Method and apparatus for determining a thermal setpoint in ahvac system

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING A THERMAL SETPOINT IN A HVAC SYSTEM

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning) systems. In particular the present invention discloses an improved method for updating a thermal setpoint in HVAC system. According to a first aspect of the present invention, occupant feedback is used in determining the setpoint for a thermostat or aPMV sensor. Moreover, according to a second aspect of the present invention, a setpoint is predicted using an adaptation algorithm developed using historical data.

BACKGROUND

The primary function of a HVAC system is to provide thermal comfort for building occupants. Paradoxically, conventional HVAC control systems do not solicit feedback from more than one building occupant. Typically, a single thermostat or a temperature sensor is the only feedback mechanism for determining thermal comfort for a given heating zone. Moreover, the thermostat or temperature sensor may be influenced by the micro-climate around it and thus may not always reflect the human sense of comfort. In such a system, the location of the thermostat becomes extremely important in correlating the thermostat sensed temperature with the actual room air temperature.

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

I

The human level of comfort has a strong correlation with the room air temperature as demonstrated by early research (Fountain, M.E., and C. Huizenga., “A Thermal Sensation

Prediction Tool for Use by the Profession,” ASHRAE Transaction, 1997, Vol. 103, Part

2). See, e.g., FIG. 1.

On any given day the thermostat setpoint may need adjustment depending on prevailing outdoor and indoor load conditions. For example, a mild day may require less heating whereas an unseasonably warm day may require lowering of the thermal setpoint to provide additional cooling.

Building occupants can react to the changing environment by adjusting the thermostat setpoint. However, in most large buildings a single thermostat serves an area or zone occupied by multiple occupants. Hence, it is impractical to change the thermostat setpoint manually based on the comfort level of each individual occupant. Moreover, occupant access to the thermostat is often restricted to prevent abuse. The end result is that in an existing building control system, the building occupants have limited opportunities to provide feedback.

In response to these problems, one object of the present invention is to provide an improved mechanism for determining a thermal setpoint using feedback from multiple occupants of a given heating/cooling area.

More particularly, an object of the present invention is to provide an improved HVAC system wherein many occupants may be provided with an interface for communicating thermal comfort feedback.

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

Another object of the present invention is to utilize an existing communications network such as Internet or Intranet to cany the feedback infonnation to the HVAC controller in the improved system.

Another object of the present invention is to collect setpoint data, determined using occupant feedback, for subsequent use in an adaptive setpoint model for predicting a setpoint in the improved system.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a predicted setpoint using a neural network and historical setpoint data in the improved system.

These and other objects of the present invention are discussed or will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, while referring to the attached drawings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The ability for individual occupants to provide direct feedback to the building control system would be extremely beneficial in providing thermal comfort. According to one aspect of the present invention, an existing Intranet and/or Internet communications network is used to convey thermal comfort feedback from individual occupants to the HVAC system. Notably, the present invention provides a practical method for any number of occupants to provide thermal comfort feedback to the HVAC system.

Moreover, since the perception of comfort is subjective, it lends itself to being expressed in terms of fuzzy expression (i.e., too warm or cold). Fuzzy set theory

CA 02289237 1999-11-10 can therefore be utilized to convert the occupant feedback (fuzzy, subjective input) into a crisp output used by the building control system in updating the thermostat setpoint.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGURE 1 is a graph showing human level of comfort in relation to room air temperature;

FIG. 2 shows fuzzy sets used to calculate room air temperature according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows an intersection of two fuzzy sets;

FIGs. 4A and 4B show a truncated view of the intersection of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing a linear rule used to determine the new thermal setpoint according to a first embodiment;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are fuzzy sets used to determine the new thermal setpoint according to a first embodiment;

FIG. 7A is a flowchart of the steps used to determine the new thermal setpoint according to a first embodiment;

FIG. 7B is a diagram of the apparatus for adjusting a thermal setpoint using occupant feedback according to the present invention;

FIGS. 8 shows fuzzy sets used to calculate PMV according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the process for calculating PMV;

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

<td> • .., k</td><td> (_</td>

<td> 1</td><td> FIGS. 10A-10C are graphs correlating air temperature with radiant air</td>

<td> 2</td><td> temperature;</td>

<td> 3</td><td> FIG. 11 shows fuzzy sets used to calculate air velocity according to the</td>

<td> 4</td><td> present invention;</td>

<td> 5</td><td> FIG. 12 shows fuzzy sets used to calculate humidity according to the</td>

<td> 6</td><td> present invention;</td>

<td> 7</td><td> FIG. 13 is a schematic view of an artificial neural network according to a</td>

<td> 8</td><td> third embodiment of the present invention; and</td>

<td> 9</td><td> FIG. 14 shows the general regression neural network architecture according</td>

<td> 10</td><td> to the third embodiment of the present invention.</td>

<td> 11</td><td> DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT</td>

<td> 12</td><td> The relationship between fuzzy expression of human comfort and actual</td>

<td> 13</td><td> room air temperature is well established. See, e.g. Fountain, M.E., and C. Huizenga., “A</td>

<td> 14</td><td> Thermal Sensation Prediction Tool for Use by the Profession,” ASHRAE Transaction,</td>

<td> 15</td><td> 1997, Vol. 103, Part 2, and Berglund, L., “Mathematical Models for Predicting the</td>

<td> 16</td><td> Thermal Comfort Response of Building Occupants,” ASHRAE Transaction, 1978, Part</td>

<td> 17</td><td> 1. A fuzzy set demonstrating such a relationship is shown in FIG. 2.</td>

<td> 18</td><td> The subjective occupant expression of thermal comfort is represented in</td>

<td> 19</td><td> FIG. 2 as a collection of fuzzy sets (i.e., cold 10, cool 12, slightly cool 14, neutral 16,</td>

<td> 20</td><td> slightly warm 18, warm 20, and hot 22). Moreover, a value of a temperature may have</td>

<td> 21</td><td> a zero membership (weighting factor of 0), a foil membership (weighting factor of 1 ) or</td>

CA 02289237 1999-11-10 a partial membership (weighting factor between 0 and 1). A temperature may simultaneously belong to two adjacent sets. As shown in FIG. 2, a temperature of seventy degrees falls within the intersection of the cool set 12 and the slightly cool set 14.

The weighing factor for each fuzzy set represents a percentage of user’s responding. By manner of illustration, FIG. 3 depicts a situation where 75% of the user’s felt slightly cool, and the remaining 25% felt cool. Hence, the respective weights of the cool 12 and slightly cool 14 sets are 0.75 and 0.25. The fuzzy sets can be used to convert the user’s subjective feedback into a crisp room air temperature value using a method hereinafter termed defuzzification. Several different methods of defuzzification arc known. Two popular methods are the center of area method and the centroid method. Each of these methods will be understood from the following example.

’ According to the center of area method, the crisp room air temperature T* is given by equation 1 :

Σ ^n^TCn&gt;

Τ'=--------- (1) n ^v

Σ-.

where, w„ is the weighting factor for set n, Tc_n is the center temperature of set n, and n is the number of sets.

Thus, for the sets shown in FIG. 3, the value T* is [(.75 · Tc,) + (.25 · Tc₂)] / (.75 + .25). As shown in FIG. 3, the Tc,, the center temperature of the slightly cool set is 71 degrees and Tc₂, the center temperature of the cool set is 69 degrees and Tc₂. Thus, the value T* is [(.75 · 71= 53.25) + (.25 · 69=17.25)] / (1) = 70.5 degrees.

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

According to the centroid method, an area is created by joining two truncated areas formed by the intersection of the weighting factor lines and the two triangles representing the two intersecting sets (cool and slightly cool). By manner of illustration, FIG. 4A depicts an area 24 created by joining the two truncated areas 12 and 14. The crisp room air temperature T* is given by the centroid of the area parallel to the y-axis. In this case, the expression for the room air temperature is given by equation 2:

T* = (jT&lt;/a)/A (2)

The integral of the product of the temperature T and differential area da can be calculated by splitting the area under the curve into smaller areas comprising rectangles and right triangles. By manner of illustration, FIG. 4B shows the area under the curve of FIG. 4A broken into six sub-areas. Areas 1 and 4 are right triangles having a positive slope. The area A of a triangle is (base · height)/2. For a right triangle having a positive slope (Area 1 and Area 4) JTda = bh²/6. For right triangle having a negative slope (Area 6), the value of the integraljTda = bh²/3. Further, the area of the rectangular areas Area 2, 3 and 5 is (base · height), and the value of the integral JTda = bh².

Accordingly, for the set shown in FIG. 4B, the value T* is 70.36 °F using the centroid method. Once the crisp value of the room air temperature T* is known, a simple rule can be developed to adjust the setpoint based on the temperature difference (TJ between the perceived room air temperature (T^J and the current setpoint (T_{scl int}), T_d⁼ T_room - T_setpoint. A linear rule relating the setpoint to the temperature difference (T_d) is shown, for example, in FIG. 5. Notably, the linear rule specifies slight changes in the

CA 02289237 1999-11-10 r

thermostat setpoint in response to the temperature difference (T_d) to avoid overcompensating for a given temperature difference.

Further, as shown in Fig. 5, there is an inverse correlation between the change in thermostat set point and the error between the room temperature and current thermostat set point. When the error is negative, i.e., the room temperature is lower than the set point, the change in thermostat set point is positive (provide heating). In contrast, when the error is positive i.e., the room temperature is warmer than the set point, the change in thermostat set point is negative (provide cooling).

Alternatively, fuzzy logic can be used in place of the linear rule. Specifically, a first collection of input fuzzy sets may be used to determine the weighting values of different sets describing the control action necessary to adjust the setpoint. An example of such fuzzy input sets is shown in FIG. 6A in which LN 30, MN 32, SN 34, ZE 36, SP 38, MP 40, LP 42 represent the spectrum from large positive adjustment to large negative adjustment to the thermostat.

The weighing factor(s) for a given temperature difference (T_d) may be directly determined using the above input sets LP 30 - LN 42. Notably, FIG. 6A shows that any given temperature difference (TJ is included within either one or two fuzzy sets.

By manner of illustration, FIG. 6A depicts a situation in which a temperature difference (T_d) is -5.8 °F which falls within the sets MN and SN. The weighing factors wl and w2 are graphically determined in FIG. 6A by projecting the horizontal lines hl, and h2 from the intersection of vertical line vl projected from the

CA 02289237 1999-11-10 temperature difference (TJ. Thus, the sets MN and SN have respective weighing factors wl=0.8 and w2=0.2.

A fuzzy output set 50, shown in FIG. 6B, is determined using the weighting factors determined from the fuzzy input set (FIG. 6A). This set 50 may be used to calculate -the crisp thermostat adjustment value using known defuzzification methods, such as the center of area or centroid methods which were discussed above with respect to FIGs. 3 and 4.

It should be appreciated that an inverse relationship exists between the fuzzy sets shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. For example, the large negative (LN) set in Fig. 6A is represented by the large positive (LP) set in Fig. 6B, thereby providing a large positive change in thermostat set point (heating) in response to a large negative error betwccn the actual room temperature and the thermostat set point shown in Fig. 6Λ. The overall process of calculating a new thermostat setpoint using fuzzy sets is shown, for example, in FIG. 7A.

As shown in the flow chart of FIG. 7A, fuzzy comfort sensation from the individual occupants are collected as fuzzy sets 10-22 (FIG. 2) and defuzzified in a step 60 using the center of area or centroid approach, thereby yielding a crisp room air temperature. Then in step 62, the temperature difference (TJ between the perceived room air temperature (TJ and the current setpoint (T_setpojnt) is calculated, T_d = T_room - T_setpoin(. In step 64, the temperature difference T_d is fuzzified using fuzzy sets 30-42 (FIG. 6A). Finally, in step 66 the setpoint information is defiizzified using a center of area or centroid approach.

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

A preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention will now be explained with reference to FIG. 7B. The improved method for updating a thermal setpoint requires occupant feedback in determining the setpoint for a thermostat or a PMV sensor. According to the embodiment of FIG. 7B, occupants enter thermal comfort information using an interface 68 such as a personal computer, terminal or like input device. The information is then transmitted over the existing Internet and/or Intranet (such as Novell ®) communications network 70 to a building automation system 72 which in turn communicates with the HVAC system (not shown) via a local controller 74. For example, building occupants may enter thermal comfort feedback into a web based interface reached via the Internet. A unique user identification code may be used to identify the occupant, the relevant area of the building, and the relevant thermostat(s). Alternatively, the occupant interface can reside on a server or host computer, with the data being transmitted over a LAN. The new setpoint value is calculated in the building automation system using one of the above described methods.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the thermostat (not shown) is replaced by a thermal comfort sensor (not shown) such as a PMV sensor. PMV sensors utilize various environmental and user related factors to provide a more accurate reflection of thermal comfort than conventional thermostats. Specifically, PMV sensor output is based on the following six factors: dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, metabolic rate, and clothing insulation. PMV sensors output an index value which is related to the human sense of thermal comfort.

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

For example, a PMV output of +3 means hot while a PMV of -3 indicates a cold condition.

ASHRAE (1978) has published a scale correlating the PMV scale directly to human comfort perception as follows:

<td> Numerical value in PMV scale .+3 +2 +1 0 - 1 -2 -3</td><td> Sensation Hot Warm Slightly warm Neutral Slightly cool Cool cold</td>

Berglund, Larry, “Mathematical Models for Predicting the Thermal Comfort Response of Building Occupants,” ASHRAE Transaction, 1978, which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.

Currently, PMV sensors are prohibitively expensive (about $500-1000) relative to the $100 price of a thermostat). However, as the sensor technology improves, it is expected that PMV sensors will replace traditional thermostats for comfort control. Notably, the use of a PMV sensor may facilitate an improvement in thermal comfort over the method and apparatus of the first embodiment. A collection of fuzzy sets used for calculating the PMV value is shown, for example, in FIG. 8. The process of determining the PMV value and adjusting the PMV sensor setpoint is identical to the process described in relation to the first embodiment, except that in FIG. 8 the PMV scale value is utilized in place of the room air temperature used in FIG. 2.

A further improvement in comfort control may be achieved by using a more detailed tool describing the six input used to calculate the PMV values. Notably,

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

ASHRAE has recently developed a tool to predict the PMV value along with other environment comfort indices (See, e.g., Fountain, M.E., and C. Huizenga., “A Thermal

Sensation Prediction Tool for Use by the Profession,” ASHRAE Transaction, 1997, Vol.

103, Part 2). However, the inputs utilized by such tools are difficult to obtain for individual occupants in conventional HVAC systems.

In contrast, the feedback mechanism of the present invention facilitates occupant feedback. Occupant feedback regarding the various PMV inputs (fuzzy inputs) is collected using the system of FIG. 7B, and is used to determine the PMV setpoint. This aspect of the present invention is shown in the block diagram of FIG. 9, and is described as follows.

The PMV calculator 102 of the present invention utilizes the following six factors: comfort sensation (air temperature), radiant air temperature, draft sensation (air velocity), humidity, metabolic rate (occupant activity), and clothing insulation. Five of the factors (every factor except radiant air temperature) are obtained from the occupants via at least one of the Internet and the Intranet as described previously with respect to the first embodiment. The remaining factor, radiant air temperature, is determined from a look-up table using the calculated air temperature.

The first factor, room air temperature 90 is obtained by converting (defazzifying) the subjective perceptions (fuzzy input) of individual occupants using one of the defuzzification methods previously described with respect to FIG. 2.

The second factor, radiant air temperature 92, can be correlated to the room air temperature using published data. By manner of illustration, FIGS. 10A-10C are

CA 02289237 2003-04-23 graphs correlating room air temperature with radiant air temperature. See, e.g., Fangcr,

P.O., “Calculation of thermal comfort: Introduction of a Basic Comfort Equation, ’’

ASHRAE Transaction, 1967).

The third and fourth factors, room air velocity 94 and room air humidity 96 sensation, can be determined by converting the subjective perceptions draft sensation and humidity sensation using fuzzy sets in the same manner as used in converting the thermal comfort sensation into room air temperature. Such fuzzy sets are shown, for example, in FIGS. 11 and 12.

Notably, the relationship between the draft sensation and the air velocity (FIG. 11) was developed using published experimental results (see, e.g., Fountain, M.E., and E.A. Arens., “Air Movement and Thermal Comfort,” ASHRAE Journal, August, 1993, each of which is specifically incorporated by reference herein.). Likewise, the relationship, between humidity sensation and room air humidity (FIG. 12) is based on published research results (see, e.g., McArthur, J.W., “Humidity and Predicted-McanVote-based (PMV-based) Comfort Control,” ASHRAE Transaction, 1986).

The fifth and sixth inputs are objective occupant data which can be converted into crisp inputs using look-up tables. Specifically, an occupant’s metabolic rate 98 can be predicted from the occupant’s description of activity, i.e., sitting, light work etc, using published tables. Table I shows the metabolic rate for different activity levels. Moreover, clothing insulation (expressed in the units of CLO) can also be predicted based on the occupant’s description of clothing. See, e.g. Table II.

CA 02289237 2003-04-23

<td> Activity</td><td> Metabolic Rate Per Unit Body Surface 9 kcal/m hr</td><td> Estimated Mechanical Efficiency Ό</td><td> Estimated Relative Velocity in Still Air m/s</td><td> Correctior Factor for Effect! Radiation Area ^feff</td>

<td> g^aied, quiet</td><td> 50</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0.65</td>

<td> Seated, drafting</td><td> 60</td><td> 0</td><td> 0-0.1</td><td> 0.65</td>

<td> jetted, typing</td><td> 70</td><td> 0</td><td> 0-0.1</td><td> 0.65</td>

<td> yjjyfing· at attention</td><td> 65</td><td> 0</td><td> 0</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> Standing, washing dishes</td><td> 80</td><td> 0-0.05</td><td> 0-0.2</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> Shoemaker Sweeping a bare floor (38</td><td> 100</td><td> 0-0.10</td><td> 0-0.2</td><td> 0.65</td>

<td> fUokes/min. ) Seated, heavy leg and arm</td><td> 100</td><td> 0-0.5</td><td> 0.2-0.5</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> movements (metal worker at 2 bench)</td><td> 110</td><td> 0-0.15</td><td> 0.1-0.3</td><td> 0.65</td>

<td> Walking about, moderate Utting or pushing (carpenter metalworker, industrial painter)</td><td> 140</td><td> 0-0.10</td><td> 0-0.9</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> Pick and shovel work, stone «aeon wdfrk</td><td> 220</td><td> 0-0.20</td><td> 0-0.9</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> Walking on the level with</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Velocity:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> mph</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 2.0</td><td> 100</td><td> 0</td><td> 0.9</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 2.5</td><td> 120</td><td> 0</td><td> 1.1</td><td> 0. 75</td>

<td> 3.0</td><td> 130</td><td> 0</td><td> 1.3</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 3.5</td><td> 160</td><td> 0</td><td> 1.6</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 4.0</td><td> 190</td><td> 0</td><td> 1.8</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 5.0</td><td> 290</td><td> 0</td><td> 2.2</td><td> 0. 75</td>

<td> talking up a grade:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> ? Grade Velocity</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> mph</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 5 1</td><td> 120</td><td> 0.07</td><td> 0.4</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 5 2</td><td> 150</td><td> 0.10</td><td> 0.9</td><td> 0. 75</td>

<td> 5 3</td><td> 200</td><td> 0.11</td><td> 1.3</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 5 4</td><td> 305</td><td> 0. 10</td><td> 1.8</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 15 1</td><td> 145</td><td> 0.15</td><td> 0.4</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> I⁵ 2</td><td> 230</td><td> 0.19</td><td> 0.9</td><td> 0. 75</td>

<td> 15 à</td><td> 350</td><td> 0.19</td><td> 1.3</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 25 1 .</td><td> 180</td><td> 0.20</td><td> 0.4</td><td> 0.75</td>

<td> 25 2</td><td> 335</td><td> 0.21</td><td> 0.9</td><td> 0.75</td>

TABLE I

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Typical Insulation and Permeability Values for Ctolhfaf Ensembles*

<td> Eosombh Description^</td><td> Ar (cto)</td><td> (do)</td><td> /«</td><td> '&lt;/</td><td> C</td>

<td> Walking shorts, short-sleeve «Μη</td><td> 0.36</td><td> 102</td><td> 1.10</td><td> 0.34</td><td> 0.41</td>

<td> Trousers. short-sleove shirt</td><td> 0J7</td><td> 1.20</td><td> 1.15</td><td> 0.36</td><td> 043</td>

<td> Trousers, long-sleeve shirt</td><td> 0.61</td><td> 1.21</td><td> 1.20</td><td> 0.41</td><td> 0.45</td>

<td> Saine as above, plus suit jacket</td><td> 0.9«</td><td> 1.54</td><td> 1.23</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Same as above, plus vest end T-shirt</td><td> 1.14</td><td> 1.69</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 0.32</td><td> 0.37</td>

<td> Trousers. loag-sleevc shirt, toag-</td><td> LOI</td><td> 136</td><td> 1,2«</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> sleeve sweater, T-shirt Same as above, plus suit Jacket and</td><td> 1.30</td><td> 1.83</td><td> 1.33</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> kmg underwear bottoms Sweat pants, sweat shirt</td><td> 0.74</td><td> 1.35</td><td> 1.19</td><td> 0.41</td><td> 0.45</td>

<td> Long-sleeve pajama top, long pq|ama</td><td> 0.96</td><td> 1.50</td><td> 1.32</td><td> 0.37</td><td> 0.41</td>

<td> trousers, short 3/4 sleeve robe, slipper* (no suck»}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Knee-length skirt, short-sleevo shirt,</td><td> 0J4</td><td> 1.10</td><td> 1.26</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> peaty hose, sudali Knce-tengih skin, long-sleeve shin.</td><td> 0.67</td><td> 1.22</td><td> 1.29</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Asli slip, peaty hose Knee-length skin, toag-aleeve shirt,</td><td> 1.10</td><td> 139</td><td> 1.46</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> half slip, paaty hose, long-sleeve</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> sweater</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Sam· as above, replace sweater with</td><td> 1.04</td><td> 1.60</td><td> 1.30</td><td> 0.35</td><td> 0.40</td>

<td> wk Jacket Ankle toagth skirt, tong-sleeve shirt.</td><td> LIO</td><td> 1.59</td><td> 1.46</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> suit Jacket, peaty hoso Long-sleeve coveralls. T-shirt</td><td> on</td><td> 1.30</td><td> 1.23</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Overalls, long-sleeve shirt, T-shirt</td><td> 0.19</td><td> 1.46</td><td> U7</td><td> 0.35</td><td> 040</td>

<td> Insulated coveralls, tong-sleeve</td><td> IJ7</td><td> 1.94</td><td> 1.26</td><td> 035</td><td> 0»</td>

<td> thermal underwear, long underwear</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

bottoms

TABLE II

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The PMV calculator uses the six crisp values to calculate the PMV value.

The time dependent PMV can be calculated as follows:

-0.35 /

-0.0023

PMV =

-0.042(A/A4_de/) Ϊ _K 0.352 e + 0.032/

- 0.061 a_du

- 0.0014 2L· ^DU /

- 0.42

M ^DU (34

M ^DU (1 “ η)

- Γ_σ) - 3.410% (1 - η) (T , + 273)⁴

-(T_mrt + 273)⁴ -f_cl h_c (T_cl~T_a) )

(3) where T_C1 is given by:

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> (</td>

<td colspan="2"> T, - 35.7 - 0.032 ^M (1 - η) - 0.18 I_cl</td><td> 3.4 x 10~⁸ f_el</td><td> (T_el + 273)⁴</td>

<td></td><td>^ÂDU</td><td></td><td> I</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> - U_mr, ₊ 273)⁴</td><td>⁺f_d V - L)</td><td></td><td> (4)</td>

<td> )</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

and h_c is given by:

CA 02289237 1999-11-10 h_c = {2.05 (Γ, - T_a)⁰²⁵ for 2.05 (Γ, - T_a)⁰²⁵ &gt; 10.4Tv for 2.05 (T_cl-T₍ (5)

In the above equations, the values of l_cl and f_d can be calculated from a lookup table (Table II). M/A_DU and η can be determined from a lookup table (Table I), and Ta and V are determined from defuzzified inputs (FIGs. 2 and 12, respectively). T_nirtcan be calculated from an empirical relationship between T_mrt and room air temperature, type of activity and relative air velocity as shown in FIGs. 10A, 10B and 10C. Finally,

Pa can be calculated by solving the following three equations simultaneously:

w = 0.62198 [P_W/(P-P_W)J v = [R_aT (1 +1.6078W)] / P

P = P +P i A _w A _a (6) (7) (8) where, v is the room volume expressed in cubic feet w is the humidity ratio obtained from defuzzification of user input (FIG. 12) T is the air temperature obtained from defuzzification of user input (FIG. 2) P_w is the partial vapor pressure

P is the total pressure

P_a is the partial air pressure

R, is the universal gas constant 1545.32 ft-lbf./(lb.-Mole-°R)

CA 02289237 2003-04-23

Typical Metabolic Heat Generation for Various Activltia

<td></td><td></td><td> mt*</td>

<td> Resting</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Sleeping</td><td> 13</td><td> 0.7</td>

<td> Reclining</td><td> IS</td><td> 0.1</td>

<td> Seated, quiet</td><td> It</td><td> 1.0</td>

<td> Standing. relaxed</td><td> 22</td><td> U</td>

<td> Walking (on level surface)</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 2.9 ΛΛ (2 mph)</td><td> 37</td><td> 2.0</td>

<td> 4.4 ftft (3 mph)</td><td> 48</td><td> 2.6</td>

<td> 5.9 ft/s (4 mph)</td><td> 70</td><td> 3.1</td>

<td> Office Activities</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Reeding, seated</td><td> II</td><td> 1.0</td>

<td> Writing</td><td> II</td><td> IX)</td>

<td> Typing</td><td> 20</td><td> i.i</td>

<td> Filing, seated</td><td> 22</td><td> 11</td>

<td> Filing, standing</td><td> 26</td><td> 1.4</td>

<td> Walking about</td><td> 3!</td><td> 1.7</td>

<td> Uftlng/packing</td><td> 39</td><td> 11</td>

<td> Driving/Flylng</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Car</td><td> IS to 37</td><td> IjO io 10</td>

<td> Aircraft, routine</td><td> 22</td><td> 1.2</td>

<td> Aircraft, instrument landing</td><td> 33</td><td> 1.1</td>

<td> Aircraft, combat</td><td> 44</td><td> 2.4</td>

<td> Heavy vehicle</td><td> 59</td><td> 31</td>

<td> Miscellaneous Occupational Activities</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Cooking</td><td> 29to37</td><td> 1.6 to 2.0</td>

<td> Houtcdeaning</td><td> 37 to 63</td><td> 10 io 3.4</td>

<td> Seated, heavy limb movement</td><td> 41</td><td> 12</td>

<td> Machine wort</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> sawing (table saw)</td><td> 33</td><td> 1.1</td>

<td> light (electrical Industry)</td><td> 37 to 44</td><td> 2.01014</td>

<td> heavy</td><td> 74</td><td> 4.0</td>

<td> Handling 110 lb bags</td><td> 74</td><td> 4.0</td>

<td> Pick and shovel work</td><td> 74 to 18</td><td> 4X1 to 4.1</td>

<td> Miscellaneous Leisure Activities</td><td></td><td> •</td>

<td> Dancing, social</td><td> 44 loll</td><td> 2.410 4.4</td>

<td> Callsthenicx/exercise</td><td> 55 to 74</td><td> 3.0 to 4.0 .</td>

<td> Tennis, ringlet</td><td> 66 to 74</td><td> 3.6 to 4.0</td>

<td> Basketball</td><td> 90 to 140</td><td> SAtol*.</td>

<td> Wrestling. competitive</td><td> 130 io 160</td><td> 7.0 to 1.71</td>

TABLE III

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

According to a third embodiment of the present invention, an adaptation algorithm (neural network) may be used to predict the thermal setpoint (or PMV value) using historical data. Specifically, a relationship is developed between historical thermal (or PMV) setpoint information and associated identification such as outside air temperature, outside air humidity, day of the week and the time of the day. According to a preferred embodiment, the historical thermal (or PMV) setpoint data is determined using occupant feedback according to the first or second embodiments of the present invention. The historical data is used to establish a relationship between the thermal (or PMV) setpoint and other input variables that influence the setpoint. Once the relationship is established, the thermal (or PMV) setpoints can be predicted in real-time using the prevailing conditions (outside air temperature, outside air humidity, day of the week and the timeOf the day).

The aforementioned relationship may be determined using an artificial neural network (ANN). A schematic of an ANN is shown in FIG. 13.

According to a preferred embodiment embodiment of the present invention the neural net is a general regression neural network (GRNN) which captures the input output regression (linear or nonlinear) characteristics of the system. The General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) is chosen to replicate the relationship between the setpoint and other input variables due to its simplicity, robustness and excellent capability in system identification. Unlike a conventional neural network, it requires minimal computational time to effectively capture the system characteristics. Notably, this type of neural network requires only a single parameter (o), and unlike back propagation, does

CA 02289237 1999-11-10 not involve any iterative training process. The following is a brief account of GRNN that illustrates its implementation in identification of the HVAC components.

The input to a GRNN is a series of data that can have multiple dimensions.

For sample values of X_t and Y_i of input vector X and scalar output Y, an estimate of the desired value of Y at any given value of X is found using all of the sample values using the following equation:

<img file="CA2289237C_D0001.tif" />

(9)

52exp(-—E-) /=1 2o² where σ is the single smoothing parameter of the GRNN, and the scalar function Dj², representing the Euclidean distance from the given value to the known points, is given by

Df = ( X - X, )^Γ (X - X, ) (10)

Equations 6 and 7 are the essence of the GRNN method. For a small value of the smoothing parameter, σ, the estimated density assumes non-Gaussian shapes but with the chance that the estimate may vary widely between the known irregular points. When σ is large, a very smooth regression surface is achieved. The estimate Ϋ(Χ) is a weighted average of all the observed samples, Y₍, where each sample is weighted exponentially according to its Euclidean distance from each Â, denoted by Dj.

CA 02289237 1999-11-10

By manner of illustration, FIG. 14, shows the neural network architecture for the above described GRNN algorithm. For a given X, the connections between the input and the first layers compute the scalar £&gt;„ based on observed samples X, and smoothing parameter o, and then takes the exponent of D_:².

A node in the second layer sums the exponential values for all samples. The other nodes calculate the product of the exponential value and the corresponding observed output Y_t for each sample observation. A node in the third layer sums the product values. In turn, the sum is supplied to the output node where the ratio between the sum of the exponent and the product values is calculated.

The weighting coefficients between the layers are dependent only upon the observed samples ofX_i} and smoothing parameter σ. As a result, only a suitable single value of σ is needed to predict the output. The value of σ can be calculated using a simple yet effective scheme known as the “Holdout” method (Spect 1991), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein. Holdout is one of several methods which are available to find an optimum value of the smoothing parameter, σ.

The implementation of GRNN also offers advantages over the conventional methods of identification. In a traditional regression method for identification, the operator has to input a priori knowledge of the equation type or has to search for the best fit equation exhaustively. The code requirement for a non-linear regression is intensive and may be prohibitive for on-line use in a controller. In contrast, the GRNN does not require any user input for the functional form of the characteristics and uses a strikingly simple code. Moreover, the GRNN algorithm can be imbedded into a hardware

CA 02289237 1999-11-10 processor, thereby simplifying the software development process since software coding during field installation is not necessary. The choice of sample size and specific sample values are important in designing a GRNN in general.

An improved method for updating a thermal setpoint in an HVAC system according to the present invention has been shown and described. According to a first aspect of the present invention, occupant feedback is used in determining the setpoint for a thermostat or a PMV sensor. Moreover, according to a second aspect of the present invention, a setpoint is predicted using an adaptation algorithm developed using historical data.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it should be understood that other modifications, substitutions and alternatives arc apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications, substitutions and alternatives can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which should be determined from the appended claims.

Various features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims.