the pointing direction, which should be just like the SIR tends to use Node B in an early related project. The transmission of radio waves overshadowed the pointing direction.

1.1.6 Direction of non-active time slots Each non-active DL time slot measured by the UE will have an independent direction of direction. The direction of the inactive time slot is to provide the highest SIR. If the inactive time slot is allocated to the UE, the antenna position is then adjusted to point to the direction of the highest SIR, just before the time slot. This time slot is the time slot that is then considered to be the active time slot.

1.1.7 Forward path loss As we mentioned in Figure 6, the integration of the directional antenna affects the calculation of forward path loss because there is a gain difference between the directional pattern and the omnidirectional pattern . As the timing is switched between an omnidirectional mode and a directional mode, the forward path loss will appear to change unless it can be compensated. The difference in gain can be calculated based on the difference between the measurement of the omnidirectional mode in RSCP and the measurement of each of the two directional modes in RSCP. The gain difference should be measured rather than estimated, because the precise gain difference between the omnidirectional mode and the directional mode is based on the angle reached by the directional antenna.

1.1.8 Closed-loop forward power control When the antenna direction changes to an active time slot, the integration of the directional antenna also affects the forward (DL) power control. The forward (DL) power control will likely see a phase change in the forward power and more importantly, a phase change in the SIR when the position is adjusted. If the antenna position is changed, the new position will have a higher SIR than the current position (otherwise the antenna position will not change). When the antenna position changes, this tendency will be used in the forward (DL) power control loop to reduce power. This reduction will occur within a certain period of time. During this time, the link will operate above the SIR of the landmark (preferably link) until the forward (DL) power control is restored. Moreover, during the adjustment of the forward (DL) power control loop, the average number of RCSP measurements used for the time slot can continue because these measurements are made on the P-CCPCH, which is transmitted at a fixed power.

In the case where the UE has been assigned multi-task downlink time slots, the direction of each time slot may be different. Because the SIR of each time slot, even the omnidirectional antenna is different, it is assumed that the forward power control maintains a set of variables for each downlink (DL) time slot, so that the link performance can be adjusted for each time. The gap is maintained independently. The directional antenna switching time is less than 100ns. Therefore, if each time slot is independently controlled, the forward power control will not be affected by the direction change from time slot to time slot. If a multiple time slot allocation is controlled like a single time slot, the ISCP and RSCP values of the multiple time slots will have to be averaged in the allocation to determine a compromise direction for all time slots. Otherwise, the forward (DL) power control will try to compensate for the change in the antenna direction.

1.1.9 AGC processing time in a TDD implementation, the spontaneous gain control (AGC) circuit associated with the receiver amplifier 21 (Figure 1) will be limited by a relatively large power instant in comparison with an FDD implementation. , And should be designed to handle them. In addition to the difference in power from the normal time slot to the time slot, the UE AGC will see additional phase changes on the received signal integrated with the directional antenna. Due to the gain difference between the omnidirectional and directional patterns, and more importantly the huge ratio of the front to the back of the directional antenna, the UE AGC has an omnidirectional input power in addition to the time slot to the time slot. In addition to the variation of the antenna, a 6-8dB change may be seen. As described above, the AGC used for a TDD implementation should be able to adapt to the additional variation in signal strength caused by the integration of a directional antenna.

1.2 Uplink (UL) Guidance The UL can be guided based on the maximum received power at the Node B or a set of measurement metrics used to minimize adjacent cell interference caused by the UE. Depending on the excess UE transmit power that can be provided, the UL steering calculation may be a combination of the two. In the case that the UE is close to the maximum output power, the guidance should maximize the received power at the Node B. However, in the case where excessive power can be provided, the pointing direction should be to minimize the interference of neighboring cells caused by the UE.

The use of directional antennas in the UL can mitigate the interference between cells of a neighboring base station by minimizing the amount of energy a UE transmits to a neighboring cell. Two calculation methods can be used to point to the UL to minimize the interference between the cells. The first method is to measure the transmission of the UE in all neighboring Node Bs and determine the direction that maximizes the ratio of signal to neighboring cell interference. However, this requires coordination not only between the neighboring nodes but also between the Node B and the UE. The second better calculation method is described as follows. It measures the forward path loss and forward path loss from neighboring base stations based on the reciprocity between the uplink and downlink path losses, and infers the reverse Loss to the link path. A pointing direction can be determined to maximize the ratio of the power of the node B to be connected to the power of the neighboring node B. If the search algorithm between the frequencies is modified to adapt to the directional antenna, then many necessary calculations are already available. The data of this calculation is already available to the UE and no longer needs to coordinate Node B.

When the interference of the neighboring cells of the UL is minimized, it will sometimes lead to the loss of the received power at the Node B to be connected. If the UE is operating near a large path loss, any loss received at the Node B will be decisive for the UE's performance. In this case, the UL of the UE will be individually guided on the received power to maximize the power of the UL at the Node B.

1.2.1 RX signal power measurement The UE measures the DL power in all directional directions, assuming the reciprocity, and therefore guessing how much the UL received power at the Node B will be used in a specific direction. The RSCP of the P-CCPCH in all pointing directions has been measured for the calculation of the DL pointing. For each pointing direction, the UE calculates an estimate of the reverse link path loss to its Node B based on a measurement of forward path loss in each pointing direction (via RSCP).

1.2.2 Inter-cell interference measurement During the allocated but idle time slots, the UE measures the DL power in all pointing directions for the neighboring base stations, assuming the reciprocity, and guessing the UL reception at Node B How much power will be used in a specific pointing direction. During the internal frequency search for possible transmission, the RSCP of the P-CCPCH must be measured by the neighboring node B. Once the directional antenna has been integrated, the internal frequency search must also take into account the RSCP of neighboring Node Bs at all pointing angles. Therefore, the data required to support the measurement of interference between molecules on the UL can be obtained from the searcher. For each neighboring Node B, the UE will calculate the loss of the reversible link path at all available pointing angles. This data will be used to determine the direction of the UL.

1.2.3 Direction of pointing As described in Figure 9, two pointing directions will be selected for the UL. One direction will be based on maximizing the power received at Node B, and the pointing direction for UL will be calculated by calculating the UL signal to be connected and the integrated neighboring cell/sector in all possible pointing directions To determine the ratio of the interference. The second selected UL is intended to maximize the power of the UL to the Node B to be connected, and minimize the interference to the neighboring cell based on the propagation measurement. In the case of direction difference, the transmit power estimated by the UE will be used to determine the final direction. If the UE transmit power is close to the maximum value to minimize the interference direction, then the subsequent final direction will maximize the received power direction.

Because all estimations are based on the measurement of the forward link P-CCPCH, there will be no slot-to-slot correlation in the direction of maximum received power or the direction of least interference. Therefore, there is only one uplink direction for all uplink time slots.

An example calculation for the interference direction is shown in Table 1.

In Table 1, even if the left mode and all directions provide the same received power at Node B, the left radio wave mode will be selected because it provides a relatively small interference power of 3.5 dB to neighboring Node Bs. The left and right radio wave modes are roughly the same in terms of interference power. However, the right mode will require more 5dB UL power (hence greater interference power) at the node B to be connected, so the left mode is better select.

A higher degree of precision will be used to monitor the load of Node B during the internal frequency search and subsequently measure the calculation of UL interference. For example, in the above-mentioned embodiment, if the left mode is selected as the coverage omnidirectional mode, the neighboring node B51-2 will see a 5dB increase in interference. If the UE can determine that the node B51-2 takes a heavy load through the P-CCPCH inter-control of the node B51-2, then the UE may choose the omnidirectional mode to replace the left mode to reduce the node B51-2 Interference load.

1.2.4 Open-loop power control is also mentioned in Figure 9, because open-loop power control will estimate the reverse (UL) path loss based on the forward (DL) path loss, so the UL open-loop power Control will be affected by the integration of the directional antenna. This calculation assumes that the antenna gains on the uplink and downlink are the same. However, because the UL and DL pointing directions can be different, different gains can appear on UL and DL. The forward (DL) path loss estimation must be adjusted for the gain difference between the pointing directions indicated in paragraph 1.1.7. The same situation applies during the calculation of the reverse (UL) connection power. The gain difference between the omnidirectional mode and the directional mode must be compensated during the calculation of the power of the UL to the node B to be connected. This gain difference can be calculated from the data collected during the internal frequency search period.

1.3 Integrate the direction change of UL and DL. Because the Node B itself uses a previous radio wave, the UE should change the direction of the UL and DL at a slower rate than the previous radio wave of the Node B. It may be beneficial to let this change in the direction of DL and UL occur in certain time intervals. If the node B uses the predecessor wave, the DL wave is determined based on the data on the UL. If the UL direction on the UE has been changed, the Node B may adjust its UL radio waves according to the change and then adjust its DL radio waves. The number of SIRs used on the UE to calculate the DL through the forward power control may no longer be valid for these new DL radio wave positions. The SIR estimates for DL orientation are active with respect to each other because they are taken by the P-CCPCH in the omnidirectional mode. At any point in time, the UE pointing direction of the UL can be adjusted, and the forward power control may take some time to adjust if the Node B uses the previous radio wave. If the UE direction of the DL changes, the control of the predecessor wave will also take some time to adjust. In order to keep the instantaneous number of forward power control down, it is recommended that the changes in the UL and DL directions can occur periodically and need to be changed at a slower rate than the predecessor wave update and forward power control update rate.

1.4 Time adjustment Any time slot adjustment made according to the path structure received at the UE or Node B may be affected by the integration of the directional antenna. This is because an omnidirectional directional antenna or a directional antenna in an omnidirectional mode will look at the incident path built on the UE receiver, but the relatively high front-to-back ratio of the directional antenna combined with this direction The sexual mode (left or right) may occur in a group path structure received by the UE. In addition, the relative amplitude between the paths may change between the omnidirectional mode and a directional mode. If the reciprocity in the path structure is assumed, then any change in the pointing direction on the DL of the UE will also affect the path structure seen by the Node B receiver.

2. Obtain during the selection of the initial cell location, the UE calculates the RSCP for the P-CCPCH of each detected Node B. With the integration of the directional antenna, the RSCP must be measured at all pointing angles. The preferred procedure is to perform the initial detection of the cell location in the omnidirectional mode, and then further check the quality of each detected cell location with measurements at all pointing angles. Therefore, the initial detection is equivalent to detection with a single omnidirectional antenna. However, an additional set of steps is performed after the initial detection to determine the best pointing angle for each detected cell. In particular, the multiple dwelling unit (that is, more than a few time slots) searcher for omnidirectional search is adjusted to achieve the same sensitivity on the item of maximum path loss, as if it had It is implemented in directional mode. This takes into account the additional gain used to increase coverage in directional mode. The final selection for initial acquisition can be based on the highest RSCP covering all angles of all detected cells, the maximum forward SIR covering all angles of all detected cells, and the maximum estimated Reverse SIR may be a combination of the above three. SIR can be used to select the forward link direction and the received power used to determine the initial reverse link direction (assuming mutuality) for an FDD system. This is a compromise direction, which is selected according to the forward and reverse connection directions.

For a TDD implementation, the forward SIR of interest is maintained by the forward power control for an allocated slot time. Because it will not be known before CELL_FACH, the SIR calculated by the searcher will be a measurement based on the P-CCPCHSIR of individual node B or a ratio between the RSCP measurement of node B The numerical value. The use of the cell with the highest RSCP will minimize the path loss between the UE and the Node B, which is when the downlink is insignificant and the uplink is about to approach the maximum output power (the same DL/ UL direction) is very welcome. Under normal circumstances, when the upper connection and the lower connection are considered to be together (the same DL/UL direction), choosing the cell with the highest RSCP to other cells will most likely get the best performance. Because the ratio of the RSCP is the same as the standard used to guide the UL during steady state, using this direction in the initial connection of the Node B allows a possible UL predecessor wave to be maintained during the cell setup period. The same direction, and minimize the impact of the neighboring cell.

The TDD initial cell acquisition procedure can therefore be described as follows: a. Select the omni-directional mode; obtain a cell (detection group) as in the previous technique, b. For each directional mode (left and right of the three-mode antenna) Mode) to calculate the RSCPc for each detected cell. For each directivity setting (omnidirectional, left, and right), calculate the RSCP between the cell with the largest RSCP and other detected elements. The ratio between the totals d. Select the cell/location (active group) with the maximum ratio 3. Transmission Ideally, the reselection of the cell should be based on the same criteria as the initial cell acquisition. The measurement of the P-CCPCH RSCP of each detected Node B should be used to calculate the direction of the UL and DL with the use of the maximized interference ratio. However, because the transmission is based on the measurement of the RSCP reported to the Node B by the UE, the Node B has a final control over the reselection of the cell. In the unmodified measurement report scheme and the calculation of possible cell reselection in the base station, they have two options.

The first option is to collect the RSCP on the P-CCPCH of the monitored group in all possible pointing directions. The RSCP used for many configuration measurements in this acquisition report is the RSCP used to monitor group members in its best pointing direction. The UE maintains a history of pointing directions related to each group member, and if the base station directs a transmission to a new cell, the UE uses the direction related to the new active group member. This also allows the calculation of the base station to maintain it from being affected by the UE. However, from a standpoint of mitigating interference, the cell selected according to the highest RSCP may not be the best cell.

The second option is to collect the RSCP on the P-CCPCH of the monitored group, and calculate the best cell based on the maximized signal-to-interference ratio. When the best cell/direction based on interference is different from the best cell/direction based on the highest RSCP, the RSCP then reports to the node B that the measurement is deviated by a value so that the node B allows A transmission of the best cell from the standpoint of interference. This can only be done when the UE has an excessive transmit power to handle any loss at the base station by such a selection.

The present invention has made reference to the specific icons and descriptions of the preferred embodiments here, and it must be explained that those changes in the form or details of the field that are different in form or details may not deviate from the objectives of the appended claims of the present invention. .