Method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VARIABLE ACCURACY INTER-PICTURE TIMING SPECIFICATION FOR DIGITAL VIDEO ENCODING

This application is a divisional of Canadian application serial no. 2,629,246, which is a divisional of application serial no. 2,491,741, which is the national phase of International application PCT/US2003/021714 filed 11 July 2003 (11.07.2003) and published 22 January 2004 (22.01.2004) under PCT publication number WO2004/008654. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of multimedia compression systems. In particular the present invention discloses methods and systems for specifying variable accuracy inter-picture timing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Digital based electronic media formats are finally on the cusp of largely replacing analog electronic media formats. Digital compact discs (CDs) replaced analog vinyl records long ago. Analog magnetic cassette tapes are becoming increasingly rare. Second and third generation digital audio systems such as Mini-discs and MP3 (MPEG Audio—layer 3) are now taking market share from the first generation digital audio format of compact discs.

The video media has been slower to move to digital storage and transmission formats than audio. This has been largely due to the massive amounts of digital information required to accurately represent video in digital form. The massive amounts of digital information needed to accurately represent video require very high-capacity digital storage systems and high-bandwidth transmission systems.

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2004/008654 PCT/US20O3/021714

However, video is now rapidly moving to digital storage and transmission formats. Faster computer processors, high-density storage systems, and new efficient compression and encoding algorithms have finally made digital video practical at consumer price points. The DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), a digital video system, has been one of the fastest selling consumer electronic products in years. DVDs have been rapidly supplanting Video-Cassette Recorders (VCRs) as the pre-recorded video playback system of choice due to their high video quality, very high audio quality, convenience, and extra features. The antiquated analog NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) video transmission system is currently in the process of being replaced with the digital ATSC (Advanced Television Standards Committee) video transmission system.

Computer systems have been using various different digital video encoding formats for a number of years. Among the best digital video compression and encoding systems used by computer systems have been the digital video systems backed by the Motion Pictures Expert Group commonly known by the acronym MPEG. The three most well known and highly used digital video formats from MPEG are known simply as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4. VideoCDs (VCDs) and early consumer-grade digital video editing systems use the early MPEG-1 digital video encoding format. Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) and the Dish Network brand Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) television broadcast system use the higher quality MPEG-2 digital video compression and encoding system. The MPEG-4 encoding system is rapidly being adapted by the latest computer based digital video encoders and associated digital video players.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2OO4/OOK654 PC T/US2<lü3/O2 i 14

The MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 standards compress a series of video frames or video fields and then encode the compressed frames or fields into a digital bitstream. When encoding a video frame or field with the MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 systems, the video frame or field is divided into a rectangular grid of macroblocks. Each macroblock is independently compressed and encoded.

When compressing a video frame or field, the MPEG-4 standard may compress the frame or field into one of three types of compressed frames or fields: Intra-frames (I-frames), Unidirectional Predicted frames (P-frames), or BiDirectional Predicted frames (B-frames). Intra-frames completely independently encode an independent video frame with no reference to other video frames, Pframes define a video frame with reference to a single previously displayed video frame. B-frames define a video frame with reference to both a video frame displayed before the current frame and a video frame to be displayed after the current frame. Due to their efficient usage of redundant video information, Pframes and B-frames generally provide the best compression.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method and apparatus for variable accuracy inter-picture timing specification for digital video encoding is disclosed. Specifically, the present invention discloses a system that allows the relative timing of nearby video pictures to be encoded in a very efficient manner. In one embodiment, the display time difference between a current video picture and a nearby video picture is determined. The display time difference is then encoded into a digital representation of the video picture. In a preferred embodiment, the nearby video picture is the most recently transmitted stored picture.

For coding efficiency, the display time difference may be encoded using a variable length coding system or arithmetic coding. In an alternate embodiment, the display time difference is encoded as a power of two to reduce the number of bits transmitted.

Accordingly, in one of its aspects, the present invention provides a method comprising: receiving an encoded first video picture, an encoded second video picture and an encoded order value for the second video picture, said order value representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in a sequence of video pictures, wherein said order value is derived from a value that is stored more than once in the encoded second video picture; and decoding the second video picture by using the order value.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method comprising: receiving an encoded first video picture, an encoded second video picture and an encoded order value for the second video picture, said order value representative of a

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

4a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in a sequence of video pictures, said order value derived from a value that is stored more than once in the encoded second video picture; and displaying the second video picture by using the order value.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a bitstream comprising: an encoded first video picture encoded as a B-picture; and an encoded second video picture comprising a motion vector that is based on the first video picture.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a bitstream comprising: an encoded first video picture encoded as a P-picture; an encoded second video picture comprising a motion vector that is based the first video picture, wherein the second video picture is encoded as a P-picture.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method comprising: receiving an encoded first video picture and an encoded second video picture, wherein the first video picture is encoded as a B-picture; and decoding the second video picture using a motion vector that is based on the first video picture.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method comprising: receiving an encoded first video picture and an encoded second video picture, wherein the first and second video pictures are encoded as P-pictures; and decoding the second video picture using a motion vector that is based on the first video picture.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method comprising: encoding a first video picture and a second video picture; and encoding an order value for the second video picture, said order value encoded more than once in the encoded

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

4b second video picture, said order value representative of a position of the second picture with reference to the first picture in a sequence of video pictures, wherein the order value is for decoding the second video picture.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for decoding a plurality of video pictures, the method comprising: receiving an encoded first video picture, an encoded second video picture and an integer value for the second video picture, said integer value based on an exponent of a representation of an order value, the order value representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in a sequence of video pictures; and decoding the second video picture by using the order value.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a decoder comprising: a storage for storing a bitstream comprising a plurality of encoded video pictures and a plurality of encoded order values, wherein a particular order value is a power of two value, wherein an integer value representing the power of two value is stored in the bitstream to represent the power of two value; and a module for decoding the bitstream based on at least one order value.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method comprising: at a decoder, storing a bitstream comprising a plurality of video pictures and a plurality of encoded values, each encoded value representing an order value, wherein a particular order value is a power of two value, wherein an integer value representing the power of two value is stored in the bitstream to represent the power of two value; and at the decoder, decoding the bitstream.

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

4c

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for encoding a plurality of video pictures, the method comprising: encoding a plurality of video pictures; encoding a plurality of order values; and storing the encoded video pictures and the encoded order values in a bitstream, wherein a particular order value is a power of two value, wherein an integer value of the power of two value is stored in the bitstream to represent the particular order value.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for encoding a sequence of video pictures, the method comprising: encoding a first order value of a first video picture, a second order value of a second video picture, and a third order value of a third video picture; computing a particular value based on a first order difference value and a second order difference value, wherein (i) the first order difference value is representative of a difference between the third order value of the third video picture and the first order value of the first video picture and (ii) the second order difference value is representative of a difference between the second order value of the second video picture and the first order value of the first video picture, wherein the particular value is proportional to the second order difference value; computing a motion vector of the second video picture based on the particular value and a motion vector of the third video picture; encoding the first video picture, the second video picture and the third video picture, wherein the computed motion vector for the second video picture is used for the encoding of the second video picture; and storing the encoded first video picture, the encoded second video picture, the encoded third video picture, the encoded first order value, the encoded second order value and the encoded third order value in a bitstream.

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

4d

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method comprising: encoding a first video picture in a bitstream; encoding a second video picture in the bitstream, the second video picture comprising a plurality of slices, each slice associated with a slice header; and encoding an order value in each of the slice headers of the second video picture, the order value representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in a sequence of video pictures, wherein the second video picture is encoded based on the order value.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for decoding a plurality of video pictures of a video sequence, the method comprising: receiving a bitstream comprising an encoded first video picture, an encoded second video picture, and an encoded order value for the second video picture, the order value representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in the video sequence, the encoded second video picture comprising a plurality of slices, each slice associated with a slice header, said order value encoded in each of the second video picture slice headers; and decoding the second video picture by using said order value.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for decoding a plurality of video pictures of a video sequence, the method comprising: at a decoder, receiving a bitstream comprising an encoded first video picture and an encoded second video picture, wherein the encoded first video picture comprises at least one bidirectional predicted macroblock and the encoded second video picture comprises no bidirectional predicted macroblocks and at least one unidirectional predicted macroblock that references a

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

4e macroblock in the encoded first video picture; and decoding the second video picture by using the first video picture as a reference.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for encoding a plurality of video pictures of a video sequence, the method comprising: encoding a first video picture, wherein the encoded first video picture comprises at least one bidirectional predicted macroblock; encoding a second video picture by using the first video picture as a reference, wherein the encoded second video picture comprises no bidirectional predicted macroblocks and at least one unidirectional predicted macroblock that references a macroblock in the encoded first video picture; and storing the encoded first video picture and encoded second video picture in a bitstream.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for decoding a plurality of video pictures, the method comprising: receiving an encoded first video picture, an encoded second video picture and an integer value that is an exponent of a power of two value, said exponent for decoding an order value that is representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in a sequence of video pictures; and decoding the second video picture by using the order value to calculate a motion vector for the second video picture.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a decoder comprising: a module that receives a bitstream comprising: an encoded first video picture; an encoded second video picture; and an integer value that is an exponent of a power of two value for decoding an order value that is representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in a sequence of video pictures; a module that decodes

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

4f the second video picture by using the order value to calculate a motion vector for the second video picture.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for encoding a plurality of video pictures comprising first and second video pictures, the method comprising: encoding an order value by using an exponent of a power of two value, the order value representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in a sequence of video pictures; and encoding the second video picture by using the order value to calculate a motion vector for the second video picture.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for encoding a plurality of video pictures, the method comprising: encoding a particular order value by using an exponent of a power of two value, the order value representing a display position of a video picture in a sequence of video pictures; and encoding a particular video picture by using the particular order value.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for encoding a plurality of video pictures of a video sequence, the method comprising: encoding a plurality of encoded video pictures, wherein a particular encoded video picture is associated with an order value that represents a position of the particular video picture with reference to a nearby video picture; and encoding a plurality of slice headers associated with the particular video picture, each slice header of the plurality of slice headers comprising an encoded instance of the order value.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method comprising: encoding a first video picture; encoding a second video picture, the second video picture

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

4g comprising a plurality of slices, each slice associated with a slice header; and encoding an order value in each of the slice headers of the second video picture, the order value representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in a sequence of video pictures, wherein the second video picture is encoded based on the order value.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a decoder comprising: a module that receives a bitstream comprising: an encoded first video picture; an encoded second video picture, the second video picture comprising a plurality of slices, each slice associated with a slice header; an encoded order value, the order value encoded in each of the second video picture slice headers, the order value specifying a relationship between said second video picture and said first video picture; and a module that decodes the second video by using the order value encoded in each of the second video picture slice headers.

In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method for decoding a plurality of video pictures of a video sequence, the method comprising: receiving an encoded first video picture, an encoded second video picture, and an encoded order value for the second video picture, the order value representative of a position of the second video picture with reference to the first video picture in the video sequence, the encoded second video picture comprising a plurality of slices, each slice associated with a slice header, said order value encoded in each of the second video picture slice headers; and decoding the second video picture by using said order value.

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

4h

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for encoding a plurality of video pictures of a video sequence, the method comprising: encoding a plurality of encoded video pictures, wherein a particular encoded video picture is associated with an order value that represents a position of the particular video picture with reference to a nearby video picture; and encoding a plurality of slice headers associated with the particular video picture, each slice header of the plurality of slice headers comprising an encoded instance of the order value.

In a still further aspect, the present invention relates to a computer readable medium storing a computer program that is executable by at least one processor, the

CA 02820164 2013-06-20 computer program comprising sets of instructions for implementing one or more of the methods outlined above.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a computer system comprising means for implementing one or more of the methods outlined above.

Other objects, features, and advantages of present invention will be apparent from the company drawings and from the following detailed description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art, in view of the following detailed description in which:

Figure 1 illustrates a high-level block diagram of one possible digital video encoder system.

Figure 2 illustrates a series of video pictures in the order that the pictures should be displayed wherein the arrows connecting different pictures indicate inter-picture dependency created using motion compensation.

Figure 3 illustrates the video pictures from Figure 2 listed in a preferred transmission order of pictures wherein the arrows connecting different pictures indicate inter-picture dependency created using motion compensation.

Figure 4 graphically illustrates a series of video pictures wherein the distances between video pictures that reference each other are chosen to be powers of two.

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2II04/IHIB654

PCT/US2ühJ/<i2i7H

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

A method and system for specifying Variable Accuracy Inter-Picture Timing in a multimedia compression and encoding system is disclosed. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required in order to practice the present invention. For example, the present invention has been described with reference to the MPEG-4 multimedia compression and encoding system. However, the same techniques can easily be applied to other types of compression and encoding systems.

Multimedia Compression and Encoding Overview

Figure 1 illustrates a high-level block diagram of a typical digital video encoder 100 as is well known in the art. The digital video encoder 100 receives an incoming video stream of video frames 105 at the left of the block diagram. Each video frame is processed by a Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) unit 110. The frame may be processed independently (an intra-framc) or with reference to information from other frames received from the motion compensation unit (an inter-frame). Next, a Quantizer (Q) unit 120 quantizes the information from the Discrete Cosine Transformation unit 110. Finally, the quantized video frame is then encoded with an entropy encoder (H) unit 180 to produce an encoded bitstream. The entropy encoder (H) unit 180 may use a variable length coding (VLC) system.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2<HU/(HIK654 t 1714

Since an inter frame encoded video frame is defined with reference to other nearby video frames, the digital video encoder 100 needs to create a copy of how decoded each frame will appear within a digital video decoder such that inter frames may be encoded. Thus, the lower portion of the digital video encoder 100 is actually a digital video decoder system. Specifically, an inverse quantizer (Q‘^l) unit 130 reverses the.quantization of the video frame information and an inverse Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT¹) unit 140 reverses the Discrete Cosine Transformation of the video frame information. After all the DCT coefficients arc reconstructed from iDCT, the motion compensation unit will use the information^ along with the motion vectors, to reconstruct the encoded frame which is then used‘as the reference frame for the motion estimation of the next frame.

The decoded video frame may then be used to encode inter-frames (P-frames or B-frames) that are defined relative to information in the decoded video frame. Specifically, a motion compensation (MC) unit 150 and a motion estimation (ME) unit 160 are used to determine motion vectors and generate differential values used to encode inter-frames.

A rate controller 190 receives information from many different components in a digital video encoder 100 and uses the information to allocate a bit budget for each video frame. The rate controller 190 should allocate the bit budget in a manner that will generate the highest quality digital video bit stream that that complies with a specified set of restrictions. Specifically, the rate controller 190 attempts to generate the highest quality compressed video stream without overflowing buffers (exceeding the amount of available memory in a decoderby

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 21104/00X654 p( T/( IS2IMI3/II217 J4 sending more information than can be stored) or underflowing buffers (not sending video frames fast enough such that a decoder runs out of video frames to display).

Multimedia Compression and Encoding Overview

In some video signals the time between successive video pictures (frames or fields) may not be constant. (Note: This document will use the term video pictures to generically refer to video frames or video fields.) For example, some video pictures may be dropped because of transmission bandwidth constraints. Furthermore, the video timing may also vary due to camera irregularity or special effects such as slow motion or fast motion. In some video streams, the original video source may simply have non-uniform inter-picture times by design. For example, synthesized video such as computer graphic animations may have non-uniform timing since no arbitrary video liming is created by a uniform video capture system such as a video camera system. A flexible digital video encoding system should be able to handle non-uniform timing.

Many digital video encoding systems divide video pictures into a rectangular grid of macroblocks. Each individual macroblock from the video picture is independently compressed and encoded. In some embodiments, subblocks of macroblocks known as ‘pixelblocks* are used. Such pixel blocks may have their own motion vectors that may be interpolated. This document will refer to macroblocks although the teachings of the present invention may be applied equally to both macrobloeks and pixelblocks.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET /RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2CHM/4IOK654 PCr/(IS2(Hi3/U2l7 [4

Some video coding standards, e.g., ISO MPEG standards or the ITU H.264 standard, use different types of predicted macroblocks to encode video, pictures. In one scenario, a macroblock may be one of three types:

1. I-macroblock - An Intra (I) macroblock uses no information from any other video pictures in its coding (it is completely self-defined); .

2. P-macroblock - A unidirectionally predicted (P) macroblock refers to picture information from one preceding video picture; or

3. B-macroblock - A bi-directional predicted (B) macroblock uses information from one preceding picture and one future video picture.

If all the macroblocks in a video picture are Intra-macroblocks, then the video picture is an Intra-framc. If a video picture only includes unidirectional predicted macro blocks or intra-macroblocks, then the video picture is known as a P-frame. If the video picture contains any bi-directional predicted macroblocks, then the video picture is known as a B-frame. For the simplicity, this document will consider the case where all macroblocks within a given picture are of the same type.

An example sequence of video pictures to be encoded might be represented as

Bz B3 B4 P5 B(j B7 B_r B9 Pjo B11 P i2 Bn Ih- .. where (he letter (I, P, or B) represents if the video picture is an I-frame. P-frarne, or B-frame and the number represents the camera order of the video picture in the sequence of video pictures. The camera order is the order in which a camera

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2ÜO4/OO8654 P(!7US2IMU/U2|714 recorded the video pictures and thus is also the order in which the video pictures should be displayed (the display order).

The previous example series of video pictures is graphically illustrated in Figure 2. Referring to Figure 2, the arrows indicate that macroblocks from a stored picture (I-frame or P-frame in this case) are used in the motion compensated prediction of other pictures.

In the scenario of Figure 2, no information from other pictures is used in the encoding of the intra-frame video picture Ij. Video picture P5 is a Pframe that uses video information from previous video picture h in its coding such that an arrow is drawn from video picture I] to video picture P₅. Video picture Bj, video picture B3, video picture B4 all use infonnation from both video picture h and video picture P₅ in their coding such that arrows are drawn from video picture I, and video picture P5 to video picture Bi, video picture B3, and video picture B₄. As stated above the inter-picture times are, in general, not the same.

Since B-pictures use information from future pictures (pictures that will be displayed later), the transmission order is usually different than the display order. Specifically, video pictures that arc needed to construct other video pictures should be transmitted first. For the above sequence, the transmission order might be h B2 B; Ba Pio ΒύΒ? Bg B9Pn Bn In Bu ...

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20 \\ () 2ÎMU/IHIK654 PCT/ltS2lHU/<»2 I ? 14

I I

Figure 3 graphically illustrates the above transmission order of the video pictures from Figure 2. Again, the arrows in the figure indicate that macroblocks from a stored video picture (I or P in this case) are used in the motion compensated prediction of other video pictures.

Referring to Figure 3, the system first transmits I-frame I| which does not depend on any other frame. Next, the system transmits P-frame video picture P< that depends upon video picture Next, the system transmits B-frame video picture B₂ after video picture P5 even though video picture Bj will be displayed before video picture P5. The reason for this is that when it comes time to decode Bi, the decoder will have already received and stored the information in video pictures I| and P₅ necessary to decode video picture B₂. Similarly, video pictures h and P5 are ready to be used to decode subsequent video picture B₃ and video picture Bj. The receiver/dccoder reorders the video picture sequence for proper display. In this operation I and P pictures are often referred to as stored pictures.

The coding of the P-frame pictures topically utilizes Motion Compensation, wherein a Motion Vector is computed for eachmacroblock in the picture. Using the computed motion vector, a prediction macroblock (Pmacroblock) c<in be formed by translation of pixels in the aforementioned previous picture. The difference between the actual macroblock in the P-framc picture and the prediction macroblock is then coded for transmission.

Each motion vector may also be transmitted via predictive coding. For example, a motion vector prediction may be formed using nearby motion

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 201)4/011X654 t*( Ί7US2003/02 17 14 vectors. In such a case, then the difference between the actual motion vector and the motion vector prediction is coded for transmission.

. Each B-macroblock uses two motion vectors: a first motion vector · referencing the aforementioned previous video picture and a second motion vector referencing the future video picture. From these two motion vectors, two prediction macroblocks are computed. The two predicted macroblocks are then combined together, using some function, to form a final predicted macroblock. As above, the difference between the actual macroblock in the B-frame picture and the final predicted macroblock: is then encoded for transmission.

As with 'P-macroblocks, each motion vector (MV) of a Bmacroblock may be transmitted via predictive coding. Specifically, a predicted motion vector is formed using nearby motion vectors. Then, the difference between the actual motion vector and the predicted is coded for transmission.

However, with B-macroblocks the opportunity exists for interpolating motion vectors from motion vectors in the nearest stored picture macroblock. Such interpolation is carried out both in the digital video encoder and the digital video decoder.

This motion vector interpolation works particularly well on video pictures from a video sequence where a camera is slowly panning across a stationary background. In fact, such motion vector interpolation may be good enough to be used alone. Specifically, this means that no differential information

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2<ΜΙ4/(ΗΙΧ654

PCT/IJS2IKIJ/O2 I 714 needs be calculated or transmitted for these B-macroblock motion vectors encoded using interpolation.

To illustrate further, in the above scenario let us represent the interpicture display time between pictures i and j as Dij, i.e., if the display times of the pictures arc T and Tj, respectively, then

D_{i t}j = Ti - Tj from which it follows that

Di.k ⁼ Di, j + Dj.k.

Di,k ⁼

Note that Djj may be negative in some cases.

Thus, if MV5.1 is a motion vector for a P₅ macroblock as referenced to I_h then for the corresponding macroblocks in B₃, B₃ and B4 the motion vectors as referenced Io and P5, respectively, would be interpolated by

WV23 = 1*^2, i/Ds,i

MVs₍a = MV’s, i*Ds, 2/^5^1

MV3.1 = MV_Sil*D_3a/Ds.i

MV_S/3 = MVs, i*Ds_/3/D_5r 1 .

MV41 = MVs_r i*D._u1/D₅,1

MV5.4 = MV5,1*D5,4/D₅.1

Note that since ratios of display times arc used for motion vector prediction, absolute display times are not needed. Thus, relative display times may be used for Dij display time values.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 261

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2004/00865-4 P(~r/US2OCl3/O2 P14

This scenario may be generalized, as for example in the H.264 standard. In the generalization, a P or B picture may use any previously transmitted picture for its motion vector prediction. Thus, in the above case picture Bi may use picture I| and picture B₂ in its prediction. Moreover, motion vectors may be extrapolated, not just interpolated. Thus, in this case we would have:

MV_3fl = MV₂.x*D₃,i/D_2tl

Such motion vector extrapolation (or interpolation) may also be used in the prediction process for predictive coding of motion vectors.

In any évent, the problem’in the case of non-uniform inter-picture times is to transmit the relative display time values of D,j to the receiver, and that is the subject of the present invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, for each picture after the first picture we transmit the display time difference between the current picture and the most recently transmitted stored picture. For error resilience, the transmission could be repeated several times within the picture, e.g., in the so-called slice headers of the MPEG or H.264 standards. If all slice headers are lost, then presumably other pictures that rely on the lost picture for decoding information cannot be decoded either.

Thus, in the above scenario we would transmit the following:

^2,5 ^3,5 Βή,5 D|o,5 Dqjq $7,10 Dgjo Dçjo D|₂jq Dhj₃ D|4.12 D13J4 ···

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2IHI4/UÜS654 PC 17US2(MIJ/<I2 1714

For the purpose of motion vector estimation, the accuracy requirements for Djj may vary from picture to picture. For example, if there is only a single B-frame picture ‘ ' I .

Bg halfway between two P-framc pictures P5 and P7, then it suffices to send only:

D7 5 = 2 and Dg_f7 = -1

Where the Dij display time values are relative time values. If, instead, video picture Be is only one quarter the distance between video picture P5 and video picture P₇then the appropriate D_li} display time values to send would be:

D_7/s = 4 and = -1

Note that in both of the two preceding examples, the display time between the video picture Bô and video picture video picture P₇ is being used as the display time “unit” and the display time difference between video picture P5 and picture video picture P₇ is four display time “units”.

In general, motion vector estimation is less complex if divisors are powers of two. This is easily achieved in our embodiment if D,j (the inter-picture time) between two stored pictures is chosen to be a power of two as graphically illustrated in Figure 4. Alternatively, the estimation procedure could be defined to truncate or round all divisors to a power of (wo.

In the case where an inter-picture time is to be a power of Iwo, the number of data bits can be reduced if only the integer power (of two) is transmitted instead of the full value of the inter-picture time. Figure 4 graphically illustrates a case wherein the distances between pictures are chosen to be powers of two. in such a case, the display time value of 2 between video picture P| and picture

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2IHI4/IH)N654 PC I71IS211(13/021714 video picture P₃ is transmitted as I (since 2¹ = 2) and the D_7t3 display time value of 4 between video picture P₇ and picture video picture P₃ can be transmitted as 2 (since 2² - 4).,

In some cases, motion vector interpolation may not be used.

However, it is still necessary to transmit the display order of the video pictures to the recci ver/playcr system such that the receiver/player system will display the video pictures in the proper order. In this case, simple signed integer values for Dij suffice irrespective of the actual display times. In some applications only the sign may be needed.

The inter-picture times Dij may simply be transmitted as simple signed integer values. However, many methods may be used for encoding .the Djj values to achieve additional compression. For example, a sign bit followed by a variable length coded magnitude is relatively easy to implement and provides coding efficiency.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26\

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2<MU/O<I8(»54

One such variable length coding system that may be used is known as UVLC (Universal Variable Length Code). The UVLC variable length coding system is given by the code words: 1 - 1 2 = 0 10 =0 11' = 0 010 0 = 0 01 0 1 = 0 0110 = 0 0111 = 000100 0...

Another method of encoding the inter-picture times may be to use arithmetic coding. Typically, arithmetic coding utilizes conditional probabilities to effect a very high compression of the data bits.

Thus, the present invention introduces a simple but powerful method of encoding and transmitting inter-picture display times. The encoding of interpicture display times can be made very efficient by using variable length coding.or arithmetic coding. Furthermore, a desired accuracy can be chosen to meet the needs of the video decoder, but no more.

The foregoing has described â system for specifying variable accuracy inter-picture timing in a multimedia compression and encoding system. It is contemplated that changes and modifications may be made by one of ordinary

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

CA 02820164 2013-06-20

WO 2004/0(18654

PCTAIS2U03/U217 14 skill in the art, to the materials and arrangements of elements of the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)