A device for purifying the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine

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- 1 DESCRIPTION

A DEVICE FOR PURIFYING THE EXHAUST GAS

OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a device for purifying the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine.

BACKGROUND ART

The exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine and, particularly, of a diesel engine, contains particulates comprising carbon as a chief component. Particulates are harmful materials and thus it has been suggested that a particulate filter should be arranged in the exhaust system to trap particulates before they are emitted into the atmosphere. In such a particulate filter, the trapped particulates must be burned and removed to prevent resistance to the exhaust gas from increasing due to the blocked meshes.

in such a regeneration of the particulate filter, if the temperature of the particulates becomes about 600 degrees C, they ignite and burn. However, usually, the temperature of an exhaust gas of a diesel engine is considerably lower than 600 degrees C and thus a heating means is required to heat the particulate filter itself.

Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 7-106290 discloses that if one of the platinum group metals and one of the oxides of an alkali earth metal are carried on the filter, the particulates on the filter burn and are removed successively at about 400 degrees C. 400 degrees C is a typical temperature of the exhaust gas of a diesel engine.

However, when the above-mentioned filter is used, the temperature of the exhaust gas is not always about 400 degrees C. Further, a large amount of particulates can be discharged from the engine according to an engine

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- 2 operating condition. Thus, particulates that cannot be burned and removed each time can deposit on the filter.

In this filter, if a certain amount of particulates deposits on the filter, the ability to burn and remove particulates drops so much that the filter cannot be regenerated by itself. Thus, if such a filter is merely arranged in the exhaust system, the blocking of the filter meshes can occur relative quickly and thus the engine output can drop.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a device, for purifying the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, which can oxidize and remove the trapped particulates on the particulate filter and can prevent blocking of the particulate filter meshes.

According to the present invention, there is provided a device for purifying the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine comprising a particulate filter arranged in the exhaust system and a reversing means for reversing the exhaust gas upstream side and the exhaust gas downstream side of the particulate filter, wherein the trapped particulates are oxidized on the particulate filter, the particulate filter has a trapping wall for trapping the particulates, the trapping wall has a first trapping surface and a second trapping surface, and the reversing means reverses the exhaust gas upstream side and the downstream side of the particulate filter so that the first trapping surface and the second trapping surface are used alternately to trap the particulates.

Further, according to the present invention, there is provided another device for purifying the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine comprising a particulate filter arranged in the exhaust system and a reversing means for reversing the exhaust gas upstream side and the exhaust gas downstream side of the particulate filter, wherein the particulate filter carries an active-oxygen releasing agent, active-oxygen released from the activeCA 02374752 2001-11-26

- 3 oxygen releasing agent oxidizes the trapped particulates on the particulate filter, the active-oxygen releasing agent holds N0_x to combine the N0_x with oxygen when excessive oxygen is present in the surroundings and releases to decompose the combined NO_X and oxygen into N0_x and active-oxygen when the oxygen concentration in the surroundings drops, the particulate filter has a trapping wall for trapping the particulates, the trapping wall has a first trapping surface and a second trapping surface, the reversing means reverses the exhaust gas upstream side and the downstream side of the particulate filter so that the first trapping surface and the second trapping surface are used alternately to trap the particulates, and the oxygen concentration in the surroundings is sometimes made to drop.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is a schematic vertical sectional view of a diesel engine with a device for purifying the exhaust gas according to the present invention;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged vertical sectional view of the combustion chamber of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a bottom view of the cylinder-head of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a side sectional view of the combustion chamber ;

Fig. 5 is a view showing the relationship between the amount of lift of the intake valve and the exhaust valve and the fuel injection;

Fig. 6 is a view showing the amounts of produced smoke, NO_X, and the like;

Fig. 7(A) is a view showing the change in the combustion pressure when the amount of produced smoke is the greatest near an air-fuel ratio of 21;

Fig. 7(B) is a view showing the change in the combustion pressure when the amount of produced smoke is substantially zero near an air-fuel ratio of 18;

Fig. 8 is a view showing the fuel molecules;

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Fig. 9 is a view showing the relationship between the amount of produced N0_x and the EGR rate;

Fig. 10 is a view showing the relationship between the amount of injected fuel and the amount of mixed gas;

Fig. 11 is a view showing the first operating region (I) and the second operating region (II);

Fig. 12 is a view showing the output of the air-fuel ratio sensor;

Fig. 13 is a view showing the opening degree of the throttle valve and the like;

Fig. 14 is a view showing the air-fuel ratio in the first operating region (I);

Fig. 15(A) is a view showing the target opening degree of the throttle valve;

Fig. 15(B) is a view showing the target opening degree of the EGR control valve;

Fig. 16 is a view showing the air-fuel ratio in the second operating region (II);

Fig. 17(A) is a view showing the target opening degree of the throttle valve;

Fig. 17(B) is a view showing the target opening degree of the EGR control valve;

Fig. 18 is a plan view showing near the changeover portion and the particulate filter in the exhaust system;

Fig. 19 is a side view of Fig. 18;

Fig. 20 is a view showing the other shut-off position of the valve body in the changeover portion that is different from that in Fig. 18;

Fig. 21(A) is a front view showing the structure of the particulate filter;

Fig. 21(B) is a side sectional view showing the structure of the particulate filter;

Figs. 22(A) and 22(B) are views explaining the oxidizing action of the particulates;

Fig. 23 is a view showing the relationship between the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed and the temperature of the particulate filter;

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- 5 Figs. 24(A), 24(B), and 24(C) are views explaining the depositing action of the particulates;

Fig. 25 is a first flowchart for preventing the deposition of the particulates on the particulate filter;

Figs. 26(A) and 26(B) are enlarged sectional views of the partition wall of the particulate filter with the residual particulates;

Fig. 27 is a second flowchart for preventing the deposition of the particulates on the particulate filter;

Fig. 28 is a third flowchart for preventing the deposition of the particulates on the particulate filter;

Fig. 29 is a graph showing temperature at each portion of the particulate filter;

Fig. 30 is a fourth flowchart for preventing the deposition of the particulates on the particulate filter;

Fig. 31 is a view showing the position of the valve body while the valve body is changed over from one of the two shut-off positions to the other; and

Fig. 32 is a fifth flowchart for preventing the deposition of the particulates on the particulate filter.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Fig. 1 is a schematic vertical sectional view of a four-stroke diesel engine with a device for purifying the exhaust gas according to the present invention. Fig. 2 is an enlarged vertical sectional view of a combustion chamber of the diesel engine of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a bottom view of a cylinder-head of the diesel engine of Fig. 1. Referring Figs. 1-3, reference numeral 1 designates an engine body, reference numeral 2 designates a cylinder-block, reference numeral 3 designates a cylinder-head, reference numeral 4 designates a piston, reference numeral 5a designatès a cavity formed on the top surface of piston 4, reference numeral 5 designates a combustion chamber formed in the cavity 5a, reference numeral 6 designates an electrically controlled fuel injector, reference numeral 7 designates a pair of intake valves, reference numeral 8 designates an intake port,

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- 6 reference numeral 9 designates a pair of exhaust valves, and reference numeral 10 designates an exhaust port. The intake port 8 is connected to a surge tank 12 via a corresponding intake tube 11. The surge tank 12 is connected to an air-cleaner 14 via an intake duct 13. A throttle valve 16 driven by an electric motor 15 is arranged in the intake duct 13. On the other hand, the exhaust port 10 is connected to an exhaust manifold 17.

As shown in Fig. 1, an air-fuel ratio sensor 21 is arranged in the exhaust manifold 17. The exhaust manifold 17 and the surge tank 12 are connected with each other via an EGR passage 22. An electrically controlled EGR control valve 23 is arranged in the EGR passage 22.

An EGR cooler 24 is arranged around the EGR passage 22 to cool the EGR gas flowing in the EGR passage 22. In the embodiment of Fig. 1, the engine cooling water is led into the EGR cooler 24 and thus the EGR gas is cooled by the engine cooling water.

On the other hand, each fuel injector 6 is connected to the fuel reservoir, that is, a common rail 26 via a fuel supply tube 25. Fuel is supplied to the common rail 26 from an electrically controlled variable discharge fuel pump 27. Fuel supplied in the common rail 26 is supplied to the fuel injector 6 via each fuel supply tube 25. A fuel pressure sensor 28 for detecting a fuel pressure in the common rail 26 is attached to the common rail 26. The discharge amount of the fuel pump 27 is controlled on the basis of an output signal of the fuel pressure sensor 28 such that the fuel pressure in the common rail 26 becomes the target fuel pressure.

Reference numeral 30 designates an electronic control unit. The output signals of the air-fuel sensor 21 and the fuel pressure sensor 28 are input thereto. An engine load sensor 41 is connected to the accelerator pedal 40, which generates an output voltage proportional to the amount of depression (L) of the accelerator pedal 40. The output signal of the engine

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- Ί load sensor 41 is also input to the electronic control unit. Further, the output signal of a crank angle sensor 42 for generating an output pulse each time the crankshaft rotates by, for example, 30 degrees is also input thereto. Thus, the electronic control unit 30 actuates the fuel injector 6, the electronic motor 15, the EGR control valve 23, and the fuel pump 27 on the basis of the input signals.

As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, in the embodiment of the present invention, the fuel injector 6 comprises a nozzle having six nozzle holes. Fuel sprays (F) are injected from the nozzle holes in slightly downward direction against a horizontal plane with equal angular intervals. As shown in Fig. 3, two fuel sprays (F) of the six fuel sprays (F) are scattered along the lower surface of each exhaust valve 9. Figs. 2 and 3 show the case where fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke. In this case, the fuel sprays (F) progress toward the inside periphery surface of the cavity 5 and thereafter are ignited and burned.

Fig. 4 shows the case in that additional fuel is injected from the fuel injector 6 when the lifting amount of the exhaust valves 9 is the maximum in the exhaust stroke. That is, Fig. 5 shows the case that the main fuel injection (Qm) is carried out close to the compression top dead center and thereafter the additional fuel injection (Qa) is carried out in the middle stage of the exhaust stroke. In this case, the fuel sprays (F) that progress toward the exhaust valves 9 are directed between the umbrella-like back surface of the exhaust valve 9 and the exhaust port 10. In other words, two nozzle holes, of the six nozzle holes of the fuel injector 6, are formed such that when the exhaust valves 9 are opened and the additional fuel injection (Qa) is carried out, the fuel sprays (F) are directed between the back surface of the exhaust valve 9 and the exhaust port 10. In the embodiment of Fig. 4, these fuel

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- 8 sprays (F) impinge the back surface of the exhaust valve 9 and reflect from the back surface of the exhaust valves 9, and thus are directed into the exhaust port 10.

Usually, the additional fuel injection (Qa) is not carried out, and the main fuel injection (Qm) only is carried out. Fig. 6 indicates an example of an experiment showing the changing in the output torque and the amount of smoke, HC, CO, and NO_X exhausted at that time when changing the air-fuel ratio A/F (abscissa in Fig. 6) by changing the opening degree of the throttle valve 16 and the EGR rate at the time of low engine load operation. As will be understood from Fig. 6, in this experiment, the smaller the air fuel ratio A/F becomes, the larger the EGR rate becomes. When the air-fuel ratio is below the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (nearly equal 14.6), the EGR rate becomes over 65 percent.

As shown in Fig. 6, if the EGR rate is increased to reduce the air-fuel ratio A/F, when the EGR rate becomes close to 40 percent and the air-fuel ratio A/F becomes about 30, the amount of produced smoke starts to increase. Next, when the EGR rate is further increased and the air-fuel ratio A/F is made smaller, the amount of produced smoke sharply increases and peaks. Next, when the EGR rate is further increased and the air-fuel ratio A/F is made smaller, the amount of produced smoke sharply decreases. When the EGR rate is made over 65 percent and the air-fuel ratio A/F becomes close to 15.0, the amount of produced smoke is substantially zero. That is, almost no soot is produced. At this time, the output torque of the engine falls somewhat and the amount of produced NO_Xbecomes considerably lower. On the other hand, at this time, the amounts of produced HC and CO start to increase.

Fig. 7(A) shows the change in combustion pressure in the combustion chamber 5 when the amount of produced smoke is the greatest near an air-fuel ratio A/F of 21. Fig. 7(B) shows the change in combustion pressure in the

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- 9 combustion chamber 5 when the amount of produced smoke is substantially zero near an air-fuel ratio A/F of 18. As will be understood from a comparison of Fig. 7(A) and Fig. 7(B), the combustion pressure is lower in the case shown in Fig. 7(B) where the amount of produced smoke is substantially zero than the case shown in Fig. 7(A) where the amount of produced smoke is large.

The following may be said from the results of the experiment shown in Figs. 6 and 7. That is, first, when the air-fuel ratio A/F is less than 15.0 and the amount of produced smoke is substantially zero, the amount of produced NO_X decreases considerably as shown in Fig. 6. The fact that the amount of produced N0_x decreases means that the combustion temperature in the combustion chamber 5 falls. Therefore, it can be said that when almost no soot is produced, the combustion temperature in the combustion chamber 5 becomes lower. The same fact can be said from Fig. 7. That is, in the state shown in Fig. 7(B) where almost no soot is produced, the combustion pressure becomes lower, therefore the combustion temperature in the combustion chamber 5 becomes lower at this time.

Second, when the amount of produced smoke, that is, the amount of produced soot, becomes substantially zero, as shown in Fig. 6, the amounts of exhausted HC and CO increase. This means that the hydrocarbons are exhausted without changing into soot. That is, the straight chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons contained in the fuel and shown in Fig. 8 decompose when raised in temperature in an oxygen insufficient state resulting in the formation of a precursor of soot. Next, soot mainly composed of solid masses of carbon atoms is produced. In this case, the actual process of production of soot is complicated. How the precursor of soot is formed is not clear, but whatever the case, the hydrocarbons shown in Fig. 8 change to soot through the soot precursor. Therefore, as explained above, when the amount of

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- 10 production of soot becomes substantially zero, the amount of exhaust of HC and CO increases as shown in Fig. 6, but the HC at this time is a soot precursor or in a state of a hydrocarbon before that.

Summarizing these considerations based on the results of the experiments shown in Figs. 6 and 7, when the combustion temperature in the combustion chamber 5 is low, the amount of produced soot becomes substantially zero. At this time, a soot precursor or in a state of hydrocarbons before that is exhausted from the combustion chamber 5. More detailed experiments and studies were conducted. As a result, it was learned that when the temperature of the fuel and the gas around the fuel in the combustion chamber 5 is below a certain temperature, the process of growth of soot stops midway, that is, no soot at all is produced and that when the temperature of the fuel and the gas around the fuel in the combustion chamber 5 becomes higher than the certain temperature, soot is produced.

The temperature of the fuel and the gas around the fuel when the process of growth of hydrocarbons stops in the state of the soot precursor, that is, the above certain temperature, changes depending on various factors such as the type of the fuel, the air-fuel ratio, and the compression ratio, so it cannot be said exactly what it is, but this certain temperature is closely related to the amount of production of NO_X. Therefore, this certain temperature can be defined to a certain degree from the amount of production of N0_x. That is, the greater the EGR rate is, the lower the temperature of the fuel, and the gas around it at the time of combustion, becomes and the lower the amount of produced NO_X becomes. At this time, when the amount of produced N0_x becomes around 10 ppm or less, almost no soot is produced any more. Therefore, the above certain temperature substantially corresponds to the temperature when the amount of produced N0_x becomes around 10 ppm or less.

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- 11 Once soot is produced, it is impossible to purify it by after-treatment using a catalyst having an oxidation function. As opposed to this, a soot precursor or a state of hydrocarbons before that can be easily purified by after-treatment using a catalyst having an oxidation function. Thus, it is extremely effective for the purifying of the exhaust gas that the hydrocarbons are exhausted from the combustion chamber 5 in the form of a soot precursor or in a state before that with the reduction of the amount of produced N0_x.

Now, to stop the growth of hydrocarbons in the state before the production of soot, it is necessary to suppress the temperature of the fuel and the gas around it at the time of combustion in the combustion chamber 5 to a temperature lower than the temperature where soot is produced, in this case, it was learned that the heat absorbing action of the gas around the fuel at the time of combustion of the fuel has an extremely great effect in suppression the temperatures of the fuel and the gas around it.

That is, if only air exists around the fuel, the vaporized fuel will immediately react with the oxygen in the air and burn. In this case, the temperature of the air away from the fuel does not rise so much. Only the temperature around the fuel becomes locally extremely high. That is, at this time, the air away from the fuel does not absorb the heat of combustion of the fuel much at all. In this case, since the combustion temperature becomes extremely high locally, the unburned hydrocarbons receiving the heat of combustion produce soot.

On the other hand, when fuel exists in a mixed gas of a large amount of inert gas and a small amount of air, the situation is somewhat different. In this case, the evaporated fuel disperses in the surroundings and reacts with the oxygen mixed in the inert gas to burn. In this case, the heat of combustion is absorbed by the surrounding inert gas, so the combustion temperature no

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- 12 longer rises so much. That is, the combustion temperature can be kept low. That is, the presence of inert gas plays an important role in the suppression of the combustion temperature. It is possible to keep the combustion temperature low by the heat absorbing action of the inert gas.

In this case, to suppress the temperature of the fuel and the gas around it to a temperature lower than the temperature at which soot is produced, an amount of inert gas sufficient to absorb an amount of heat sufficient for lowering the temperatures is required. Therefore, if the amount of fuel increases, the amount of required inert gas increases with this. Note that, in this case, the larger the specific heat of the inert gas is, the stronger the heat absorbing action becomes. Therefore, a gas with a large specific heat is preferable as the inert gas. In this regard, since C0₂ and EGR gas have relatively large specific heats, it may be said to be preferable to use EGR gas as the inert gas.

Fig. 9 shows the relationship between the EGR rate and smoke when using EGR gas as the inert gas and changing the degree of cooling of the EGR gas. That is, the curve (A) in Fig, 9 shows the case of strongly cooling the EGR gas and maintaining the temperature of the EGR gas at about 90 degrees C, the curve (B) shows the case of cooling the EGR gas by a compact cooling apparatus, and the curve (C) shows the case of not compulsorily cooling the EGR gas.

When strongly cooling the EGR gas as shown by the curve (A) in Fig. 9, the amount of produced soot peaks when the EGR rate is a slightly below 50 percent. In this case, if the EGR rate is made about 55 percent or higher, almost no soot is produced any longer. On the other hand, when the EGR gas is slightly cooled as shown by the curve (B) in Fig. 9, the amount of produced soot peaks when the EGR rate is slightly higher than 50 percent. In this case, if the EGR rate is made above

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- 13 about 65 percent, almost no soot is produced.

Further, when the EGR gas is not forcibly cooled as shown by the curve (C) in Fig. 9, the amount of produced soot peaks near an EGR rate of 55 percent. In this case, if the EGR rate is made over about 70 percent, almost no soot is produced. Note that Fig. 9 shows the amount of produced smoke when the engine load is relatively high. When the engine load becomes smaller, the EGR rate at which the amount of produced soot peaks falls somewhat, and the lower limit of the EGR rate at which almost no soot is produced, also falls somewhat. In this way, the lower limit of the EGR rate at which almost no soot is produced changes in accordance with the degree of cooling of the EGR gas or the engine load.

Fig. 10 shows the amount of mixed gas of EGR gas and air, the ratio of air in the mixed gas, and the ratio of EGR gas in the mixed gas, required to make the temperature of the fuel and the gas around it, at the time of combustion, a temperature lower than the temperature at which soot is produced in the case of the use of EGR gas as an inert gas. Note that, in Fig. 10, the ordinate shows the total amount of suction gas taken into the combustion chamber 5. The broken line (Y) shows the total amount of suction gas able to be taken into the combustion chamber 5 when supercharging is not being performed. Further, the abscissa shows the required load. (Zl) shows the low engine load operation region.

Referring to Fig. 10, the ratio of air, that is, the amount of air in the mixed gas shows the amount of air necessary for causing the injected fuel to completely burn. That is, in the case shown in Fig. 10, the ratio of the amount of air and the amount of injected fuel becomes the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. On the other hand, in Fig. 10, the ratio of EGR gas, that is, the amount of EGR gas in the mixed gas, shows the minimum amount of EGR gas required for making the temperature of the fuel and the gas around it a temperature lower than

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- 14 the temperature at which soot is produced when the injected fuel has burned completely. This amount of EGR gas is, expressed in terms of the EGR rate, equal to or larger than 55 percent and, in the embodiment shown in Fig. 10, it is equal to or larger than 70 percent. That is, if the total amount of suction gas taken into the combustion chamber 5 is made the solid line (X) in Fig. 10 and the ratio between the amount of air and the amount of EGR gas in the total amount of suction gas (X) is made the ratio shown in Fig. 10, the temperature of the fuel and the gas around it becomes a temperature lower than the temperature at which soot is produced and therefore no soot at all is produced. Further, the amount of produced NO_X at this time is about 10 ppm or less and therefore the amount of produced N0_x becomes extremely small.

If the amount of injected fuel increases, the amount of generated heat at the time of combustion increases, so to maintain the temperature of the fuel and the gas around it at a temperature lower than the temperature at which soot is produced, the amount of heat absorbed by the EGR gas must be increased. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 10, the amount of EGR gas has to be increased with an increase in the amount of injected fuel. That is, the amount of EGR gas has to be increased as the required engine load becomes higher.

On the other hand, in the engine load region (Z2) of Fig. 10, the total amount of suction gas (X) required for inhibiting the production of soot exceeds the total amount of suction gas (Y) that can be taken in.

Therefore, in this case, to supply the total amount of suction gas (X), required for inhibiting the production of soot, into the combustion chamber 5, it is necessary to supercharge or pressurize both the EGR gas and the intake air or just the EGR gas. When not supercharging or pressurizing the EGR gas etc., in the engine load region (Z2), the total amount of suction gas (X)

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- 15 corresponds to the total amount of suction gas (Y) that can be taken in. Therefore, in this case, to inhibit the production of soot, the amount of air is reduced somewhat to increase the amount of EGR gas and the fuel is made to burn in a state where the air-fuel ratio is rich.

As explained above, Fig. 10 shows the case of combustion of fuel at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. In the low engine load operating region (Zl) shown in Fig. 10, even if the amount of air is made smaller than the amount of air shown in Fig. 10, that is, even if the air-fuel ratio is made rich, it is possible to inhibit the production of soot and make the amount of produced N0_x around 10 ppm or less. Further, in the low engine load operating region (Zl) shown in Fig. 10, even of the amount of air is made greater than the amount of air shown in Fig. 10, that is, the average of air-fuel ratio is made lean at 17 to 18, it is possible to inhibit the production of soot and make the amount of produced NO_Xaround 10 ppm or less.

That is, when the air-fuel ratio is made rich, the fuel is in excess, but since the combustion temperature is suppressed to a low temperature, the excess fuel does not change into soot and therefore soot is not produced. Further, at this time, only an extremely small amount of N0_x is produced. On the other hand, when the average of air-fuel ratio is lean or when the air-fuel ratio is the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, a small amount of soot is produced if the combustion temperature becomes higher, but the combustion temperature is suppressed to a low temperature, and thus no soot at all is produced.

Further, only an extremely small amount of NO_X is produced.

in this way, in the low engine load operating region (Zl), despite the air-fuel ratio, that is, whether the air fuel ratio is rich or the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, or the average of air-fuel ratio is lean, no soot is produced and the amount of produced NO_X becomes

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- 16 extremely small. Therefore, considering the improvement of the fuel consumption rate, it may be said to be preferable to make the average of air-fuel ratio lean.

By the way, only when the engine load is relative low and the amount of generated heat is small, can the temperature of the fuel and the gas around the fuel in the combustion be suppressed to below a temperature at which the process of growth of soot stops midway. Therefore, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the engine load is relative low, the temperature of the fuel and the gas around the fuel in the combustion is suppressed below a temperature at which the process of growth of soot stops midway and thus a first combustion,

i.e., low temperature combustion is carried out. When the engine load is relative high, a second combustion,

i.e., normal combustion, as usual, is carried out. Here, as can be understood from the above explanation, the first combustion, i.e., the low temperature combustion is a combustion in which the amount of inert gas in the combustion chamber is larger than the worst amount of inert gas causing the maximum amount of produced soot and thus no soot at all is produced. The second combustion, i.e., the normal combustion is a combustion in which the amount of inert gas in the combustion chamber is smaller than the worst amount of inert gas.

Fig. 11 shows a first operating region (I) in which the first combustion, i.e., the low temperature combustion is carried out and a second operating region (II) in which the second combustion, i.e., the normal combustion is carried out. In Fig. 11, the ordinate (L) shows the amount of depression of the accelerator pedal 40, i.e., the required engine load.

The abscissa (N) shows the engine speed. Further, in Fig. 11, X(N) shows a first boundary between the first operating region (I) and the second operating region (II). Y(N) shows a second boundary between the first operating region (I) and the second operating

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- 17 region (II). The decision of changing from the first operating region (I) to the second operating region (II) is carried out on the basis of the first boundary X(N). The decision of changing from the second operating region (II) to the first operating region (I) is carried out on the basis of the second boundary Y(N).

That is, when the engine operating condition is in the first operating region (I) and the low temperature combustion is carried out, if the required engine load (L) increases beyond the first boundary X(N) that is a function of the engine speed (N), it is determined that the engine operating region shifts in the second operating region (II) and thus the normal combustion is carried out. Thereafter, if the required engine load (L) decreases below the second boundary Y(N) that is a function of the engine speed (N), it is determined that the engine operating region shifts in the first operating region (I) and thus the low temperature combustion is carried out again.

Fig. 12 shows the output of the air-fuel ratio sensor 21. As shown in Fig. 12, the output current (I) of the air-fuel ratio sensor 21 changes in accordance with the air-fuel ratio A/F. Accordingly, the air-fuel ratio can be known from the output current (I) of the air-fuel ratio sensor 21. Next, referring Fig. 13, the engine operating control In the first operating region (I) and the second operating region (II) will be explained schematically.

Fig. 13 shows the opening degree of the throttle valve 16, the opening degree of the EGR control valve 23, the EGR rate, the air-fuel ratio, the fuel injection timing, and the amount of injected fuel with respect to the required engine load (L). As shown in Fig. 13, in the first operating region (I) when the required engine load (L) is low, the throttle valve 16 is gradually opened from near the fully closed state to near the half opened state along with an increase in the required

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- 18 engine load (L), and the EGR control valve 23 is gradually opened from near the fully closed state to the fully opened state along with an increase in the required engine load (L). In the embodiment shown in Fig. 13, the EGR rate in the first operating region (I) is made about 70 percent and the air-fuel ratio therein is made slightly lean.

In the other words, in the first operating region (I), the opening degrees of the throttle valve 16 and the EGR control valve 23 are controlled such that the EGR rate becomes about 70 percent and the air-fuel ratio becomes a slightly lean air-fuel ratio. The air-fuel ratio at this time is controlled to the target air-fuel ratio to correct the opening degree of the EGR control valve 23 on the basis of the output signal of the airfuel ratio sensor 21. In the first operating region (I), the fuel is injected before the compression top dead center TDC. In this case, the starting time (6S) of fuel injection is delayed along with an increase in the required engine load (L) and the ending time (ΘΕ) of fuel injection is delayed along with the delay of the starting time {0S) of fuel injection.

When in the idle operating mode, the throttle valve 16 is closed to near the fully closed state. In this time, the EGR control valve 23 is also closed near the fully closed state. When the throttle valve 16 is closed to near the fully closed state, the pressure in the combustion chamber 5 in the initial stage of the compression stroke is made low and thus the compression pressure becomes low. When the compression pressure becomes low, the compression work of the piston 4 becomes small and thus the vibration of the engine body 1 becomes small. That is, when in the idle operating mode, the throttle valve 16 is closed near the fully closed state to restrain the vibration of the engine body 1.

On the other hand, when the engine operating region

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- 19 changes from the first operating region (I) to the second operating region (II), the opening degree of the throttle valve 16 increases by a step from the half opened state toward the fully opened state. In this time, in the embodiment shown in Fig. 13, the EGR rate decreases by a step from about 70 percent to below 40 percent and the air-fuel ratio increases by a step. That is, the EGR rate jumps beyond the EGR rate extent (Fig. 9) in which the large amount of smoke is produced and thus the large amount of smoke is not produced when the engine operating region changes from the first operating region (I) to the second operating region (II).

In the second operating region (II), the normal combustion, as usual, is carried out. This combustion causes some production of soot and N0_x. However, the thermal efficiency thereof is higher than that of the low temperature combustion. Thus, when the engine operating region changes from the first operating region (I) to the second operating region (II), the amount of injected fuel decreases by a step as shown in Fig. 13.

In the second operating region (II), the throttle valve 16 is hold in the fully opened state except in a part thereof. The opening degree of the EGR control valve 23 decreases gradually along with an increase in the required engine load (L). In this operating region (II), the EGR rate decreases along with an increase in the required engine load (L) and the air-fuel ratio decreases along with an increase in the required engine load (L). However, the air-fuel ratio is made a lean air-fuel ratio even if the required engine load (L) becomes high. Further, in the second operating region (II), the starting time (6S) of fuel injection is made near the compression top dead center TDC.

Fig. 14 shows the air-fuel ratios A/F in the first operating region (I). In Fig. 14, the curves indicated by A/F = 15.5, A/F = 16, A/F = 17, and A/F = 18 shows respectively the cases in that the air-fuel ratios are

15.5, 16, 17, and 18. The air-fuel ratio between two of the curves is defined by the proportional allotment. As shown in Fig. 14, in the first operating region (I), the air-fuel ratio is lean and the lower the required engine load (L) becomes, the more the air-fuel ratio is lean. That is, the amount of generated heat in the combustion decreases along with a decrease in the required engine load (L). Therefore, even if the EGR rate decreases along with a decrease in the required engine load (L), the low temperature combustion can be carried out. When the EGR rate decreases, the air-fuel ratio becomes large. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 14, the air-fuel ratio A/F increases along with a decrease in the required engine load (L). The larger the air-fuel ratio becomes, the more the fuel consumption improves.

Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the air-fuel ratio A/F increases along with a decrease in the required engine load (L) such that the air-fuel ratio is made lean as much as possible.

A target opening degree (ST) of the throttle valve 16 required to make the air-fuel ratio the target air-fuel ratio shown in Fig. 14 is memorized in ROM of the electronic control unit as a map in which it is a function of the required engine load (L) and the engine speed (N) shown in Fig. 15(A). A target opening degree (SE) of the EGR control valve 23 required to make the air-fuel ratio the target air-fuel ratio shown in Fig. 14 is memorized in ROM of the electronic control unit as a map in which it is a function of the required engine load (L) and the engine speed (N) shown in Fig. 15(B).

Fig. 16 shows target air-fuel ratios when the second combustion, i.e., the normal combustion as usual is carried out. In Fig. 16, the curves indicated by A/F = 24, A/F = 35, A/F = 45, and A/F = 60 shows respectively the cases in that the target air-fuel ratios are 24, 35, 45, and 60. A target opening degree (ST) of the throttle valve 16 required to make the air-fuel ratio

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- 21 the target air-fuel ratio is memorized in ROM of the electronic control unit as a map in which it is a function of the required engine load (L) and the engine speed (N) shown in Fig. 17(A). A target opening degree (SE) of the EGR control valve 23 required to make the air-fuel ratio the target air-fuel ratio is memorized in ROM of the electronic control unit as a map in which it is a function of the required engine load (L) and the engine speed (N) shown in Fig. 17(B).

Thus, in the diesel engine of the present embodiment, the first combustion, i.e., the low temperature combustion and the second combustion, i.e., the normal combustion are changed over on the basis of the amount of depression (L) of the accelerator pedal 40 and the engine speed (N). In each combustion, the opening degrees of the throttle valve 16 and the EGR control valve are controlled by the maps shown in Figs. 15 and 17 on the basis of the amount of depression (L) of the accelerator pedal 40 and the engine speed (N).

Fig. 18 is a plan view illustrating a device for purifying the exhaust gas, and Fig. 19 is a side view thereof. The device comprises a changeover portion 71 connected to the downstream of the exhaust manifold 17 via an exhaust pipe 18, a particulate filter 70, a first connecting portion 72a for connecting one side of the particulate filter 70 to the changeover portion 71, a second connecting portion 72b for connecting the other side of the particulate filter 70 to the changeover portion 71, and an exhaust passage 73 on the downstream of the changeover portion 71. The changeover portion 71 comprises a valve body 71a that can shut off the flow of exhaust gas in the changeover portion 71. The valve body 71a is driven by a negative pressure actuator, a step motor or the like. At one shut-off position of the valve body 71a, the upstream side in the changeover portion 71 is communicated with the first connecting portion 72a and the downstream side therein is

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- 22 communicated with the second connecting portion 72b, and thus the exhaust gas flows from one side of the particulate filter 70 to the other side thereof as shown by arrows in Fig. 18.

Fig. 20 illustrates another shut-off position of the valve body 71a. At this shut-off position, the upstream side in the changeover portion 71 is communicated with the second connecting portion 72b and the downstream side in the changeover portion 71 is communicated with the first connecting portion 72a, and thus the exhaust gas flows from the other side of the particulate filter 70 to the one side thereof as shown by arrows in Fig. 20.

Thus, by changing over the valve body 71a, the direction of the exhaust gas flowing into the particulate filter 70 can be reversed, i.e., the exhaust gas upstream side and the exhaust gas downstream side of the particulate filter 70 can be reversed. In Fig. 18, reference numeral 43a designates a first pressure sensor for detecting the exhaust gas pressure in the first connecting portion 72a, and reference numeral 43b designates a second pressure sensor for detecting the exhaust gas pressure in the second connecting portion 72b. Further, reference numeral 44a designates a first temperature sensor for detecting a temperature at one end portion of the particulate filter 70, and reference numeral 44b designates a second temperature sensor for detecting a temperature at the other end portion of the particulate filter 70.

Thus, the present device for purifying the exhaust gas can reverse the exhaust gas upstream side and the exhaust gas downstream side of the particulate filter by a very simple structure. Further, the particulate filter requires a large opening area to facilitate the introduction of the exhaust gas. In the device, the particulate filter having a large opening area can be used without making it difficult to mount it on the vehicle as shown in Figs. 18 and 19.

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- 23 Fig. 21 shows the structure of the particulate filter 70, wherein Fig. 21(A) is a front view of the particulate filter 70 and Fig. 22(B) is a side sectional view thereof. As shown in these figures, the particulate filter 70 has an elliptic shape, and is, for example, a wall-flow type of honeycomb structure formed of a porous material such as cordierite, and has many spaces in the axial direction divided by many partition walls 54 extending in the axial direction. One of any two neighboring spaces is closed by a plug 53 on the exhaust gas downstream side, and the other one is closed by a plug 53 on the exhaust gas upstream side. Thus, one of the two neighboring spaces serves as an exhaust gas flowin passage 50 and the other one serves as an exhaust gas flow-out passage 51, causing the exhaust gas to necessarily pass through the partition wall 54 as indicated by arrows in Fig. 21(B). The particulates contained in the exhaust gas are much smaller than the pores of the partition wall 54, but collide with and are trapped on the exhaust gas upstream side surface of the partition wall 54 and the pores surface in the partition wall 54. Thus, each partition wall 54 works as a trapping wall for trapping the particulates. In the present particulate filter 70, in order to oxidize and remove the trapped particulates, an active-oxygen releasing agent and a noble metal catalyst, which will be explained below, are carried on both side surfaces of the partition wall 54 and preferably also on the pores surfaces in the partition wall 54.

The active-oxygen releasing agent releases activeoxygen to promote the oxidation of the particulates and, preferably, takes in and holds oxygen when excessive oxygen is present in the surroundings and releases the held oxygen as active-oxygen when the oxygen concentration in the surroundings drops.

As the noble metal catalyst, platinum Pt is usually used. As the active-oxygen releasing agent, there is

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- 24 used at least one selected from alkali metals such as potassium K, sodium Na, lithium Li, cesium Cs, and rubidium Rb, alkali earth metals such as barium Ba, calcium Ca, and strontium Sr, rare earth elements such as lanthanum La and yttrium Y, and transition metals.

As an active-oxygen releasing agent, it is desired to use an alkali metal or an alkali earth metal having an ionization tendency stronger than that of calcium Ca, i.e., to use potassium K, lithium Li, cesium Cs, rubidium Rb, barium Ba, or strontium Sr.

Next, explained below is how the trapped particulates on the particulate filter are oxidized and removed by the particulate filter carrying such an active-oxygen releasing agent with reference to the case of using platinum Pt and potassium K. The particulates are oxidized and removed in the same manner even by using another noble metal and another alkali metal, an alkali earth metal, a rear earth element, or a transition metal.

In a diesel engine, the combustion usually takes place in an excess air condition and, hence, the exhaust gas contains a large amount of excess air. That is, if the ratio of the air to the fuel supplied to the intake system and to the combustion chamber is referred to as an air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas, the air-fuel ratio is lean. Further, NO generates in the combustion chamber and, hence, the exhaust gas contains NO. Further, the fuel contains sulfur S and sulfur S reacts with oxygen in the combustion chamber to form S0₂. Accordingly, the exhaust gas contains SO₂. Therefore, the exhaust gas containing excessive oxygen, NO, and SO₂ flows into the exhaust gas upstream side of the particulate filter 70.

Figs. 22(A) and 22(B) are enlarged views schematically illustrating the surface of the particulate filter 70 with which the exhaust gas comes in contact.

In Figs. 22(A) and 22(B), reference numeral 60 denotes a particle of platinum Pt and 61 denotes the active-oxygen releasing agent containing potassium K.

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- 25 As described above, the exhaust gas contains a large amount of excess oxygen. When the exhaust gas contacts with the exhaust gas contact surface of the particulate filter, oxygen 0₂ adheres onto the surface of platinum Pt in the form of 0₂‘ or 0²' as shown in Fig. 22(A). On the other hand, NO in the exhaust gas reacts with O2' or O² on the surface of platinum Pt to produce NO2(2N0+0₂-»2N0₂). Next, a part of the produced NO₂ is absorbed in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 while being oxidized on platinum Pt, and diffuses in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 in the form of nitric acid ion NO₃‘ while being combined with potassium K to form potassium nitrate KNO₃ as shown in Fig. 22(A).

Thus, in the present embodiment, NO_X contained in the exhaust gas is absorbed in the particulate filter 70 and an amount thereof released into the atmosphere can be decreased.

Further, the exhaust gas contains SO₂, as described above, and S0₂ also is absorbed in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 due to a mechanism similar to that of the case of NO. That is, as described above, oxygen O₂adheres on the surface of platinum Pt in the form of O₂' or 0²', and S02 in the exhaust gas reacts with O2 or O²' on the surface of platinum Pt to produce SO3. Next, a part of the produced SO₃ is absorbed in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 while being oxidized on the platinum Pt and diffuses in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 in the form of sulfuric acid ion SO,²’ while being combined with potassium K to produce potassium sulfate K₂SO₄. Thus, potassium nitrate KNO₃ and potassium sulfate K₂SO₄ are produced in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61.

The particulates in the exhaust gas adhere on the surface of the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 carried by the particulate filter as designated at 62 in Fig. 22(B). At this time, the oxygen concentration drops on the surface of the active-oxygen releasing agent 61

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- 26 with which the particulates 62 is in contact. As the oxygen concentration drops, there occurs a difference in the concentration from the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 having a high oxygen concentration and, thus, oxygen in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 tends to migrate toward the surface of the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 with which the particulates 62 are in contact.

As a result, potassium nitrate KN0₃ produced in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 is decomposed into potassium K, oxygen 0 and NO, whereby oxygen 0 migrates toward the surface of the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 with which the particulates 62 are in contact, and NO is emitted to the outside from the active-oxygen releasing agent 61. NO emitted to the outside is oxidized on the platinum Pt on the downstream side and is absorbed again in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61.

At this time, further, potassium sulfate K₂SO₄produced in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 is also decomposed into potassium K, oxygen 0, and SO₂, whereby oxygen 0 migrates toward the surface of the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 with which the particulates 62 are in contact, and SO₂ is emitted to the outside from the active-oxygen releasing agent 61. SO₂ released to the outside is oxidized on the platinum Pt on the downstream side and is absorbed again in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61. Here, however, potassium sulfate K₂SO₄ is stable and releases less active-oxygen than potassium nitrate KNO₃.

On the other hand, oxygen 0 migrating toward the surface of the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 with which the particulates 62 are in contact is the one decomposed from such compounds as potassium nitrate KN0₃or potassium sulfate K₂SO₄. Oxygen 0 decomposed from the compound has a high level of energy and exhibits a very high activity. Therefore, oxygen migrating toward the surface of the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 with which the particulates 62 are in contact is active-oxygen

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- 27 0. Upon coming into contact with active-oxygen 0, the particulates 62 are oxidized without producing luminous flame in a short time, for example, a few minutes or a few tens of minutes. Further, active-oxygen to oxidize the particulates 62 is also released when NO and S0₂ have been absorbed in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61. That is, it can be considered that N0_x diffuses in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 in the form of nitric acid ion NO/ while being combined with oxygen atoms and to be separated from oxygen atoms and, during this time, active-oxygen is produced. The particulates 62 are also oxidized by this active-oxygen. Further, the particulates 62 adhered on the particulate filter 70 are not oxidized only by active-oxygen, but also by oxygen contained in the exhaust gas.

The higher the temperature of the particulate filter becomes, the more the platinum Pt and the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 are activated. Therefore, the higher the temperature of the particulate filter becomes, the larger the amount of active-oxygen 0 released from the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 per unit time becomes. Further, naturally, the higher the temperature of particulates is, the easier the particulates are oxidized. Therefore, the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed without producing luminous flame on the particulate filter per unit time increases along with an increase in the temperature of the particulate filter.

The solid line in Fig. 23 shows the amount of particulates (G) that can be oxidized and removed without producing luminous flame per unit time. In Fig. 23, the abscissa represents the temperature TF of the particulate filter. Here, Fig. 23 shows the case that the unit time is 1 second, that is, the amount of particulates (G) that can be oxidized and removed per 1 second. However, any time such as 1 minute, 10 minutes, or the like can be selected as unit time. For example, in the case that

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- 28 10 minutes is used as unit time, the amount of particulates (G) that can be oxidized and removed per unit time represents the amount of particulates (G) that can be oxidized and removed per 10 minutes. Also in this case, the amount of particulates (G) that can be oxidized and removed without producing luminous flame increases along with an increase in the temperature of particulate filter 70 as shown in Fig. 23.

The amount of particulates emitted from the combustion chamber per unit time is referred to as an amount of emitted particulates (M). When the amount of emitted particulates (M) is smaller than the amount of particulates (G) that can be oxidized and removed, for example, the amount of emitted particulates (M) per 1 second is smaller than the amount of particulates (G) that can be oxidized and removed per 1 second or the amount of emitted particulates (M) per 10 minutes is smaller than the amount of particulates (G) that can be oxidized and removed per 10 minutes, that is, in the area (I) of Fig. 23, the particulates emitted from the combustion chamber are all oxidized and removed without producing luminous flame successively on the particulate filter 70 for the short time.

On the other hand, when the amount of emitted particulates (M) is larger than the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed (G), that is, in the area (II) of Fig. 23, the amount of activeoxygen is not sufficient for all particulates to be oxidized and removed successively. Figs. 24(A) to (C) illustrate the manner of oxidation of the particulates in such a case.

That is, in the case that the amount of activeoxygen is lacking for oxidizing all particulates, when the particulates 62 adhere on the active-oxygen releasing agent 61, only a part of the particulates is oxidized as shown in Fig. 24(A), and the other part of the particulates that was not oxidized sufficiently remains

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- 29 on the exhaust gas upstream surface of the particulate filter. When the state where the amount of active-oxygen is lacking continues, a part of the particulates that was not oxidized remains on the exhaust gas upstream surface of the particulate filter successively. As a result, the exhaust gas upstream surface of the particulate filter is covered with the residual particulates 63 as shown in Fig. 24(B).

The residual particulates 63 are gradually transformed into carbonaceous matter that can hardly be oxidized. Further, when the exhaust gas upstream surface is covered with the residual particulates 63, the action of the platinum Pt for oxidizing NO and SO₂, and the action of the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 for releasing active-oxygen are suppressed. The residual particulates 63 can be gradually oxidized over a relative long period. However, as shown in Fig. 24(C), other particulates 64 deposit on the residual particulates 63 one after the other, and when the particulates are deposited so as to laminate, even if they are the easily oxidized particulates, these particulates may not be oxidized since these particulates are separated away from the platinum Pt or from the active-oxygen releasing agent. Accordingly, other particulates deposit successively on these particulates 64. That is, when the state where the amount of emitted particulates (M) is larger than the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed (G) continues, the particulates deposit to laminate on the particulate filter.

Thus, in the area (I) of Fig. 23, the particulates are oxidized and removed without producing luminous flame for the short time and in the area (II) of Fig. 23, the particulates are deposited to laminate on the particulate filter. Therefore, the deposition of the particulates on the particulate filter can be prevented if the relationship between the amount of emitted particulates (M) and the amount of particulates that can be oxidized

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- 30 and removed (G) is in the area (I). As a result, a pressure loss of the exhaust gas in the particulate filter hardly changes and is maintained at a minimum pressure loss value that is nearly constant. Thus, the decrease of the engine output can be maintained as low as possible. However, this is not always realized, and the particulates may deposit on the particulate filter if nothing is done.

In the present embodiment, to prevent the deposition of particulates on the particulate filter, the above electronic control unit 30 controls to change over the valve body 71a according to a first flowchart shown in Fig. 25. The present flowchart is repeated every a predetermined time. At step 101, the integrated running distance (A) is calculated. Next, at step 102, it is determined if the integrated running distance (A) is larger than a predetermined running distance (As). When the result is negative, the routine is stopped. However, when the result is positive, the routine goes to step 103. At step 103, the integrated running distance (A) is reset to 0 and at step 104, the valve body 71a is changed over from one shut-off position to the other shut-off position, that is, the upstream side and the downstream side of the particulate filter are reversed.

Fig. 26 is an enlarged sectional view of the partition wall 54 of the particulate filter. While the vehicle travels over the predetermined running distance (As), the engine operation in the area (II) of the Fig. 23 can be carried out. Thus, the particulates collide with and are trapped by the exhaust gas upstream surface of the partition wall 54 and the exhaust gas opposing surface in the pores therein, i.e., one of the trapping surfaces of the partition wall 54, and are oxidized and removed by active-oxygen released from the active-oxygen releasing agent, but the particulates can remain for the insufficient oxidization as shown by grids in Fig. 26(A). At this stage, the exhaust resistance of

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- 31 the particulate filter does not have a bad influence on the traveling of the vehicle. However, if more particulates deposit, problems, in which the engine output drops considerably, and the like, occur. By the first flowchart, at this stage, the upstream side and the downstream side of the particulate filter are reversed. Therefore, no particulates deposits again on the residual particulates on one of the trapping surfaces of the partition wall and thus the residual particulates can be gradually oxidized and removed by active-oxygen released from the one of the trapping surfaces. Further, in particular, the residual particulates in the pores in the partition wall are easily smashed into fine pieces by the exhaust gas flow in the reverse direction as shown in Fig. 26(B), and they mainly move through the pores toward the downstream side.

Accordingly, many of the particulates smashed into fine pieces diffuse in the pore in the partition wall, that is, the particulates flow in the pore. Therefore, they contact directly the active-oxygen releasing agent carried on the pores surface and thus have many chances to be oxidized and removed. Thus, if the active-oxygen releasing agent is also carried on the pores surface in the partition wall, the residual particulates can be very easily oxidized and removed. On the other trapping surface that is now on the upstream side, as the flow of the exhaust gas is reversed, i.e., the exhaust gas upstream surface of the partition wall 54 and the exhaust gas opposing surface in the pores therein to which the exhaust gas mainly impinges (of the oppose side of one of the trapping surfaces), the particulates in the exhaust gas adhere newly thereto and are oxidized and removed by active-oxygen released from the active-oxygen releasing agent. In this oxidization, a part of the active-oxygen released from the active-oxygen releasing agent on the other trapping surface moves to the downstream side with the exhaust gas, and it is made to oxidize and remove the

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- 32 particulates that still remain on one of the trapping surfaces despite of the reversed flow of the exhaust gas.

That is, the residual particulates on one of the trapping surfaces are exposed to not only active-oxygen released from this trapping surface but also the remainder of the active-oxygen used for oxidizing and removing the particulates on the other trapping surface by reversing the flow of the exhaust gas. Therefore, even if some particulates deposit and laminate on one of the trapping surfaces of the partition wall of the particulate filter when the exhaust gas flow is reversed, active-oxygen arrives at the deposited particulates and no particulates deposit again on the deposited particulates due to the reversed flow of the exhaust gas and thus the deposited particulates are gradually oxidized and removed and they can be oxidized and removed sufficiently for some period till the next reversal of the exhaust gas.

In the first flowchart, the valve body is changed over every predetermined running distance. However, the valve body may be changed over every predetermined period. Of course, the valve body may not be periodically changed over in such a manner, but may be irregularly changed over. In either case, it is preferable to change over the valve body at least one time after the engine starts and before the engine is stopped, such that the valve body is changed over before the residual particulates transform into carbonaceous matter that can hardly be oxidized. If the particulates are oxidized and removed before the large amount of particulates is deposit, problems, in which the large amount of deposited particulates ignites and burns at once to melt the particulate filter by the burned heat thereof, and the like can be prevented. Even if the large amount of particulates deposit on one trapping surface of the partition wall of the particulate filter for some reason when the valve body is changed over, the

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- 33 deposited particulates is easily smashed into fine pieces by the reversed flow of the exhaust gas. The part of the particulates that cannot be oxidized and removed in the pores in the partition wall is discharged from the particulate filter. However, therefore, it is prevented that the exhaust resistance of the particulate filter increases more to have a bad influence on the traveling of the vehicle. Further, the other trapping surface of the partition wall of the particulate filter can newly trap the particulates.

Fig. 27 shows a second flowchart for controlling to change over the valve body 71a. The present flowchart is repeated every predetermined time. At step 201, the first pressure sensor 43a arranged at the first connecting portion 72a detects an exhaust pressure (Pl) at one side of the particulate filter 70, i.e., an exhaust pressure in the first connecting portion 72a (refer to Fig. 18). Next, at step 202, the second pressure sensor 43b arranged at the second connecting portion 72b detects an exhaust pressure (P2) at the other side of the particulate filter 70, i.e., an exhaust pressure in the second connecting portion 72b (refer to Fig. 18) .

At step 203, it is determined if an absolute value of the difference between the exhaust pressures detected at steps 201 and 202 is larger than a predetermined pressure difference (Ps). Here, the absolute value of the difference pressure is used so that the rise in the difference pressure can be detected even if either of the first connecting portion 72a and the second connecting portion 72b is the exhaust gas upstream side. When the result at step 203 is negative, the routine is stopped. However, when this result is positive, some particulates remain on the particulate filter so that at step 204, the valve body 71a is changed over and thus the upstream side and downstream side of the particulate filter are reversed.

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- 34 Accordingly, as the above mention, the residual particulates are oxidized and removed from the particulate filter. Thus, utilizing the difference pressure between the both sides of the particulate filter, it is indirectly determined that some particulates remain on the particulate filter and thus it can be certainly prevented that the engine output drops much by the additional deposited particulates. Of course, other than the difference pressure, for example, observing the change of electric resistance on a predetermined partition wall of the particulate filter, it may be determined that some particulates deposit on the particulate filter when the electric resistance becomes equal to or smaller than a predetermined value by the deposition of the particulates. Besides, utilizing the fact that a transmissivity or reflectivity of light on a predetermined partition wall of the particulate filter drops along with the deposition of the particulates thereon, it can be determined that some particulates deposit on the particulate filter. If it is directly determined that the particulates remain in such a manner and the valve body is changed over, it can be more certainly prevented that the engine output drops much. Strictly speaking, the difference pressure between the both sides of the particulate filter changes in accordance with the pressure of the exhaust gas discharged from the combustion chamber every engine operating condition. Accordingly, in the determination of the deposition of the particulates, it is preferable to specify the engine operating condition.

Thus, the reversing of the upstream side and the downstream side of the particulate filter is very effective to oxidize and remove the residual and deposited particulates. Therefore, even if the valve body is sometimes changed over without the determination of the time, it can be favorably prevented that the engine output drops much by the large amount of deposited

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- 35 particulates.

Further, when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is made rich, i.e., when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas is decreased, active-oxygen 0 is released at one time from the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 to the outside. Therefore, the deposited particulates become particulates that are easily oxidized by the activeoxygen 0 released at one time and thus they can be easily oxidized and removed.

On the other hand, when the air-fuel ratio is maintained lean, the surface of platinum Pt is covered with oxygen, that is, oxygen contamination is caused.

When such oxygen contamination is caused, the oxidization action to NO_X of platinum Pt drops and thus the absorbing efficiency of NO_X drops. Therefore, the amount of active-oxygen released from the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 decreases. However, when the air-fuel ratio is made rich, oxygen on the surface of platinum Pt is consumed and thus the oxygen contamination is cancelled. Accordingly, when the air-fuel ratio is changed over from rich to lean again, the oxidization action to NO_X becomes strong and thus the absorbing efficiency rises.

Therefore, the amount of active-oxygen released from the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 increases.

Thus, when the air-fuel ratio is maintained lean, if the air-fuel ratio is changed over from lean to rich once in a while, the oxygen contamination of platinum Pt is cancelled every this time and thus the amount of released active-oxygen when the air-fuel ratio is lean increases. Therefore, the oxidization action of the particulates on the particulate filter 70 can be promoted.

Further, the cancellation of the oxygen contamination causes the reducing agent to burn and thus the burned heat thereof raises the temperature of the particulate filter. Therefore, the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed from the particulate filter increases and thus the residual and

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- 36 deposited particulates are oxidized and removed more easily. If the air-fuel ratio in the exhaust gas is made rich immediately after the upstream side and the downstream side of the particulate filter is reversed by the valve body 71a, the other trapping surface on which the particulates do not remain releases active-oxygen more easily than the one trapping surface. Thus, the larger amount of released active-oxygen can oxidize and remove the residual particulates on the one trapping surface more certainly. Of course, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas may be sometimes made rich regardless the changeover of the valve body 71a. Therefore, the particulates hardly remain or deposit on the particulate filter.

As a way to make the air-fuel ratio rich, for example, the above-mentioned low temperature combustion may be carried out. Of course, when changing over from the normal combustion to the low temperature combustion, or before this, the exhaust gas upstream side and the exhaust gas downstream side of the particulate filter may be reversed. Further, to make the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas rich, the combustion air-fuel ratio may merely be made rich. Further, in addition to the main fuel injection in the compression stroke, the fuel injector may inject fuel into the cylinder in the exhaust stroke or the expansion stroke (post-injection) or may inject fuel into the cylinder in the intake stroke (preinjection). Of course, an interval between the postinjection or the pre-injection and the main fuel injection may not be provided. Further, fuel may be supplied to the exhaust system.

Fig. 28 shows a third flowchart for controlling to change over the valve body 71a. The present flowchart is repeated every predetermined time. At step 301, it is determined if now is at the time for changing over the valve body 71a on the basis of any one of the above mentioned manners. When the result is negative, the

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- 37 routine is stopped. However, when the result is positive, at step 302, in the temperatures at the two end portions of the particulate filter 70 detected by the first temperature sensor 44a and the second temperature sensor 44b, it is determined if the temperature (To) of the exhaust gas flow-out end portion at the present is higher than the temperature (Ti) of the exhaust gas flowin end portion.

When the result is positive, the valve body 71a is changed over at step 304. However, when the result at step 302 is negative, it is determined if a time (t) elapsed from the time for changing over the valve body 71a, has become larger than a predetermined time (tl). when the result is positive, a large amount of particulates can deposit on the trapping surface of the particulate filter that is the exhaust gas upstream side at the present, and thus the routine goes to step 304 and the valve body 71a is changed over immediately.

On the other hand, when the result at step 303 is negative, the routine returns to step 302. Thus, the determinations at steps 302 and 303 are repeated, and when the result at step 302 is positive, the valve body 71a is changed over at step 304.

In case where, as the present embodiment, the particulate filter carries an oxidation catalyst such as platinum, or the like, so as to have an oxidation function, a reducing material such as HC, CO, or the like in the exhaust gas can be burned on the particulate filter. The heat thereof raises the temperature of the particulate filter, and thus the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed thereof can be improved and the temperature of the particulates themselves can be raised. Therefore, this advantageous in oxidizing and removing the particulates.

By the way, the exhaust gas flows through the pores of the partition wall of the particulate filter from the exhaust gas upstream side surface to the exhaust gas

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- 38 downstream side surface of the partition wall, and also flows along the exhaust gas upstream side and downstream side surfaces. Accordingly, the heat of the exhaust gas flow-in portion of the particulate filter (the exhaust gas flow-in end portion of each partition wall) is transferred, via the center portion of the particulate filter (the center portion of each partition wall), to the exhaust gas flow-out portion of the particulate filter (the exhaust gas flow-out end portion of each partition wall), and is finally discharged from the particulate filter.

Usually, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean and the exhaust gas includes only a small amount of reducing materials. Therefore, in the exhaust gas flowin portion, the slight burning heat is removed by the exhaust gas so that the temperature thereat hardly rises. On the other hand, in the center portion, the burning heat is taken away by the exhaust gas, but the heat transferred from the exhaust gas flow-in portion raises the temperature thereat to higher than that at the exhaust gas flow-in portion. In the exhaust gas flow-out portion, the burning heat thereat and the heat transferred from the exhaust gas flow-in portion and the center portion raise the temperature thereat to higher than that at the center portion.

Thus, if the temperatures in the portions of the particulate filter are made different each other, differences are caused in the degrees of activation of the oxidation catalyst in the portions. Therefore, the reducing materials hardly burn in the exhaust flow-in portion and mainly burn in the exhaust gas flow-out portion so that the temperatures in the portions of the particulate filter are very different each other as shown by the dotted line in Fig. 29.

However, if the reducing materials mainly burn in the exhaust gas flow-out portion, the heat thereof is merely discharged from the particulate filter without

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- 39 raising the temperature of the other portions of the particulate filter. Therefore, this does not improve the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed from the particulate filter.

In the third flowchart, usually, when now is at the time for changing over the valve body 71a, the temperature at the exhaust gas flow-out portion is higher than the temperature at the exhaust gas flow-in portion as mentioned above. Therefore, the result at step 302 is positive and the valve body 71a is changed over so that the residual particulates on the trapping surface that was the exhaust gas upstream side until now are oxidized and removed and the particulate trapping starts again on the trapping surface that has become the exhaust gas upstream side. Further, the exhaust gas flow-in portion was the exhaust gas flow-out portion so that the temperature thereat is relative high. Therefore, the reducing materials are mainly burned on the exhaust gas flow-in portion so that the heat thereof increases. A part of the heat is transferred to the center portion and the exhaust gas flow-out portion, but the temperature at the exhaust gas flow-in portion can be raised favorably.

Thus, for some time, the temperature at the exhaust gas flow-in portion is maintained relatively high and the reducing materials in the exhaust gas can be burned thereon. If the reducing materials burn mainly on the exhaust gas flow-in portion, the heat thereof does not raise only the temperature at the exhaust gas flow-in portion but also the temperatures of the center portion and the exhaust gas flow-out portion by the heat transferred before it is discharged from the particulate filter. Therefore, the temperature distribution as shown by the solid line in Fig. 29 is realized and thus the temperature of the particulate filter can be wholly raised. Thus, the reducing materials in the exhaust gas can be utilized effectively to improve the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed.

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- 40 In the usual lean exhaust gas, the amount of reducing materials included therein is slight so that the period in which the temperature of the exhaust gas flowin portion is maintained relative high is not very long. Thus, the temperature of the exhaust gas flow-in portion decreases gradually and, at last, the temperature distribution becomes as shown by the dotted line in Fig. 29 as mentioned above. However, if the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is made rich and thus a relative large amount of reducing materials is included in the exhaust gas, a relative large amount of heat is produced on the exhaust gas flow-in portion for this period and thus the temperature of the exhaust gas flow-in portion can be maintained relatively high.

Thus, in the time for changing over the valve body 71a, when the temperature at the exhaust gas flow-in portion of the particulate filter is higher than the temperature of the exhaust gas flow-out portion, if the exhaust gas flow-in portion and the exhaust gas flow-out portion are reversed immediately, the reducing materials in the exhaust gas cannot be utilized effectively to raise the temperature of the particulate filter. Thus, it is not preferable to reverse the exhaust gas flow-in portion and the exhaust gas flow-out portion immediately, and thus at step 303 of the third flowchart, the valve body 71a is not changed over before the time (t) elapsed from the time for changing over the valve body 71a becomes the predetermined time (tl).

In the third flowchart, when now is at the time for changing over the valve body on the basis of the vehicle running distance or the like, it is determined if the valve body is actually changed over with the comparison of the temperatures of the exhaust gas flow-in portion and the exhaust gas flow-out portion. However, even if the valve body is changed over at any time, this is effective. Accordingly, of course, the valve body may be merely changed over when the temperature of the exhaust

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- 41 gas flow-out portion becomes higher than the temperature of the exhaust gas flow-in portion.

Further, as in a fourth flowchart shown in Fig. 30, when the temperature (To) of the exhaust gas flow-out portion of the particulate filter is higher than the temperature (Ti) of the exhaust gas flow-in portion (step 401), it is determined if now is in the engine deceleration (step 402), and if now is in the engine deceleration, the valve body may be changed over (step 403). The determination of the engine deceleration may be utilized to detect a fuel-cut signal, to detect a depression of the brake pedal while the vehicle is running, or to detect a release of accelerator while the vehicle is running.

In the structure of the changeover portion 71 of the device for purifying the exhaust gas, a part of exhaust gas bypasses the particulate filter while the valve body 71a is changed over from one to the other of the two shut-off positions. During engine deceleration, a fuelcut is carried out or an amount of injected fuel is very small so that the exhaust gas includes almost no particulates. Accordingly, if the valve body is changed over at this time, a part of exhaust gas bypasses the particulate filter but particulates are not emitted to the atmosphere. Further, in the engine deceleration, a fuel-cut is carried out or an amount of injected fuel is very small so that the temperature of the exhaust gas becomes very low. Accordingly, if the valve body is changed over at this time, a part of the exhaust gas bypasses the particulate filter and this can suppress to lower the temperature of the particulate filter, that is, to decrease the amount of particulates that can be oxidized and removed.

The changing over of the valve body 71a is effective even if it is carried out at any time. Accordingly, as in a fifth flowchart shown in Fig. 32, the changing over of the valve body may be merely carried out in such an

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- 42 engine deceleration as a fuel-cut.

In the third and fourth flowcharts, the temperatures of the exhaust gas flow-in portion and the exhaust gas flow-out portion of the particulate filter are actually detected. However, of course, the temperatures of the exhaust gas flow-in portion and the exhaust gas flow-out portion of the particulate filter may be estimated on the basis of the temperature of the exhaust gas, an amount of reducing materials in the exhaust gas, and the like, that change in accordance with the engine operating condition. Besides, it may only be estimated which temperature is higher.

By the way, when SO₃ exists, calcium Ca in the exhaust gas forms calcium sulfate CaSO₄. Calcium sulfate CaSO₄ is hardly oxidized and removed and thus it remains on the particulate filter as ash. To prevent blocking of the meshes of the particulate filter caused by the remained calcium sulfate CaSO₄, it is preferable that an alkali metal or an alkali earth metal having an ionization tendency stronger than that of calcium Ca, such as potassium K is used as the active-oxygen releasing agent 61. Therefore, S0₃ diffused in the active-oxygen releasing agent 61 is combined with potassium K to form potassium sulfate K₂SO₄ and thus calcium Ca is not combined with SO₃ but passes through the partition walls of the particulate filter.

Accordingly, the meshes of the particulate filter are not blocked by the ash. Thus, it is desired to use, as the active-oxygen releasing agent 61, an alkali metal or an alkali earth metal having an ionization tendency stronger than calcium Ca, such as potassium K, lithium Li, cesium Cs, rubidium Rb, barium Ba or strontium Sr.

Even when only a noble metal such as platinum Pt is carried on the particulate filter as the active-oxygen releasing agent, active-oxygen can be released from NO₂or SO₃ held on the surface of platinum Pt. However, in this case, a curve that represents the amount of

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- 43 particulates that can be oxidized and removed (G) is slightly shifted toward the right compared with the solid curve shown in Fig. 23. Further, ceria can be used as the active-oxygen releasing agent. Ceria absorbs oxygen when the oxygen concentration is high {Ce₂O₃-»2CeO₂) and releases active-oxygen when the oxygen concentration decreases (2CeO₂-»Ce₂O₃). Therefore, in order to oxidize and remove the particulates, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas must be made rich at regular intervals or at irregular intervals. Instead of the ceria, iron Fe or tin Sn can be used as the active-oxygen releasing agent.

As the active-oxygen releasing agent, further, it is also possible to use an N0_x absorbent for purifying N0_x. in this case, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas must be made rich, at least temporarily, to release and reduce the absorbed N0_x and S0_x. It is preferable to make the air-fuel ratio rich after the exhaust gas upstream side and the exhaust gas downstream side of the particulate filter are reversed.

In the present embodiment, the particulate filter itself carries the active-oxygen releasing agent and active-oxygen released from the active-oxygen releasing agent oxidizes and removes the particulates. However, this does not limit the present invention. For example, a particulate oxidization material such as active-oxygen and NO₂ that functions the same as active-oxygen may be released from a particulate filter or a material carried thereon, or may flow into a particulate filter from the outside thereof. In the case that the particulates oxidization material flows into the particulate filter from the outside thereof, if the first trapping surface and the second trapping surface of the partition wall are alternately used to trap the particulates, on one trapping surface that is now on the exhaust gas downstream side, no particulates deposit newly on the residual particulates and the residual particulates can

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- 44 be gradually oxidized and removed by the particulates oxidization material flowing from the other trapping surface and thus the residual particulates are perfectly removed after some period. During this period, the other trapping surface can trap the particulates and the trapped particulates are oxidized and removed by the particulates oxidization material on the other trapping surface. Thus, effects the same as the above-mentioned can be obtained. Of course, in this case, if the temperature of the particulate filter rises, the temperature of the particulates rises and thus the oxidizing and removing thereof is easy.

The diesel engine of the present embodiment can change over between low temperature combustion and the normal combustion. This does not limit the present invention. Of course, the present invention can be applied to a diesel engine that carries out only the normal combustion or a gasoline engine that emits particulates.

According to the device for purifying the exhaust gas of the present invention, the device comprises a particulate filter arranged in the exhaust system and a reversing means for reversing the exhaust gas upstream side and the exhaust gas downstream side of the particulate filter. The trapped particulates are oxidized on the particulate filter, the particulate filter has a trapping wall for trapping the particulates, the trapping wall has a first trapping surface and a second trapping surface, and the reversing means reverses the exhaust gas upstream side and the downstream side of the particulate filter so that the first trapping surface and the second trapping surface are used alternately to trap the particulates. Some particulates can remain on one trapping surface of the trapping wall of the particulate filter for the insufficient oxidization on the particulate filter according to the engine operating condition. However, the exhaust gas upstream side and

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- 45 the exhaust gas downstream side of the particulate filter are reversed by the reversing means so that no particulates deposit again on the residual particulates on this trapping surface and thus the residual particulates can be oxidized and removed gradually. At the same time, the other trapping surface of the trapping wall starts to trap the particulates. Thus, if the first trapping surface and the second trapping surface are used alternately to trap the particulates, an amount of particulates trapped on each trapping surface can be decreased to smaller than that in case where one trapping surface always traps the particulates. This is an advantage in oxidizing and removing the particulates, and thus no particulates deposit on the particulate filter so that the blocking of the meshes of the particulate filter can be prevented.