Wide area lighting effects system

CA 02385646 2002-05-09

TITLE OF THE INVENTION

WIDE AREA LIGHTING EFFECTS SYSTEM

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1) Field of the Invention

[0001] The field of the present invention relates to lighting systems as may be used in film, television, close-up photography, and other applications.

2) Background

[0002] Lighting systems are an essential part of the film and photography industries. Proper illumination is necessary when filming movies, television shows, or commercials, shooting video clips, or taking still photographs, whether such activities are carried out indoors or outdoors. A desired illumination effect may also be desired for live performances on stage or in any other type of setting.

[0003] The general purpose of a lighting system is to illuminate a subject to achieve a desired effect. Often it is desirable to obtain even lighting that minimizes shadows. It may be necessary or desired to obtain lighting that has a certain tone, warmth or intensity. It may also be necessary or desired to have certain lighting effects, such as colorized lighting, strobed lighting, gradually brightening or dimming illumination, or different intensity illumination in different fields of view.

[0004] Various conventional techniques for lighting in the film and television industries, and various illustrations of lighting equipment, are described, for example, in Lighting for Television and Film by Gerald Millerson (3^rd ed. 1991), at pages 96-131 and 295-349, and in Professional Lighting

Handbook by Verne Carlson (2^nd ed. 1991), at pages 15-40.

[0005] As one example illustrating a need for an improved lighting effects system, it can be quite challenging to provide proper illumination for ·

CA 02385646 2002-05-09 the lighting of faces in television and film, especially for situations where close-ups are required. Often, certain parts of the face must be seen clearly. The eyes, in particular, can provide a challenge for proper lighting. Light reflected in the eyes is known as “eye lights” or “catch lights.” Without enough reflected light, the eyes may seem dull. A substantial amount of effort has been expended in constructing lighting systems that have the proper directivity, intensity, tone and other characteristics to result in aesthetically pleasing “eye lights” while also meeting other lighting requirements, and without adversely impacting lighting of other features.

[0006] Because of the varied settings in which lighting systems are used, the conventional practice in the film, commercial and related industries is for a lighting system, when needed, to be custom designed for each shoot. This practice allows the director or photographer to have available a lighting system that is of the necessary side, and that provides the desired intensity, warmth, tone and effects. Designing and building customized lighting systems is often an expensive and time-consuming process.

[0007] The most common lighting systems in film, commercial and photographic settings use either incandescent or fluorescent light elements. However, conventional lighting systems have drawbacks or limitations which can limit their flexibility or effectiveness. For example, incandescent lights have been employed in lighting systems in which they have been arranged in various configurations, including on ring-shaped mounting frames. However, the mounting frames used in incandescent lighting systems are often large and ponderous, making them difficult to move around and otherwise work with. A major drawback of incandescent lighting systems is the amount of heat generating by the incandescent bulbs. Because of the heat intensity, subjects cannot be approached too closely without causing discomfort to the subject and possibly affecting the subject’s make-up or appearance. Also, the heat from the incandescent bulbs can heat the air in the proximity of the camera, cause a “wavering” effect to appear on the film or captured image.

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Incandescent lighting may cause undesired side effects when filming, particularly where the intensity level is adjusted. As the intensity level of incandescent lights change, their hue changes as well. Film is especially sensitive to these changes in hue, significantly more so than the human eye. [0008] In addition to these problems or drawbacks, incandescent lighting systems typically draw quite a bit of power, especially for larger lighting systems which may be needed to provide significant wide area illumination. Incandescent lighting systems also generally require a wall outlet or similar standard source of alternating current (AC) power.

[0009] Fluorescent lighting systems generate much less heat than incandescent lighting systems, but nevertheless have their own drawbacks or limitations. For example, fluorescent lighting systems, like incandescent lighting systems, are often large and cumbersome. Fluorescent bulbs are generally tube-shaped, which can limit the lighting configuration or mounting options. Circular fluorescent bulbs are also commercially available, and have been used in the past for motion picture lighting.

[0010] A major drawback with fluorescent lighting systems is that the low lighting levels can be difficult or impossible to achieve due to the nature of fluorescent lights. When fluorescent lights are dimmed, they eventually begin to flicker or go out as the supplied energy reaches the excitation threshold of the gases in the fluorescent tubes. Consequently, fluorescent lights cannot be dimmed beyond a certain level, greatly limiting their flexibility. In addition, fluorescent lights suffer from the same problem as incandescent lights when their intensity level is changed; that is, they tend to change in hue as the intensity changes, and film is very sensitive to alterations in lighting hue.

[0011] Typically, incandescent or fluorescent lighting systems are designed to be placed off to the side of the camera, or above or below the camera. Because of such positioning, lighting systems may provide uneven or off-center lighting, which can be undesirable in many circumstances.

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[0012] Because of their custom nature, both incandescent lighting systems and fluorescent lighting systems can be difficult to adapt to different or changing needs of a particular film project or shoot. For example, if the director or photographer decides that a different lighting configuration should be used, or wants to experiment with different types of lighting, it can be difficult, time-consuming and inconvenient to re-work or modify the customized lighting setups to provide the desired effects. Furthermore, both incandescent lighting systems and fluorescent lighting systems are generally designed for placement off to the side of the camera, which can result in shadowing or uneven lighting.

[0013] A variety of lighting apparatus have been proposed for the purpose of inspecting objects in connection with various applications, but these lighting apparatus are generally not suitable for the movie, film or photographic industries. For example, U.S. Patent 5,690,417 describes a surface illuminator for directing illumination on an object (i.e., a single focal point). The surface illuminator has a large number of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) arranged in concentric circles on a lamp-supporting housing having a circular bore through which a microscope or other similar instrument can be positioned. The light from the LEDs is directed to a single focal point by either of two methods. According to one technique disclosed in the patent, a collimating lens is used to angle the light from each ring of LEDs towards the single focal point. According to another technique disclosed in the patent, each ring of LEDs is angled so as to direct the light from each ring on the single focal point.

[0014] Other examples of lighting apparatus used for the purpose of inspecting objects are shown in U.S. Patents 4,893,223 and 5,038,258. In both of these patents, LEDs are placed on the interior of a spherical surface, so that their optical axes intersect at a desired focal point.

[0015] Lighting apparatus specially adapted for illumination of objects to be inspected are generally not suitable for the special needs of the film,

-4CA 02385646 2007-07-19 commercial or photographic industries, or with live stage performances, because the lighting needs in these fields differs substantially from what is offered by object inspection lighting apparatus. For example, movies and commercials often require illumination of a much larger area that what object 5 inspection lighting systems typically provide, and even still photography often requires that a relatively large subject be illuminated.

It would therefore be advantageous to provide a lighting apparatus or lighting effects system well suited for use in the film, commercial and photographic industries, and with live stage performances, that 10 overcomes one or more of the foregoing disadvantages, drawbacks or limitations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is generally directed in one aspect to a novel lighting effects system and method as may be used, for example, in film and photography applications.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a wide area lighting effects system to provide a proper illumination for the lighting of a subject in 20 television, film or still photography, comprising:

a portable frame comprising a mounting surface, said frame defining an opening in said mounting surface;

a plurality of low power semiconductor lights arranged on said mounting surface, said low power semiconductor lights oriented so as to 25 distribute light over a wide area thereby providing a proper illumination for the lighting of the subject; and a mounting assembly for releasably attaching said frame to a movable and pivotable camera apparatus such that an imaging portion of the camera apparatus is positioned to view through the opening within said frame, whereby said frame follows the movements of the camera apparatus.

In one embodiment, a lighting effects system comprises an arrangement of low power lights mounted on a frame having an opening

CA 02385646 2007-07-19 through which a camera can protrude. The low power lights may be embodied as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or light emitting crystals (LECs), for example, arranged on the frame in a pattern of concentric circles or other uniform or non-uniform pattern. The frame preferably has a circular opening through which a camera can protrude, and one or more mounting brackets for attaching the frame to a camera. The low power lights may be electronically controllable so as to provide differing intensity levels, either collectively, individually, or in designated groups, and, in some embodiments, may be controlled through pre-programmed patterns.

In a further aspect, the present invention also provides a method of providing lighting over a subject area, comprising the steps of:

arranging a plurality of low power semiconductor lights on a mounting surface of a portable frame, said frame defining an opening in said mounting surface, said low power semiconductor lights oriented so as to distribute light over a wide area thereby providing a proper illumination for the lighting of a subject in television, film or portrait photography;

providing a camera mounting assembly attached to said frame; and securably attaching said camera mounting assembly to a movable and pivotable camera apparatus such that an imaging portion of the camera apparatus is positioned to view through the opening within said frame, whereby said frame follows movements of the camera apparatus in tandem therewith, said camera mounting assembly being releasably attachable to said frame.

Further embodiments, variations and enhancements are also disclosed herein.

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of a lighting effects system in accordance with one embodiment as disclosed herein, illustrating placement of a camera relative to a lighting frame.

[0021] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a lighting effects system showing various components of a preferred system.

[0022] FIG. 3 is an oblique view diagram illustrating an example of attachment of one type of camera mounting assembly to a particular type of lighting assembly frame.

[0023] FIG. 4 is a front view diagram of a lighting assembly frame with small, low-power lamps to provide illumination arranged in a preferred pattern. [0024] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating aspects of the lighting effect provided by a lighting assembly such as, for example, shown in FIG. 4.

[0025] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating various human eye features that may be of interest in providing illumination for films, commercials or photography.

[0026] FIG. 7 is a diagram of a light segment as may be used, for example, with the lighting assembly of FIG. 4, along with filtering lens(es).

[0027] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the effect of a filtering lens on an individual light element.

[0028] FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating a frequency distribution of light in accordance with one lighting effects system embodiment as disclosed herein.

[0029] FIGS. 10A and 10B are a block diagrams of two different types of electronic controllers as may be employed, for example, in the lighting effects system illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0030] FIG. 11 is an oblique view diagram of another embodiment of a lighting assembly frame as disclosed herein.

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[0031] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating various options and accessories as may be used in connection with the lighting assembly frame depicted in FIG. 11.

[0032] FIG. 13 is a diagram of electronic control circuitry as may be employed, for example, with the lighting effects system illustrated in FIG. 11.

[0033] FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating a frequency distribution of light in accordance with another lighting effects system embodiment as disclosed herein.

[0034] FIGS. 15A and 15B are diagrams showing an oblique view and a top view, respectively, of a portion of a lighting assembly frame.

[0035] FIG. 15C is a diagram illustrating assembly of a lighting assembly frame from two halves thereof.

[0036] FIGS. 16A and 16B are diagrams showing an oblique view and a top view, respectively, of the backside of the lighting assembly frame portion illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B, while FIGS. 16C, 16D and 16E are diagrams showing details of the lighting assembly frame portion shown in FIGS. 16Aand 16B.

[0037] FIG. 17 is a diagram of a cover as may be used in connection with the lighting effects system of FIG. 2 or the frame assembly of FIG. 4.

[0038] FIG. 18 is a diagram of a portion of a preferred camera mounting assembly.

[0039] FIGS. 19A and 19B are diagrams collectively illustrating another portion of a preferred camera mounting assembly.

[0040] FIG. 20 is a diagram of a retention clip for a camera mounting assembly.

[0041] FIG. 21 is a diagram of a plunger used in connection with attaching a mounting assembly to a lighting frame, in accordance with one technique as disclosed herein.

[0042] FIG. 22 is a diagram of a mounting assembly with components from FIGS. 18 and 19 shown assembled.

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[0043] FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating one technique for attaching a camera mounting assembly to a lighting frame.

[0044] FIGS. 24, 25 and 26 are diagram of components relating to another type of camera mounting assembly.

[0045] FIG. 27 is a diagram showing components of FIGS. 24, 25 and 26 assembled together.

[0046] FIG. 28 and 29 are diagrams of alternative embodiments of integral or semi-integral camera mounting assemblies.

[0047] FIGS. 30A, 30B and 30C are diagrams illustrating various alternative lamp patterns.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0048] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of a preferred lighting effects system 100 in accordance with one embodiment as disclosed herein, illustrating placement of a camera 140 relative to a lighting frame 102. The lighting frame 102 shown in FIG. 1 may be generally ring-shaped (as shown in, for example, FIGS. 3 and 4, and later described herein), and may define a central hole 103 through which the camera 140 can view. The camera 140 itself, while illustrated in FIG. 1 as a motion picture type camera, may be embodied as any type of image capture or optical viewing device, whether analog or digital in nature. For example, the camera 140 may use film or solid state image capture circuitry (e.g., CCDs), and may be a still photography camera or a motion picture camera. In a preferred embodiment, the lighting frame 102 is physically attached to the camera 140 using a camera mounting, as further described herein.

[0049] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a lighting effects system 200 that may, if desired, be constructed in accordance with various principles illustrated in or described with respect to FIG. 1. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the lighting effects system 200 comprises a lighting frame 202 upon which are

-8CA 02385646 2002-05-09 mounted or otherwise affixed a plurality of lamps 205. Preferred arrangements of the lamps 205 are described further herein. The lighting frame 202 may include a mounting assembly receptor 220 for receiving a mounting assembly 230 (preferably removable in nature), and an electrical socket 215 for receiving a cable 213 providing electrical power to the lamps 205 from a power source 210, although in alternative embodiments battery power may be used. A power controller 212 is preferably interposed between the power source 210 and the electrical socket 215, for providing various lighting effect functions described in more detail hereinafter, such as, for example, dimming, strobing, selective activation, pulsation, and so on, or combinations thereof.

[0050] In a preferred embodiment, the lighting frame 202 is ringshaped, and the lamps 205 are arranged in a pattern around the center hole of the lighting frame 202 so as to provide the desired lighting condition typically, the lamps 205 will be arranged in a symmetrical, regular pattern so as to provide relatively even lighting over the area of interest. The lighting frame 202 is preferably comprised of a lightweight, durable material, such as thermoplastic and/or aluminum, with a flat black finish (either paint, coating or material) so as to eliminate any reflections from the front of the lighting frame 202 that might cause ghosts to the final image.

[0051] An example of a preferred lighting frame 302 is depicted from various angles in FIGS. 3 and 4. FIG. 4 shows a front view of a lighting frame 302, illustrating the preferred ring-shaped nature thereof. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a number of lamp segments 306 are arranged in a radial or arrayed pattern around the center hole 303 of the lighting frame 302. The lamp segments 306 are positioned along rays 308 emanating from a center point 307 of the lighting frame 302, and are preferably equidistant from one another (i.e., the rays 308 are preferably defined such that all of the angles between neighboring rays 308 are equal). The equidistant placement of the

-9CA 02385646 2002-05-09 lamp segments 306 results in a symmetrical, even pattern that advantageously provides even lighting over an area of interest.

[0052] The density of the lamp pattern may vary, and is dictated in part by the particular lighting needs. Examples of alternative lamp arrangement patterns are shown in FIGS. 30A - 30C. FIGS. 30A and 30B show the lighting frame 302 with different pattern densities of lamp segments 306. FIG. 30C illustrates a lamp pattern in which pairs 309 of lamp segments 306 are arranged near adjacent to one another, while each pair 309 of lamp segments 306 is positioned further away from its neighboring pair 309 than from the other lamp segment 306 that is part of the lamp segment pair 309. The lamp patterns shown in FIGS. 30A, 30B and 30C are meant to be merely illustrative and not exhaustive. Other lamp patterns might involve, for example, triplets of lamp segments (rather than pairs or singles), or alternating single lamps with pairs and/or triplets, or lamp segments which have gradually increasing or decreasing spacing between them, or lamp segment clusters having the same or different numbers of lamp segments in each cluster, to name a few. The lamp pattern can thus be varied to suit the particular lighting needs, but is preferably symmetric at least in those situations calling for even lighting over the area of interest.

[0053] Each of the lamp segments 306 preferably comprises a plurality of low power lamps 305, such as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 4. The low power lamps are preferably solid state in nature and may comprise, for example, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), light-emitting crystals (LECs), or other low power, versatile light sources. The number of low power lamps 305 in each lamp segment 306 may be the same or may vary among lamp segments 306. If the number of low power lamps 305 is the same in each lamp segment 306 and are spaced the same (for example, equidistant from one another) within each lamp segment 306, then the resulting pattern will be a plurality of concentric circles of low power lamps 305 radiating outward from the inner circular portion to the outer circular portion of the lighting frame 302.

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It will be appreciated, however, that the low power lamps 305 need not be arranged in segments 306 as illustrated in FIG. 4, but may be arranged in clusters or other patterns, whether uniform or non-uniform, over the lighting frame 302. However, a symmetrical, regular pattern of low power lamps 305 is preferred, at least where uniform lighting is desired over an area of interest. [0054] FIG. 5 illustrates the effect of a lighting frame assembly such as light frame 302 with low power lamps 305 arranged as shown in FIG. 4, in illuminating a subject 646. As shown in FIG. 5, radiating light regions 620, 621 from lamps arranged on the front surface of the lighting frame 302 (as illustrated in FIG. 4, for example) overlap one another in a manner so as to provide lighting from multiple angles. With a radial or arrayed pattern of lamp segments 306 as shown in FIG. 4, a subject 646 may be relatively evenly illuminated from every angle. FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred placement of a camera 140 (including any type of image capture device, whether film based, solid state/CCD, or otherwise) with respect to a lighting frame 102 (which may be embodied, for example, as lighting frame 302). As illustrated in FIG. 1, the camera 140 may be positioned so that its lens or optical front-end peers through the central hole 103 of the lighting frame 102, thus allowing the lighting to be presented from the same angle and direction as the camera viewpoint.

[0055] FIG. 6 illustrates how the lighting frame assembly with the pattern of lamp segments 306 as shown in FIG. 4 may advantageously illuminate a human subject’s eyes. In FIG. 6, the iris 650 of the subject’s eye 654 is illustrated showing a circular pattern of reflected light segments 652 around the iris 650. A lighting pattern of a lighting system such as illustrated in FIG. 4 can illuminate the iris 650 of the subject’s eye 654 from multiple angles, thus helping provide desirable “eye lights” or “catch lights with respect to a human subject 546, as well as providing uniform, even lighting over the area of interest.

CA 02385646 2002-05-09

[0056] Turning now to FIG. 3, an oblique view of the lighting frame 302 is shown illustrating an example of attachment of one type of camera mounting assembly 330 to the lighting frame 302. In the particular embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, a mounting assembly receptor 320 is affixed to, molded as part of, or otherwise attached to the lighting frame 302. The camera mounting assembly 330 is preferably configured so as to attach securely to the mounting assembly receptor 320. The mounting assembly receptor 320 may, for example, include a socket 323 or similar indentation adapted to receive a corresponding member 335 on the camera mounting assembly 330. The member 335 may be attached to an elongated rod or arm 332, along which a camera clamp 334 may be slidably engaged. The camera clamp 334 preferably includes a generally U-shaped clamping portion 336 which may be securely attached along the housing of a camera, and may advantageously be moved along the elongated rod or arm 332 and clamped into a suitable position using a clamping screw or other fastening mechanism.

[0057] FIGS. 15A and 15B are diagrams showing an oblique view and a frontal view, respectively, of one portion of a lighting assembly frame 1502 in accordance with one or more of the concepts or principles explained with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. As illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B, the lighting assembly frame portion 1502 is generally ring-shaped in nature, having a central hole 1503 for allowing a camera or other image capture device to view through the lighting assembly frame. The lighting assembly frame portion 1502 may be reinforced, if desired, with ribs 1560, and may include, as noted with respect to FIG. 3, a mounting assembly receptor 1520 for receiving a camera mounting assembly (not shown in FIG. 15A), and an electrical socket 1515 for receiving a cable or wires for providing power to the lamps of the lighting assembly.

[0058] The lighting frame portion 1502 illustrated in FIG. 15A comprises one half (specifically, the backside half) of a complete lighting frame assembly. A corresponding lighting frame portion 1592, as shown in FIG.

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15C, may be adapted to fit securely to the lighting frame portion 1502, and may attach thereto by, for example, exterior locking tabs 1564 and/or interior locking tabs 1567, which are shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B. Alternatively, other means for fastening together the lighting frame assembly 1501 may be used, such as screws, glue, etc.

[0059] Likewise, the mounting assembly receptor 1520 may comprise any suitable mechanism for securing a camera mounting assembly to the lighting frame portion 1502 of the lighting frame assembly 1501. In the example illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B, the mounting assembly receptor 1520 may comprise a raised, slightly tapered cylindrical housing, defining a hollow cylindrical chamber in which the camera mounting assembly may be fitted. If the lighting frame portion 1502 is formed of plastic, for example, then the mounting assembly receptor 1520 may be formed through an injection molding process. FIG. 18 depicts an example of a portion of a camera mounting assembly 1801 as may be affixed to the lighting frame portion 1502 using the mounting assembly receptor 1520. The camera mounting assembly 1801 in FIG. 18 comprises an elongated rod or arm 1832, at the end of which is affixed an attachment member 1835 having a generally circular body portion with two wing-like protruding tabs 1838. The tabs 1838 may be fitted into two corresponding indentations 1524 in the ring-shaped top surface of the cylindrical housing of the mounting assembly receptor 1520. The camera mounting assembly 1801 may then be twisted in a clockwise direction to cause the tabs 1838 to slide through the slits adjacent to the indentations 1524 in the mounting assembly receptor 1520, allowing the camera mounting assembly 1801 to be slid downward, then twisted in a counter-clockwise direction and locked into place in the mounting assembly receptor 1520. The camera mounting assembly 1801 may be disengaged from the lighting frame portion 1501 by manually applying pressure to release the locking tabs and twisting the camera mounting assembly 1801 in the opposite (i.e., clockwise in this example) direction from that originally used to bring it into a locking

13CA 02385646 2002-05-09 position. The camera mounting assembly 1801 may then be raised upwards and twisted in a counter-clockwise direction to cause the tabs 1838 to slide back through the slits adjacent to the indentations 1524 in the mounting assembly receptor 1520, thereby completely releasing the camera mounting assembly 1801.

[0060] A variety of other means may alternatively be used to affix a camera mounting assembly to the lighting frame portion 1502, but the mechanism used in the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 15A and 15B has the advantage of not requiring additional pieces (such as screws), and being relatively simple and quick to use.

[0061] A main purpose of the camera mounting assembly 1801 is to allow the lighting frame assembly to be secured to a camera or other image capture device, thus providing even lighting from all directions surrounding the camera or other image capture device, and allowing, for example, the lighting frame assembly to follow the motion of the camera or other image capture device as it is moved. An example of additional components allowing the camera mounting assembly 1801 to be secured to a camera are shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B. In particular, FIGS. 19A and 19B depict two halves 1902, 1912 of a camera clamp which may be joined together and attached to the elongated rod or arm 1832 of the camera mounting assembly 1801, arriving at a complete camera mounting assembly such as illustrated in FIG. 3 (i.e., camera mounting assembly 330) or, in more detail, in FIG. 22. The rectangular openings 1903, 1913 in the two halves 1902 and 1912, respectively, of the camera clamp allow it to be slid onto the elongated rod or arm 1832. A spring-loaded retention clip, as shown in FIG. 20, may be used to help secure the camera claomp to the elongated rod or arm 1832. In alternative embodiments, the camera clamp (comprising the combination of two halves 1902, 1912) may be permanently affixed and/or integrally formed with the elongated rod or arm 1832.

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[0062] An attachment member, such as pre-molded clamping member 1916 shown in FIG. 19B, may be used to slide onto an appropriate feature of the camera (such as a Panavision® type motion picture camera), e.g., a rod or other feature of the camera. Other types of attachment members may be used, depending upon the particular nature of the camera or other image capture device. The camera mounting assembly 1801, in conjunction with the preferred camera clamp illustrated in FIGS. 19A and 19B, thereby allow a lighting frame assembly to be secured to a camera or other image capture device.

[0063] FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating one technique for attaching a camera mounting assembly to a lighting frame. As shown in FIG. 23, a lighting frame 1302 may comprise a mounting assembly receptor 1320, similar to as described with respect to FIG. 3 and FIGS. 15A-15B, for example. In connection with attaching a camera mounting assembly 2328, a spring 2305 is first positioned in the mounting assembly receptor 2320, atop of which is then placed a plunger 2308 (such as illustrated in FIG. 21). Then, the camera mounting assembly 2328 is attached, by, e.g., inserting the attachment member into the mounting assembly receptor 2320. In essence, the application of the attachment member to the mounting assembly receptor 2320 may be viewed analogously to inserting and twisting a “key” in a keyhole. The spring 2305 effectively locks the camera mounting assembly 2328 in place against the back “keyplate” surrounding the keyhole, thus allowing the camera mounting assembly 2328 to be “twist-locked” into place. The assembly structure shown in FIG. 23 allows relatively easy attachment and detachment of the camera mounting assembly 2328. Other attachment techniques may also be used.

[0064] Another embodiment of a camera mounting assembly, as may be used to attach a lighting frame to a camera or other image capture device, is illustrated in FIG. 27, and various components thereof are illustrated individually in FIGS. 24, 25 and 26. With reference first to FIG. 24, two halves

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2415, 2418 of a camera clamp may be joined together to form a main camera clamp body, the two halves 2415, 2418 may be secured together by screws or any other suitable fastening means. A slot in the camera clamp body may be provided to allow placement of a thumbwheel 2604 (illustrated in FIG. 26) which allows tightening of a clamping member 2437. Several holes 2430 are provided in camera clamp portion 2415, which receive corresponding protrusions 2511 from an attachment member 2501, illustrated in FIG. 25, which has a generally circular body portion 2519 with two wing-like protruding tabs 2586. The completed camera mounting assembly 2701 appears as in FIG. 27.

[0065] The tabs 2586 of the camera mounting assembly 2701 shown in FIG. 27 may be fitted into the two corresponding indentations 1524 in the ringshaped top surface of the cylindrical housing of the mounting assembly receptor 1520 shown in FIG. 15, as described previously with respect to the FIG. 22 camera mounting assembly. As before, the camera mounting assembly may be twisted in a clockwise direction to cause the tabs 2586 to slide through the slits adjacent to the indentations 1524 in the mounting assembly receptor 1520, allowing the camera mounting assembly 2701 to be slid downward, then twisted in a counter-clockwise direction and locked into place in the mounting assembly receptor 1520. The camera mounting assembly 2701 may be disengaged from the lighting frame portion 1501 by manually applying pressure to release the locking tabs and twisting the camera mounting assembly 2701 in the opposite (i.e., clockwise in this example) direction from that originally used to bring it into a locking position. The camera mounting assembly 2701 may then be raised upwards and twisted in a counter-clockwise direction to cause the tabs 2586 to slide back through the slits adjacent to the indentations 1524 in the mounting assembly receptor 1520, thereby completely releasing the camera mounting assembly 2701.

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[0066] As noted previously, a variety of other means may alternatively be used to affix a camera mounting assembly 2701 of FIG. 27 to the lighting frame portion 1502.

[0067] As with the camera mounting assembly 1801 shown in FIG. 18, the camera mounting assembly of FIG. 27 functions to allow a lighting frame assembly to be secured to a camera or other image capture device, thus allowing, for example, the lighting frame assembly to follow the motion of the camera or other image capture device as it is moved. An attachment member, such as pre-molded clamping member 2437 shown in FIG. 24, may be used to slide onto an appropriate feature, such as a rod or other feature, of the camera (for example, an Arri® type motion picture camera).

[0068] FIG. 28 and 29 are diagrams of alternative embodiments of camera mounting assemblies having certain integral components. FIG. 28 illustrates a camera mounting assembly 2801 as may be used, for example, to secure a lighting frame to a Panavision® type camera. As shown in FIG. 28, an attachment member 2838 (or “key”) connects with, and integrally attaches to, a camera clamp plate 2802, in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 18, but eliminating the elongated rod or arm shown therein. A pair of cylindricallyshaped lock lever “screws” 2851,2852 enable the camera mounting assembly 2801 to attach to an appropriate feature of the camera. Lock levers 2855, 2856 connected to each of the lock lever screws 2851, 2852 can be flipped (e.g., a quarter turn) in order to lock the screws 2851, 2852 into place, thus securing the camera mounting assembly 2801 to the camera. The lock lever screws 2851, 2852 can be flipped the opposite direction to unlock the screws 2851, 2852 and thereby release the camera mounting assembly 2801 from the camera.

[0069] FIG. 29 illustrates a camera mounting assembly 2901 as may be used, for example, to secure a lighting frame to an Arri® type camera. As shown in FIG. 29, an attachment member 2938 (or “key”) connects with, and attaches to, a camera clamp plate 2902, by way of, e.g., screws 2940. A

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CA 02385646 2002-05-09 cylindrically-shaped lock lever screw 2951 enables the camera mounting assembly 2901 to attach to an appropriate feature of the camera. A lock lever 2855 connected to the lock lever screw 2851 can be flipped (e.g., a quarter turn) in order to lock the screw 2851 into place, thus securing the camera mounting assembly 2901 to the camera. The lock lever screw 2851 can be flipped the opposite direction to unlock the screw 2851 and thereby release the camera mounting assembly 2901 from the camera.

[0070] Additional details of the particular lighting frame portion 1501 of FIGS. 15A and 15B are illustrated in FIGS. 16A through 16E. FIGS. 16A and 16B, for example, are diagrams showing an oblique view and a top view, respectively, of the backside of the lighting frame portion 1501 illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B. In FIGS. 16A and 16B can more clearly be seen, for example, the interior locking tabs 1567 and exterior locking tabs 1564 that can be used to secure the lighting frame portion 1501 to its corresponding half, as previously described with respect to FIG. 15C. In FIG. 16C is depicted a close-up illustration of the backside of the mounting assembly receptor 1520 and electrical socket 1515 illustrated from the opposite side in FIGS. 15A and 15B. In FIGS. 16D and 16E can be seen additional details of both the mounting assembly receptor 1520 (FIG. 16D) and the interior locking tabs 1567 and exterior locking tabs 1564. As shown in FIGS. 16D and 16E, the interior locking tabs 1567 may include a protruding locking member 1570 for securing the lighting frame portion 1501 to its counterpart by, e.g., snapping it into place, and the exterior locking tabs 1564 may likewise include protruding locking members 1568 having a similar function. The frame wall 1562 between the two nearby exterior locking tabs 1564 may be reinforced with a supporting rib 1569, to provide added counter-force when the lighting frame assembly is put together.

[0071] The camera mounting assemblies shown in FIGS. 18, 23, 27, 28 and 29 are merely examples of camera mounting assemblies that may be utilized in various embodiments described herein. Other camera mounting

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CA 02385646 2002-05-09 assemblies may be specifically adapted to the particular camera of interest. The mounting assembly receptor 320 (or 1520) may in one aspect be viewed as a universal receptor, allowing different camera mounting assemblies to be connected to the lighting frame, provided that they are compatible with the mounting assembly receptor (such as the example shown in FIGS. 15A-15BB and elsewhere). A single lighting frame may thus be used with any of a variety of different cameras or other image capture devices. Although examples have been explained with respect to certain camera types (that is, a Panavision® camera or an Arri® camera), the camera may be of any type, whether for film or still photograph, and may be based upon either analog or digital imaging techniques. Moreover, while preferred dimensions are illustrated in some of the figures, the mounting assemblies and components thereof may be of any appropriate size and shape.

[0072] Further description will now be provided concerning various preferred light elements as may be used in connection with one or more embodiments as disclosed herein. While generally discussed with reference to FIG. 3, the various light elements described below may be used in other embodiments as well. When embodied as LEDs, the low power lamps 305 typically will emit light at approximately 7400-7500K degrees when at full intensity, which is white light approximating daylight conditions. However, LEDs of a different color, or one or more different colors in combination, may also be used. FIG. 9 is an energy spectrum graph showing a typical frequency distribution (in terms of light wavelength) of light output from whitelight, low voltage LEDs, and illustrating a main peak at about 600 nanometers. A color correction mechanism, such as a color correction gel or lens filter, may be used to alter the color of the LED light. For example, the LED light could be converted to “Tungsten daylight (similar in hue to an incandescent bulb) by use of a color gel or colored lens. A diffusion lens or filter may also be used, by itself or in conjunction with a color gel or colored lens, to diffuse or soften the outgoing light. A diffusion lens or filter may be formed of, e.g.,

19·

CA 02385646 2002-05-09 clear or white opaque plastic, and may be configured in a ring-shaped pattern of similar dimension to the light frame 302 to facilitate mounting thereon. FIG. 17, for example, shows a diagram of an opaque, ring-shaped cover 1701 as may be used in connection with the lighting frame assembly depicted in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4.

[0073] FIG. 7 is a more detailed diagram of a light segment 792 (e.g., an array) as may be used, for example, in connection with the lighting frame 302 shown in FIG. 4. The light segment 792 may correspond to each of the individual light segments 306 shown in FIG. 4, and the various light elements (i.e., LEDs) 790 in FIG. 7 may correspond to the individual low power lamps 305 shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 7 illustrates a straight row of LEDs 790 as may comprise the lighting segment 790. Although fifteen LEDs 790 are illustrated in the example shown in FIG. 7, any number of LEDs 790 may be used, subject to physical space limitations and lighting intensity requirements. In addition, a set of filtering lenses 794 (which are preferably formed as a single, collective lens comprised of individual lens elements 795 connected together) may be placed over the light segment 792 as shown, such that each lens element 795 is positioned in the light path of one of the LEDs 790. The overall effect can be, for example, to focus or spread the light according to a specifically desired pattern, such as the exemplary light pattern 796 shown in FIG. 7. A variety of other light filtering techniques may also be used.

[0074] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the effect of a filtering lens element (e.g., wave guide) 876 on an individual light element (e.g., LED) 872. As shown in FIG. 8, light 874 emanates from the LED 872 in a generally even pattern, but can be focused or otherwise filtered by the filtering lens element 876. FIG. 7 illustrates an example of collectively filtering all of the LEDs 790 of the light segment 792.

[0075] Returning now to the general diagram of a lighting effects system 201 illustrated in FIG. 2 (although the following comments will apply to various other embodiments such as the lighting frame assembly shown in

20·

CA 02385646 2002-05-09

FIGS. 3 and 4), the LEDs or other low power lamps 205 may be operated at a standard direct current (DC) voltage level, such as, e.g., 12 volts or 24 volts, and may be powered by a power source 210 controlled by a power controller 212 such as generally shown in FIG. 2. The power source 210 can generally comprise a standard electrical outlet (i.e., nominal 110 volt AC power line), although in various embodiments the power source 210 could also be a battery having sufficient current to drive the LEDs or other low power lamps 205. In some embodiments, the power controller 212 may be omitted, and the lighting frame 202 may be connected directly to the power source 210.

[0076] Block diagrams of two different types of power controllers 212 as may be used in various embodiments as described herein are illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B, respectively. With reference to FIG. 10A, a first type of power controller 1012 has an input for receiving an AC power source 1003, and outputs a plurality of power wires 1047 preferably through a cable (e.g., cable 213 shown in FIG. 2) for connection to the lighting frame 202. The power controller 1012 may further comprise a power converter 1020, the nature of which depends upon the type of power source 210. If the power source is an AC source, the power converter 1020 may comprise an AC-toDC converter and appropriate step-down power conversion circuitry (e.g., a step-down transformer). On the other hand, if the power source is a DC source (e.g., a battery), the power converter 1020 may comprise a DC-to-DC converter, if necessary. The design and construction of power converters is well known in the field of electrical engineering, and therefore is not be described herein in detail.

[0077] The power converter 1020 is preferably connected to a plurality of switches 1022, which may be solid state devices (e.g., transistors) or analog devices (e.g., relays), each switch controlling power delivered by the power converter 1020 to one of the wires 1047 output by the power controller

1012. A switch selector 1042 controls the on/off state each switch (or group) in the set of switches 1022. A manual interface 1030 is provided to allow •21

CA 02385646 2002-05-09 operation of the switches 1022 according to manual selection. The manual interface 1030 may include a master power switch 1031, switch controls 1032, and, optionally, an effects selector 1033. The switch controls 1032 may include an individual manual switch, button or other selection means for each individual switch provided in the set of switches 1022, or else may comprise a control mechanism (such as knob or reduced number of manual switches, buttons or other selection means) for selecting groups of switches 1022 according to predesignated arrangements. As but one example, assuming a light arrangement such as shown in FIG. 4, a knob provided as part of the switch controls 1032 could have a first setting to select all of the light segments 306, a second setting to select every other light segment 306, and a third setting to select every fourth light segment 306, thus providing options of 100%, 50% and 25% total light output. The switch selector 1042 would then convert each knob setting to a set of control signals to the appropriate switches 1022, which in turn would control power to the wires 1047 supplying power to the light segments 306.

[0078] As another example, the switch controls 1032 could include an individual manual switch, button or other selection means for each light segment 306 or group of light segments 306 in the lighting arrangement.

[0079] An effects generator 1043 may optionally be included in the power controller 1012, along with an effects selector 1033 which forms part of the manual interface 1030. The effects generator 1043 may provide the ability to create various lighting effects, such as, e.g., dimming, strobing, pulsation, or pattern generation. The effects selector 1043 may affect all of the switches 1022 simultaneously, or else may affect individual switches or groups of switches 1022, depending upon the desired complexity of the lighting effects. Dimming may be accomplished, for example, through a manual control knob or multi-position switch on the effects selector 1033. The dimming control may be electronically implemented, for example, in an analog fashion through a variable resistive element, or in a digital fashion by

-22CA 02385646 2002-05-09 detecting the selected manual setting and converting it to selecting power setting through, e.g., selected resistive elements in a resistive ladder circuit. Where the switches 1022 are implemented, for example, as controllable variable amplifiers, the selectable resistance may be used to control the output of each amplifier and thereby the light output by the amplifier’s respective light segment 306 (or group of light segments 306). In other embodiments, the dimming control may optionally be applied to the output of switches 1022. Where dimming control is applied collectively, it may be implemented by applying the selected dimming control level to the incoming signal from the power converter 1020, which is supplied to all of the switches 1022 collectively. Other variations for implementing dimming control are also possible and will be apparent to those skilled in the art of electrical engineering.

[0080] Strobing may be accomplished by generating an oscillating signal and applying it as a control signal either upstream or downstream from the switch selector 1042. The frequency of oscillation may be selectable via a manual knob, switch or other selection means as part of the effects selector 1033.

[0081] Pattern generation may be accomplished by, e.g., manual selection from a number of predefined patterns, or else through an interface allowing different pattern sequencing. Patterns may include, for example, strobing or flashing different groups of light segments 306 (given the example of FIG. 3) in a predefined sequence (which may be a pseudo-random sequence, if desired), strobing or flashing different low power lamps 305 of the light segments 306 in a predefined (or pseudo-random) sequence, gradually dimming or brightening the light segments 306 (individually, in groups, or collectively), or various combinations of these effects.

[0082] Alternatively, rather than providing a separate effects selector 1033, certain effects may be combined with the switch controls 1032. For example, a dimmer switch (knob) could be used to both activate a light

-23·

CA 02385646 2002-05-09 segment 306, or group of light segments 306, and also control light output via rotation of the dimmer switch (knob).

[0083] FIG. 10B is a block diagram showing another example of a power controller 1052 as may be used, for example, in the lighting effects system 200 of FIG. 2 or other embodiments described herein. Like the power controller 1012 shown in FIG. 10A, the power controller 1052 shown in FIG. 10B includes a power source input 1053 connected to a power converter 1060. It further includes a set of switches 1062 receiving power from the power converter 1060, and providing power to individual wires 1097 which are conveyed, preferably by cable, to the lighting frame assembly 201 of the lighting effects system 200. The power controller 1052 also includes a switch selector 1072, which may comprise, for example, a set of registers which provide digital signals to the switches 1062 to control their on/off state.

[0084] The power controller 1052 includes a processor 1074 which may be programmed to provide various lighting effects by manipulating the switch selector 1072 (for example, by changing values in registers which control the on/off states of the switches 1062). The processor 1074 may interface with a memory 1075, which may comprise a volatile or random-access memory (RAM) portion and a non-volatile portion (which may comprise, e.g., ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and/or flash-programmable ROM), the latter of which may contain programming instructions for causing the processor 1074 to execute various functions. The memory 1075 may be loaded through an I/O port 1076, which may include an electrical serial or parallel interface, and/or an infrared (IR) reader and/or bar code scanner for obtaining digital information according to techniques well known in the field of electrical engineering and/or electro-optics. An interface 1080 may also be provided for programming or otherwise interfacing with the processor 1074, or manually selecting various lighting effects options through selectable knobs, switches or other selection means, as generally explained previously with respect to FIG. 10A. The processor-based control system illustrated in FIG. 10B may also

-24CA 02385646 2002-05-09 include other features and components which are generally present in a computer system.

[0085] In operation, the processor 1074 reads instructions from the memory 1075 and executes them in a conventional manner. The instructions will generally cause the processor 1074 to control the switch selector by, e.g., setting various digital values in registers whose outputs control the switches 1062. The programming instructions may also provide for various lighting effects, such as dimming, strobing, pulsation, or pattern generation, for example. To accomplish dimming, the processor 1074 may be programmed select binary-encoded values to load into registers of the switch selector 1072, which in turn select a variable resistance value which controls the output from each individual or group of switches 1062. To accomplish strobing, the processor 1074 may be programmed to turn the switches 1062 on and off according to a predesignated pattern dictated by the programming instructions. The processor 1074 may make use of one or more electronic timers to provide timing between on and off events. The programming instructions may provide that the switches 1062 are turned on and off according to designated sequences, thus allowing the capability of pattern generation via the processor 1074. As mentioned before, patterns may include, for example, strobing or flashing different groups of light segments 306 (given the example of FIG. 3) in a predefined (or pseudo-random) sequence, strobing or flashing different low power lamps 305 of the light segments 306 in a predefined (or pseudo-random) sequence, gradually dimming or brightening the light segments 306 (individually, in groups, or collectively), or various combinations of these effects.

[0086] Although the lighting frame 302 and lighting arrangement illustrated in FIG. 3 provides various advantages, other lighting frames and other lighting arrangements may also be used in a lighting effects system, and may be employed in connection with various techniques as described herein.

•25·

CA 02385646 2002-05-09

[0087] Another embodiment of a lighting frame 1101, for example, is illustrated in FIG. 11. The lighting frame 1101 shown in FIG. 11 may be used in connection with a lighting effects system 201 such as shown in and previously described with respect to FIG. 2, and may be constructed according to general principles described previously with respect to FIGS. 15A-15C and 16A-16E. As shown in FIG. 11, a lighting frame 1101 is generally ring-shaped and has an opening 1107 through which a camera or other image capture device can view. On the lighting frame 1101 may be mounted a plurality of lamps 1112. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, the lamps 1112 may be embodied as slim, narrow fluorescent “cold cathode” tubes with an internal phosphorous coating emitting visible light of certain wavelength (for example, a color temperature of around 3200 deg. K or 5500 deg. K, both of which temperatures are commonly used in film and photography applications). FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating an example of a spectral distribution of light (in terms of light wavelength) in accordance with such a lighting effects system. The lamps 1112 are preferably oriented as illustrated in FIG. 11 - that is, in a radial pattern, emanating from a centerpoint 1119 of the opening 1107 in the middle of the lighting frame 1101. Where embodied as cold cathode tubes, the lamps 1112 may be of any suitable size, such as, e.g., 3 to 10 millimeters in diameter and 25 to 250 millimeters in length.

[0088] Preferably, the lamps 1112 are controllable such that they can produce higher intensity or lower intensity light, and/or can be turned on or off in selected groups to adjust the overall light level provided by the lighting system. One possible means for controlling the light intensity of lamps 1112 is illustrated in FIG. 13. As shown therein, a light control system 1301 includes a selector switch 1310 which has a plurality of settings 1312, each of the settings 1312, in this example, providing a different combination of lamps 1112 (shown as elements 1322 in FIG. 13). By way of illustration, a first setting may illuminate all of the lamps 1322; a second setting may illuminate

-26·

CA 02385646 2002-05-09 every other lamp 1322; and a third setting may illuminate every fourth lamp 1322, in each case providing a relatively even distribution of light but of a different overall intensity. For example, if 24 lamps were used, then the first setting would illuminate all 24 lamps, the second setting would illuminate 12 of the 24 lamps, and the third setting would illuminate six of the 24 lamps. The settings may correspond to any desired combination of lamps 1112. For example, each setting may be designed to control an equal number of lamps 1112, but in a different combination. The settings may be selected by any type of analog or digital input means (e.g., a manual knob, a set of switches or buttons, or a programmable interface), and any number of settings or programmable patterns may be offered.

[0089] Power for the lighting control system 1301 may be supplied by a battery 1305, which may have a voltage rating of, e.g., 12 volts. The battery 1305 may be rechargeable in nature. Alternatively, or in addition, power may be provided from an alternating current (AC) source, such as a standard 120 volt electrical outlet, connected to an AC-to-DC power converter. The output of the battery 1305 may be controlled by a dimmer switch (not shown), to allow the light intensity level of lamps 1312 to be reduced. Alternatively, or in addition, dimming and/or pulsing can be controlled through a pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit 1317. A first control means (e.g., a manual switch or knob, or programmable interface) (not shown) may be provided for dimming the lamps 1322. For example, a manual knob may control the conductance of a variable resistor, thus allowing more power or less power to reach the lamps 1322. In this way, the selected lamps 1322 may be brightened or dimmed, down to around 20% of their total light output. The PWM circuit 1317 may also, through a second control means (e.g., a manual switch or knob, or a programmable interface) allow pulsing of the light (i.e., a strobing effect) by adjustment of a pulse width modulation frequency. For example, a manual knob may control a variable resistive element, which in turn controls the width of pulses being generated by the PWM circuit 1317.

27·

CA 02385646 2002-05-09

Various techniques for generating pulses of different widths using a variable resistive element to control the selection of the width are well known in the electrical arts.

[0090] Energy is preferably delivered to the various lamps 1322 in FIG. 13 through a plurality of high frequency (HF) ballasts 1325, which are capable of converting low DC voltage of the battery 1305 to high DC voltage (e.g., 800 to 1500 volts) for starting the lamp, and mid-level voltage (e.g., 170 to 250 volts) for sustaining lamp operation. Other techniques may also be used to deliver energy to the lamps 1322.

[0091] While shown in a radial pattern in FIG. 13, the lamps 1322 (e.g., fluorescent tubes) may also be arranged in other patterns, such as patterns similar to those depicted, for example, in FIGS. 30A, 30B and 30C.

[0092] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating various options and accessories as may be used in connection with the lighting assembly frame depicted in FIG. 11. As shown in FIG. 12, the lighting frame 1101 may be augmented with a diffusion filter 1205 and/or a color filter 1215, which may, if desired, be secured into place through a clear plastic cover 1218 which locks or snaps onto the lighting frame 1101. Similar accessories may be utilized, for example, in connection with the lighting frame 302 illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. [0093] It will be appreciated that, in various embodiments, a flexible, lightweight and functional lighting effects system is provided, whereby relatively uniform light may be used in illumination of a subject or area. The lighting effects system may, in various embodiments, allow a lighting frame to be secured to a camera or other image capture device, so as to permit the lighting system to be mobile and move in tandem with the camera or other image capture device, if desired. Also, in various embodiments, the lighting effects system may provide a variety of lighting patterns, including programmable patterns by which individual or groups of lights can be controlled for different lighting effects.

•28·

CA 02385646 2002-05-09

[0094] In various alternative embodiments, the lighting frame need not be ring-shaped in nature, as shown in FIG. 3 and 4, for example, but could have other shapes as well. For example, the lighting frame may be square, hexagonal, octagonal, or other polygonal, or could, for instance, have a partially polygonal shape. Preferably, the lighting frame is relatively thin, as compared to its overall size, although it need not be. Also, the lighting frame preferably has a hole generally centered therein to allow a camera or other image capture device to view through the frame, although in some embodiments a viewing hole may not be present. The lighting frame is preferably made of a lightweight, durable material such as plastic and/or lightweight metal (e.g., aluminum), optionally anodized, although in various embodiments it can be made of other materials as well, including any type of metal, wood, plastic, or combination thereof.

[0095] Other variations may pertain to the manner of attaching the lighting frame to a camera or other image capture device. Rather than using a single mounting bracket or assembly, for example, multiple mounting brackets or assemblies may be used. Also, the mounting bracket or assembly may be permanently attached or affixed to the lighting frame, and may be, for example, retractable or foldable for convenience of transportation.

[0096] While preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein, many variations are possible which remain within the concept and scope of the invention. Such variations would become clear to one of ordinary skill in the art after inspection of the specification and the drawings. The invention therefore is not to be restricted except within the spirit and scope of any appended claims.