Laminate

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520

LAMINATE

The present invention relates to a method for producing a laminate which is used in container closure systems.

It is commonplace in the packaging of a wide variety of materials ranging from pharmaceutical products to instant coffee that a closure is provided in the form of a seal connected to the neck of a container and a screw cap covering and protecting the seal which provides a re-closable cap after the seal has been removed to gain access to the container. Often the closure is designed such that the underside of the seal has a heat sensitive adhesive coating or a 10 meltable plastics layer covered by a metal foil. The seal is placed against the neck of a container and sandwiched against it by the applied screw cap. Upon induction heating, the metal foil is heated which activates the heat sensitive adhesive layer or melts the plastic layer so that on cooling, the seal bonds to the neck of the container.

A problem encountered with such seals is a difficulty in removing the seals from containers. In this regard, this has been overcome by including a tab extending sideways from the neck of the container which may be gripped by the consumer to facilitate removal of the seal. An example of such a system is the so called “Top Tab” structure which is described fully in US4961986. This 20 system includes a multilayer substrate which is partly delaminated to provide a tab lying usually within the circumference of the container neck. In US-A4961986 this is achieved by forming the substrate from multiple layers which are adhered together across only a part of their extent. US-A-4961986 further describes that the screw cap may include some form of liner in addition to the 25 seal material. In such a two component system, wherein the seal and liner are provided separately, is that the two components have to be fitted in two separate operations.

As this is expensive and increases the complexity of the fitting process, there has been a focus on the development of a one component seal and liner 30 system which avoids the need for two separate fitting operations. For example, EP-A-1472153 describes a one component seal and liner system, for attaching into a screw cap, which includes a tab. In the product detailed, the seal portion of the system is adhered to the liner portion by means of a release layer such that the seal and liner release from each other with a peel strength in the range 35 from 20 to 90g at a rate of 1500mm/min on a sample strip 25mm wide.

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520

A further tab system is the successful “Lift “n” Peel” (RTM) commercial system. This can be comprised of a primary seal and a secondary liner or just a primary seal and is usually just a primary seal. The tab is formed by interposing 5 a layer of polyethylene terephthalate into the primary seal which extends only over a portion of the surface area of the liner. The layer of polyethylene terephthalate is interposed between the foam layer and top EVA/PET layer. On heating, the EVA adheres to the interposed layer, and portion of foam still exposed and thus by virtue of the interposed plastics layer a tab, lying wholly 10 within the boundaries of the liner, is formed.

In WO 97/02997, a method for including a tab in a primary seal laminate is disclosed. In this case three feeds are passed to a chill roll in contact with a nip roll. The first feed which will form the top layer of the primary seal laminate, is an ethylene-vinyl alcohol barrier layer sandwiched between two polypropylene 15 layers. The second feed is a deadening member which may be PET and the third feed is extruded tabstock e.g. polypropylene, which forms a layer across the entire width of the laminate forming the top layer. All three feeds come into contact at the point where the chill roll and nip roll are in contact. The chill roll quenches the extruded tabstock maximising its amorphous properties and 20 causes lamination of all three layers.

A problem which can be identified with such systems is that in attaching the system including the tab to a container to be sealed, an uneven level of bonding to the container is achieved with there being a propensity for stronger bonds to be formed under the tabbed portion of the liner as compared to the 25 non-tabbed portion. There is a further danger that on heating a metal foil of an induction system, the top layer of the seal may burn where the heat transferred to this layer is too great.

A further problem encountered with such seals is that when used on containers which are to be stored at low temperatures, for example, in dairy 30 applications, after storage at such temperatures, the bond between the seal substrate and tab has a tendency to fail. This means that when the seal is removed from the container on opening, because the bond fails, the tab comes away from the seal substrate leaving the seal substrate adhered to the container rather than removing the seal substrate from the container.

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520

It is therefore clear that there is a need for a simple and cost effective method for including a tabstock in a primary seal laminate which solves the problems of requiring producing an effective tab and achieving an even level of bonding to the container to be sealed.

In this regard, the present invention provides a method for producing a primary laminate including a tabstock comprising the steps of:

(a) feeding a seal laminate including a hot melt adhesive layer, a foil layer and a top foam layer to a laminating station;

(b) continuously feeding a tabstock, which is narrower than the seal 10 laminate, towards the laminating station such that the bottom of the tabstock and the top foam layer of the seal laminate come into non-adhesive contact to form a primary substrate, the top face of which is partly comprised of the top face of the tabstock and partly comprised of the top foam layer of the seal laminate prior to reaching the laminating station;

(c) continuously feeding a plastic film stock which has top and bottom surfaces to the laminating station so the bottom surface of the plastic film stock is in contact with the top face of the primary substrate and (d) continuously extruding a polymeric adhesive which is a copolymer of ethylene and an alkyl(alk)acrylate having a melt flow index 1 to 10 dg/min 20 (190°C, 2.16 kg) between the top face of the primary substrate and bottom surface of the plastic film stock such that the two are adhered together.

The bond strength between the top foam layer and the plastic film stock is preferably greater than 15N/12.5mm at 330mm/min when the laminating plastic film and tabstock is pulled at 90° to the longitudinal edge of the tabstock 25 from the seal laminate with a separation angle of 180°. In the present specification reference to upper and lower surfaces of components refers to the orientation of the components in the seal formed from the laminate when the seal is in use on a container in the upright position.

The apparatus required for the method of the present invention must 30 have separate unwind stations for the laminate feeds that are arranged to enable simultaneous unwinding. The laminate feeds are fed to a lamination station comprising a nip between two rollers. At this point the feeds are adhered to each other to produce the primary laminate including a tabstock. The adhesive is applied vertically downwards as a curtain into the nip where the feed 35 rollers are in contact. The speed of the feed rollers which form the nip should be

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520 faster than the rate of application of adhesive to avoid build up of the molten adhesive in the nip which might result in an uneven coating. The adhesive is applied directly from the die head of an extruder.

The top layer of the seal laminate is a foam layer. It has been found that the inclusion of a foam layer is important in order to ensure that an even seal to the container ultimately to be sealed is achieved. More specifically, this foam layer has a cushioning effect such that there is an equalisation of the pressure that is exerted around the circumference of a vessel closing assembly cut from the laminate in the cap fitted on to a container as induction heating takes place 10 to adhere the liner to the neck of the container. Thus the difference in thickness of the non-tabbed portion as compared to the tabbed portion, does not result in a difference in the strength of the bond formed under these portions. That is to say that a substantially uniform bond strength between the laminate and neck of the container is obtained around the whole circumference. The foam layer also 15 serves the purpose of providing integrity and stiffness to the structure.

The foam may comprise several layers e.g. of coextruded materials having surface layers selected for compatibility with adjacent surfaces. The foam is preferably formed of lower alkene polymers and copolymers, preferably of ethylene and/or propylene. Foam formed from blended polymers may be 20 used. Each of several layers may be formed of the same polymers, blended in different ratios. The foam layer may be a voided material formed by stretching polymer containing particulate material. The polymer may in these voided films, comprise polypropylene. Preferably the film is formed by including foaming agents such as dissolved gases, volatile compounds or chemically reactive 25 compounds.

Preferably the foam layer is a pure foam and is comprised of medium or high density polyethylene (MDPE or HDPE). In order to avoid potential oozing of the extruded polymeric adhesive through the structure, it is preferred that the foam has a closed cell structure. In a preferred embodiment, the foam layer is 30 formed from a high density foam. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the foam has a density in the range from 0.5 to 0.8 g/ml preferably in the range 0.55 to 0.75 g/ml, most preferably in the range 0.6 to 0.7 g/ml.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the foam layer has a thickness in the range from 75 to 300pm. In order to be suitable for a seal as

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520 described herein, the foam layer needs to exhibit a reasonable degree of flexibility.

The key issue with regards to the foam is the PE make up. If the proportion of LDPE is too great then the melting point as determined by DSC will 5 be too low. This will lead to the foam melting on induction sealing, thus leaving a ring of exposed aluminium around the circumference of the seal. The melting point of the preferred foam is 129°C, and the melting point is preferably at least 120°C, more preferably at least 125°C, for instance at least 128°C.

The foil and hot melt adhesive layer of the seal laminate are conventional 10 for induction sealing systems. The hot melt adhesive is suitable to form an adhesive seal to a food or beverage (i.e. comestible) container, for instance having a peel strength between 3 and 6N when peeling the liner from the container at 45° at room temperature.

It is preferable that one of the components of the primary laminate is 15 printed. This can be achieved in one of two ways. The tab which forms a part of the primary laminate or the plastic film stock may include a printed layer.

As noted above, an essential feature of the primary laminate produced by the method of the present invention is the inclusion of a tabstock so that the seal will have a free tab. In the primary seal laminate produced, while the relative 20 dimensions of the tab are not limited, it may be preferable that, for example the tab lies wholly within the circumference of the container neck and typically the tab occupies about 50% of the seal area, where the primary laminate has a diameter of less than 36mm. The tab stock may be 10-100mm wide, for instance 15 to 45mm wide. The tab is provided by adhering a tab stock to the 25 top polyester layer of the heat sealable laminate. The tabstock which is fed to the laminating station as detailed in step (b) is narrower in width than the heat sealable laminate.

Preferably the tabstock is formed of a polyester, more preferably polyethylene terephthalate. In one embodiment of the present invention, the 30 bottom surface of the tabstock which is ultimately in contact with the top foam layer of the heat sealable laminate may be coated with a release material, for example, silicone. This minimised the possibility that during the extrusion when the finished primary seal laminate is adhered to a container by induction heat sealing, of the tabstock sticking to the top foam layer. Such release coatings are 35 not typically necessary, however the tabstock may further include a coloured or

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520 printed layer formed of polyester and attached to the top surface of the other polyester layer by an adhesive tie layer.

In step (b), in one embodiment of the present invention, rather than feeding a single tabstock, the feed may comprise a plurality of narrow tabstocks 5 arranged across the machine at regularly spaced apart intervals. In this way, a wide sheet of primary laminate including a tabstock may be formed which can then be slit as required (in line or in subsequent operations) thus improving the efficiency of the system.

As detailed in step (c), the third feed which is fed to the laminating station 10 is a plastic film stock. Preferably the plastic film is selected from the group consisting of polyester, preferably polyethylene terepthalate, polyamide, polypropylene or a composite. Most preferably the plastic film is polyethylene terephthalate. The width of this stock is the same as or a little narrower than the width of the heat sealable laminate. The curtain of adhesive will extend beyond 15 the edge of the plastic filmstock, and the edge portion which forms a thicker bead is collected on the foam side of the seal laminate for trimming and removal, minimising waste of expensive PET.

This plastic film layer is preferably transparent in order that the printing of the lower layers is visible to the end user. Preferably the thickness of the plastic 20 film stock is at least 20pm. More preferably the thickness of the plastic film stock is in the range from 20-40pm. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, where the plastic film stock is PET preferably it has a surface layer with improved adhesive properties for instance formed by coextrusion. Preferably the plastic film stock is corona treated on the surface which ends up 25 as the lowermost surface in the product, this treatment taking place upstream of the laminating station. This is done in order to ensure that the bond formed to the polymeric adhesive in step (d) is sufficiently strong Examples of suitable PET stock materials include Lumirror 10.47 which is a film that is coextruded on one side and is commercially available from Toray.

Prior to reaching the laminating station, the bottom face of the tabstock and the top foam layer of the seal laminate are brought into contact. There is no adhesion between the two feeds. The two feeds are fed in contact with one another to the laminating station. In order to achieve this, the two feeds must approach the laminating station from the same side relative to the extruder. The 35 combination of the seal laminate and tabstock in contact with each other is

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520 referred to as a primary substrate as they are passed to the laminating station together. As the tabstock is necessarily narrower in width than the seal laminate, the top face of the primary substrate presented to the laminating station is formed partly of the top face of the tabstock and partly of the top foam 5 layer of the seal laminate.

In the laminating station, the primary substrate is brought into contact with the plastic film stock which is fed simultaneously to the laminating station but from the opposite side of the curtain of adhesive. At the point where the top face of the primary substrate is in contact with the bottom surface of the plastic 10 film stock, the polymeric adhesive is continuously extruded between the two surfaces. The result is that the plastic film stock is adhered over the entire surface area of the top face of the primary substrate. This means that over part of the width, the plastic stock will be adhered to the top foam layer of the seal laminate and over the remaining width, the plastic film stock will be adhered to 15 the top face of the tabstock. This means that in a preferred embodiment where the primary laminate is cut, the result is then that a tab portion is formed which lies wholly within the circumference of the seal.

The bond formed between the top foam layer of the seal laminate and the plastic film stock must have a strength greater than 15N/12.5mm at 330mm/min 20 when the tab formed of tabstock and plastic film stock is pulled from the seal laminate at 90° to the longitudinal edge of the tab (which is the machine direction of the manufacturing apparatus) with an angle of separation of from the seal laminate 180°. This is in order to ensure that when using the tab to remove the seal from a container, the tab plastic film remains adhered to the primary 25 laminate upon application of a pulling force to the tab.

The peel test is suitably carried out using a Hounsfield Tensile Tester. Each test is carried out on three samples. The samples are cut from a strip 12.5mm wide taken across the laminate. The sample should be at least the length of the gap between two strips of tabstock. One end of the sample should 30 be cut through the tabstock close to one longitudinal edge, allowing the tab comprising tabstock and plastic film stock to be separated from the seal laminate. The tabstock is mounted in one jaw of the Tensile Tester, with the seal laminate being fixed into the other jaw. The jaws separate at an angle of 180°. A 50N load cell is utilised for the test. The apparatus is set so as to allow 35 an extension of at least 25mm, with a speed of 330mm per minute.

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520

The results recorded include the “break-in force”, the force required to overcome the initial resistance to tab de-lamination. Subsequently the “running force” is measured, that is the force required to continue to separate the tab from the seal laminate. The running force is generally substantially constant. For the 5 present product, the break-in force is the more important, since provided this is higher than the force required to peel the seal from the top of the container to which it is attached, the tab/plastic film will remain adhered to the seal as peeling starts, the force needed to continue this peeling being lower as the seal is peeled from the container.

The peel test is illustrated schematically in Figure 4. This shows the tab formed of tabstock 8, adhesive 9 and plastic film 10 being mounted in the top jaw 30 of the Tensile Tester. Into the lower jaw, 31, of the Tensile Tester is mounted the seal laminate components formed of foam layer 7, foil 5 and hot melt adhesive 4. The jaws are then moved apart in the direction of the arrow, 15 with the force required to separate the materials at the angle of 180° being recorded. The figure is schematic with the thicknesses heavily exaggerated.

Much research has gone into selecting a polymeric adhesive which can be extruded as described in the present method but does not suffer from the problem of the bond formed becoming brittle when stored at low temperatures.

Additionally, the adhesive needs to be one that has a sufficiently high surface energy to adhere to plastics materials such as PET but which will not damage the metallic rollers used. In this regard, the present applicant has found that surprisingly, these problems can be overcome by selecting a polymeric adhesive which has a melt flow index in the range 1 to 10 dg/min, preferably less than 5 dg/min (190°C, 2.16kg by ASTM DI328). The adhesive should be extrudable at temperatures low enough to avoid damage (be melting) to the foam layer, but which have high enough peel strengths at low storage temperatures and at room temperature to avoid delamination of the seal during removal from the sealed container using the adhered tab. Materials with melt points (ASTM D3418) in the range 70 to 100°C and densities in the range 0.920 to 0.955 g/cm³, for instance around 0.940-0.945 g/cm³, are suitable. Copolymers of ethylene with C-i-12 alkyl (alk) acrylate esters (e.g. acrylate or methacrylate esters), especially Οή.4 alkyl esters, preferably of acrylic acid, especially butyl acrylate or methyl acrylate, may be used. The copolymers are random copolymers, for instance with mole proportions of acrylate of 0.5 to 25%, especially in the range 1 to 20%.

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520

Suitable copolymers are available in the series 2200 Bynel range by DuPont. Others having a higher melt index which may be suitable for laminates which will not be used at temperatures below freezing are the Lotryl MA series. Preferably the polymeric adhesive has a melt flow index of about 2dg/min (190°C, 2.16kg).

A particularly preferred polymeric adhesive is an ethylene methylacrylate copolymer which has a melt flow index value of approximately 2 dg/min, sold as Bynel 22E780.

In the process of the present invention, in step (d), the polymeric adhesive is extruded through a die head. The die head is preferably at a 10 temperature in the range from 300 to 330°C. The height of the die head from the nip is preferably in the range from 10 to 30cm, more preferably in the range 15 to 25 cm, e.g. approximately 20cm. The width of the slot is about 0.5-1.0mm. The speed of the nip rollers at the laminating station is preferably in the range from 20 to 100m/min, more preferably 50 to 80m/min. In order that the rollers 15 can deal with a feed which has an uneven surface due to the regions where a tab is present and the regions where a tab is not present, it is preferable that the feed rollers have a shore A hardness around 70-90, for instance a Teflon coated roller pressing against a metal chill roller.

After extrusion of the polymeric adhesive, pressure is applied to the 20 primary laminate by chilled nip rollers downstream of the laminating station to facilitate adhesion. The chilled nip rollers are preferably at a temperature of about 23°C.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coat weight of the adhesive layer is in the range from 25 to 45gm'².

In order that any printing on the tabstock can be seen, preferably the polymeric adhesive is transparent.

In a further aspect of the present invention, the primary laminate including a tabstock maybe subsequently wound onto a final roll optionally after slitting. Alternatively slitting may be carried out in a separate step, e.g. in a separate 30 location.

The seal stock laminate of the present invention is generally formed in wide strips. Therefore in order to form the tabs, it is necessary to cut the wide strips of seal stock laminate into narrower strips. These narrower strips can then be punched or cut to form a seal ready to be applied to a container. The slitting 35 of the wide strips into narrower strips needs to be done with precision in order to

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730

PCI7US2007/087520 ensure that the cuts are made at the correct positions to produce the tabs. The seal can then be punched from the narrower strips from the slitting step and fixed inside the top of a screw cap. This may be carried out in a procedure and/or location separate to the method of making the seal stock laminate. The container to which the seal is attached may be made of glass or plastic material such as polyethylene, polyester, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene or acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer.

A screw cap equipped with a seal as described above may be screwed on to the open neck of a container thus sandwiching the seal between the open neck of the container and the top of the cap. The seal is then adhered via the hot melt adhesive on the lower surface of the laminate to the open neck of the container by induction heating.

As has been described above, one of the aims of the present invention is to provide a primary laminate including a tab which produces a seal that can still be effective even after prolonged storage of the laminate at low temperatures. In this regard, the present applicant has developed a rigorous test for determining whether a given seal is likely to fail at low temperatures. The primary laminate including a tabstock as produced by the method according to the present invention is cut into three sample discs to be attached to the neck of a container. Samples were taken from three different positions on the laminate, specifically the left hand side, middle and right hand sides. Two different types of container are tested, the first being a 1 litre polyethylene chimney type bottle used in dairy applications and the second being a polyester 150ml so-called ‘round packer’ bottle. The samples discs were sealed to the neck of these containers using the sealing head and conditions as shown in the table below: In the meantime, a metal plate was set up on the base of a freezer and its temperature monitored by use of a calibrated thermometer fitted with a magnetic thermocouple.

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520

TABLE 1

<td> SETTINGS</td><td> SEALS TO POLYETHYLENE CONTAINER</td><td> SEALS TO POLYESTER CONTAINER</td>

<td> Freezer Temperature (°C) metal plate</td><td> -23 to -27</td><td> -18 to-22</td>

<td> Freezer type</td><td> Chest</td><td> Bench</td>

<td> Bottle used</td><td> 11 chimney</td><td> 150ml ‘Round Packer’</td>

<td> Equipment</td><td> Enercon dairy sealing head</td><td> Relco Lab sealing head</td>

<td> On torque (N)</td><td> 1.5</td><td> 1.2</td>

<td> Gap setting (mm)</td><td> 8</td><td> 4 (4x1 mm EPE spacers)</td>

<td> Power setting</td><td> 75%</td><td> fl</td>

<td> Time/speed</td><td> Speed = 24m/min</td><td> Time = “1</td>

The samples were allowed to cool for at least 2 minutes after sealing. The caps were then removed and the bottles were placed upside down in the freezer in direct contact with the metal plates on the base of the freezer. The sample was allowed to stand for a minimum of 2 minutes. The seals were then removed from the necks of the bottles while still in the freezer. Where the whole of the seal could be removed from the neck of the container without any delamination of the top plastics film stock from the adhesive, a positive result is 10 noted. A sample fails where the plastic layer delaminates from the foam, which can be observed as surface of the top plastic film layer is completely transparent rather than having foam still adhered to it. Where a sample fails it is tested again the following day. If the problem still persists, the sample is rejected.

One advantage of seals produced by the method of the present invention is that they can be used universally for sealing containers of comestibles requiring storage at low or high temperatures, even down to as low as -30°C or as high as 30°C. The invention is of particular utility where the storage temperature is in the range 0 to 6°C.

An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to 20 the following figures, in which:

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520

Figure 1 is a cross section through an example of a primary laminate including a tabstock as formed according to the method of the present invention with a vertical dimension greatly exaggerated;

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the laminating apparatus used in the 5 method of the present invention;

Figure 3 is a perspective view of a part of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 2;

Figure 4 is a cross section through a sample of the primary laminate being subjected to the 180° peel test to check the strength of the extruded 10 adhesive.

Figure 5 is a perspective view showing the seal in place on the neck of a container.

Example 1

A seal laminate (1) comprising heat sealable (hot-melt) layer (4) for 15 adhesion to a container to be sealed, a foil layer (5) and a top layer of polyethylene foam (7) is obtained commercially from Isco Jacques Schindler. This seal laminate is rolled onto a first feed roll (13) in the laminating apparatus.

The second feed roll (14) in the laminating apparatus is the source of the tabstock, which in this case, is a layer of polyethylene terephthalate (8). The 20 width of the layer of polyethylene terephthalate (8) is in the range from 2560mm.

A third feed roll (15) is loaded with the plastics film stock, in this case a PET stock (10) which can be obtained commercially from Toray, Europe. The thickness of the PET stock (10) is in the range from 23-36pm. The PET stock 25 (10) used is a co-extruded PET material available as Lumirror 10.47 from Toray.

The coextruded surface layer ensures optimal adhesion to the adjacent foam layer of the seal laminate.

The seal laminate (1), tabstock (8) and PET stock (10) are simultaneously fed to the laminating station (6) where an extruder (17) is 30 positioned vertically above the nip between rollers (18 and 19). Prior to reaching the laminating station (6), the seal laminate (1) and tabstock (8) are brought into contact to form a primary substrate (1a).

Ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (9) with a melt flow index of 2dg/min (190°C, 2.16kg (ASTM D1238)) is then extruded continuously as a curtain from 35 the extruder (17) between the top face of the primary laminate (1a) and the

CA 02673540 2009-06-19

WO 2008/079730 PCT/US2007/087520 bottom face of the PET stock (10). The height of the die head above the nip was about 20 cm. The extrusion conditions i.e. the weight of adhesive being extruded, its, speed and extruder head temperature, were such that a temperature of greater than about 200°C, for instance as much as about 250°C 5 is attained at the nip for adhesion. Roller 18 is a chilled stainless steel roller, while roller 19 has a Teflon coated surface with Shore A hardness of 75. The rollers (18) and (19) are moving at a speed of 70m/min relative to the speed of application of the adhesive, the pressure between them selected to avoid the curtain creasing at the nip. The bottom face of the PET stock (10) and the 10 resulting primary laminate (1b) including a tabstock is passed with the bottom face of the PET stock in contact with a chill roller (18) at a temperature of about 23°C to be rolled on to a final product roll (32). This process is illustrated schematically in Fig 2.

The break-in peel strength was measured as explained above and 15 illustrated in Figure 4, of a primary laminate formed using a PET stock (10) thickness of 36pm and a PET tabstock thickness of 12pm onto the seal laminate upper surface of polyethylene foam, wherein the coat weight of the extruded ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (9) was 40gm‘². The value was greater than 15N/12.5 mm at 33o mm/min.

The coat weight was determined as follows: a 0.5m to 1m length of paper backed polyester which has a width of 1m was passed to the laminating station between primary substrate 1a and resin 9. A curtain of the ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer was then extruded continuously between the top polyester face of the paper backed polyester and the bottom face of the PET stock (10) 25 under the run conditions of the line. Several 10x10cm samples were then cut across the width of the web and their weight in g was recorded. The weight of the paper backed polyester and PET stock (10) were subtracted from this figure and the result was multiplied by 100 to give a coat weight in gm'².

The seal stock laminate was then cut into narrow strips. From these 30 strips, circular discs were punched to form discs of the seal stock laminate (16)

i.e. seals. The seals are fixed inside screw caps. The screw cap equipped with the seal is then screwed onto the open neck of the bottle. The cap and bottle are then subjected to an induction heating step in which the foil is heated around its periphery by the generation of eddy currents within it, which, in turn, melts the 35 heat sealable layer (4) to bond the seal to the open neck of the bottle.