Methods of recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbonaceous material using a constructed infrastructure and associated systems
Abstract
METHODS OF RECOVERING HYDROCARBONS FROM HYDROCARBIDE MATERIAL USING CONSTRUCTED INFRASTRUCTURE AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS. Method of recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon materials which may include the formation of a built-in permeability control infrastructure (100). This built infrastructure defines a substantially encapsulated volume. A pulverized hydrocarbon material may be introduced into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body (120) of the hydrocarbon material. The permeable body (120) can be heated sufficiently to remove hydrocarbons therefrom as by using heating pipes (118,126). During heating the hydrocarbon material is either substantially stationary or the built-in infrastructure (100) is a fixed structure. The removed hydrocarbons can be collected as liquid products (136) and gaseous products (140) for further processing, use in the process, and/or use as recovered.

Term
Projected expiry 8 February 2028.
- Priority
- Filed
- Granted
- Today
- Projected expiry
37 claims: 2 independent, 35 dependent
- 1REIVINDICAÇÕES 1. Método de recuperação de hidrocarbonetos a partir de materiais hidrocarbonosos, caracterizado pelo fato de que compreende:a) formar uma infraestrutura compreendendo paredes de represa construídas impermeáveis formando um volume encapsulado, tal que a referida infraestrutura é livre de formações geológicas existentes, em que tais paredes de represa construídas impermeáveis são configuradas para prevenir movimento de fluidos dentro ou fora da infraestrutura com exceção em entradas e saídas definidas;b) introduzir um material hidrocarbonoso pulverizado na infraestrutura para formar um corpo permeável de material hidrocarbonoso;c) aquecer o corpo permeável para remover do mesmo os hidrocarbonetos, tal que o material hidrocarbonoso é estacionário durante aquecimento;e d) coletar os hidrocarbonetos removidos da infraestrutura.
- 2Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura é formada de argila, argila de bentonita, preenchimento compactado, cimento refratário, cimento, geogrades sintéticas, fibra de vidro, vergalhão, nanocarbono, sacos geotêxteis enchidos, resinas poliméricas, ou combinações dos mesmos.
- 3Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura tem paredes laterais impermeáveis, um piso impermeável, e uma cobertura impermeável.
- 4Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, Petição 870170080990, de 23/10/2017, pág. 65/84 2/8 caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura é formada em contato direto com as paredes de um depósito de material hidrocarbonoso escavado.
- 5Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura fica livremente ereta.
- 6Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que o material hidrocarbonoso pulverizado compreende xisto de óleo, areias de alcatrão, carvão, lignita, betume, turfa, ou combinações dos mesmos.
- 7Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que o corpo permeável adicionalmente compreende um aditivo ou biomassa.
- 8Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que adicionalmente compreende cobrir o corpo permeável com sobrecarga suficiente para criar uma pressão litostática aumentada dentro do corpo permeável.
- 9Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que o corpo permeável tem um espaço vazio de 10% a 40% de um volume total do corpo permeável.
- 10Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a etapa de aquecimento inclui injetar gases aquecidos na infraestrutura tal que o corpo permeável é primeiramente aquecido através de convecção enquanto os gases aquecidos passam através do corpo permeável.
- 11Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que o corpo permeável Petição 870170080990, de 23/10/2017, pág. 66/84 3/8 adicionalmente compreende uma pluralidade de condutos inseridos dentro do corpo permeável, pelo menos algums dos referidos condutos sendo configurados como tubulações de aquecimento.
- 12Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 11, caracterizado pelo fato de que a etapa de formação da infraestrutura inclui a orientação de pelo menos uma porção dos condutos ao longo dos caminhos predeterminados antes de incorporar os condutos dentro do corpo permeável.
- 13Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 11, caracterizado pelo fato de que as tubulações de aquecimento são acopladas fluidamente a uma fonte de calor e ainda compreendem circular um líquido de aquecimento em um circuito fechado através das tubulações de aquecimento suficiente para prevenir transferência de massa entre o líquido de aquecimento e o corpo permeável.
- 14Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a etapa de aquecimento aquece o corpo permeável suficientemente uniformemente dentro de uma faixa de temperatura suficiente para evitar a formação de dióxido de carbono ou lixívias de não hidrocarbonetos.
- 15Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que adicionalmente compreende introduzir um agente doador de hidrogênio no corpo permeável durante a etapa de aquecimento, o referido agente doador de hidrogênio sendo capaz de hidrogenar os hidrocarbonetos.
- 16Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que pelo menos uma porção dos Petição 870170080990, de 23/10/2017, pág. 67/84 4/8 hidrocarbonetos removidos é um óleo de querogênio e o método adicionalmente compreende a mistura de óleo de querogênio com um betume não transportável para formar um óleo misturado transportável que está livre de diluentes adicionais ou modificadores de viscosidade.
- 17Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que adicionalmente compreende injetar um solvente seletivo no corpo permeável subsequente à coleta de hidrocarbonetos, o referido solvente seletivo sendo um solvente para um ou mais materiais alvo.
- 18Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que adicionalmente compreende circular um fluido de transferência de calor através do corpo permeável após o aquecimento para pelo menos recuperar parcialmente o calor do corpo permeável.
- 19Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que o aquecimento é realizado pela combustão sob condições estequiométricas de combustível para oxigênio.
- 20Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura é formada em terrenos não perturbados e a formação do controle de permeabilidade construído está em contato direto com paredes do depósito de um material hidrocarbonoso escavado ou a estrutura de controle de permeabilidade construída é auto apoiada e em que a infraestrutura tem paredes laterais impermeáveis, um piso impermeável, e uma tampa impermeável, e em que a dita infraestrutura é a inteiramente feita pelo homem em oposição a barreiras que são formadas por modificação ou poros de enchimento de uma formação Petição 870170080990, de 23/10/2017, pág. 68/84 5/8 geológica existente, e em que a infraestrutura é formada de argila, argila de bentonita, enchimento compactado, cimento refratário, cimento, geogrades sintéticas, fibra de vidro, nanocarbono, sacos geotêxteis cheios, resinas poliméricas ou suas combinações;e em que o corpo permeável adicionalmente compreende uma pluralidade de condutos embebidos dentro do corpo permeável, pelo menos alguns dos referidos condutos dendo configurados como tubulações de aquecimento.
- 21Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que adicionalmente compreende cobrir a infraestrutura e plantar plantas de modo a recuperar uma nova superfície terrestre na localização da infraestrutura.
- 22Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura tem uma área de superfície de topo plano variando de 0,5 acres a 5 acres.
- 23Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que o aquecimento do corpo permeável compreende passar fluido aquecido em padrões de fluxo convectivo em massa através de um corpo permeável de modo a remover hidrocarbonetos do corpo permeável, em que os padrões de fluxo convectivo em massa são gerados por pelo menos um conduto de direção convectiva orientado em uma porção inferior do corpo permeável.
- 24Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura compreende argila de bentonita.
- 25Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, Petição 870170080990, de 23/10/2017, pág. 69/84 6/8 caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura tem paredes laterais formadas de um material compactado.
- 26Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a infraestrutura deriva pelo menos uma porção de fundação e suporte estrutural a partir de materiais de terra.
- 27Infraestrutura configurada para realizar um método como definido em qualquer uma das reivindicações 1 a 26, caracterizada pelo fato de que compreende:a) uma represa compreendendo paredes de represa construídas impermeáveis definindo um volume encapsulado, tal que a represa é livre de formações geológicas existentes e em que as referidas paredes de represa construídas impermeáveis incluem paredes laterais impermeáveis, uma cobertura impermeável, e um piso impermeável, e em que tais paredes de represa construídas impermeáveis são configuradas para prevenir movimento de fluidos dentro ou fora da represa com exceção em entradas e saídas definidas;b) um material hidrocarbonoso pulverizado dentro do volume encapsulado formando um corpo permeável de material hidrocarbonoso;e c) uma fonte de calor associado termicamente com o corpo permeável.
- 28Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 27, caracterizada pelo fato de que a represa é formada de argila, argila de bentonita, preenchimento compactado, cimento refratário, cimento, geogrades sintéticas, fibra de vidro, vergalhão, nanocarbono, sacos geotêxteis enchidos, resinas poliméricas, ou combinações dos mesmos. Petição 870170080990, de 23/10/2017, pág. 70/84 7/8
- 29Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 27, caracterizada pelo fato de que a infraestrutura é formada em contato direto com as paredes de um depósito de material hidrocarbonoso escavado.
- 30Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 27, caracterizada pelo fato de que o material hidrocarbonoso pulverizado compreende xisto de óleo, areias de alcatrão, carvão, lignita, betume, turfa, ou combinações dos mesmos.
- 31Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 27, caracterizada pelo fato de que adicionalmente compreende uma pluralidade de condutos inseridos dentro do corpo permeável, pelo menos alguns da pluralidade de condutos sendo condutos de aquecimento.
- 32Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 27, caracterizada pelo fato de que adicionalmente compreende uma fonte de calor termicamente associada com o corpo permeável.
- 33Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 27, caracterizada pelo fato de que os condutos de aquecimento são termicamente acoplados à fonte de calor e inseridos no corpo permeável para formar um sistema de aquecimento fechado não tendo nenhuma transferência de massa entre o corpo permeável e os fluidos de aquecimento dentro dos condutos de aquecimento.
- 34Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 27, caracterizada pelo fato de que o material de hidrocarbonoso pulverizado é estacionário, exceto para sedimentação ou subsidência.
- 35Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 27, caracterizada pelo fato de que a infraestrutura tem uma Petição 870170080990, de 23/10/2017, pág. 71/84 8/8 área de superfície de topo plano variando de 0,5 acres a 5 acres.
- 36Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 31, caracterizada pelo fato de que pelo menos um dos condutos de aquecimento é orientado horizontalmente.
- 37Infraestrutura, de acordo com a reivindicação 31, caracterizada pelo fato de que os condutos de aquecimento fornecem calor suficiente para aumentar a zona de aquecimento primária para uma temperatura maior do que 93,3 °C, que é pelo menos 80 % do volume encapsulado total.
Independent claims37
224 paragraphs in 5 sections, as filed
“METHOD OF RECOVERING HYDROCARBONS FROM
HYDROCARBONO MATERIALS AND INFRASTRUCTURE TO CARRY OUT THE
METHOD"
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[001] This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Application No. 60/900,505, filed on February 9, 2007; 60/906,634, filed on March 12, 2007; and
60/930,711, filed May 17, 2007, which are each incorporated herein by reference.
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE INVENTION
[002] Global and national demand for fossil fuels continues to increase despite price increases and other economic and geopolitical interests. As such demand continues to increase, research and investigation into finding additional economically viable sources of fossil fuels increases correspondingly.
Historically, many have recognized the vast amounts of energy stored in shale deposits of oil, coal and tar sand, for example. However, these sources remain a difficult challenge in terms of economically competitive recovery. Canadian tar sands have shown that such efforts can be fruitful, although many challenges still remain, including environmental impact, product quality, and process time, among others.
[003] Estimates of oil shale reserves around the world range from two to nearly seven trillion barrels of oil, depending on the estimated source. In any case, these reserves represent a tremendous volume and remain a
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2/60 resource substantially unused. A large number of companies and researchers continue to study and test methods of recovering oil from such reserves. In the oil shale industry, extraction methods have included underground rubble chimneys created by nuclear explosions, in situ methods such as the In-Situ Conversion Process (ICP) method (Shell oil), and combustion within retorts. made of steel. Other methods included radiofrequency in situ (microwave) methods, and modified in situ processes in which underground mining, blasting and retort were combined to make the rubble of a formation to allow better combustion and heating permeability. Permeability is generally desired because pyrolysis, the method by which hydrocarbons are extracted, can be achieved with higher quality and production with less energy input.
[004] Among typical oil shale processes, all shifts in economic and environmental concerns. No current process alone satisfies the economic, environmental and technical challenges. In addition, global warming concerns prompt additional measures to address the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that are associated with such processes. Methods are necessary that carry out environmental supervision, yet still provide high volume energy fuel output.
[005] Underground in situ concepts emerged based on their ability to produce high volumes while avoiding the cost of mining. While the cost savings
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3/60 avoiding mining can be achieved, the in situ method requires heating a formation for a longer period of time due to the extremely low permeability of shale, which by its nature requires a slower and longer retort time to fracture and convert hydrocarbons into a formation. Using the in-situ method, gains can be realized in volume and mining cost savings, but the in-situ method works on permeability problems requiring formation fracture and longer periods of time to produce oil and gases. Perhaps the most significant challenge for any in-situ process is the long-term and uncertain potential for water contamination that can occur with fresh groundwater aquifers. In the case of the IPC Shell method, an “ice wall is used as a barrier to, in theory, maintain separation between aquifers and an underground treatment area. While possible, no long-term analysis has proven for extended periods to ensure contamination prevention. With no guarantees and little remediation should an ice wall collapse, other methods are desirable to address such environmental hazards.
[006] For this and other reasons, the need remains for methods and systems that can provide improved hydrocarbon recovery from appropriate hydrocarbon-containing materials, which have acceptable economics and avoid the aforementioned drawbacks. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[007] According to the present invention, a method of
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4/60 Recovery of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon materials may include the formation of a constructed permeability control infrastructure. This built infrastructure defines a substantially encapsulated volume. A mined hydrocarbon material can be introduced into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body of hydrocarbon material. The permeable body can be heated enough to remove hydrocarbons from it. During heating, hydrocarbon material can be substantially stationary. The removed hydrocarbons can be collected for further processing, use in the process as fuels or supplemental additives, and/or direct use without further treatment. Control infrastructure may include fully lined weatherproof walls or weatherproof sidewalls with a substantially waterproofed floor and roof.
[008] The present invention may allow difficult problems to be solved related to the extraction of hydrocarbon liquids and gases from the surface or deposits containing underground mined hydrocarbons and harvested biomass, such as oil shale, tar sands, lignite, coal, and biomass. Among other things, the present invention helps to reduce cost, increase volume output, decrease air emissions, limit water consumption, prevent underground aquifer contamination, recover surface disturbances, reduce maintenance costs of material, remove dirty fine particulates, and improve the composition of
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5/60 liquid or gas recovered from hydrocarbon. The present invention also addresses the problems of water contamination with a safer, predictable, designed, observable, repairable, adaptable and preventable water protection structure.
[009] The present invention is a "surface" method that is mining dependent, yet not limited to or precluded from conventional surface (ex-situ) retort processes. This invention improves upon the benefits of surface retorts including better process control of temperature, pressure, injection rates, liquid and gas compositions, product quality and better permeability due to processing and heating of mined slag. These advantages are available in accordance with the present invention while still addressing problems of volume, maintenance, and proportionality that most fabricated surface retorts cannot provide.
[0010] Other improvements that can be made from the present invention are related to environmental protection. Conventional surface retorts had the problem of worn shale after being mined and passed through a surface retort. Spent shale that has been thermally altered requires special handling to recover and isolate from surface drainage basins and underground aquifers. The object of this invention is retrieval and retort in a uniquely combined approach. With respect to air emissions which are also a serious problem typical of surface retort methods
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6/60, this invention, because of its huge volume capacity and high permeability, can accommodate longer heating residence times and consequently lower temperatures. A benefit of lower temperatures in the extraction process is that the production of carbon dioxide from the decomposition of carbonates in the oil shale ore can be substantially limited thereby dramatically reducing CO2 emissions and air pollutants. This invention uniquely provides solutions to problems, but not just one, many problems, and in an integrated approach. As a result, significant public benefits can be realized in terms of energy production, economic opportunity, environmental stewardship and energy production.
[0011] Additional features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following report, which illustrates, by way of example, features of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of a permeability control infrastructure constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a plurality of permeability control dams in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0014] FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of a permeability control dam in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0015] FIG. 4 is a schematic of a portion of a
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7/60 infrastructure constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0016] FIG. 5 is a schematic showing heat transfer between two permeability control dams in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
[0017] It should be noted that the figures are merely exemplary of various embodiments of the present invention and no limitation on the scope of the present invention is thus intended. Furthermore, the figures are not generally drawn to scale, but are sketched for purposes of convenience and clarity in illustrating various aspects of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] Reference will now be made to the example modalities and specific language will be used here to describe them. Nevertheless it will be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thus intended. Further changes and modifications of the inventive features described herein, and further applications of the principles of the invention as described herein, which would occur to one skilled in the relevant art and in possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the invention. Furthermore, before particular embodiments of the present invention are disclosed and described, it should be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular process and materials disclosed herein as such may vary to some degree. It should also be understood that the terminology used here is used for the purpose of describing particular modalities only
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8/60 and is not intended to be limiting, while the scope of the present invention will be defined solely by the claims and equivalents added thereto.
Definitions
[0019] In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used.
[0020] The singular forms; a, um, and o/a include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a wall includes reference to one or more such structures, a permeable body includes reference to one or more such materials, and a heating step refers to one or more such steps. .
[0021] As used here, below ground and subsoil refers to a foundation of ground or supporting earth beneath a constructed structure. Consequently, as rock, soil, or other material is removed or excavated from a place, the surface soil level follows the contours of the excavation. The terms in situ, in formation and underground consequently refer to activities or positions that are below ground.
[0022] As used here, conduits refer to any passage over a specified distance that can be used to transport materials and/or heat from one point to another point. While the conduits can generally be circular pipes, other non-circular conduits may also be useful. The conduits can advantageously be used to introduce fluids into or extract fluids from the permeable body, transport the
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9/60 heat transfer, and/or transport radio frequency devices, fuel cell mechanisms, resistance heaters, or other devices.
[0023] As used here, “built infrastructure refers to a structure that is substantially entirely man-made, as opposed to ice walls, sulfur walls, or other barriers that are formed by pores of modification or filling of a formation. existing geology.
[0024] The constructed permeability control infrastructure is preferably substantially free of undisturbed geological formations, although the infrastructure may be formed adjacent or in direct contact with an undisturbed formation. Such control infrastructure may be loose or attached to a formation undisturbed by mechanical means, chemical means or a combination of such means, for example bolted into the formation using anchors, loops, or other appropriate hardware.
[0025] As used here, “pulverized” refers to the breaking up of a larger formation or mass into pieces. A pulverized mass can be turned into rubble or otherwise broken into fragments.
[0026] As used herein, "hydrocarbon material refers to any hydrocarbon-containing material from which hydrocarbon product can be extracted or derived. For example, hydrocarbons can be extracted directly as a liquid, removed through solvent extraction, directly vaporized or otherwise removed.
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10/60 way removed from the material. However, many hydrocarbon materials contain kerogen or bitumen which is converted to a hydrocarbon through heating and pyrolysis. Hydrocarbon materials may include, but are not limited to, oil shale, tar sands, coal, lignite, bitumen, peat, and other organic rich rock.
[0027] As used herein, dam refers to a structure designed to trap or retain an accumulation of fluid and/or solid moving materials. A dam usually derives from at least a substantial portion of foundation and structural support from earth materials. Thus, the control walls of the present invention do not always have independent strength or structural integrity apart from the earth material and/or formation against which they are formed.
[0028] As used herein, permeable body refers to any mass of pulverized hydrocarbon material having a relatively high permeability that exceeds the permeability of an undisturbed solid formation of the same composition. Permeable bodies suitable for use in the present invention may have greater than approximately 10% void space and typically have approximately 20% to 40% void space, although other ranges may be appropriate. Allowing for high permeability facilitates heating of the body through convection as the primary heat transfer while also substantially reducing costs associated with crushing to very small sizes, e.g. below approximately 2.54
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11/60 at approximately 1.27 cm.
[0029] As used herein, "wall" refers to any device constructed having a permeability control contribution to confine material within an encapsulated volume defined at least in part by control walls. Walls can be oriented in any way, such as vertical, although ceilings, floors and other contours defining the encapsulated volume can also be “walls” as used here.
[0030] As used herein, “mined” refers to material that has been removed or disturbed from an original stratographic or geological position to a second and different position. Typically, mined material can be produced by turning into rubble, crushing, explosively detonating, or otherwise removing material from a geological formation.
[0031] As used herein, "substantially stationary" refers to the quasi-stationary placement of materials with a soil allowing for subsidence, expansion due to the popcorn effect, and/or settling as hydrocarbons are removed from the hydrocarbon material. In contrast, any circulation and/or flow of hydrocarbon material, such as that found in fluidized beds or rotating retorts, involves highly substantial movement and manipulation of hydrocarbon material.
[0032] As used herein, "substantial" when used in reference to an amount of a material, or a specific characteristic thereof, refers to a
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12/60 quantity that is sufficient to provide an effect that the material or feature was intended to provide. The exact soil of permissible deviation may in some cases depend on the specific context. Similarly, "substantially free of" or similar refers to the lack of an identified element or agent in a composition. Particularly, elements that are identified as being "substantially free of" are either absent from the composition altogether, or are included only in amounts that are small enough to have no measurable effect on the composition.
[0033] As used herein, "approximately" refers to a deviation soil based on typical experimental error for the particular property identified. The given latitude of the term "approximately" will depend on the specific context and particular property and can readily be distinguished by those skilled in the art. The term "approximately" is not intended to expand or limit the range of equivalents that may otherwise be encompassed to a particular value. Furthermore, unless otherwise noted, the term “approximately” will expressly include “exactly” consistent with the discussion below regarding ranges and numerical data.
[0034] Concentrations, dimensions, quantities, and other numerical data can be presented here in a stripe format. It should be understood that such a range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly reported but also
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13/60 the range limits, but also include all individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range were explicitly reported. For example, a range of approximately 1 to approximately 200 should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly reported limits of 1 to approximately 200, but also to include individual sizes such as 2, 3, 4, and subranges such as 10 to 50, 20 to 100, etc.
[0035] As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be interpreted as if each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such a list should be interpreted as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list based solely on their appearance in a common group without indications to the contrary. Modalities of the invention
[0036] In accordance with the present invention, a method of recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon materials may include forming a constructed permeability control infrastructure. This built infrastructure defines a substantially encapsulated volume. A mined or harvested hydrocarbon material can be introduced into the control infrastructure to form a permeable body of hydrocarbon material. The permeable body can be heated enough to remove the
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14/60 hydrocarbons thereof. During heating, the hydrocarbon material is substantially stationary while the built infrastructure is a fixed structure. The removed hydrocarbons can be collected for further processing, use in the process, and/or use as recovered.
[0037] Each of these aspects of the present invention is described in further detail below. Constructed permeability control infrastructure can be formed using existing soil as a floor support and/or as a side wall support for the built infrastructure. For example, the control infrastructure can be formed as a free standing structure, that is, using only existing soil as a floor with side walls being man-made. Alternatively, the control infrastructure can be formed within an excavated well. In any case, the control infrastructures of the present invention are always formed above ground.
[0038] A permeability control infrastructure constructed of the present invention may include a permeability control dam that defines a substantially encapsulated volume. The permeability control dam of the present invention is substantially free of undisturbed geological formations. Specifically, the permeability control aspect of the dam can be completely constructed and fabricated as a separate isolation mechanism for preventing uncontrolled migration of material into or out of the encapsulated volume.
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15/60
[0039] In one embodiment of the present invention, the permeability control dam may be formed along walls of an excavated hydrocarbon material deposit. For example, oil shale, tar sands, or coal can be mined from a deposit to form a cavity that roughly corresponds to a desired encapsulation volume for a dam. The excavated cavity can then be used as a shape and support to create the permeability control dam.
[0040] In an alternative aspect of the present invention, at least one deposit of additional excavated hydrocarbon material can be formed such that a plurality of dams can be operated. Furthermore, such a configuration can facilitate a reduction in the transport distance of the mined material. Specifically, the hydrocarbon material mined for any particular encapsulated volume may be mined from an adjacent excavated hydrocarbon material deposit. In this way, a grid of built structures can be constructed such that mined material can be immediately and directly backfilled into an adjacent dam.
[0041] The mining and/or excavation of hydrocarbon deposits may be carried out using any appropriate technique. Conventional surface mining can be used, although alternative excavators can also be used without the need to transport the mined materials. In a specific embodiment, the hydrocarbon deposit can be excavated using an excavator suspended from a crane. An example of a suitable excavator might
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16/60 include vertical tunnel boring machines. Such machines can be configured to excavate rock and material below the excavator. As material is removed, the excavator is lowered to ensure substantially continuous contact with a formation. Removed material can be transported outside the excavation area using conveyors or elevators. Alternatively, excavation can take place under slurry conditions to reduce dust problems and act as a lubricant/coolant. Slurry material can be pumped from the excavation to solids separation in a settling tank or other similar solid-liquid separator, or the solids can be allowed to precipitate directly into a dam. This approach can be readily integrated with simultaneous or sequential solution-based recovery of metals and other materials as described in more detail below.
[0042] In addition, the excavation and formation of a permeability control dam can be carried out simultaneously. For example, an excavator can be configured to remove hydrocarbon material while the side walls of a dam are formed. Material can be removed from only edges below the side walls such that the walls can be guided downwards to allow additional wall segments to be stacked above. This approach can allow for increased depths by avoiding or reducing the dangers of landslides prior to the formation of supported dam walls.
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17/60
[0043] The dam may be formed of any suitable material that provides insulation for material transfer through the dam walls. In this way, the integrity of the walls is retained during the operation of the control infrastructure sufficient to substantially prevent the uncontrolled migration of fluids outside the control infrastructure. Non-limiting examples of material suitable for use in the dam formation of constructed permeability control infrastructure may include clay, bentonite clay (e.g. clay comprising at least a portion of bentonite), compacted fill, refractory cement, cement, synthetic geogrids , fiberglass, rebar, nanocarbon fullerene additives, filled geotextile bags, polymeric resins, oil resistant PVC coatings, or combinations thereof. Engineered cement composite (ECC) materials, fiber reinforced composites, and the like can be particularly strong and can be readily engineered to meet the temperature tolerance and permeability requirements of a given facility. As a general guideline, materials having low permeability and high mechanical integrity at infrastructure operating temperatures are preferred but not required. For example, materials having a melting point above the maximum infrastructure operating temperature can be useful in maintaining containment during and after heating and recovery. However, lower temperature materials can also be used if an unheated buffer zone
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18/60 is maintained between the walls and heated portions of the permeable body. Such buffer zones can range from 15.24 cm to 15.24 m depending on the particular material used for the dam and the composition of the permeable body. In another aspect of the present invention, the walls of the dam may be resistant to acid, water and/or brine, for example sufficient to withstand exposure to solvent recovery and/or rinsing with acid or brine solutions, as well as to spray or wet. . For dam walls formed along formations or other solid support, the dam walls may be formed from an injection of pulverized cement, pulverized liquid emulsions, or other pulverized material, such as injection of sprayable refractory soil cement that forms a seal. against formation and creates the permeability control wall of the dams of the present invention. The dam walls may be substantially continuous, such that the dam defines the encapsulated volume sufficiently to prevent substantial movement of fluids into or out of the dam other than defined inlets and outlets, for example through conduits or the like as discussed herein. In this way, dams of the present invention can readily meet government fluid migration regulations. Alternatively, or in combination with a fabricated barrier, portions of the dam walls may be undisturbed geological formation and/or compacted earth. In these cases, the permeability control infrastructure constructed is a combination of permeable and impermeable walls as described in more detail.
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19/60 below.
[0044] In a detailed aspect of the present invention, a portion of pre- or post-processed hydrocarbon material may be used as a cement fortification and/or cement base which is then poured locally to form portions or all of the walls of the building. control infrastructure. These materials can be formed in place or they can be preformed and then assembled in place to form an integral dam structure. For example, the dam can be constructed by local mold forming as a monolithic body, extrusion, stacking of preformed or prefabricated parts, concrete panels joined by a cement injection (cement, ECC or other appropriate material), inflated form, or similar. Shapes can be stacked against a formation or they can be single support structures. The forms may be constructed of any suitable material such as, but not limited to, steel, wood, fiberglass, polymer, or the like. Forms can be assembled locally or can be oriented using a crane or other appropriate mechanism. Alternatively, the constructed permeability control infrastructure can be formed of gabions and/or geosynthetic screens assembled in layers with the compacted backfill material. Optional binders can be added to improve permeability control walls compaction. In yet another detailed aspect of the present invention, the control infrastructure may comprise, or essentially consist of, sealant, cement injection, rebar, synthetic clay,
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20/60 bentonite clay, clay coating, refractory cement, high temperature geomembranes, drain pipes, alloy sheets, or combinations thereof.
[0045] In one embodiment, the construction of dam walls and floors may include multiple compacted layers of inferior quality indigenous or engineered shale with any combination of sand, cement, fiber, plant fiber, nanocarbons, crushed glass, reinforcing steel , engineered grid of carbon, calcium, and the like. In addition to such composite walls, designs that inhibit long-term gas and fluid migration through additional waterproofing engineering may be employed including, but not limited to, coatings, geomembranes, compacted soils, imported sand, gravel or rock and contours. gravity drain to move fluids and gases away from impermeable layers to egress outlets. The dam floor and wall construction may, but need not comprise, an intensified or diminished slope or bank as in the case of the mining course being able to dictate the following to optimal ore soil mining. In any scaled-down or scaled-down applications, floor leveling and confining wall construction may typically drain or slope to one side or to a specific central collection area(s) for fluid removal by gravity drainage aid.
[0046] Optionally, the capsule wall and floor construction can include insulation that prevents heat transfer outside the built infrastructure or
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21/60 outside of capsules or innerducts within the primary constructed capsule containment. Insulation may comprise fabricated materials, cement or various materials, other materials that are less thermally conductive than surrounding masses, i.e. permeable body, formation, adjacent infrastructure, etc. Thermally insulating barriers can also be formed within the permeable body, along dam walls, ceilings and/or floors. A detailed aspect of the present invention includes the use of biodegradable insulating materials, for example soy insulator and the like. This is consistent with embodiments of the present invention in which the dam is a single use system such that insulation, piping, and/or other components may have a relatively low lifespan, for example less than 1 to 2 years. This can reduce equipment costs as well as reduce long-term environmental impact.
[0047] The structures and methods of the present invention can be applied in almost any range. Larger encapsulated volumes and increased numbers of dams can readily produce hydrocarbon products and performance comparable to or exceed smaller built infrastructures. As an illustration, single dams can range in size from ten meters to ten acres. Optimal dam sizes may vary depending on the hydrocarbon material and operating parameters, but it is expected that suitable areas will range from approximately one and a half to five acres in flat top surface area.
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22/60
[0048] The methods and infrastructures of the present invention can be used for the recovery of hydrocarbons from a variety of hydrocarbon materials. A particular advantage of the present invention is broad soil latitude in controlling particle size, conditions, and permeable body composition introduced into the encapsulated volume. Non-limiting examples of mined hydrocarbon material that can be treated include oil shale, tar sands, coal, lignite, bitumen, peat, or combinations thereof. In some cases it may be desirable to provide a single type of hydrocarbon material so that the permeable body essentially consists of one of the above materials. However, the permeable body can include mixtures of these materials such that soil, oil content, hydrogen content, permeability and the like can be adjusted to achieve a desired result. In addition, the different hydrocarbon materials may be layered in multiple layers or in a mixed form, such as combined coal, oil shale, tar sands, biomass, and/or peat.
[0049] In one embodiment, the hydrocarbon-containing material may be classified into multiple internal capsules within a primary built-in infrastructure for optimization reasons. For example, the layers and depths of mined oil shale formations may be richer in certain deep cover zones as they are mined. Once, blown up, mined, excavated and transported inside the capsule to
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23/60 placement, ores carrying richer oil can be sorted or blended by wealth for optimal yields, faster recovery, or for optimal averaging within each dam. Also, providing different composition layers may have added benefits. For example, a lower layer of tar sands can be oriented below an upper layer of oil shale. Generally, the top and bottom layers can be in direct contact with each other although this is not required. The top layer may include heating pipes inserted here as described in more detail below. Heating pipelines can heat the oil shale enough to release kerogen oil, including short-chain liquid hydrocarbons, which can act as a solvent for removing bitumen from tar sands. In this way, the top layer acts as an in-situ solvent source to improve bitumen removal from the bottom layer. Heating pipes within the lower layer are optional, such that the lower layer may be free of heating pipes or may include heating pipes, depending on the amount of heat transferred through the downstream liquids of the upper layer and any other sources of heat. heat. The ability to selectively control permeable body characteristics and composition adds a significant amount of freedom in optimizing oil yields and quality.
[0050] Furthermore, in many embodiments of the present
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In the invention, the gaseous and liquid products released act as an in-situ produced solvent that supplements the removal of kerogen and/or the additional removal of hydrocarbon from the hydrocarbon material.
[0051] In yet another detailed aspect of the present invention, the permeable body may further comprise an additive or biomass. Additives may include any composition that acts to increase the quality of removed hydrocarbons, for example, increased API, decreased viscosity, improved flow properties, reduced residual shale moisture, sulfur reduction, hydrogenating agents, etc. Non-limiting examples of suitable additives may include bitumen, kerogen, propane, natural gas, natural gas condensate, crude oil, refinery bottoms, asphaltenes, common solvents, other diluents, and combinations of these materials. In a specific embodiment, the additive may include a flow enhancing agent and/or a hydrogen donor agent. Some materials can act as both or one of the two agents to improve flow or as a hydrogen donor. Non-limiting examples of such additives may include methane, natural gas condensate, common solvent such as acetone, toluene, benzene, etc., and other additives listed above. Additives can act to increase the hydrogen to carbon ratio in any hydrocarbon products as well as act as a flow enhancing agent. For example, various solvents and other additives can create a physical mixture that has a reduced viscosity and/or reduced affinity for particulate solids,
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25/60 rock and the like. In addition, some additives may chemically react with hydrocarbons and/or allow the liquid flow of hydrocarbon products. Any additives used may become part of a final recovered product or may be removed and reused or otherwise discarded.
[0052] Similarly, the biological hydroxylation of hydrocarbon materials to form synthetic gas or other lighter products can be achieved using known additives and approaches. Other enzymes or biocatalysts may also be used in a similar manner. In addition, the fabricated materials can also be used as additives such as, but not limited to, tires, polymeric waste, or other hydrocarbon-containing materials.
[0053] While the methods of the present invention are widely applicable, as a general guideline, the permeable body may include particles from approximately 0.318 cm to approximately 1.83 m, and in some cases less than 1 foot and in other cases less than 30.5 cm to approx.
1.83 m. However, as a matter of practice, sizes from approximately 5.08 to approximately 60.96 cm can provide good results with approximately 30.5 cm in diameter being especially useful for oil shale. Empty space can be an important factor in determining optimal particle diameters. As a general matter, any functional empty space can be used; however, approximately 15% to approximately 40% and in some cases approximately 30% generally provides a good balance of
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26/60 permeability and effective use of available volumes. The void volumes can be varied in some way by varying other parameters, such as heating duct placement, additives, and the like. The mechanical separation of mined hydrocarbon materials allows for the creation of fine mesh, high permeability particles that improve thermal dispersion rates once placed in the capsule within the dam. The added permeability allows for more reasonable lower temperatures, which also help to avoid higher temperatures that result in greater CO2 production from carbonate decomposition and the associated release of trace heavy metals, volatile organics, and other compounds that can create toxic effluent. and/or undesirable materials that must be monitored and controlled.
[0054] In one embodiment, computer-aided mining, mine planning, towing, blasting, testing, loading, hauling, placing, and dust control measures can be used to fill and optimize the speed of movement of mined material in the structure. constructed capsule confinement. In an alternative aspect of the present invention, the dams of the present invention may be formed in excavated volumes of a hydrocarbon formation, although other remote control infrastructure positions may also be useful. For example, some hydrocarbon formations have relatively thin hydrocarbon-rich layers, for example less than approximately 91.44 m. Consequently, vertical mining and drilling tend not to be cost-effective.
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27/60 effective. In such cases, horizontal mining can be useful to recover the hydrocarbon materials for the formation of the permeable body. While horizontal mining remains a challenging endeavor, several technologies have been developed and continue to be developed that may be useful in connection with the present invention. In such cases, at least a portion of the weir may be formed across a horizontal layer, while other portions of the weir may be formed along and/or adjacent to the forming layers not carrying hydrocarbons. Other mining approaches such as, but not limited to, quarter and column mining can provide an effective source of hydrocarbon material with minimal residue and/or recovery that can be transported to a dam and treated in accordance with the present invention.
[0055] As mentioned here, the present invention allows a great degree of control over the properties and characteristics of the permeable body that can be designed and optimized for a given installation. The dams, individually and across a plurality of dams can be readily adjusted and classified based on varying composition of materials, intended products and the like. For example, several dams can be dedicated to the production of heavy crude oil, while others can be configured to produce light products and/or syngas. Non-limiting examples of classifications and potential factors may include catalyst activity, enzymatic reaction for specific products, aromatic compounds, hydrogen content, strain
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28/60 of microorganism or purpose, breeding process, target end product, pressure (effects on quality and product type), temperature, swelling behavior, aquathermal reactions, hydrogen donor agents, heat oversupply, garbage dam, sewage dam, reusable pipes, and others. Typically, a plurality of these factors can be used to configure dams in a given project area for different products and purposes.
[0056] The pulverized hydrocarbon material can be filled into the control infrastructure to form the permeable body in any appropriate manner. Typically the pulverized hydrocarbon material can be transported in the control infrastructure by dump, conveyors or other appropriate approaches. As mentioned previously, the permeable body can have an appropriately high void volume. Indiscriminate dumping can result in excessive compression and shrinkage of empty volumes. Thus, the permeable body can be formed by low compaction transporting the hydrocarbon material in the infrastructure. For example, retracting carriers can be used to release material near an upper surface of the permeable body as it is formed. In this way, the hydrocarbon material can retain a significant void volume between particles without substantial crushing or additional compaction despite some small degree of compaction that often results from lithostatic pressure while the permeable body is formed.
[0057] Once a desired permeable body has
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Once formed within the control infrastructure, sufficient heat can be introduced to begin the removal of hydrocarbons, for example through pyrolysis. A suitable heat source can be thermally associated with the permeable body. Optimal operating temperatures within the permeable body may vary depending on desired composition and products. However, as a general guide, operating temperatures can range from approximately 93.3°C to approximately 399°C. Temperature variations through the encapsulated volume can vary and can reach as high as 482°C or more in some areas. In one embodiment, the operating temperature may be a relatively lower temperature to facilitate production of liquid product, such as from approximately 93.3°C to approximately 343°C. This heating step may be a calcination operation which results in the preparation of the crushed ore from the permeable body. Furthermore, an embodiment of the present invention comprises controlling temperature, pressure and other variables sufficiently to produce predominantly, and in some cases substantially only, liquid product.
Generally, products may include liquid and gaseous products, while liquid products may require few processing steps, such as purifiers etc. The relatively high permeability of the permeable body allows for the production of liquid hydrocarbon products and the minimization of gaseous products, depending to some extent on the particular starting materials and operating conditions. In one embodiment, product recovery
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30/60 hydrocarbon can occur substantially in the absence of cracking within the permeable body.
[0058] In one aspect of the present invention, heat may be transferred to the permeable body via convection. The heated gases can be injected into the control infrastructure such that the permeable body is first heated through convection while the heated gases pass through the permeable body. The heated gases may be produced by combustion of natural gas, hydrocarbon product, or any other suitable source. The heated gases can be imported from external sources or recovered from the process of the present invention.
[0059] Alternatively, or in combination with convective heating, a highly configurable approach may include incorporating a plurality of conduits within the permeable body. Conduits can be configured for use as heating lines, cooling lines, heat transfer lines, drain lines, or gas lines. Furthermore, ducts can be dedicated to a single function or can serve multiple functions during infrastructure operation, ie heat transfer and drainage. The conduits can be formed of any suitable material, depending on the intended function. Non-limiting examples of suitable materials may include clay piping, refractory cement piping, ECC refractory piping, spot poured piping, metal piping such as cast iron, steel
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31/60 stainless etc., polymer such as PVC, and the like. In a specific embodiment, all or at least a portion of the incorporated conduits may comprise a degradable material. For example, 15.24 cm ungalvanized cast iron pipes can be effectively used for single use modes and perform well over the life of the dam, typically less than approximately years. Furthermore, the different portions of the plurality of conduits may be formed of different materials. Local spilled pipes can be especially useful for very large potting volumes where pipe diameters exceed several meters. Such pipelines can be formed using flexible wraps that retain a viscous fluid in an annular shape. For example, PVC piping can be used as a portion of a form along with flexible wraps, where concrete or other viscous fluid is pumped in an annular scope between the PVC and the flexible wrap. Depending on the intended function, perforations or other openings may be made in the conduits to allow fluids to flow between the conduits and the permeable body. Typical operating temperatures exceed the melting point of conventional polymer and resin tubing. In some embodiments, conduits may be placed and oriented such that the conduits intentionally melt or otherwise degrade during infrastructure operation.
[0060] The plurality of conduits can readily be oriented in any configuration, whether substantially
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32/60 horizontal, vertical, slanted, branched, or similar. At least a portion of the conduits may be oriented along predetermined paths prior to being introduced into the conduits within the permeable body. The predetermined paths can be designed to improve heat transfer, gas-liquid-solid contact, maximize fluid release or removal from specific regions within the encapsulated volume, or the like. Furthermore, at least a portion of the conduits may be dedicated to heating the permeable body. These heating conduits may be selectively perforated to allow heated gases or other liquids to convectively heat and mix through the permeable body. Perforations can be allocated and adjusted to optimize uniform and/or controlled heating through the permeable body. Alternatively, the heating conduits may form a closed loop such that gases or heating fluids are secreted from the permeable body. Thus, a “closed loop” does not necessarily require recirculation, nor isolation of heating fluid from the permeable body. In this way, heating can be accomplished primarily or substantially only by thermal conduction through the conduit walls of the heating fluids in the permeable body. Heating in a closed loop allows for the prevention of mass transfer between the heating fluid and the permeable body and can reduce the formation and/or extraction of gaseous hydrocarbon products.
[0061] During heating or calcination of the body
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33/60 permeable, localized areas of heat that exceed bedrock decomposition temperatures, often above approximately 482°C, can reduce yields and form undesirable carbon dioxide and contaminant compounds that can lead to leaches containing heavy metals, soluble organics and the like. The heating conduits of the present invention can allow substantial elimination of such localized hot spots by maintaining the vast majority of the permeable body within a desired temperature range. The degree of uniformity in temperature can be a balance of cost (eg for additional heating ducts) against yields. However, at least approximately 85% of the permeable body can readily be maintained within approximately 5 to 10% of a target temperature range with substantially no hot spots, i.e. exceeding the decomposition temperature of hydrocarbon materials, such as approximately 427°C. and in many cases approximately 482°C. Thus, operated as described herein, the systems of the present invention can allow for the recovery of hydrocarbons by eliminating or substantially preventing the production of undesirable leachates. Although the products can vary considerably depending on the starting materials, high quality gaseous and liquid products are possible. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a crushed oil shale material can produce a liquid product having an API of approximately 30 to approximately 45, with approximately 33 to
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34/60 approximately 38 being currently typical, directly from oil shale without further treatment. Interestingly, the practice of the present invention has led to an understanding that pressure appears to be a much less influential factor in the quality of recovered hydrocarbons than temperature and heating times. While warm-up times can vary considerably depending on void space, permeable body composition, quality, etc., as a general guide, times can range from a few days (i.e. 3 to 4 days) to approximately one year. In a specific example, warm-up times can range from approximately 2 weeks to approximately 4 months. Oil shale under heating in short residence times, i.e. minutes to several hours, can lead to the formation of lye and/or volatile hydrocarbons. Consequently, the present invention allows for extended residence times at moderate temperatures such that the organics present in the oil shale can be volatilized and/or carbonized, leaving insubstantial lye organics. Furthermore, the underlying shale is generally not decomposed or altered which reduces the formation of soluble salt.
[0062] In addition, conduits can be oriented between a plurality of dams and/or control infrastructures to transfer fluids and/or heat between the structures. Conduits can be welded together using conventional welding or similar. In addition, conduits may include joints that allow for rotation or small amounts of movement during expansion and
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35/60 material subsidence in the permeable body. Additionally, the conduits may include a support system that acts to support the conduit assembly before and during filling of the encapsulated volume, as well as during operation. For example, during fluid heating flows, heating and the like can cause sufficient expansion (fracture or popcorn effect) or subsidence to create potentially harmful stress and strain on conduits and associated junctions. A frame support system or other similar anchoring members can be helpful in reducing damage to conduits. Anchor members can include concrete blocks, I-beams, rebar, columns, etc. that can be associated with dam walls, including side walls, floors and ceilings.
[0063] Alternatively, conduits may be completely constructed and assembled prior to the introduction of any mined materials into the encapsulated volume. Care and planning can be considered when designing the predetermined conduit paths and volume filling method in order to prevent damage to the conduits during the filling process while the conduits are buried. Thus, as a general rule, the conduits used in the present invention are oriented from the outset, or prior to incorporation into the permeable body, such that they are unperforated. As a result, pipeline construction and placement can be accomplished without extensive core drilling and/or complicated machinery associated with wellbore or horizontal drilling. Instead, the horizontal or any other orientation of the duct
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36/60 can be readily accomplished by assembling the desired predetermined paths prior to, or in conjunction with, filling the infrastructure with the mined hydrocarbon material. Hand-placed/crane-laid unperforated conduits oriented in various geometric patterns can be placed with valve-controlled connection points that yield accurate and closely monitored heating within the capsule dam. The ability to lay and stack conduits including fittings, bypass and flow valves, and outlet and direct injection points, allows for accurate temperature and heat rates, accurate pressure and pressurization rates, and accurate liquid and gas inlet, outlet and composition mixtures. For example, when bacteria, enzyme, or other biological material is used, optimal temperatures can be readily maintained throughout the permeable body to enhance the performance, reaction, and reliability of such biomaterials.
[0064] The conduits will generally pass through the walls of the built infrastructure at various points. Due to differences in temperature and tolerances, it may be beneficial to include an insulating material at the interface between the wall and the ducts. The dimensions of this interface can be minimized by also allowing room for differences in thermal expansion during startup, steady-state operation, fluctuating operating conditions, and infrastructure shutdown. The interface may also involve insulating materials and sealing devices that prevent the uncontrolled escape of hydrocarbons or other
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37/60 control infrastructure materials. Non-limiting examples of suitable materials may include high temperature gaskets, metal alloys, ceramics, clay or mineral coatings, composites or other materials that have melting points above typical operating temperatures and act as a continuation of the permeability control provided. through walls of the control infrastructure.
[0065] In addition, the walls of the built infrastructure can be configured to minimize heat loss. In one aspect, the walls can be constructed having a substantially uniform thickness that is optimized to provide sufficient mechanical strength while also minimizing the volume of wall material through which the ducts pass. Specifically, excessively thick walls can reduce the amount of heat that is transferred to the permeable body by absorbing it through conduction. Conversely, walls can also act as a thermal barrier to insulate the permeable body and retain heat therein during operation.
[0066] In one embodiment, the fluid and gas compounds within the permeable body can be changed to desired extractive products using, as an example, the pressure induced through the gases or lithostatic pressure built up from the piled up debris. Thus, some degree of updating and/or modification may be performed concurrently with the recovery process of the present invention. In addition, certain hydrocarbon materials may require treatment using specific diluents or other
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38/60 materials. For example, the treatment of tar sands can readily be carried out by steam injection or solvent injection to facilitate the separation of bitumen from sand particles according to known mechanisms.
[0067] With the above description in mind, FIG. 1 shows a side view of an embodiment of the invention showing a designed capsule containment and extraction dam 100 where the existing soil 108 is used primarily as a support for the impermeable floor layer 112. The side walls 102 of the outer capsule dam provide the confinement and may, but need not be, subdivided by interior walls 104. The subdivision can create separate containment pods 122 within a larger dam pod containment 100 which can be of any geometry, size or subdivision. Additional subdivisions can be horizontally or vertically stacked. By creating separate containment capsules 122 or chambers, the classification of substandard materials, assorted gases, assorted liquids, assorted process stages, assorted enzymes or microbiology types, or other desired and prepared processes can be readily accommodated. Sectional capsules constructed as silos within larger constructed capsules can also be designed to provide sequenced and assembled processing, temperatures, gas and fluid compositions, and heat transfers. Such sectional capsules can provide additional environmental monitoring and can be constructed from earth banks of
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39/60 reject designed and coated similar to the primary exterior walls. In one embodiment, the sections within the dam 100 may be used to place materials in insulation, in the absence of external heat, or with the intent of solvent application or controlled or limited combustion. The material carrying low hydrocarbon content may be useful as a combustion material or as a filler or earth bank wall construction material. Material that does not meet the various cut-off limits may also be removed unchanged in a dedicated weir. In such embodiments, such areas may be completely isolated or bypassed by heat, solvents, gases, liquids, or the like. Optional monitoring devices and/or equipment may be permanently or temporarily installed within the dam or outside the perimeters of the dam to verify the containment of material removed.
[0068] The walls 102 and 104 as well as the cover 116 and the impermeable layer 112 can be designed and reinforced by gabions 146 and/or geogrids 148 layered in the infill compaction. Alternatively, these walls 102, 104, 116 and 112 which comprise the permeability control dam and collectively define the encapsulated volume may be formed of any other suitable material as described previously. In this embodiment, the dam 100 includes side walls 102 and 104 that are self-supporting. In one embodiment, refuse earth banks, walls, and floors may be compacted and projected.
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40/60 for structure as well as permeability. The use of compacted geogrids and other anchor structures to support earth banks and dams may be included before or incorporated with permeability control layers which may include sand, clay, bentonite clay, gravel, cement, cement injection, cement reinforced, refractory cements, insulators, geo-membranes, drainage pipes, temperature-resistant insulators for penetration-heated pipes, etc.
[0069] In an alternative embodiment, the permeability control dam may include side walls that are of compacted earth and/or undisturbed geological formations while the roof and floors are impermeable. Specifically, in such embodiments an impermeable cover may be used to prevent the uncontrolled escape of volatiles and gases from the dam, such that appropriate gas collection outlets may be used. Similarly, an impermeable floor can be used to contain and direct collected liquids to an appropriate outlet, such as the drainage system 133 to remove liquid products from lower regions of the dam. While impermeable sidewalls may be desirable in some embodiments, this is not always required. In some cases, the side walls may be undisturbed exposed earth or backfill or compacted earth, or other permeable material. Having permeable side walls may allow some small outflow of gases and/or liquids from the dam.
[0070] Above, below, around and adjacent to measurements
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41/60 environmental hydrology of constructed capsule containment vessels can be designed to redirect surface water away from walls, floors, capsule covers, etc. during operation. In addition, gravity-assisted piping and drainage mechanisms can be used to add channel fluids, liquids or solvents within the encapsulated volume to central collection, pumping, condensation, heating, assembly and discharge piping, silos, tank, and/or or well as needed. In a similar way, steam and/or water that is intentionally introduced, for example for treating bitumen from tar sands, can be recycled.
[0071] Since the wall structures 102 and 104 were built above a constructed and impervious floor layer 112 starting from the earth surface 106, the mined rubble 120 (which may be crushed or classified according to size or hydrocarbon richness), may be placed in layers under (or next to) tubular heating pipes 118, fluid drain pipes 124, and/or gas injection or collection pipes 126. These pipelines can be oriented and designed in any optimal flow pattern, angle, length, size, volume, intersection, base, wall size, alloy construction, drilling design, injection rate, and extraction rate. In some cases, piping such as those used for heat transfer may be connected to, recycled through or derived heat from heat source 134. Alternatively, or in combination with,
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42/60 recovered gases can be condensed by a condenser
140. The heat recovered by the condenser can optionally be used to supplement permeable body heating or for other process needs.
[0072] Heat source 134 can derive, amplify, collect, create, combine, separate, transmit or include heat derived from any suitable heat sources including, but not limited to, fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, solar, wind power, hydrocarbon liquid or gas combustion heaters, geothermal heat sources, nuclear power plant, coal-fired power plant, radiofrequency generated heat, wave energy, flame combustors, natural distributed combustors, or any combination thereof. In some cases, electrical resistive heaters or other heaters can be used, although solid oxide fuel cells and combustion-based heaters are currently preferred. In some positions, geothermal water can be circulated at the surface in adequate amounts to heat the permeable body and directed into the infrastructure.
[0073] In another embodiment, the electrically conductive material may be distributed through the permeable body and an electrical current may be passed through the conductive material sufficient to generate heat. Electrically conductive material may include, but is not limited to, metal chunks or granules, conductive cement, metal coated particles, metal-ceramic composites, conductive semimetal carbides, petroleum coke
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43/60 calcined, wire laid, combinations of these materials, and the like. The electrically conductive material may be pre-blended having various mesh sizes or the materials may be introduced into the permeable body subsequent to formation of the permeable body.
[0074] The liquids or gases can transfer heat from the heat source 134, or in another embodiment, in the case of combustion of liquid or hydrocarbon gas, radiofrequency generators (microwaves), fuel cells, or oxide fuel cells solid all can, but need not, actually generate heat within the weir area of capsule 114 or 122. In one embodiment, heating the permeable body may be accomplished by convective heating from hydrocarbon combustion. Of particular interest is hydrocarbon combustion carried out under stoichiometric conditions from fuel to oxygen. Stoichiometric conditions can allow significantly increased heat gas temperatures. Stoichiometric combustion may employ, but generally does not require, a source of pure oxygen that can be provided by known technologies including, but not limited to, oxygen concentrators, membranes, electrolysis, and the like. In some embodiments, oxygen can be supplied from the air with stoichiometric amounts of oxygen and hydrogen. The gas combustion may be directed to an ultra high temperature heat exchanger, a material, for example a ceramic or other suitable material having an operating temperature above approximately 1371°C. The air obtained from the environment or
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44/60 recycled from other processes can be heated through the ultra high temperature heat exchanger and then sent to the dam for heating the permeable body. The combustion gases can then be removed without the need for further separation, this is because the gas is predominantly carbon dioxide and water.
[0075] In order to minimize heat losses, distances can be minimized between the combustion chamber, heat exchanger and dams. Consequently, in a specific detailed embodiment portable combustors can be attached to individual heating ducts or smaller sections of ducts. Portable combustors or burners can individually deliver from approximately 100,000 Btu to approximately 1,000,000 Btu with approximately 600,000 Btu per pipeline usually being sufficient.
[0076] Alternatively, capsule combustion can be initiated within isolated capsules within a primary constructed capsule containment structure. This process partially burns the hydrocarbon material to provide heat and intrinsic pyrolysis. Unwanted air emissions 144 may be captured and removed in a formation 108 once derived from capsule confinement 114, 122 or heat source 134 and released by a borehole 142. Heat source 134 may also create electricity and transmit, transform or energize through electrical transmission lines 150. Liquids or gases extracted from the capsule dam treatment area 114 or 122 may be stored in a
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45/60 proximate containment tank 136 or within a capsule containment 114 or 122. For example, the impermeable floor layer 112 may include a sloped area 110 that directs liquids to the drain system 133 where liquids are directed to the tank. of containment.
[0077] While the waste material 120 is placed with piping 118, 124, 126, and 128, various measuring devices or sensors 130 are provided to monitor temperature, pressure, liquids, gases, compositions, heating rates, density, and all other process attributes during the extractive process within, around, or below the designed capsule containment dam 100. Such monitoring devices and sensors 130 may be distributed anywhere in, around, part of, connected to, or on the pipeline 118, 124, 126, and 128 or, on, carried by, or buried within the rubble material. 120 or waterproof barrier zone 112.
[0078] As the placed rubble material 120 fills the capsule treatment area 114 or 122, 120 becomes the ceiling support for the projected waterproof coverage barrier zone 138, and the wall barrier construction 170, which can include any combination of impermeability and fluid and gas barrier designed or constructed capsule construction comprising those that may compose 112 including, but not limited to clay 162, compacted or imported infill material 164, material containing refractory cement or cement 166, synthetic geomembrane, coating or insulation 168. Above 138, the infill material
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116 is placed to create lithostatic pressure under the capsule treatment areas 114 or 122. Covering the permeable body with sufficient compacted fill to create increased lithostatic pressure within the permeable body can be helpful in further increasing hydrocarbon product quality. A compacted infill roof can substantially cover the permeable body, while the permeable body on the return can substantially support the compacted infill roof. The compacted infill roof can be sufficiently impermeable to the removed hydrocarbon or an additional layer of permeability control material can be added in a similar manner as sidewalls and/or flooring. Additional pressure may be introduced into the extraction capsule treatment area 114 or 122 by increasing any gas or fluid once extracted, treated or recycled, as the case may be, through any piping 118, 124, 126, or 128. All measurements, optimization rates, injection rates, extraction rates, temperatures, heating rates, flow rates, pressure rates, capacity indicators, relative chemical compositions, or other data relating to the heating, extraction, stabilization process , removal, dam, update, refinement or analysis of structure within the capsule dam 100 is provided for through connection to a computing device 132 which operates computer software for the management, calculation and optimization of any process. In addition, core drilling, geological reserve analysis
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47/60 and test modeling of a formation prior to blasting, mining, and transport (or at any time before, after, or during such tasks) can serve as sources of data entry into computer-controlled mechanisms that operate the software to identify placements, dimensions, volumes and optimal calibrated designs and cross-reference to production rate, pressure, temperature, heat input rates, gas weight percentages, gas injection compositions, heat capacity, permeability, porosity, chemical and mineral composition, compaction, density desired. Such analyzes and determinations may include other factors such as time data factors such as air temperature and moisture content impacting the overall performance of the built infrastructure. Other data such as ore moisture content, hydrocarbon richness, weight, mesh size, and mineral and geological composition can be used as inputs including the time value of money data series yielding project, service, and cash flows. debit and internal rates of return.
[0079] FIG. 2A shows a collection of dams including an uncovered or uncovered pod dam 100 containing sectioned pod dams 122 of a mining quarry 200 with various bank mining elevations. FIG. 2B illustrates a single dam 122 with no associated conduits and other aspects merely for clarity. This dam may be similar to the one illustrated in FIG. 1 or any other setting. In some arrangements, it is envisaged that mining debris may be transferred
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48/60 below 230 drops or through 232 conveyors to 100 and 122 quarry pod dams without any need for mining haul trucks.
[0080] FIG. 3 shows the designed permeability barriers 112 below the capsule weir 100 with the cap covering material or infill 302 on the sides and top of the capsule weir 100 to finally cover (following the process) and recover a new earth surface 300. Indigenous plants that may have been temporarily moved from the area can be replanted, such as 306 trees. The constructed infrastructures of the present invention may generally be the only structures in use that can be readily and securely closed with minimal additional remediation. This can dramatically reduce costs associated with moving large volumes of spent materials. However, in some circumstances the built infrastructure can be excavated and reused. Some equipment, such as radio frequency (RF) mechanisms, tubes, devices and emitters may be recovered from within the dam built upon completion of hydrocarbon recovery.
[0081] FIG. 4 shows computer means 130 controlling various properties of inlets and outlets of conduits 118, 126, or 128 connected to heat source 134 during the process between subdivided dams 122 within a collective dam 100 to control permeable body heating. The heat may optionally be a closed circuit, such that the gases are returned to the heat source through return ducts.
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135 or otherwise directed away from the dams. Similarly, the liquid and vapor collected from the dams can be monitored and collected in the tank 136 and condenser 140, respectively. For example, liquid products can be collected through a drainage system (not shown) and stored in liquid collection tank 136. Vapor products from individual dams can be collected through an appropriate gas collection system and directed. to the condenser. Condensable products are typically high quality hydrocarbons, for example kerosene, jet fuels, or other high grade fuels, and can be stored separately in condensable tank 141. Similarly, non-condensable portions can be directed to other parts of the process. or stored in tank 143. As previously described, the liquid and vapor products can be combined or more often left as separate products depending on condensability, target product, and the like. A portion of the vapor product may be condensed and combined with the liquid products in tank 136. However, much of the vapor product will be C4 and lighter cases which can be burned, sold or used within the process. For example, hydrogen gas can be recovered using conventional gas separation and used to hydrotreat the liquid products according to conventional upgrading methods, e.g. catalytic, etc. or the non-condensable product gas may be burned to produce heat for use in heating the permeable body, heating
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50/60 an adjacent or nearby dam, heating service areas or personnel, or satisfying other process heat requirements. The built infrastructure can include thermocouples, pressure gauges, flow meters, fluid dispersion meters, richness sensors and any other conventional process control devices distributed through the built infrastructure. These devices can each be operatively associated with a computer, such that heating rates, product flow rates, and pressures can be monitored or changed during heating of the permeable body. Optionally, local agitation can be carried out using, for example, ultrasonic generators that are associated with the permeable body. Such agitation can facilitate the separation and pyrolysis of hydrocarbons from the underlying solid materials with which they are associated. In addition, sufficient agitation can reduce clogging and agglomeration through the permeable body and conduits.
[0082] FIG. 5 shows how any of the conduits can be used to transfer heat in any form of gas, liquid or heat through transfer means 510 from any sectioned capsule dam to another. Then, the refrigerated fluid may be transported via heat transfer means 512 to the heat generating capsule 500, or heat generating source 134 to take more heat from the capsule 500 to be recirculated again to a destination capsule 522. Thus, several conduits can be used to transfer heat from one dam to another in order to recycle
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51/60 heat and control energy usage to minimize energy losses.
[0083] In yet another aspect of the present invention, a hydrogen donor agent may be introduced into the permeable body during the heating step. The hydrogen donor agent can be any composition that is capable of hydrogenating the hydrocarbons and can optionally be a reducing agent. Non-limiting examples of suitable hydrogen donor agents may include synthesis gas, propane, methane, hydrogen, natural gas, natural gas condensates, industrial solvents such as acetones, toluenes, benzene, xylenes, cumenes, cyclopentanes, cyclohexanes, minor alkenes (C4-C10), terpenes, substituted compounds of these solvents, etc., and the like. In addition, recovered hydrocarbons can be subjected to hydrotreatment within the permeable body or subsequent to collection. Advantageously, the hydrogen recovered from the gas products can be reintroduced into the liquid product for improvement. Either way, hydrotreating or hydrodesulfurization can be very useful in reducing the nitrogen and sulfur content in final hydrocarbon products. Optionally, catalysts can be introduced to facilitate such reactions. Furthermore, the introduction of light hydrocarbons into the permeable body can lead to reforming reactions that reduce molecular weight by increasing the hydrogen to carbon ratio. This is particularly advantageous for use in the present invention due at least in part to the high permeability of the permeable body, for example
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52/60 is often around 30% void volume, although the void volume can generally range from approximately 15% to approximately 40% void volume. Light hydrocarbons that can be injected can be any that provide reformation for recovered hydrocarbons. Non-limiting examples of suitable light hydrocarbons include natural gas, natural gas condensates, industrial solvents, hydrogen donor agents, and other hydrocarbons having ten or fewer carbons, and often five or fewer carbons. Currently, natural gas is an effective, convenient and abundant light hydrocarbon. As mentioned previously, various solvents or other additives can also be added to aid in the extraction of hydrocarbon products from oil shale and can often also increase fluidity.
[0084] Light hydrocarbon may be introduced into the permeable body by transporting it through a delivery conduit having an open end in fluid communication with a lower portion of the permeable body such that light hydrocarbons (which are a gas under operating conditions normal) permeate through the permeable body. Alternatively, this same approach can be applied to recovered hydrocarbons that are first released to an empty dam. In this way, the dam can act as a containment tank for direct products from a nearby dam and as a reformer or upgrader. In this embodiment, the dam can be at least partially filled with a liquid product where the
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The light hydrocarbon gas is passed through and allowed to contact the liquid hydrocarbon products at temperatures and conditions sufficient to achieve reforming in accordance with well known processes. Optional reforming catalysts that include metals such as Pd, Ni or other suitable catalytically active metals can also be included in the liquid product within the dam. The addition of catalysts may serve to lower and/or adjust the reforming temperature and/or pressure for particular liquid products. Furthermore, the dams of the present invention can be readily formed at almost any depth. Thus, optimal reformation pressures (or recovery pressures when using dam depth as a pressure control measure for recovery of a permeable body) can be designed based on the hydrostatic pressure due to the amount of liquid in the dam and the dam height. , that is, P = pgh. In addition, the pressure can vary considerably over the dam height sufficient to provide multiple reform zones and adjustable pressures. Generally, the pressures within the permeable body may be sufficient to achieve substantially only liquid extraction, although some smaller volumes of vapor may be produced depending on the particular composition of the permeable body. As a general guide, pressures can range from approximately 507 kPa to approximately 5066 kPa, although pressures of approximately 608 kPa to approximately 2026 kPa can be particularly useful. Nonetheless,
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54/60 any pressure greater than atmospheric can be used.
[0085] In one embodiment, the extracted crude has particles precipitated within the subdivided capsules. The extracted fluids and gases can be treated to remove particulates and dust particles. Separation of oil particles from shale can be accomplished by techniques such as, but not limited to, hot gas filtration, precipitation, and heavy oil recycling.
[0086] Hydrocarbon products recovered from the permeable body can be further processed (eg refined) or used as produced. Any condensable gaseous products can be condensed by cooling and collection, while non-condensable gases can be collected, burned as fuel, reinjected, or otherwise used or discarded. Optionally, mobile equipment can be used to collect gases. These units can be readily oriented close to the control infrastructure and the gaseous product directed thereto through appropriate conduits from an upper region of the control infrastructure.
[0087] In yet another alternative embodiment, heat within the permeable body may be recovered subsequent to the primary recovery of hydrocarbon materials therefrom. For example, a large amount of heat is retained in the permeable body. In an optional embodiment, the permeable body may be flooded with a heat transfer fluid, such as water, to form a heated fluid, for example, heated water and/or steam. At the same time, this process may facilitate the removal of some products from
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55/60 residual hydrocarbons through a physical rinse of spent shale solids. In some cases, the introduction of water and the presence of steam can result in water gas displacement reactions and synthesis gas formation. The steam recovered from this process can be used to drive a generator, directed to other nearby infrastructure, or otherwise used. Hydrocarbons and/or syngas can be separated from the heated steam or fluid by conventional methods.
[0088] While the methods and infrastructure of the present invention allow for improved permeability and control of operating conditions, significant amounts of unrecovered hydrocarbons, precious metals, minerals, sodium bicarbonate or other commercially valuable materials often remain in the permeable body. Therefore, a selective solvent can be injected or introduced into the permeable body. Typically, this can be done subsequent to collection of hydrocarbons, although certain selective solvents can be beneficially used prior to heating and/or collection. This can be done using one or more of the existing conduits or by direct injection and percolation through the permeable body. The selective solvent or bleach may be chosen as a solvent for one or more target materials, for example minerals, precious metal, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, or sodium bicarbonate. In a specific embodiment, steam or carbon dioxide can be used as a permeable body rinse to dislodge at least a portion of any remaining hydrocarbons. this can be beneficial
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56/60 not only to remove potentially valuable by-products, but also to clean leftover spent materials of trace heavy metal or inorganics to below detectable levels in order to comply with regulatory standards or prevent inadvertent leaching of materials at a future date. .
[0089] More particularly, various recovery steps can be used before or after heating the permeable body to recover heavy metals, precious metals, trace metals or other materials that have economic value or may cause undesirable problems during heating of the permeable body. Typically, such recovery of materials may be carried out prior to the heat treatment of the permeable body. Recovery steps may include, but are in no way limited to, solution mining, leaching, solvent recovery, precipitation, acids (e.g. hydrochloric acid, acid halides, etc.), flotation, ionic resin exchange, galvanizing, or similar. For example, heavy metals, bauxite or aluminum, and mercury can be removed by flooding the permeable body with an appropriate solvent and recirculating the resulting lye through appropriately designed ion exchange resins (eg granules, membranes, etc.).
[0090] Similarly, bioextraction, bioleaching, biorecovery, or biorepair of hydrocarbon material, spent materials, or precious metals can be performed to further improve remediation, extract valuable metals, and restore spent material to environmental standards.
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57/60 acceptable. In such bioextraction scenarios, conduits can be used to inject catalyzing gases as a precursor that helps encourage bioreaction and growth. Such microorganisms and enzymes may biochemically oxidize the ore body or material or cellulosic or other biomass material prior to a solvent extraction from the ore via bio-oxidation. For example, a perforated pipe or other mechanism can be used to inject a light hydrocarbon (eg methane, ethane, propane or butane) into the permeable body sufficient to stimulate the growth and action of native bacteria. Bacteria can be native or introduced and can grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Such bacteria can release metals from the permeable body which can then be recovered through washing with an appropriate solvent or other appropriate recovery methods. The recovered metals can then be precipitated using conventional methods.
[0091] Syngas can also be recovered from the permeable body during the heating step. Various stages of gas production can be handled through processes that raise or lower operating temperatures within the encapsulated volume and adjust other inputs to the dam to produce synthetic gases which may include, but are not limited to, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons, ammonia, water, nitrogen or various combinations thereof. In one embodiment, temperature and pressure can be controlled within the permeable body to lower CO2 emissions.
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58/60 while synthetic gases are extracted.
[0092] The hydrocarbon product recovered from the built-in infrastructure of the present invention can more often be further processed, for example, by upgrading, refining, etc. Sulfur from the upgrade processing and related refinements can be isolated in various sulfur capsules built within the larger structured dam capsule. Built sulfur capsules can be spent or dedicated built infrastructure for the purpose of storage and isolation after desulfurization.
[0093] Similarly, the spent hydrocarbon material remaining in the built infrastructure can be used in the production of cement and aggregate products for use in the construction or stabilization of the infrastructure itself or in the formation of infrastructure built outside. Such cement products made from spent shale may include, but are not limited to, blends with Portland cement, calcium, volcanic ash, perlite, synthetic nanocarbons, sand, fiberglass, crushed glass, asphalt, tar, binder resins. , cellulosic plant fibers, and the like.
[0094] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, injection, monitoring and production pipelines or extraction outlets may be incorporated into any pattern or placement within the built infrastructure. Monitoring of wells and geomembrane layers constructed below or outside the constructed capsule confinement can be employed to monitor unwanted fluid and moisture migration outside the limits of
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59/60 confinement and the built infrastructure.
[0095] While prepared and filled built infrastructure can often be immediately heated to recover hydrocarbons, this is not required. For example, a built infrastructure that is built and filled with the mined hydrocarbon material can be left in place as a proven reserve. Such structures are less susceptible to explosion or damage due to terrorist activity and can also provide strategic reserves of unprocessed petroleum products, with classified and known properties so that economic valuations can be increased and more predictable. Long-term oil storage often faces quality deterioration issues over time. Thus, the present invention can optionally be used for quality assurance and long-term storage with reduced concerns regarding breakdown and degradation of hydrocarbon products.
[0096] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the high quality liquid product may be blended with lower quality more viscous hydrocarbon products (e.g., lower API). For example, kerogen oil produced from dams can be mixed with bitumen to form a blended oil. Bitumen is not typically transportable through extensive piping under conventional and accepted piping standards and can have a substantially higher viscosity and substantially lower API than kerogen oil. The amount of mixing can vary considerably
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60/60 depending on the particular quality of bitumen and kerogen oils. However, as a general guideline the blended oil may be 5% to 95% kerogen oil, in some cases from approximately 10% to approximately 40%, and in other cases from approximately 50% to 80%, with substantially a remainder of the mixed oil comprising bitumen. By mixing the kerogen oil and bitumen, the blended oil can be made transportable without the use of additional thinners or other viscosity or API modifiers. As a result, mixed oil can be pumped through a pipeline without requiring additional treatments to remove a diluent or return such diluents through a secondary pipeline. Conventionally, bitumen is combined with a diluent, such as condensed natural gas or other low molecular weight liquids, to allow pumping to a remote location. The diluent is removed and returned through a second pipeline back to the bitumen source. The present invention allows for the elimination of return diluent and the simultaneous improvement of the bitumen.
[0097] It should be understood that the arrangements referenced above are illustrative of the application for the principles of the present invention. Thus, while the present invention has been described above in connection with exemplary embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications and alternative arrangements can be made without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention as set forth in the claims.
Contents5
5 sheets
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3 Sheet 4 Sheet 5
34 members in 13 offices
Priority claims19
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60900505 | United States of America | – | |
| 90050507 | United States of America | P | |
| 90050507 | United States of America | P | |
| 60906634 | United States of America | – | |
| 90663407 | United States of America | P | |
| 90663407 | United States of America | P | |
| 60930711 | United States of America | – | |
| 93071107 | United States of America | P | |
| 93071107 | United States of America | P | |
| 2008053434 | United States of America | W | |
| 2008053434 | United States of America | W | |
| 60900505 | – | – | – |
| 60906634 | – | – | – |
| 60930711 | – | – | – |
| US20070900505P | – | – | – |
| US20070906634P | – | – | – |
| US20070930711P | – | – | – |
| US2008053434 | – | – | – |
| WO2008US53434 | – | – | – |
Members34
| Document | Office | Kind | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2008213575A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| CA2677518A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| US2008190813A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2008190815A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2008190816A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2008190818A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| WO2008098177A1 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A1 | |
| EP2118239A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| CN101646749A | China | A | |
| MA31232B1 | Morocco | B1 | |
| IL200235D0 | Israel | D0 | |
| ZA200905545B | South Africa | B | |
| US7862705B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US7862706B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| EP2118239A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| US7906014B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| RU2009133777A | Russian Federation | A | |
| US2011094952A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US7967974B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| JO2601B1 | Jordan | B1 | |
| US8109047B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| AU2008213575B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| RU2450042C2 | Russian Federation | C2 | |
| IL200235A | Israel | A | |
| CN103666510A | China | A | |
| BRPI0807006A2 | Brazil | A2 | |
| CN101646749B | China | B | |
| CA2677518C | Canada | C | |
| EP3006542A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| CN103666510B | China | B | |
| EP3266852A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP3266852B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| ES2911411T3 | Spain | T3 | |
| BRPI0807006B1This record | Brazil | B1 |
6 legal events, as the office reported them to INPADOC
Over the term
Point at a mark for the eventEvents
| Event | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| Lapse acc. art. 78, item iv - on non-payment of the annual fees in timeLapsedREFERENTE A 18A ANUIDADE.B21F | B21F | |
| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]GrantedPRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 08/02/2008, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. PATENTE CONCEDIDA CONFORME ADI 5.529/DF, QUE DETERMINA A ALTERACAO DO PRAZO DE CONCESSAO.B16A | B16A | |
| Appeal against refusal [chapter 12.2 patent gazette]AppealB12B | B12B | |
| Patent application refused [chapter 9.2 patent gazette]B09B | B09B | |
| Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]B07A | B07A | |
| Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]B07A | B07A |
Numbers
- Publication
- PI0807006
- Publication, DOCDB
- PI0807006
- Publication, EPODOC
- BRPI0807006
- Application
- 7006
- Application, DOCDB
- PI0807006
- Application, EPODOC
- BR2008PI07006
Titles2
- Portuguese
- Métodos de recuperação de hidrocarbonetos a partir de materiais hidrocarbonosos e infraestrutura para realizar o método
- English
- Methods of recovering hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon materials and infrastructure to carry out the method
Classification
- CPC, 16
- C10G1/02
- C10B47/02
- C10B53/06
- C10G9/36
- C10G9/38
- C10G2300/1011
- C10G2300/1025
- C10G2300/308
- C10G2300/4037
- C10G2300/4062
- C10G2300/44
- C10G2300/80
- C10G2400/18
- Y02P30/20
- Y02P20/133
- Y02P20/129
- IPC, 2
- C10G9 00
- C10G11 00