Methods, encoder and decoder for linear predictive encoding and decoding of sound signals upon transition between frames having different sampling rates

METHODS, ENCODER AND DECODER FOR LINEAR PREDICTIVE ENCODING AND DECODING OF SOUND SIGNALS

UPON TRANSITION BETWEEN FRAMES HAVING DIFFERENT SAMPLING RATES

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of sound coding. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods, an encoder and a decoder for linear predictive encoding and decoding of sound signals upon transition between frames having different sampling rates.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The demand for efficient digital wideband speech/audio encoding techniques with a good subjective quality/bit rate trade-off is increasing for numerous applications such as audio/video teleconferencing, multimedia, and wireless applications, as well as Internet and packet network applications. Until recently, telephone bandwidths in the range of 200-3400 Hz were mainly used in speech coding applications. However, there is an increasing demand for wideband speech applications in order to increase the intelligibility and naturalness of the speech signals. A bandwidth in the range 50-7000 Hz was found sufficient for delivering a face-to-face speech quality. For audio signals, this range gives an acceptable audio quality, but is still lower than the CD (Compact Disk) quality which operates in the range 20-20000 Hz.

[0003] A speech encoder converts a speech signal into a digital bit stream that is transmitted over a communication channel (or stored In a storage medium). The speech signal is digitized (sampled and quantized with usually 16-bits per sample) and the speech encoder has the role of representing these digital samples with a smaller number of bits while maintaining a good subjective speech quality. The speech decoder or synthesizer operates on the

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Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 transmitted or stored bit stream and converts it back to a sound signal.

[0004] One of the best available techniques capable of achieving a good quality/bit rate trade-off is the so-called CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) technique. According to this technique, the sampled speech signal is processed in successive blocks of L samples usually called frames where L is some predetermined number (corresponding to 10-30 ms of speech). In CELP, an LP (Linear Prediction) synthesis filter is computed and transmitted every frame. The L-sample frame is further divided into smaller blocks called subframes of N samples, where L=kN and k is the number of subframes in a frame (N usually corresponds to 4-10 ms of speech). An excitation signal is determined in each subframe, which usually comprises two components: one from the past excitation (also called pitch contribution or adaptive codebook) and the other from an innovative codebook (also called fixed codebook). This excitation signal is transmitted and used at the decoder as the input of the LP synthesis filter in order to obtain the synthesized speech.

[0005] To synthesize speech according to the CELP technique, each block of N samples is synthesized by filtering an appropriate codevector from the innovative codebook through time-varying filters modeling the spectral characteristics of the speech signal. These filters comprise a pitch synthesis filter (usually implemented as an adaptive codebook containing the past excitation signal) and an LP synthesis filter. At the encoder end, the synthesis output is computed for all, or a subset, of the codevectors from the innovative codebook (codebook search). The retained innovative codevector is the one producing the synthesis output closest to the original speech signal according to a perceptually weighted distortion measure. This perceptual weighting is performed using a so-called perceptual weighting filter, which is usually derived from the LP synthesis filter.

[0006] In LP-based coders such as CELP, an LP filter is computed then quantized and transmitted once per frame. However, in order to insure smooth

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Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 evolution of the LP synthesis filter, the filter parameters are Interpolated in each subframe, based on the LP parameters from the past frame. The LP filter parameters are not suitable for quantization due to filter stability issues. Another LP representation more efficient for quantization and interpolation is usually used. A commonly used LP parameter representation is the line spectral frequency (LSF) domain.

[0007] In wideband coding the sound signal is sampled at 16000 samples per second and the encoded bandwidth extended up to 7 kHz. However, at low bit rate wideband coding (below 16 kbit/s) it is usually more efficient to downsample the input signal to a slightly lower rate, and apply the CELP model to a lower bandwidth, then use bandwidth extension at the decoder to generate the signal up to 7 kHz. This is due to the fact that CELP models lower frequencies with high energy better than higher frequency. So it is more efficient to focus the model on the lower bandwidth at low bit rates. AMR-WB standard (Reference [1]) is such a coding example, where the input signal is down-sampled to 12800 samples per second, and the CELP encodes the signal up to 6.4 kHz. At the decoder bandwidth extension is used to generate a signal from 6.4 to 7 kHz. However, at bit rates higher than 16 kbit/s it is more efficient to use CELP to encode the signal up to 7 kHz, since there are enough bits to represent the entire bandwidth.

[0008] Most recent coders are multi-rate coders covering a wide range of bit rates to enable flexibility in different application scenarios. Again AMR-WB is such an example, where the encoder operates at bit rates from 6.6 to 23.85 kbit/s. In multi-rate coders the codec should be able to switch between different bit rates on a frame basis without introducing switching artefacts. In AMR-WB this is easily achieved since all the rates use CELP at 12.8 kHz internal sampling rate. However, in a recent coder using 12.8 kHz sampling at bit rates below 16 kbit/s and 16 kHz sampling at bit rates higher than 16 kbits/s, the issues related to switching the bit rate between frames using different sampling rates need to be addressed. The main issues are in the LP filter transition, and 17587118.1

Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 in the memory of the synthesis filter and adaptive codebook.

[0009] Therefore there remains a need for efficient methods for switching LP-based codecs between two bit rates with different internal sampling rates.

SUMMARY

[0010] According to the present disclosure, there is provided a method for interpolating Linear Prediction (LP) filter parameters in a current sound signal processing frame following a previous sound signal processing frame, the previous frame using an internal sampling rate S1 and the current frame using an internal sampling rate S2 and defining a number of subframes. The interpolating method uses, in an encoder or decoder, at least one processor and a memory coupled to the processor and storing non-transitory instructions that when executed cause the processor to implement the following steps: receiving LP filter parameters from the previous frame at the internal sampling rate S1; receiving LP filter parameters from the current frame at the internal sampling rate S2; converting the LP filter parameters from the previous frame from the internal sampling rate S1 to the internal sampling rate S2; transforming the LP filter parameters to a quantization and interpolation domain; and computing LP filter parameters of at least one of the subframes of the current frame using a weighted sum of the transformed LP filter parameters from the current frame at the internal sampling rate S2 and the transformed LP filter parameters from the previous frame at the internal sampling rate S2.

[0011] According to the present disclosure, there is also provided a device for interpolating Linear Prediction (LP) filter parameters in a current sound signal processing frame following a previous sound signal processing frame, the previous frame using an internal sampling rate S1 and the current frame using an internal sampling rate S2 and defining a number of subframes, the interpolating device comprising: at least one processor; and a memory coupled to the processor and storing non-transitory instructions that when executed cause the processor to:

- receive LP filter parameters from the previous frame at the internal

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Date Reçue/Date Received 2023-11-03 sampling rate S1 ;

- receive LP filter parameters from the current frame at the internal sampling rate S2;

- convert the LP filter parameters from the previous frame from the internal sampling rate S1 to the internal sampling rate S2;

- transform the LP filter parameters to a quantization and interpolation domain; and

- compute LP filter parameters of at least one of the subframes of the current frame using a weighted sum of the transformed LP filter parameters from the current frame at the internal sampling rate S2 and the transformed LP filter parameters from the previous frame at the internal sampling rate S2.

[0012] The foregoing and other objects, advantages and features of the present disclosure will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of an illustrative embodiment thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] In the appended drawings:

[0014] Figure 1 is a schematic block diagram of a sound communication system depicting an example of use of sound encoding and decoding;

[0015] Figure 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the structure of a CELP-based encoder and decoder, part of the sound communication system of Figure 1;

[0016] Figure 3 illustrates an example of framing and interpolation of LP parameters;

[0017] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment for

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Date Reçue/Date Received 2023-11-03 converting the LP filter parameters between two different sampling rates; and

[0018] Figure 5 is a simplified block diagram of an example configuration of hardware components forming the encoder and/or decoder of Figures 1 and 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The non-restrictive illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure is concerned with a method and a device for efficient switching, in an LP-based codec, between frames using different internal sampling rates. The switching method and device can be used with any sound signals, including speech and audio signals. The switching between 16 kHz and 12.8 kHz internal sampling rates is given by way of example, however, the switching method and device can also be applied to other sampling rates.

[0020] Figure 1 is a schematic block diagram of a sound communication system depicting an example of use of sound encoding and decoding. A sound communication system 100 supports transmission and reproduction of a sound signal across a communication channel 101. The communication channel 101 may comprise, for example, a wire, optical or fibre link. Alternatively, the communication channel 101 may comprise at least in part a radio frequency link. The radio frequency link often supports multiple, simultaneous speech communications requiring shared bandwidth resources such as may be found with cellular telephony. Although not shown, the communication channel 101 may be replaced by a storage device In a single device embodiment of the communication system 101 that records and stores the encoded sound signal for later playback.

[0021] Still referring to Figure 1, for example a microphone 102 produces an original analog sound signal 103 that is supplied to an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 104 for converting it into an original digital sound signal 105. The original digital sound signal 105 may also be recorded and supplied from a 17587118.1

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Ί storage device (not shown). A sound encoder 106 encodes the original digital sound signal 105 thereby producing a set of encoding parameters 107 that are coded into a binary form and delivered to an optional channel encoder 108. The optional channel encoder 108, when present, adds redundancy to the binary representation of the coding parameters before transmitting them over the communication channel 101. On the receiver side, an optional channel decoder 109 utilizes the above mentioned redundant information in a digital bit stream 111 to detect and correct channel errors that may have occurred during the transmission over the communication channel 101, producing received encoding parameters 112. A sound decoder 110 converts the received encoding parameters 112 for creating a synthesized digital sound signal 113. The synthesized digital sound signal 113 reconstructed in the sound decoder 110 is converted to a synthesized analog sound signal 114 in a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 115 and played back in a loudspeaker unit 116. Alternatively, the synthesized digital sound signal 113 may also be supplied to and recorded in a storage device (not shown).

[0022] Figure 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the structure of a CELP-based encoder and decoder, part of the sound communication system of Figure 1. As illustrated in Figure 2, a sound codec comprises two basic parts: the sound encoder 106 and the sound decoder 110 both introduced in the foregoing description of Figure 1. The encoder 106 is supplied with the original digital sound signal 105, determines the encoding parameters 107, described herein below, representing the original analog sound signal 103. These parameters 107 are encoded into the digital bit stream 111 that is transmitted using a communication channel, for example the communication channel 101 of Figure 1, to the decoder 110. The sound decoder 110 reconstructs the synthesized digital sound signal 113 to be as similar as possible to the original digital sound signal 105.

[0023] Presently, the most widespread speech coding techniques are based on Linear Prediction (LP), in particular CELP. In LP-based coding, the

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Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 synthesized digital sound signal 113 is produced by filtering an excitation 214 through a LP synthesis filter 216 having a transfer function \/A(z). In CELP, the excitation 214 is typically composed of two parts: a first-stage, adaptivecodebook contribution 222 selected from an adaptive codebook 218 and amplified by an adaptive-codebook gain gp 226 and a second-stage, fixedcodebook contribution 224 selected from a fixed codebook 220 and amplified by a fixed-codebook gain g_c 228. Generally speaking, the adaptive codebook contribution 222 models the periodic part of the excitation and the fixed codebook contribution 214 is added to model the evolution of the sound signal.

[0024] The sound signal is processed by frames of typically 20 ms and the LP filter parameters are transmitted once per frame. In CELP, the frame is further divided in several subframes to encode the excitation. The subframe length is typically 5 ms.

[0025] CELP uses a principle called Analysis-by-Synthesis where possible decoder outputs are tried (synthesized) already during the coding process at the encoder 106 and then compared to the original digital sound signal 105. The encoder 106 thus includes elements similar to those of the decoder 110. These elements includes an adaptive codebook contribution 250 selected from an adaptive codebook 242 that supplies a past excitation signal v(n) convolved with the impulse response of a weighted synthesis filter H(z) (see 238) (cascade of the LP synthesis filter 1/A(z) and the perceptual weighting filter W(z)\ the result yi(n) of which is amplified by an adaptive-codebook gain g_P 240. Also included is a fixed codebook contribution 252 selected from a fixed codebook 244 that supplies an innovative codevector Ck(n) convolved with the impulse response of the weighted synthesis filter H(z) (see 246), the result y?(n) of which is amplified by a fixed codebook gain g_c 248.

[0026] The encoder 106 also comprises a perceptual weighting filter W(z) 233 and a provider 234 of a zero-input response of the cascade (H(z)) of the LP synthesis filter 1/A(z) and the perceptual weighting filter W(z). Subtractors 236,254 17587118.1

Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 and 256 respectively subtract the zero-input response, the adaptive codebook contribution 250 and the fixed codebook contribution 252 from the original digital sound signal 105 filtered by the perceptual weighting filter 233 to provide a meansquared error 232 between the original digital sound signal 105 and the synthesized digital sound signal 113.

[0027] The codebook search minimizes the mean-squared error 232 between the original digital sound signal 105 and the synthesized digital sound signal 113 in a perceptually weighted domain, where discrete time index n = 0,1.....Λ/-1, and N is the length of the subframe. The perceptual weighting filter H/fz^ exploits the frequency masking effect and typically is derived from a LP filter A(z).

[0028] An example of the perceptual weighting filter W(z) for WB (wideband, bandwidth of 50 - 7000 Hz) signals can be found in Reference [1].

[0029] Since the memory of the LP synthesis filter ilA(z) and the weighting filter W(z) is independent from the searched codevectors, this memory can be subtracted from the original digital sound signal 105 prior to the fixed codebook search. Filtering of the candidate codevectors can then be done by means of a convolution with the impulse response of the cascade of the filters MA(z) and W(z), represented by H(z) in Figure 2.

[0030] The digital bit stream 111 transmitted from the encoder 106 to the decoder 110 contains typically the following parameters 107: quantized parameters of the LP filter A(z), indices of the adaptive codebook 242 and of the fixed codebook 244, and the gains g_p 240 and g_c 248 of the adaptive codebook 242 and of the fixed codebook 244.

Converting LP filter parameters when switching at frame boundaries with different sampling rates

[0031] In LP-based coding the LP filter A(z) is determined once per frame, and then interpolated for each subframe. Figure 3 illustrates an example 17587118.1

Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 of framing and interpolation of LP parameters. In this example, a present frame is divided into four subframes SF1, SF2, SF3 and SF4, and the LP analysis window is centered at the last subframe SF4. Thus the LP parameters resulting from LP analysis in the present frame, F1, are used as is in the last subframe, that is SF4 = F1. For the first three subframes SF1, SF2 and SF3, the LP parameters are obtained by interpolating the parameters in the present frame, Fl, and a previous frame, F0. That is:

[0032] SF1 = 0.75 F0 + 0.25 F1 ;

[0033] SF2 = 0.5 F0 + 0.5 F1;

[0034] SF3 = 0.25 F0 + 0.75 F1

[0035] SF4 ⁼ Fl.

[0036] Other interpolation examples may alternatively be used depending on the LP analysis window shape, length and position. In another embodiment, the coder switches between 12.8 kHz and 16 kHz internal sampling rates, where 4 subframes per frame are used at 12.8 kHz and 5 subframes per frame are used at 16 kHz, and where the LP parameters are also quantized in the middle of the present frame (Fm). In this other embodiment, LP parameter interpolation for a 12.8 kHz frame is given by:

[0037] SF1 = 0.5 F0 + 0.5 Fm;

[0038] SF2 Fnrij

[0039] SF3 = 0.5 Fm + 0.5 F1;

[0040] SF4 ⁵⁵ F1.

[0041] For a 16 kHz sampling, the interpolation is given by:

[0042] SF1 = 0.55 F0 + 0.45 Fm;

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[0043] SF2 = 0.15 FO + 0.85 Fm;

[0044] SF3 = 0.75 Fm + 0.25 F1 ;

[0045] SF4 = 0.35 Fm + 0.65 F1 ;

[0046] SF5 = F1.

[0047] LP analysis results in computing the parameters of the LP synthesis filter using:

„ 1 ________________1_______________ ₍₁₎ ?l(z) J ₊ ^_a^~i 1+ ®i^z'¹ + ^a2^z'^{2 +} ···+^aM^z~^M i=l

[0048] where a₍, i = , are LP filter parameters and M is the filter order.

[0049] The LP filter parameters are transformed to another domain for quantization and interpolation purposes. Other LP parameter representations commonly used are reflection coefficients, log-area ratios, immitance spectrum pairs (used in AMR-WB; Reference [1]), and line spectrum pairs, which are also called line spectrum frequencies (LSF). In this illustrative embodiment, the line spectrum frequency representation is used. An example of a method that can be used to convert the LP parameters to LSF parameters and vice versa can be found in Reference [2]. The interpolation example in the previous paragraph is applied to the LSF parameters, which can be in the frequency domain in the range between 0 and Fs/2 (where Fs is the sampling frequency), or in the scaled frequency domain between 0 and π, or in the cosine domain (cosine of scaled frequency).

[0050] As described above, different internal sampling rates may be used at different bit rates to improve quality in multi-rate LP-based coding. In this illustrative embodiment, a multi-rate CELP wideband coder is used where an internal sampling rate of 12.8 kHz is used at lower bit rates and an internal 17587118.1

Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 sampling rate of 16 kHz at higher bit rates. At a 12.8 kHz sampling rate, the LSFs cover the bandwidth from 0 to 6.4 kHz, while at a 16 kHz sampling rate they cover the range from 0 to 8 kHz. When switching the bit rate between two frames where the internal sampling rate is different, some issues are addressed to insure seamless switching. These issues include the interpolation of LP filter parameters and the memories of the synthesis filter and the adaptive codebook, which are at different sampling rates.

[0051] The present disclosure introduces a method for efficient interpolation of LP parameters between two frames at different internal sampling rates. By way of example, the switching between 12.8 kHz and 16 kHz sampling rates is considered. The disclosed techniques are however not limited to these particular sampling rates and may apply to other internal sampling rates.

[0052] Let’s assume that the encoder is switching from a frame F1 with internal sampling rate S1 to a frame F2 with internal sampling rate S2. The LP parameters in the first frame are denoted LSFIsi and the LP parameters at the second frame are denoted LSF2s2. In order to update the LP parameters in each subframe of frame F2, the LP parameters LSF1 and LSF2 are interpolated. In order to perform the interpolation, the filters have to be set at the same sampling rate. This requires performing LP analysis of frame F1 at sampling rate S2. To avoid transmitting the LP filter twice at the two sampling rates in frame F1, the LP analysis at sampling rate S2 can be performed on the past synthesis signal which is available at both encoder and decoder. This approach involves re-sampling the past synthesis signal from rate S1 to rate S2, and performing complete LP analysis, this operation being repeated at the decoder, which is usually computationally demanding.

[0053] Alternative method and devices are disclosed herein for converting LP synthesis filter parameters LSF1 from sampling rate S1 to sampling rate S2 without the need to re-sample the past synthesis and perform

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Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 complete LP analysis. The method, used at encoding and/or at decoding, comprises computing the power spectrum of the LP synthesis filter at rate S1; modifying the power spectrum to convert it from rate S1 to rate S2; converting the modified power spectrum back to the time domain to obtain the filter autocorrelation at rate S2; and finally use the autocorrelation to compute LP filter parameters at rate S2.

[0054] In at least some embodiments, modifying the power spectrum to convert it from rate S1 to rate S2 comprises the following operations:

[0055] If S1 is larger than S2, modifying the power spectrum comprises truncating the K-sample power spectrum down to K(S2/S1) samples, that is, removing K(S1-S2)/S1 samples.

[0056] On the other hand, if S1 is smaller than S2, then modifying the power spectrum comprises extending the K-sample power spectrum up to K(S2/S1) samples, that is, adding K(S2-S1)/S1 samples.

[0057] Computing the LP filter at rate S2 from the autocorrelations can be done using the Levinson-Durbin algorithm (see Reference [1]). Once the LP filter is converted to rate S2, the LP filter parameters are transformed to the interpolation domain, which is an LSF domain in this illustrative embodiment.

[0058] The procedure described above is summarized in Figure 4, which is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment for converting the LP filter parameters between two different sampling rates.

[0059] Sequence 300 of operations shows that a simple method for the computation of the power spectrum of the LP synthesis filter 1/A(z) is to evaluate the frequency response of the filter at K frequencies from 0 to Ίπ.

[0060] The frequency response of the synthesis filter is given by

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1 1

Λ/,Α ~ Μ ~ Μ Μ ' ^⁺Σι^α'^0ο5(^ύ:,^⁺ /=1 /=1 /=1 (2)

[0061] and the power spectrum of the synthesis filter is calculated as an energy of the frequency response of the synthesis filter, given by

1

Ρ(ίθ) = ;----T = ---------------j—-----------rr f M Y ( M Y l + ]Ta_fcos(iai) +1 ^a_fsin(ft») I \ /=1 7 \ f=i )

[0062] Initially, the LP filter is at a rate equal to S1 (operation 310). A Ksample (i.e. discrete) power spectrum of the LP synthesis filter is computed (operation 320) by sampling the frequency range from 0 to 2π. That is

P(k) = , ζ2πΛ.Υ (. ,2mkS 1+ / g,cos(—~) + / sm(— — ) /ΞΤ* K ) K .

k = 0,...,K-l (4)

[0063] Note that it is possible to reduce operational complexity by computing P(k) only for k = 0,...,K/2 since the power spectrum from π to 2π is a mirror of that from 0 to π.

[0064] A test (operation 330) determines which of the following cases apply. In a first case, the sampling rate S1 is larger than the sampling rate S2, and the power spectrum for frame F1 is truncated (operation 340) such that the new number of samples is K(S2/S1).

[0065] In more details, when S1 is larger than S2, the length of the truncated power spectrum is K₂ = K(S2 / SI)samples. Since the power spectrum is truncated, it is computed from k = 0,...,K₂/2. Since the power spectrum Is symmetric around 12, then it is assumed that

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P(K₂/2 + k) = P(K₂/2-k\ from k = 1,...,^/2-1

[0066] The Fourier Transform of the autocorrelations of a signal gives the power spectrum of that signal. Thus, applying inverse Fourier Transform to the truncated power spectrum results in the autocorrelations of the impulse response of the synthesis filter at sampling rate S2.

[0067] The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) of the truncated power spectrum is given by (5)

[0068] Since the filter order is M, then the IDFT may be computed only for / = Further, since the power spectrum is real and symmetric, then the IDFT of the power spectrum is also real and symmetric. Given the symmetry of the power spectrum, and that only M+1 correlations are needed, the inverse transform of the power spectrum can be given as

R(i) = -=- P(0)+(-iyP(X₂/2) + 2(-1/ J P(K₂/2-k)cos(2^k / K₂) k / (6)

[0069] That is ( ^K&ⁱ

R/0) = — P(0)+P(K₂ / 2)+2 £ P/k) \ k-l (7)

X./2-1 λ

R(j)~ P^)-P{K₂/2)-2 £ P(/i₂/2-£)cos(2^/^₂) for / = 1,3, &2 k 1-=1 / / JT₂/2-l λ = P(0) + P(^₂/2)+2 £ P(K₂/2-k)co^2mk/K₂) for / = 2,4,...,M k M )

[0070] After the autocorrelations are computed at sampling rate S2,

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F2 is forced to use a transient encoding mode which is independent of the past excitation history and thus does not use the history of the adaptive codebook. An example of transient mode encoding can be found in PCT patent application WO 2008/049221 A1 “Method and device for coding transition frames in speech signals”.

[0079] Another consideration when switching at frame boundaries with different sampling rates is the memory of the predictive quantizers. As an example, LP-parameter quantizers usually use predictive quantization, which may not work properly when the parameters are at different sampling rates. In order to reduce switching artefacts, the LP-parameter quantizer may be forced into a non-predictive coding mode when switching between different sampling rates.

[0080] A further consideration is the memory of the synthesis filter, which may be resampled when switching between frames with different sampling rates.

[0081] Finally, the additional complexity that arises from converting LP filter parameters when switching between frames with different internal sampling rates may be compensated by modifying parts of the encoding or decoding processing. For example, in order not to Increase the encoder complexity, the fixed codebook search may be modified by lowering the number of iterations in the first subframe of the frame (see Reference [1] for an example of fixed codebook search).

[0082] Additionally, in order not to increase the decoder complexity, certain post-processing can be skipped. For example, in this illustrative embodiment, a post-processing technique as described in US patent 7,529,660 “Method and device for frequency-selective pitch enhancement of synthesized speech” may be used. This post-filtering is skipped in the first frame after switching to a different internal sampling rate (skipping this post-filtering also overcomes the need of

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[0074] Again, let’s take the illustrative example where the coder is switching from a frame with an internal sampling rate S1=12.8 kHz to a frame with internal sampling rate S2=16 kHz, and let’s assume that 7/ = 80. The length of the extended power spectrum is K₂ = 80(16000/12800) = 100 samples. The power spectrum is computed for 51 samples using Equation (4), and then the autocorrelations are computed using Equation (7) with K₂ = 100.

[0075] Note that other methods can be used to compute the power spectrum of the LP synthesis filter or the inverse DFT of the power spectrum without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure.

[0076] Note that in this illustrative embodiment converting the LP filter parameters between different internal sampling rates is applied to the quantized LP parameters, in order to determine the interpolated synthesis filter parameters in each subframe, and this is repeated at the decoder. It is noted that the weighting filter uses unquantized LP filter parameters, but it was found sufficient to interpolate between the unquantized filter parameters in new frame F2 and sampling-converted quantized LP parameters from past frame Fl in order to determine the parameters of the weighting filter in each subframe. This avoids the need to apply LP filter sampling conversion on the unquantized LP filter parameters as well.

Other considerations when switching at frame boundaries with different sampling rates

[0077] Another issue to be considered when switching between frames with different internal sampling rates is the content of the adaptive codebook, which usually contains the past excitation signal. If the new frame has an internal sampling rate S2 and the previous frame has an internal sampling rate S1, then the content of the adaptive codebook is re-sampled from rate S1 to rate S2, and this is performed at both the encoder and the decoder.

[0078] In order to reduce the complexity, in this disclosure, the new frame

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F2 is forced to use a transient encoding mode which is independent of the past excitation history and thus does not use the history of the adaptive codebook. An example of transient mode encoding can be found in PCT patent application WO 2008/049221 A1 “Method and device for coding transition frames in speech signals”.

[0079] Another consideration when switching at frame boundaries with different sampling rates is the memory of the predictive quantizers. As an example, LP-parameter quantizers usually use predictive quantization, which may not work properly when the parameters are at different sampling rates. In order to reduce switching artefacts, the LP-parameter quantizer may be forced into a non-predictive coding mode when switching between different sampling rates.

[0080] A further consideration is the memory of the synthesis filter, which may be resampled when switching between frames with different sampling rates.

[0081] Finally, the additional complexity that arises from converting LP filter parameters when switching between frames with different internal sampling rates may be compensated by modifying parts of the encoding or decoding processing. For example, in order not to increase the encoder complexity, the fixed codebook search may be modified by lowering the number of iterations in the first subframe of the frame (see Reference [1] for an example of fixed codebook search).

[0082] Additionally, in order not to increase the decoder complexity, certain post-processing can be skipped. For example, in this illustrative embodiment, a post-processing technique as described in US patent 7,529,660 “Method and device for frequency-selective pitch enhancement of synthesized speech” may be used. This post-filtering is skipped in the first frame after switching to a different internal sampling rate (skipping this post-filtering also overcomes the need of

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Date Reçue/Date Received 2023-02-28 past synthesis utilized in the post-filter).

[0083] Further, other parameters that depend on the sampling rate may be scaled accordingly. For example, the past pitch delay used for decoder classifier and frame erasure concealment may be scaled by the factor S2/S1.

[0084] Figure 5 is a simplified block diagram of an example configuration of hardware components forming the encoder and/or decoder of Figures 1 and 2. A device 400 may be implemented as a part of a mobile terminal, as a part of a portable media player, a base station, Internet equipment or in any similar device, and may incorporate the encoder 106, the decoder 110, or both the encoder 106 and the decoder 110. The device 400 includes a processor 406 and a memory 408. The processor 406 may comprise one or more distinct processors for executing code instructions to perform the operations of Figure 4. The processor 406 may embody various elements of the encoder 106 and of the decoder 110 of Figures 1 and 2. The processor 406 may further execute tasks of a mobile terminal, of a portable media player, base station, Internet équipement and the like. The memory 408 is operatively connected to the processor 406. The memory 408, which may be a nontransitory memory, stores the code instructions executable by the processor 406.

[0085] An audio input 402 is present in the device 400 when used as an encoder 106. The audio input 402 may include for example a microphone or an interface connectable to a microphone. The audio input 402 may include the microphone 102 and the A/D converter 104 and produce the original analog sound signal 103 and/or the original digital sound signal 105. Alternatively, the audio Input 402 may receive the original digital sound signal 105. Likewise, an encoded output 404 is present when the device 400 is used as an encoder 106 and is configured to forward the encoding parameters 107 or the digital bit stream 111 containing the parameters 107, including the LP filter parameters, to a remote decoder via a communication link, for example via the communication 17587118.1

Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18 channel 101, or toward a further memory (not shown) for storage. Non-limiting implementation examples of the encoded output 404 comprise a radio interface of a mobile terminal, a physical interface such as for example a universal serial bus (USB) port of a portable media player, and the like.

[0086] An encoded input 403 and an audio output 405 are both present in the device 400 when used as a decoder 110. The encoded input 403 may be constructed to receive the encoding parameters 107 or the digital bit stream 111 containing the parameters 107, including the LP filter parameters from an encoded output 404 of an encoder 106. When the device 400 includes both the encoder 106 and the decoder 110, the encoded output 404 and the encoded input 403 may form a common communication module. The audio output 405 may comprise the D/A converter 115 and the loudspeaker unit 116. Alternatively, the audio output 405 may comprise an interface connectable to an audio player, to a loudspeaker, to a recording device, and the like.

[0087] The audio input 402 or the encoded input 403 may also receive signals from a storage device (not shown). In the same manner, the encoded output 404 and the audio output 405 may supply the output signal to a storage device (not shown) for recording.

[0088] The audio input 402, the encoded input 403, the encoded output 404 and the audio output 405 are all operatively connected to the processor 406.

[0089] Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the description of the methods, encoder and decoder for linear predictive encoding and decoding of sound signals are illustrative only and are not intended to be in any way limiting. Other embodiments will readily suggest themselves to such persons with ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the disclosed methods, encoder and decoder may be customized to offer valuable solutions to existing needs and problems of switching linear prediction based codecs between two bit rates with different sampling rates.

17587118.1

Date Reçue/Date Received 2021-10-18

[0090] In the interest of clarity, not all of the routine features of the implementations of methods, encoder and decoder are shown and described. It will, of course, be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation of the methods, encoder and decoder, numerous implementation-specific decisions may need to be made in order to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with application-, system-, network- and business-related constraints, and that these specific goals will vary from one implementation to another and from one developer to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of engineering for those of ordinary skill in the field of sound coding having the benefit of the present disclosure.

[0091] In accordance with the present disclosure, the components, process operations, and/or data structures described herein may be implemented using various types of operating systems, computing platforms, network devices, computer programs, and/or general purpose machines. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that devices of a less general purpose nature, such as hardwired devices, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or the like, may also be used. Where a method comprising a series of operations is implemented by a computer or a machine and those operations may be stored as a series of instructions readable by the machine, they may be stored on a tangible medium.

[0092] Systems and modules described herein may comprise software, firmware, hardware, or any combination(s) of software, firmware, or hardware suitable for the purposes described herein.

[0093] Although the present disclosure has been described hereinabove by way of non-restrictive, illustrative embodiments thereof, these embodiments may be modified without departing from the spirit and nature of the present 17587118.1

Date Reçue/Date Received 2023-02-28 disclosure.

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[0094] The following references are mentioned in the present disclosure.

[1] 3GPP Technical Specification 26.190, Adaptive Multi-Rate-

Wideband (AMR-WB) speech codec; Transcoding functions, July 2005; http://www.3app.org·

[2] ITU-T Recommendation G.729 “Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugate-structure algebraic-code-excited linear prediction (CSACELP)”, 01/2007.

17587118.1

Date Reçue/Date Received 2023-02-28