Nanoemulsions

Translation of description of equivalent WO 2010065516 A2

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/193,449 filed December 1 , 2008.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates to nanoemulsions, their preparation and their uses, such uses including those relating to the oil field (the oil and gas industry). This invention also relates to water-in-oii (VWO), oii-in-water

(O/W) and other classes of nanoemulsions. It more particularly relates, in non- limiting embodiments, to nanoemulsions and their preparation and use in drilling, completion, well remediation and other oil and gas industry related operations. In addition, the invention relates to reducing friction pressure losses and/or reducing subsidence of solid weight material, such as barite sag or settling of particles in the annulus of a well, during oil and gas operations.

[0003] Nanoemuisions have many physical properties that distinguish them from other emulsions. Due to their small mean droplet size, which is often smaller than optical wavelengths of the visible spectrum (thus less than about 400 nm), nanoemulsions usually appear transparent or translucent to the naked eye, even at high droplet volume fractions. The terms sub-micron emulsion (SME) and mini-emulsion are sometimes used as synonyms for the term nanoemulsion. Nanoemuisions have great potential for use in many industries and applications.

[0004] A nanoemulsion may be defined as a type of emulsion wherein the dispersed/discontinuous phase has a mean droplet size of less than 1000 nm; the components of the continuous and dispersed/discontinuous phases must be immiscible enough to aliow for the respective phase formation. Some nanoemulsions may have a smaller range for mean droplet size specified, and it is possible to have more than one dispersed/discontinuous phase. These emulsions are typically composed of a nonpoiar phase (usually denoted as the oil phase), a polar phase (typically aqueous and denoted as the aqueous or water phase), a surfactant and optionally one or more additional co- surfactant(s)There may be a narrow droplet size distribution depending on the preparation process.

[0005] Nanoemulsions are usually stable against sedimentation or creaming, with high kinetic stability, probably because Brownian motion and diffusion rates are higher than the sedimentation or creaming rates induced by gravity. However, they are usually non-equilibrium systems (typically requiring energy input for formation), and thus thermodynamically unstable, and therefore have a tendency to separate into the constituent phases. [0006] In general, there are two primary methods to prepare a nanoemuision: (1 ) by "persuasion" and (2) by "brute force", which are described in the chapter, "NanoemuSsions", by Salager, Forgiarini and Marquez, in Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions, (2^nd edition),

Nieiloud and Marti-Mestres editors, Taylor and Francis (London). Preparation by persuasion involves taking advantage of certain phase transitions, while preparation through brute force involves imparting sufficient shear to reduce the droplet size of the immiscible interna! phase below 1000 nm. These methods may be further described as follows.

(1) Bv persuasion:

(1.1 ) Phase transition from near-optimum state via change in single variable

[0007] This method involves change in one formulation variable such as salinity or temperature for a system near optima! (HLD (hydrophilic lipophilic deviation) near 0), such as applying a higher temperature to a Winsor ill microemulsion (a middle-phase microemulsion in equilibrium with two excess phases, water and oil; it can be understood as an accumulation of swollen micelles, so numerous that they touch one another, forming a perfectly bicontinuous structure). (1 -2) Phase transition from near-optsrnurn __state via change in multipie variables

[0008] This method involves change in more than one formulation variable, such as applying higher temperature and inclusion of additional salt in a Winsor 111 microemulsion.

(1 -3) Catastrophic inversion

[0009] This method involves causing a low interna! phase emulsion to invert such that the internal phase becomes the externa! phase.

(1.4) Phase transition stabilized by liquid crystal formation

[0010] This method involves stabilization of nanodropiets by liquid crystal formation from a state near HLD = 0.

(2) By brute force:

[0011] This method may involve the use of a high speed mixer, a high pressure homogenizer, a high frequency ultra-sonic device, a small pore membrane, etc,

[0012] Surveys of recent literature show that formation of O/W and W/O nanoemuisions by dispersion or high-energy emulsification methods is apparently fairly common, while nanoemulsion formation by condensation or "low-energy" emulsification methods, which take advantage of the physicochemica! properties of these systems based on the phase transition that takes place during the emuisification process, is apparently starting to attract interest. The latter mentioned "low energy" procedures can be carried out by operating in particular areas of the phase diagram with a very low interfacial tension, which are areas of liquid crystals and microemulsions; at the end of the emuisification process, nanoemulsions formed are not in thermodynamic equilibrium as was the original system.

[0013] Properties of nanoemulsions, such as small droplet size, relative high kinetic stability and optical transparency seem to depend (at least in many cases) not only on composition variables but also on preparation variables such as emulsifying path, degree of mixing energy input and emulsification time. These are described further in T.G. Mason, J.N. Wilking, K. Meleson, CB. Chang, and S. M Graves, "Nanoemulsions: Formation, Structure, and Physical Properties", Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 18 (2008) R635-R666; and in C. Solans, J. Esquena. A.M. Forgiarini, N. Uson, D. Morales, P. Izquierdo, and N. Azemar, "Nanoemulsion: Formation, Properties and Applications" in D. Shah, B. Moudgil, K.L. Mittal (Eds.), Adsorption and Aggregation of Surfactants in Solution, Surfactant Science Series, Marcei Dekker, New York, 2003, pp 525-554.

[0014] Nanoemulsions are an emerging technology which show promise for application in many industrial areas. Current main applications of nanoemulsions seem to concentrate in high value-added fields, such as in nanoreactors for polymerization, in chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications and in the food industry. One recent example of this relates to a composition and methods for making and using nanoemuisions as a delivery system, the emulsions created by high shear stress technology, and gives applications in the nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetics fields. [0015] It is of note that nanoemulsions can typically be formulated using less surfactant than is required for many microemuisions; thus, it is very likely that nanoemulsions will play an increasingly important role commercially. A major cost component involved in producing nanoemulsions is usually the energy input required; methods of reducing this energy cost are of interest. [0016] A recently conducted literature survey revealed no mention of the use of nanoemulsions in drilling, completion, remediation or many other oil field fluids or processes. A few stems of interest were noted. [0017] One such item is WO 2005/090851 which relates to the use of polymeric nanoemulsions as drag/friction and/or pressure reducers for multiphase flow. The polymeric nanoemulsions are said to facilitate flow and reduce drag and friction in multiphase pipelines containing both oil and water including oil/water, oii/water/gas, oil/water/solids, and oil/water/gas/solids, such as are used for oil or gas production, gathering, and transmission and for hydro-transport of oi! sand or heavy oil slurries. The polymeric nanoemulsion drag reducers are made by combining components with sufficient mixing to form droplets of acceptably smaii size with the nanoemu!sions reported to be storage stable and to have a Sow viscosity of about 200 cP or less which enables easy pumping. These nanoemulsions have a hydrocarbon external phase, droplets of an aqueous internal phase having water-soluble polymer dissolved therein, where the droplets have an average size beiow about 300 or even 200 nm, and at least one surfactant. An example of a suitable drag reducing polymer used here is polyacrylamide, One particular application of the composition is the continuous injection of the nanoemuision polymer product through a subsea umbilical into multiphase flowlines to achieve increased production and/or reduction in pressure drop through the treated system. [0018] Another item noted is U. S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0110618 which discloses nanoemulsion, macroemulsion, miniemulsion and microemulsion systems with excess oil or water or both (Winsor IJI or iii phase behavior) or single phase microemulsions (Winsor SV) that improve the removal of filter cakes formed during hydrocarbon reservoir weiibore drilling with oi! based muds. The macroemulsion, nanoemulsion, miniemulsion and microemuision systems with excess oil or water or both or single phase microemuSsion removes oil and solids from the deposited filter cake. In one embodiment, the emulsion system (a single phase microemulsion, nanoemuision, or other emulsion) may be formed in situ (downhoie) rather than produced or prepared in advance and pumped downhoie. Skin damage from internal and external filter cake deposition might be reduced using these systems.

[0019] Given the short supply of energy in the world today, there is always a need to produce oil and gas and related materials more efficiently. There are many sources of inefficiency; for example, it is well known that friction pressure losses and subsidence of solid weighting materials reduce such efficiency and that the use of certain additives can increase it; some of this is described in more detail below. [0020] Numerous driiϋng fluids and procedures used in the driliing of subterranean oil and gas welis along with many related fluids and procedures in the oii and gas industry (such as completion and remediation) are known in the art. Much of the discussion that follows on drilling can be applied to other oil field fluids and processes as well,

[0021] In rotary drilling, there are a variety of functions and characteristics that are expected of drilling fluids, also known as driiϋng muds, or simply "muds". Driliing fluids are typically classified according to their base fluid. In water-based muds, solid particles are typically suspended in water or brine. Oil can be emulsified in the water which is the continuous phase. Brine-based drilling fluids are water-based muds (WBMs) in which the aqueous component is brine. Oil-based muds (OBM) are the opposite or "inverse"; solid particles are typically suspended in oil, and water or brine is emulsified in the oil and therefore the oil is the continuous phase. Oil-based muds may be either all oil or water-in-oil emulsions, which are also called invert emulsions. In oil-based mud, the oii can consist of any oil that may include, but is not limited to, diesel, mineral oϋ, esters, or olefins. OBMs as defined herein include synthetic-based fluids or muds (SBMs) which are synthetically produced rather than refined from naturally-occurring materials. SBMs often include, but are not necessarily limited to containing, olefin oligomers of ethylene, esters made from vegetable fatty acids and alcohols, or ethers and polyethers made from alcohols and polyalcohols, paraffinic and other natural products and mixtures of these. [0022] Solid particles are often added to drilling fluids for various reasons. Weighting agents such as barite, calcite or hematite particles may be added to the drilling mud to increase the density of the fluid and ensure that the fluid provides adequate hydrostatic pressure in the weϋbore. These particles may settle and/or stratify in the fluid as it is being pumped through the wellbore. It is well known that settling and sagging of solids such as barite may lead to safety and operational problems, particularly in inclined boreholes, in weighted driliing muds, barite as well as other weighting agents tends to segregate slowly, settle in the lower side of the borehole and start sliding in boreholes drilled at high angles from the vertical. The main problems caused by this phenomenon are pressure control due to density variations or nonlinear hydrostatic pressure gradients, lost circuiation, high torque and drag. Stuck pipes and plugged boreholes and even iost circulation occur because of the presence of thick and tight barite beds. Traditionally, organophiϋc days have been added to drilling fluids to overcome the sag problem. However, these materials increase the viscosity of the drilling mud causing a decrease in drilling efficiency since relative high pumping pressure may be required. [0023] Another important oil and gas operation is completion. Completion is the operation that prepares a well bore for actuaiiy producing oil or gas from the reservoir. The goal of the completion operation is to optimize the flow of the reservoir fluids into the well bore, up through the producing string, and into the surface collection system. The nature of the reservoir heips determine the type of completion to be used, such as open hole or cased hole completion, as well as helping determine fluid selection. Many applicable methods and fluids are described in the art.

[0024] Oil and gas well remediation is important to the industry as weil. This refers to attempts at restoration of the initial characteristics of producing formation rocks or removal of formation damage. Remediation may involve use of one or more of a variety of fluids and methods of application with many described in the art.

[0025] There are other important oil and gas operations, including acidizing, stimuiation and fracturing. Many fluids and procedures for these are known in the art. [0026] There is still a need for improved methods and compositions for these various operations, and nanoemulsions are found to fill this need.

SUMMARY

[0027] There are provided herein nanoemulsion compositions comprising: (1) a continuous phase, (2) a discontinuous or dispersed phase with a mean droplet size of less than 1000 nm, (3) a surfactant and (4) a soiid weighting agent; wherein, one of the phases (1) and (2) is a non-poiar based phase and the other of these is a polar based phase.

[0028] One alternative nanoemuision composition comprises: (1) a continuous phase, (2) a discontinuous or dispersed phase with a mean droplet size of less than 1000 nm, and (3) a surfactant; wherein, one of the phases (1) and (2) is an non-polar based phase and the other of these is a poiar or aqueous based phase, with the polar or aqueous based phase comprising a polar solvent or water and a dissolved salt of formic acid. Alternatively, an ammonium salt may be used in place of or in combination with the salt of formic acid. These alternative nanoemuision compositions may further comprise a co-surfactant and/or one or more additives. [0029] There is also provided in one non-limiting embodiment methods of making nanoemuision compositions comprising: (1) mixing a group of components comprising an oil or other non-poiar solvent and a surfactant; (2) adding a poiar or aqueous based salt solution to the result of (1) with mixing; (3) mixing the result of (2); (4) adding more of the salt solution to the result of (3) while mixing; and (5) mixing the result of (4). [0030] Additional non-restrictive nanoemuision compositions may be defined in a "product-by-process" sense corresponding to each of the methods of making nanoemulsions compositions given herein (including all variations and combinations). It is worth noting here that nanoemuision compositions may be path dependent; that is, different compositions may result when the same components are combined using different methods. [0031] in another non-restrictive version there are provided methods of using nanoemuision compositions in various processes relating to the oil and gas industry. Such methods include, but are not necessarily limited to: drilling a weilbore using a fluid comprising a nanoemuision; completing a well using a fluid comprising a nanoemuision; remediating a subterranean formation using a fluid comprising a nanoemuision; stimulating a subterranean formation using a fluid comprising a nanoemuision; and fracturing a subterranean formation using a fluid comprising a nanoemuision. Any of these methods may be done with or without acid or acidizing as applicable. [0032] Similarly, other methods for the use of nanoemulsions include using these emulsions in acidizing/acid treatments perse or in combination with other operations, well treatments generally, as well as in cleaning pipes, pipelines, tanks and vessels. Any of these methods may be done with or without acid or acidizing as applicable.

[0033] Nanoemulsion compositions may be used in or as fluids for oil and gas operations resulting in sag reduction and/or friction pressure reduction compared to when they are not used.

DETAiLED DESCRSPTSON

[0034] It has been discovered that nanoemulsions are useful as oil field fluids, such as a drilling, completion or remediation fluid, among other uses. Methods of preparation and uses thereof are also set out. The nanoemuisions are ordinarily stable and can contain significant amounts of brine while retaining uniform dispersion. They may allow for density control based upon the salt type, content and volume of brine, with and without the use of solid weighting materials, which allows for efficient drilling, completion, remediation or other oil field fluids, often with very low viscosity and/or solids content. The nanoemulsions include, but are not necessarily limited to, water-in-oil (WVO)₁ oil-in-water (OAA/) and other classes of nanoemulsions. Such designs usually have several benefits, including reduced pressure losses and reduced subsidence of weight material. Selection of a particular nanoemulsion may be via a phase diagram. [0035] Nanoemulsions may be used in novel driliing and other oil field fluids to improve performance and efficiency of operations. This may be through various means such as in reducing friction pressure losses, as a means to aid and improve the ability to suspend solid particles (which might be done inside the droplets of the nanoemulsions) to reduce the settling and sagging of particles in the annulus of a well during the drilSing or completion operations or at other times and locations in these and related operations and/or as a means to provide better delivery of additives. [0036] Note that throughout this disclosure that "naπoemulsion" and "nanoemulsion composition" and the ϋke are to be considered as interchangeable terms, unless otherwise indicated.

[0037] The nanoemulsion compositions herein comprise: (1) a continuous phase, (2) a discontinuous or dispersed phase with a mean droplet size of less than 1000 nm, (3) a surfactant and (4) a solid weighting agent; wherein, one of the phases (1) and (2) is a non-polar based phase and the other of these is a polar based phase, [0038] In these nanoemulsion compositions, the solvents for phases (1) and (2) must be immiscible enough to allow for the formation of the phases specified. It should be understood that the surfactant (3) may be present within phase (1), within phase (2), between phase (1) and (2), elsewhere within the nanoemulsion composition, or at some combination of these locations, and similarly and independently that the solid weighting agent (4) may be present within phase (1), within phase (2), between phase (1) and (2), elsewhere within the nanoemuision composition, or at some combination of these locations. The materials chosen for the surfactant (3) and the solid weighting agent (4) are taken to be single chemical species, distinct from each other, unless otherwise specified. The surfactant (3) might be a bifunctional, yet a single chemical species surfactant, such as one having polyglycol and polyamino functionality in the same molecule, however, [0039] The mean droplet size (synonymous with average droplet diameter) of the discontinuous phase in these compositions may alternately be in a subrange coming within the overall range of less than 1000nm. Such subranges (in nm) would include any that can be described by any of the following numbers as its upper end (except the lowest of course) with any of the following that is a lower number as the lower end, as well as any ranges that can be described as "less than" any of the following numbers, the numbers being: 995, 950, 900, 800, 750, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 100, 75, 50, 25, 20, 10, 5 and 1. Of course, the mean droplet size is understood to always be larger than zero. Some specific ranges of interest include, but are not necessarily limited to, 1 to 100 nm, 1 to 500 nm; 20 to 500 nm; 100 to 500 nm; 400 to 700 nm which is approximately the wavelength range of visible light; 1 to 995 nm; and less than 1000, 750, 700, 500, 400, 100 or 75 nm.

[0040] The mean droplet size (or average diameter of the droplets) of the discontinuous phase may be determined via a size distribution profile found using a technique known in the art as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) or Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). In this technique, the distribution of diffusion coefficients is determined by measurement and correlation of the statistical fluctuations in the light scattered from a system of particles (here the dropiets) under the influence of Brownian motion (also called "random walk"). The average diameter of the scattering particles can be calculated based on the diffusion coefficient D and the known viscosity of the system by applying the Stokes-Einstein relation:

D = kT/6πηr.

where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin, η is the viscosity of the solvent and r is the average particie radius. [0041] it might be useful in some embodiments to have and/or to distinguish between two or more discontinuous phases.

[0042] In the nanoemulsion compositions, the non-poiar based phase may be oil based (such as based on diesel, mineral oil, hydrocarbons, olefins, esters or other solvents or mixtures of these known in the art for use in the oil phase of an emulsion) and/or the polar based phase may be aqueous based (or based on some other polar solvent such as methanol, ethanol or iso- propanol). The polar based phase may comprise a dissolved salt and when this phase is an aqueous based phase, it may comprise water and a dissolved salt. Sn any case, the dissolved salt is taken to be a single chemical species that is different from the material chosen for the surfactant (3) and for the solid weighting agent (4), as applicable, unless otherwise specified. [0043] For VWQ or O/W nanoemulsions, the volumetric or weight ratio range of oil:water may be 99: 1 to 1 :99 or otherwise, depending on the embodiment.

[0044] A variety of surfactants may be used for the surfactant (3) in the nanoemulsions including, but not necessarily limited to, anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and (extended) surfactants containing a non-ionic spacer-arm central extension and an ionic or nonionic polar group. More specific surfactants of interest include, but are not necessarily limited to, monomeric cationic and monomeric amphoteric types. Other examples include, but are not necessarily limited to, anionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of alkali metal alky! sulfates, alkyl ether sulfonates, alkyl sulfonates, alkylaryi sulfonates, linear and branched alkyi ether sulfates and sulfonates, alcohol polypropoxylated sulfates, alcohol polyethoxylated sulfates, alcohol polypropoxylated polyethoxyiated sulfates, alkyl disulfonates, alkylaryi disulfonates, aikyl disulfates, alky! sulfosuccinates, alky! ether sulfates, linear and branched ether sulfates, alkali metal carboxyiates, fatty acid carboxylates, and phosphate esters; nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of amides, diamides, polyglycol esters, alky! polyglycosides, sorbitan esters, methyl glucoside esters and alcohol ethoxylates; cationic surfactants selected from the group consisting of arginine methyl esters, aikanolamines and aikyienediamines; and (extended) surfactants containing a non-ionic spacer- arm centra! extension and an ionic or nonionic polar group, wherein the nonionic spacer-arm centra! extension results from of polypropoxylation, poiyethoxylation or both. Other suitable surfactants are dimeric or gemini surfactants, cleavable surfactants and fluorinated surfactants. [0045] Materials that may be used for the solid weighting agent (4) include, but are not necessarily limited to, any of the variety of materials known in the art for this purpose such barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, hematite, ilmenite, siderite and manganese tetraoxide. Use of a combination of materials here may be specified at times as well. The key here is that these materials have very limited solubility in water or oil, and they are present in enough concentration so as to be to some extent suspended solids in the fluid in question. It should be understood that the designation barium sulfate is taken to include the chemical species as weii as the mineral form, barite, and similarly for calcium carbonate and caicite. [0048] The average diameter of the weighting agent particles may also be significant. In particular, it may be useful to sometimes specify that at least in the discontinuous phase (and maybe other phase(s) and/or overall in the nanoemulsion) that the average diameter of the weighting agent is smaller than the mean droplet size in the corresponding nanoemulsion's discontinuous phase; possible mean droplet sizes are given above and serve as specific disclosure for solid weighting agent particle size within the limits specified here. Thus for example, where the mean droplet size is 400 to 700 nm, the average diameter of a solid weighting agent used might be specified as any size smaller than 400 nm such as less than 400, 300, 250, 200, 100, 75, 50, 25, 20, 10, 5 or 1 nanometer (nm), or within ranges that can be constructed from these numbers. Sn other instances, other criteria and sizes might be specified, such as average diameter of the weighting agent in either or both phases as less than 10, 5, 1 , 0.5, 0.1 , 0.05, 0.01 , 0.005 or 0.001 millimeter (mm), or less than 500, 250 or 100 nanometers (nm). [0047] it should be understood that an insoluble material (such as a mineral, a sized or ground solid or a polymer) other than what is "known in the art" as a possible solid weighting agent may also be used as solid weighting agent (4) as long as it may perform a weighting function. Considerations applicable to "standard" solid weighting agents given herein would also apply to these "alternate" soiid weighting agents. Sf such a material does not perform a weighting function, then it may be used as an additive, but would not be considered as being the solid weighting agent (4) in such a case, but only an additive. [0048] The dissolved salt (taken as distinct throughout from weighting agents, surfactants, co-surfactants, additives, or the like also present, unless indicated otherwise), if present in the polar or aqueous based phase of the nanoemuision compositions may be any salt that can be dissolved to some appreciable extent in the poiar or aqueous based phase, inciuding any such soiubie chlorides, bromides, sulfates, phosphates, formates, acetates, citrates or ammonium salts. Some more specific examples include soluble chlorides of sodium, potassium, calcium, silver, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or iron; bromides of sodium, potassium, caicium, silver, cobalt, nickei, copper, zinc or iron; sulfates of sodium, potassium, calcium, silver, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or iron; phosphates of sodium, potassium, calcium, silver, cobait, nickel, copper, zinc or iron; formates, acetates or citrates of sodium, potassium, cesium or some other cation; and ammonium chloride, bromide, sulfate, phosphate, formate, acetate, citrate or ammonium salts of some other anion. The dissolved salt may actually be specified as a combination of such species at times. As to concentration, the amount of dissolved salt may among various embodiments be in any range possible from greater than zero to saturation; as an example, the average weight percentage of the dissolved salt in the polar or aqueous based phase may be at least (or alternately less than) 0.01 , 0.05 0.1 , 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 0.99 of the weight percentage of this salt in water at 25°C at maximum solubility with other examples using ranges made up from any possible combination of these same fractions of saturation, such as 0.1 to 0.99, 0.1 to 0.9, 0.25 to 0.75, etc.

[0049] Additional or co-surfactant(s) may be used in the compositions as well, it should be understood that any co-surfactant is independently present within phase (1), phase (2), between phase (1) and (2), elsewhere within the nanoemuision composition, or at some combination of these locations. The co-surfactant is taken as a single chemical species that is different from the material chosen for the surfactant (3), for the solid weighting agent (4) and for the dissolved salt if present, unless otherwise specified. Examples of materials that are often chosen as co-surfactants include mono-alcohols, poly- alcohols, organic acids (such as formic, acetic or citric), salts of organic acids (such as formates, acetates or citrates), amines, polyethylene glycols, ethoxyiated solvents and active surface additives. [0050] The nanoemuision compositions may further comprise one or more additives seiected from the group consisting of asphaitene disso!vers, wax dissolvers, corrosion inhibitors, viscosifiers, thinners, fluid loss control agents, lost circulation materials, alkalinity control agents, shale inhibitors, defoamers, biocides, lubricants, oxygen scavengers, and defSocculants. Similarly, they may further comprise a minerai/inorganic acid (such as HCI or H₂SO4) or an organic acid (such as formic, acetic or citric) additive. Additives may be present in either the continuous or the dispersed/discontinuous phase or both. [0051] To minimize confusion from possible overiapping components, throughout this disclosure, additives present are taken as distinct from one another and from the surfactant (3), weighting agent (4), any dissolved salt, co-surfactant or the ϋke present and vice versa for ail these. [0052] !t is possible to have polymer free (dissolved and/or otherwise) varieties of the nanoemulsions as well; polymer free may apply to such nanoemuisions overall or only to one or more phases individually therein. Similar considerations apply to amines, iignin and/or anionic surfactants. [0053] An alternative nanoemuision composition comprises: (1) a continuous phase, (2) a discontinuous or dispersed phase with a mean droplet size of less than 1000 nm, and (3) a surfactant; wherein, one of the phases (1) and (2) is a non-polar based phase and the other of these is a polar or aqueous based phase, with the polar or aqueous based phase comprising a polar solvent or water and a dissolved salt of formic, acetic or citric acid, of an ammonium salt or a mixture of these. The dissolved salt may be another of the salts named herein as well. This alternative nanoemuision composition may further comprise a co-surfactant and/or one or more additives, the additives selected from the group consisting of mineral acid (such as HCi or H₂SO4) or organic acid (such as formic, acetic or citric), asphaitene dissolvers, wax dissolvers, corrosion inhibitors, viscosifiers, thinners, fluid loss control agents, lost circulation materials, alkalinity control agents, shale inhibitors, defoamers, biocides, lubricants, oxygen scavengers, and defϊocculants. The disclosure and discussion on detail and variations given previously for other nanoemulsions may be applied here as well as applicable,

[0054] It should be understood that the disclosure given here should be interpreted broadly enough so that any variation discussed as to composition may be used in combination with any others unless this would be contradictory or otherwise obviously inappropriate under the circumstances. The same understanding should be applied to methods as well and to combinations relating to methods and compositions as applicable. [0055] The nanoemulsions may be formed by many methods including the following (described in detail in the chapter, "Nanoemulsions", by Salager, Forgiarini and Marquez, in Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions, (2^nd edition), Nielloud and Marti-Mestres editors, Taylor and Francis (London), hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for this purpose) as applicable/adaptable which are part of the invention in this regard:

(1) By persuasion:

(1.1) Phase transition from near-optimum state via change in single variable. [0056] It is contemplated that the nanoemulsions may be prepared by phase transition, taking advantage of the physscochemica! properties of the oii/water/surfactant systems, preferably but not limited to transitions due to changes in temperature, such as reported in Shinoda, K. et al., "The stability of QAA/ type emulsions as a function of temperature and the HLB of emulsifiers: The emulsification by the PIT-method", J. Colloid interface Sci. 1989, 30, 258-263 (this method herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), or any of the variables affecting the hydrophriic-iipophilic deviation (HLD). The HLD is a dirnensionless expression that represents the deviation of the formulation from the "optimum" in which the oii/water/surfactant system exhibits three-phase behavior, i.e. Winsor III type, and a minimum interfaciai tension, as described by Salager et al., "Partitioning of ethoxylated octylphenol surfactants in microemulsion-oil-water systems. Influence of temperature and relation between partitioning coefficient and physicochemical formulation", Langmuir 2000, 18, 5334-5539 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for this purpose). Changes in temperature or any of the variables affecting the HLD allow the preparation of nanoemulsions by (i) starting the emulsification process at the optimum formuiation region (HLD=O) and slowly shifting it away or (ii) crossing the optimum formulation and displacing the formuiation slightiy from this optimum, which in both cases results in a decrease in solubilization of either the oil or aqueous phase and produces a release of the excess phase under the form of nanoemulsion size droplets. [0057] The nanoemulsions may also be prepared by phase transition changing variables affecting the hydrophiSic-lipophilic deviation HLD such as temperature, salinity of the aqueous phase, nature of the surfactant, nature of oil phase and changes in the alcohoi effect, in one non-limiting embodiment, the oil/water/surfactant system dose to the optimum formulation (HLD close to 0) exhibits a monophasic behavior, i.e. Winsor SV type which may produce uniform monodispersed nanoemuisions.

(1.2) Phase transition from near-optimum state via change in muitiple

^■J] Nanoemuisions may sometimes be prepared by phase transition combining changes in temperature or any of the variables affecting the hydrophilic-iipophiiic deviation (HLD), and minor changes in the water to oil ratio of the system, in one embodiment, minor changes in water to oil ratio impiies that the phase behavior of the oii/water/surfactant system undergoes through the formation of a iiquid crystal phase.

(1.3) Catastrophic inversion.

[0059] A method is contempiated for making the nanoemulsions by catastrophic inversion of a iow internal phase emulsion adding smal! amounts of the internal phase under low and long lasting mixing, which results in an inversion of the emulsion producing nanoemulsion size droplets of the original external phase. Allowing that the proposal of a mechanism here should in no way be construed as iimiting the scope of the present methods and compositions, it is believed that this inversion process is helped by the formuiation and the initia! formation of multiple emulsions which makes the apparent internal phase ratio much higher than the overaii one,

(1.4) Phase transition stabilized bv liquid crystal formation. [0060] Nanoemulsions herein may sometimes be prepared by a phase transition that is stabilized by the presence of liquid crystal layers wrapping around the released nanoemulsion sized droplets, as described by Forgiarini et a!., "Formation and stability of nano-emulsions in mixed nonionic surfactant systems", Prog. Colloids Polymer Sci. 2001 , 118, 184-189 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for this purpose). In one non- restrictive embodiment, nanoemulsions prepared by transition are stabilized by a rapid change in the formulation or temperature after emulsification that produces a quick shift of the formulation from the region closed to HLD=O to avoid fast coalescence of the nanodroplets and secure stability, as described by Salager, J. L. "Emulsions properties and related know-how to attain them" in Nielloud F & Marti-Mestres G, eds, Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions, Chapter 3, New York: Marce! Dekker, 2000:73-125 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for this purpose).

2. By brute force:

[0081] The nanoemulsions herein may sometimes also be produced using a high speed mixer, a high frequency ultra-sonic device, a high pressure homogenizer, a small pore membrane and/or the like. Using brute force type methods, nanoemulsions herein are prepared by providing an external energy input to the oil/water/surfactant system using high shear stress or inertia! disruption perhaps to overcome the effect of interfacial tension and reach the levels of Laplace pressure of droplets having the expected size to fragment large microscaie droplets into the nanoscale. in this embodiment, an excess of surfactant is present in the continuous phase in the form of micelles that dissociate into monomers that rapidly adsorb on the newly created surface area of the nanoemulsion sized droplets and coat the interfacial film, thereby preventing shear-induced coalescence. The concentration of surfactant in the system also plays a role in determining the limiting droplet size when aii other parameters are fixed. Apparatus suitable for preparing the nanoemuisions by mechanical energy input include, but are not limited to, devices offering a high power density with a small and we!! defined disruption zone including:

[0082] (2.1) high speed rotor-stator machines such as colloid mills, static mixers with special orifice geometry that combine shear and elongation flow or homogenizers which provide high power density through a large pressure drop and produce either axial or radial elongation;

[0063] (2.2) microfluidizer high pressure homogenizers which offer high continuous turbulent flow and extreme extensional shear, combined with compression, acceleration and high pressure, in this type of device, streams of premixed emulsion flow through rigid micro channels;

[0084] (2.3) high frequency ultrasonic devices that provide ultrasonic disruption creating vacuum cavities followed by implosions and back and forth high-pressure shock valves that breaks up the drop of the initial premixed coarse microscale emulsion. In this process, performing a number of recirculation steps may be required to obtain reasonably uniform droplet size distributions; and

[0065] (2.4) nanoemulsification by passing the internal phase through the pore of a membrane that contacts a cross flow of the continuous phase; nanoemuisions obtained through this method are practically mono-dispersed.

[0066] Methods of making nanoemulsion compositions further comprise: (1) mixing a group of components comprising an oil or other non-polar solvent and a surfactant; (2) adding a polar or aqueous based salt solution to the result of (1) with mixing; (3) mixing the result of (2); (4) adding more of the salt solution to the result of (3) while mixing; and (5) mixing the result of (4). [0067] Some heipful "variations" in steps of this basic procedure may include one or more of: in step (2), the adding is between a minimum and maximum rate with mixing and/or is continued until the viscosity increases to at least a minimum va!ue at a given temperature; in step (3), mixing the result of (2) continues until the viscosity drops at least beiow a given value at a given temperature and/or there is an energy addition condition of importance here (and/or at another step) as well; in Step (4), the adding of the salt solution is continued only to a predetermined effective overall total; and in step (5), mixing the result of (4) continues until turbidity is at least less than a given value.

[0068] in these methods of making nanoemulsion compositions, the group of components of step (1) may further comprise one or more additional or co- surfactants. [0069] In these methods, the salt (taken as distinct throughout from weighting agents, surfactants, co-surfactants, additives, or the like also present, unless indicated otherwise) in the salt solution may be any salt that may be dissolved to some appreciable extent in a polar or aqueous based phase, including, but not necessarily limited to, soluble chlorides, bromides, sulfates, phosphates, formates, acetates or citrates or ammonium salts. In particular the salt solution may comprise a soluble salt that is a chloride of sodium, potassium, caicium, silver, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or iron; a bromide of sodium, potassium, calcium, silver, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or iron; a sulfate of sodium, potassium, calcium, silver, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or iron; a phosphate of sodium, potassium, caicium, silver, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or iron; a formate, acetate or citrate of sodium, potassium, cesium or other cation; ammonium chloride, bromide, sulfate, phosphate, formate, acetate or citrate or an ammonium salt of some other anion; or in some cases a combination of these. As to the concentration of the salt solutions used in these methods, the amount of dissolved salt in these solutions may among various embodiments be in any range possible from greater than zero to saturation; as an example, the average weight percentage of the dissolved salt in the polar or aqueous based phase may be at least (or alternately iess than) 0.01 , 0,05 0,1 , 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 0.99 of the weight percentage of this sail in water at 25°C at maximum solubility with other examples using ranges made up from any possible combination of these same fractions of saturation, such as 0.1 to 0.99, 0.1 to 0.9, 0.25 to 0.75, etc.

[0070] These methods may further comprise the adding to the result of step (5), a solid weighting agent and/or one or more additives, the additives selected from the group consisting of mineral acids (such as HCI or H₂SO4), organic acids (such as formic, acetic or citric), asphaltene dissoϊvers, wax dissoivers, corrosion inhibitors, viscosifiers, thinners, fluid loss control agents, lost circulation materials, alkalinity control agents, shaie inhibitors, defoamers, biocides, lubricants, oxygen scavengers, and defjocculants. The solid weighting agent may be as to type, amount and otherwise as given previously in the discussion of the nanoemulsion compositions; similarly, additives here may include those mentioned in conjunction with the description of "alternate" solid weighting agents above. Additives may be present in either the continuous or the dispersed/discontinuous phase or both. To minimize confusion from possible overlapping components, throughout this disclosure, additives present are taken as distinct from each other and the surfactant, any weighting agent, dissolved salt, co-surfactant or the like present and vice versa for all.

[0071] Additional factors of possible importance in the methods herein include temperature, salinity, component amounts and ratios, as well as factors relating to energy input. [0072] In a more specific embodiment of the methods herein for making nanoemulsions compositions, steps (1) to (5) above are done with a co- surfactant added to the mix in step (1) and in addition: (a) in the group of components of (1), the oil is hydrogenated mineral oil, the surfactant is imidazoline with 1 to 5% (often about 3%) by weight methanol and the co- surfactant is succinamide with the surfactant and co-surfactant in a weight ratio of about 4:1 , and the oil to the total of the surfactant and co-surfactant in a ratio of about 0.043 bbl: 1.0 Ib (15.0 liters: 1 kg); and (b) the aqueous salt soiution is about 45 weight percent calcium bromide in water with the amount of this salt soiution added in (2) and (4), per 1.0 bbl (S! alternate is 1 cubic meter) of hydrogenated mineral oil in (1) being about 0.42 bbl (Si alternate is 0.42 cubic meter) and about 0.84 bbi (Sl alternate is 0.84 cubic meters), respectively. This is similar to Example 1 given beiow. The embodiment just given may be "extended" so as to further comprise adding to the result of (5) a polypropylene homopolymer so that the resulting weight ratio of polypropylene homopolymer to succinamide is about 0.63:1.0; a polypropylene homopolymer and barium sulfate so that the resulting weight ratio of poiypropyiene homopolymer to succinamide to barium sulfate is about

0.64:1.0: 17.5; or manganese tetraoxide so that the resulting weight ratio of manganese tetraoxide to succinamide is about 52.5:1.0. This "extension" is similar to Example 2 below. [0073] The two previous embodiments (those stated as similar to Examples 1 and 2) may sometimes be "enhanced" wherein the adding with mixing of step (2) continues until the viscosity of the composition of (2) reaches a viscosity of say at least about 275 cP when measured at a shear rate of 500 /s at 25°C; and the mixing of (3) is continued until the viscosity of the composition of (3) drops say below about 20 cP when measured at a shear rate of 500 /s at 25°C.

[0074] Additional nanoemulsion compositions may be defined in a product by process sense corresponding to each of the methods of making nanoemulsions compositions given in this disclosure (including all variations and combinations) and are hereby disclosed, it is worth noting here that nanoemulsion compositions may be formation path dependent; that is, different compositions may result when the same components are combined using different methods.

[0075] Using nanoemulsion compositions is also contemplated in various processes relating to the oil and gas industry. Such methods include, but are not necessarily limited to methods comprising: (1) drilling a welibore using a fluid comprising a nanoemuision; (2) completing a well using a fluid comprising a nanoemulsion; (3) remediating a subterranean formation using a fluid comprising a nanoemuision; (4) stimuiating a subterranean formation using a fluid comprising a nanoemuJsion; and/or (5) fracturing a subterranean formation using a fluid comprising a nanoemuision. Any of these methods may be performed with or without acid or acidizing as appiicabie. The nanoemuisions of these methods include nanoemulsions generally as well as any of those in particular herein,

[0076] Similarly, other methods for the use of nanoemulsions include using these emulsions in acidizing/acid treatments perse or in combination with other operations, well treatments generally, as well as in cieaning pipes, pipelines, tanks and vessels. Any of these methods may be done with or without acid or acidizing as applicable. Nanoemulsions compositions generally may be used in these methods as well as any of those described in particular herein. [0077] Other methods include those where nanoemuision compositions generally and those described herein in particular are used in or as fluids for oil and gas operations resulting in sag reduction and/or friction pressure reduction compared to when they are not used. According to one non-limiting embodiment in this area, reduction of friction pressure losses and reduction of solid partide sag in an oil field fluid includes suspending soiid particles in the dispersed and/or continuous phase of a nanoemuision. The resulting fluid composition may be used as an oii field fluid such as a driϋing or completion fluid. The reduction in sag that is achieved is in the range of about 10% to about 30% when compared with a fluid of the same composition that does not include a nanoemuision. The use of a nanoemuision in an oil field fluid composition does not usuaily significantly increase the viscosity of the fluid. In one non-restrictive embodiment, the apparent viscosity change of the fluid composition is less than about 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25% at 25°C. The embodiments described in this paragraph may make use of nanoemulsions generally or those described in particular herein. [0078] The methods for use of nanoemuisions may make use of nanoemulsions generally, nanoemuisions wherein the mean droplet size of the dispersed/discontinuous phase is less than 750, 500, 250 or 100 nm, and those of WO2007/112967 described previously, the latter document hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for this purpose. [0079] Note that in this disclosure, unless otherwise indicated, a component amount given in percent is In weight percent, [0080] The following examples serve to illustrate some features of the present invention, but should not be taken as exhaustive or limited in this

[0081] Several oil-external emulsion formulations were prepared utilizing various water phase salinities (WPS) in order to demonstrate the formation of a nanoemuision. Calcium bromide brine was employed as the interna! phase of the emulsions, while hydrogenated mineral oil (EDC 99/DW; source: Total) was utilized as the external phase. An emulsifier (imidazoline with about 3% by weight methanol) and a wetting agent (succinamide) were inciuded to properly stabilize the emulsions.

[0082] The formulations were prepared to demonstrate the formation of a brine-in~oil emulsion as well as a brine-in-oil nanoemuision. The formulation for each fluid is shown below in Table 1 ,

TABLE 1

FLUID FORMULATIONS FOR EXAMPLE 1 (S! or metric equivalents are given parenthetically)

<img file="WO2010065516A2_D0001.tif" /> mu si ier is the surfactant ^** Wetting agent is the co-surfactant

[0083] The emulsions were prepared using the following procedure:

1. Measure out the appropriate quantity of oil, emuisifier, wetting agent, and calcium bromide brine of the appropriate salinity to prepare 1 lab barrel of each mixture to be made.

2. Using a Multimixer and a stainless steel conical mixing cup, begin mixing the oil. Add the emuisifier and wetting agent using a syringe.

3. Allow oil / emuisifier / wetting agent blend to mix for 1 minute. 4. Begin adding the brine slowly. Once approximately haif of the brine has been added, the viscosity of the mixture wil! increase to the point that the vortex will close. Allow two minutes of mixing for the viscosity to reduce, then add the remaining quantity of brine. 5. Allow emulsion to stabilize by mixing for at least an additional 30 minutes (at least 35 minutes total).

[0084] Using the formulations and preparation method listed above, 1 lab barrel aliquots were made of each of the fluids. After mixing, the appearance and properties of each of the fluids was documented as shown in Table 2 below. The appearance of fluids A and C were substantially identical. Both of these fluids formed stable, turbid oϋ-externa! emulsions after mixing. Fluid B manifested as a transparent stable brine-in-oil nanoemulsion. Measurements of electrical stability were performed for each of the three samples; the measurements performed for these fluids indicated that each was an oil continuous fluid (VWO).

[0085] The turbidity of each of the sampies indicated the difference in dropiet size between the samples. These measurements were made using a LaMotte 202Oe turbidometer. For the normal invert emulsions A and C, the turbidity was » 1 ,000 NTU, while sample B had a turbidity of only 60 NTU. Sample B was so transparent that printed words could be read through the fluid when held behind a vial with a Y₂ inch (1.3 cm) diameter. Dispersed systems (systems composed of an immiscible phase dispersed in a second phase) that are translucent or transparent usually have an average droplet size of less than one micron (1000 nm).

TABLE 2

ES FOR EXAMPLE 1

<img file="WO2010065516A2_D0002.tif" />

[0086] Preparation of these fluids is different from building a standard brine-in-oil emulsion, Typically, when mixing an oil-external emulsion such as those utilized for oil-based drilling fluids, a low viscosity is observed in the initial stage of the mixing, As more and more brine is added, the viscosity begins to increase and eventually levels off as the brine addition is completed. [0087] In the case of this example, when the brine was added to the oil, emuisifser, and wetting agent of each of samples A, B and C, an extremely high viscosity was noted after approximately half of the brine had been added, The formation of an ordered liquid crystal phase was likely responsible for the observed increase in viscosity. Imparting additional mixing energy to the fluid caused a fairly rapid breakdown of the viscosity of the fluid, indicating a phase transition probably occurred. Samples A and C transitioned to a standard opaque oil-external emulsion phase after additional mixing. Fluid B, however, transitioned to a brine-in-oi! nanoemulsion fluid. After the transitioning through the (apparent) liquid crystal phase to the nanoemulsion fluid, further additions of brine did not cause reformation of the viscous phase, [0088] For samples prepared as sample fluid B above, the maximum viscosity determined on mixing at a shear rate of 500/s was 275 cP at 25°C, This was determined by placing the oil and emulsifiers in the sample cup of an MCR 301 Anton Paar rheometer equipped with a vane stirrer. The stirrer was then started, followed by addition of the brine. This mixture was allowed to stir for 90 minutes. During mixing, the maximum viscosity occurred after 1 minute and was found to be 275 cP at 25°C. The final viscosity of the nanoemuSsion after mixing was found to be 20 cP at 25°C.

[0089] In this example, a stable brine-in-oii nanoemulsion (fluid sample B) was successfully formulated and tested. The method of formation of the nanoemulsion involved choosing appropriate compositional elements (such as the salinity of the internal phase) with the application of mechanical mixing energy. The nanoemuSsion formed was transparent with a high electrical stability. [0090] The process of forming a nanoemulsion in sample B was likely a combination of the two principal methods of making nanoemulsions - by "brute force", by imparting enough shear to create fine droplets and by "persuasion", by choosing particular elements of composition or a formation path to result in a nanoemuision. In the case of sample B, described above, the two methods were combined to form the transparent nanoemulsion. Only through the use of a narrow range of salt concentration can the nanoemulsion be formed. Employment of an internal phase with a salinity outside of this narrow range will result in formation of a standard opaque brine-in-oil emulsion rather than a nanoemuSsion as seen above. [0091] Application of mixing energy is important in this case as well. Preparation of a fluid of the same composition as sample fluid B above in a narrow glass tube without use of a mechanical mixing device appears to lead to the formation of the viscous liquid crystal phase, with a very slow apparent transition to a Winsor Ii state. When this procedure was carried out and 24 hours had elapsed, equiiibrium had not yet been reached. An upper phase largely composed of the base oil with a small amount of surfactant present was seen, while a lower phase of a gelled aqueous phase was noted. A middle phase, thought to be a liquid crystal phase, was seen apparently in the process of separating into the oil and aqueous phases. Comparing the appearance of sample formed with little shear with that of sample fluid B above (formed with higher shear), it is apparent that application of shear was critical to forming the nanoemulsion here. EXAMPLE 2: Some Nanoemutsions Formulated with Solid Weighting

Agents

[0092] All formulations in this example were prepared in the same way as the nanoemulsion in example 1 (sample fluid B), except that viscosifier and solid weighting agents were added after formation of a nanoemulsion to form a weighted, solids-laden system as applicable.

[0093] A nanoemulsion of moderate viscosity was formulated with the composition described in Table 3 below (formulation 1). Its viscosity versus strain was about 100 cP at 0.75 /s versus about 20 cP at 500 /s, both at 25⁰C. Addition of barium sulfate to this formulation (more precisely, one almost like it, see Table 3 below), showed that this fluid did not present problems of solid particle sag; no difference in density between the top and bottom of the sample was observed after 24 hours of static aging.

[0094] Formulation 2 was prepared with the components listed in Table 3 below; it contained the solid weighting agent, manganese tetraoxide, and remained stable without settling problems as well.

TABLE 3 NANOEMULSION FORMULATIONS FOR EXAMPLE 2

(S! or metric equivalents are given parenthetically)

<img file="WO2010065516A2_D0003.tif" />

EDC 99/DW is a hydrogenated mineral oil (source: Total) Emuisifier is imidazoline with about 3 weight % methanol (surfactant) Wetting Agent is succinamide (co-surfactant) 12.9 Ib/gal Calcium Bromide is the same as (1.55 kg/liter) Fiber is a polypropylene homopolymβr (a viscosifier) Manganese tetraoxide is a solid weighting agent Barium sulfate is a soiid weighting agent EXAMPLE 3: Mean Droplet Size of the Discontinuous Phase of a Naπoβmulsson

[0095] The mean droplet size (average droplet diameter) of the discontinuous phase of the nanoemulsion fluid B of Example 1 was determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), also known as Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). This technique was described previously. The value obtained was about 58.9 nm.

[0096] Applicants apply nanoemulsions to friction pressure losses and the subsidence of solid weighting materials, as well as other needs for better efficiency through their use in drilling, completion, remediation and other oil field fluids and processes.

[0097J in the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, and has been suggested as effective in providing effective methods and compositions for improving drilling fluids and completion fluids used in drilling and completing subterranean reservoirs and formations. The methods and fluids herein are also useful in remediating and stimulating formations, such as by fracturing. However, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. For example, specific combinations of components and/or reaction conditions for forming the nanoemulsions, whether modified to have particular shapes or certain functional groups thereon, but not specifically identified or tried in a particular drilling or completion fluid to improve the properties therein, are anticipated to be within the scope of this invention. [0098] The present invention may suitably comprise, consist or consist essentially of the elements disclosed and may be practiced in the absence of an element not disclosed. [0099] The words "comprising" and "comprises" as used throughout the claims is to interpreted "including but not limited to".