Compositions and methods for diagnosing, treating, and preventing prostate conditions
Abstract
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CONDITIONS. Compositions and methods for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of prostate cancer and intra-epithelial prostate cancer (PIN) are revealed.

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41 claims: 36 independent, 5 dependent
- 1REIVINDICAÇÕES 1. Método para monitoramento de condições da próstata em um indivíduo caracterizado por compreender:a determinação de uma proporção de expressão de gene Paired Box 2-para-gene beta defensina-1 (PAX2-para-DEFBl) em células obtidas a partir da próstata do indivíduo, em que a proporção de expressão de PAX2-para-DEFBl está correlacionada com condições da próstata.
- 2Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que uma proporção de expressão de PAX 2-para-DEFBl de 100:1 ou maior é indicativa da presença de câncer de próstata no indivíduo, uma proporção de expressão de a PAX 2-para-DEFB 1 de 40:1 ou maior, mas menor que 100:1, é indicativa da presença de neoplasia intra-epitelial da próstata (PIN) no indivíduo, e uma proporção de expressão de PAX2-para-DEFBl de menos que 40:1 é indicativa de próstata normal no indivíduo.
- 3Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a etapa de determinação compreende:determinação do nível de expressão de gene PAX2 em relação ao nível de expressão de um gene de controle;determinação do nível de expressão de gene DEFB1 em relação ao nível de expressão do mesmo gene de controle,· e determinação da proporção de expressão de um PAX 2para-DEFB 1 com base nos níveis de expressão de PAX2 e DEFB1.
- 4Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 3, caracterizado pelo fato de que os níveis de expressão de riuaut)779-1 PAX2, DEFB1 e dos genes de controle são determinados por 2/6 RT-PCR quantitativa em tempo real.
- 5Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 3, caracterizado pelo fato de que o gene de controle é o gene de gliceraldeído 3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH). 5 6. Método para o diagnóstico de câncer de próstata em um indivíduo caracterizado por compreender:a determinação de uma proporção de expressão de PAX2para-DEFB 1 em células obtidas a partir da próstata do indivíduo, 10 em que a proporção de expressão de PAX 2-para-DEFB 1 de cerca de 100:1 ou maior é indicativa da presença de câncer de próstata no indivíduo. 7. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 6, caracterizado pelo fato de que a etapa de determinação 15 compreende: a determinação do nível de expressão de gene PAX2 em relação ao nível de expressão de um gene de controle;a determinação do nível de expressão de gene DEFB1 em relação ao nível de expressão do mesmo gene de controle,· e 20 a determinação da proporção de expressão de PAX 2para-DEFB 1 com base nos níveis de expressão de PAX2 e DEFB1. 8. Método para o diagnóstico de neoplasia intraepitelial da próstata (PIN) em um indivíduo caracterizado 25 por compreender: a determinação de uma proporção de expressão de PAX 2para-DEFB 1 em células obtidas a partir da próstata do indivíduo, em que a proporção de expressão de PAX 2-para-DEFB 1 30 na faixa de cerca de 40:1 a cerca de 100:1 é indicativa da 2/6 presença de PIN no indivíduo. 9. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 8, caracterizado pelo fato de que a etapa de determinação compreende: a determinação do nível de expressão de gene PAX2 em relação ao nível de expressão de um gene de controle;a determinação do nível de expressão de gene DEFB1 em relação ao nível de expressão do mesmo gene de controle;e a determinação da proporção de expressão de a PAX 2para-DEFB 1 com base nos níveis de expressão de PAX2 e DEFB 1. 10. Método para a prevenção ou tratamento de câncer de próstata em um indivíduo, caracterizado por compreender: a administração ao indivíduo de uma quantidade eficaz 15 de uma composição que compreende um inibidor da expressão de gene PAX 2 ou atividade de PAX2. 11. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 10, caracterizado pelo fato de que o indivíduo é diagnosticado com neoplasia intra-epitelial da próstata (PIN). 20 12. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 10, caracterizado pelo fato de que o inibidor é um antagonista seletivo de angiotensina II ou enzima de conversão de angiotensina (ACE). 13. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 10, 25 caracterizado pelo fato de que o inibidor é um antagonista seletivo de receptor tipo 1 de angiotensina II (AT1R). 14. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 10, caracterizado pelo fato de que o inibidor é um antagonista seletivo de quinase regulada por sinal extracelular/ 30 proteína ativada por mitógeno (MEK). i 4/6 15. Método, de acordo com a . reivindicação 10, caracterizado pelo fato de que o inibidor é um antagonista seletivo de quinases reguladas por sinal extracelular (ERK)l e/ou ERK2. 5 16. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 10, caracterizado pelo fato de que o inibidor é um antagonista seletivo de transdutor de sinal e ativador de transcrição 3 (STAT 3). 17. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 10, 10 caracterizado pelo fato de que o inibidor é um antagonista seletivo de PAX2. 18. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 17, caracterizado pelo fato de que o antagonista seletivo de PAX2 bloqueia a ligação de PAX 2 ao promotor de beta 15 defensina-1 (DEFB1). 19. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 17, caracterizado pelo fato de que o antagonista seletivo de PAX2 compreende um siRNA. 20. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 17, 20 caracterizado pelo fato de que o antagonista seletivo de PAX2 compreende um RNA antisenso. 21. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 17, caracterizado pelo fato de que o antagonista seletivo de PAX2 compreende um polinucleotídeo que codifica um siRNA ou 25 um RNA antisenso. 22. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 17, caracterizado pelo fato de que o antagonista seletivo de PAX2 compreende um anticorpo anti-PAX2. 23. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 10, 3 0 caracterizado pelo fato de que o inibidor é um antagonista 5/6 seletivo de PAX2. 24. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 10, caracterizado pelo fato de que o indivíduo é diagnosticado com câncer de próstata. 5 25. Método para a prevenção ou tratamento de câncer de próstata em um indivíduo caracterizado por compreender: a administração ao indivíduo de uma quantidade eficaz de uma composição que compreende um agente que aumenta o nível de expressão de gene DEFB1 ou de atividade de DEFB 1. polinucleotídeo que codifica e é capaz de expressar DEFB 1. 15 28. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 23, caracterizado pelo fato de que o agente compreende um inibidor de PAX2 que se liga ao promotor de DEFB 1. . 29. Método para a prevenção ou tratamento de neoplasia intra-epitelial da próstata (PIN) em um indivíduo, 20 caracterizado por compreender: caracterizado pelo fato de que o inibidor é selecionado do 25 grupo que consiste em antagonistas seletivos de angiotensina II ou enzima de conversão de angiotensina (ACE), antagonistas seletivos de receptor tipo 1 de angiotensina II (AT1R) , antagonistas seletivos de MEK, antagonistas seletivos de ERK1 e de ERK1 2, antagonistas 30 seletivos de STAT 3, antagonistas seletivos de PAX, e
- 66/6 inibidores que bloqueiam a ligação de DEFB1 ao promotor de PAX 2. 31. Método para a prevenção ou tratamento de neoplasia intra-epitelial da próstata (PIN) em um indivíduo 5 caracterizado por compreender:a administração ao indivíduo de uma quantidade eficaz de uma composição que compreende um agente que aumenta o nível de expressão do gene DEFB 1 ou atividade de DEFB 1. 32. Método, de acordo com a reivindicação 29, 10 caracterizado pelo fato de que o agente é selecionado do grupo que consiste em DEFB 1, polinucleotídeos que codificam e são capazes de expressar DEFB 1, e inibidores da ligação de PAX2 ao promotor de DEFB1. 1/41 1255 1477 1616 1215 1343 Número de Pacientes (grosseiramente dissecados) FIG IA Kl > d P Iti r~1 ai oi o 'rt (0 w ai P & W Φ Ό ai > ή mo Média de 1215 T hPrEC PC3 PC3 DUI45 DUI45 LNCaP LNCaP FIG 1B 2/41 r· FIG 1C Comparação da Expressão de DEFBl em Paciente #1457 à Expressão Média em Tecido Benigno o n vi í? W 2.5 § 1-5 «nJ 1 O M ft 0-5 o n Λ 0 Normal lumor Região do Tecido FIG ID 3/41 DU145 PC3 LNCaP FIG 2 Viabilidade Relativa Percentual 24 horas 48 horas 72 horas Tempo de Indução FIG 3 4/41 '·χ.· ·· 5% 3% d> Ό o +> 0) Ό o H m ao m o d Ό 10° 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 Anexina FITC «r| Λ O M h n O p* O O 10° 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 W Cu Controle 32% 10° 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 Anexina FITC Anexina FITC 12 horas Φ o O +> Φ Ό O H m co m o •d 'd Ui O o 36% 23% 10° 10 1 10 2 10 3 1 0 4 Anexina FITC FIG4A 5/41 Iodeto de Iodeto de Propídio {585 nm) Propídio {585 nm) 10° 10 1 10 a 103 10 4 10° 10 1 10* 10 3 10 4 24 horas 3% 3% 10° 10 1 10 a 10 3 10 4 Anexina FITC Controle 48 horas 10° 10 1 10 a 10 3 10 4 Anexina FITC 12 horas 10° 1'0 1 10 a 10 3 10 4 Anexina FITC 24 horas < 1 Ιί’Λ . .. . :·> 38% 8% 10° 10 1 10 a 10 3 10 4 Anexina FITC 48 horas FIG 4B 6/41 24 horas Controle DIC Fluorescência FIG 5A-D
- 77/41 24 horas Controle DIC Fluore scêricia FIG 5IL H
- 88/41 24 horas Controle FIG 5I-L
- 99/41 DUI45 PC3 Dia Ο 2° Dia 4° Dia 6° Dia Dia O 2° Dia 4° Dia 6° Dia I i lr í PAX2 β-actina FIG 7
- 1010/41 100 2 Dias 4 Dias 6 Dias Tempo de Tratamento FIG 8 Controle Tratado ' Fluorescência DIC Fluorescência FIG 9
- 1111/41 Expressão Relativa (Proporção Expressão Relativa (Proporção BID/GAPDH) BAX/GAPDH) DU145 PC3 LnCaP B Controle B Tratado Linhagem de Células FIG 10A B Controle B Tratado Linhagem de Células FIG 10B
- 1212/41 Expressão Relativa (Proporção BAD /GAPDH) controle ®Tratado FIG 10C
- 1313/41 Inibição por siRNA de Proteína PAX2 FIG 11
- 1414/41 FIG 12
- 1515/41 HPrEC LnCAP PC3 DU145 Linhagens de Células FIG 13 FIG 14
- 1616/41 Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3 Ln 4 Ln 5 Ln 6 Ln 7 Ln 8 Ln 9 FIG 15
- 1717/41 domínio pareado Homeodomínio •Homeodomínio (HD) sítio de ligação de PAI ^sítio de ligação HD TCAAGCGTGACTAÂTTG (ID. de SEQ No:47) FIG 16
- 1818/41 Ν Ν TNG C A Ν A Τ C Τ Τ C G C G 1 1 4 Τ τ τ τ τ τ τ G C A C G C c a c σ c Α I C A C G C G 6 7 8 9 10 Τ G A G G Τ G Α Α G Τ G I G G Α Τ Τ Ν Τ C I τ τ 11 13 G Α C Α I Α Α C G Α C I Ν Α G Α C G 13 14 1$ Pax 8 Pax 2 (20) Pax 5 Cie) Pax 1 (β) Pax 6 (20) Pax 3 (28) Prd O) FIG17
- 1919/41 Neoplasia de Displasia Intraepitelial (IEN) Fci ve Moderada Severa Normal Iniciada Ctô:Câncer Cólon —£33· Cabeça e Pescoço — I Janela Ótima para 1 Quimioprevenção -► ADENOMA -rrAç—— anos } 5-15 anos 1 i TOBACCO use LEUCOPLAQUIA ORAL j_ 4*10 anos DISPLÁSICA Esôfago de BARRETCérvix ciN 1 Pulmão ........ Pulmão (Fumantes) Pele (Não me 1 anoma) est. 9-13anos ~£2F anos ? 6-Θ anos $ ►J DISPLASIA SEVERA-> C1N3/CIS 10-20 anos -► 30-40 anos ! ' ./>. Mama HIPERPLASIA ATÍPICA
- 2020-40 maços-anos CERATOSE ACTÍNICAanos 6-10 ano s Próstata Bexiga -► PIN 20?anòs FIG 18 CÂNCER -► -smLATENTE 3-15 anos —> tis * anos PAX2 β-actina FIG 19 20/41 Expressão Relativa de PAX2 || t Expressão Relativa de PAX2 FIG 20A FIG 20B
- 2121/41 FIG 21 FIG 22
- 2222/41 C 30 min 4 hr 24 hr 48 hrs β-actina FIG 23A Controle Los Angll PD9850 U0126 AICAR PAX2 FIG 23B controle Los U0126 PD9850 AICAR Fosfo~STAT3 β-actina FIG 23C
- 2323/41 controle Lo S U0126 PD9850 AICAR Fosf o -PAX2 β-actina FIG 24A Angll Angll 5uM lOuM Controle U0126 LOS Fosfo-JNK β-actina FIG 24B
- 2424/41 1.2 Expressão Relativa hPREC hPrEC + hPrEC + PC3 Não tratada ATII72 hrs ATI! 96 hrs Não tratada Condição FIG 25
- 2525/41 FIG
- 2626 EFB1 Re-expressão celular) FIG 27 Angiotensina H I osartan l ATIR Membrana Celular EFB1 Re-expressão Formação de Poro (morte celular) FIG 27
- 2727/41 {Proporção hBD-l/Actina) II88 1255 1343 1477 1516 Número de Pacientes 1215 FIG 28
- 2828/41 DEFB1 1569 Normal 0.6 _ 1569 PIN | 1569 J Tumor Gleason 7 Expressão Relativa 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 <0.1 ! 1457 1457 PIN 1457 1569 Normal Tumor Normal FIG 29
- 2929/41 FIG 30
- 3030/41 Nível de Expressão Nível de Expressão (Proporção hBD-1/Actina) (Proporção hBD-l/Actina) 0.1 1188 1215 1343 1477 1516 Número de Pacientes FIG 31A Número de Pacientes FIG 31B
- 3131/41 Relativa FIG 32A
- 3232/41 c. d. FIG 32B
- 3333/41 Viabilidade Percentual LNCaP SDU145 EJPC3 □ PC3/AR+ Tempo de Indução FIG 33
- 3434/41 FIG 34A FIG 34B
- 3535/41 Nível de Expressão (hBD-l/Actina) 0.1 0.01 hPrEC LNCaP PC3 DU145 Linhagem, de Células FIG 35
- 3636/41 IIPrEC DU145 PC3 L\C:il> β··';ac tina FIG 36A DU145 Dia 0 Dia 2 Dia 4 Dia 6 mr··! i n> i PAX2 .β?· ac tina LNCaP PC3 PAX2 β-;ac tina PAX2 β-;ac tina FIG 36B
- 3737/41 siRNA de Controle siRNa de PAX2 T-y ' ' </ s. t. -w LNCaP 1 *àí >'»}- \>í « FIG 37 . J©/ '·&
- 3838/41 Viabilidde Percentual Relativa DU145 IBPC3 a LnCAP FIG 38
- 3939/41 LNCaP PÜ145 PC3 Não Tratado Tratado Pi L/ FIG 39
- 4040/41 Ε w ~ LnCap DU145 PC3 Linhagem, de Células FIG40A LnCap DU145 PC3 Linhagens de Células FIG 40B
- 4141/41 são Relativa rção akt /GAPDH) LnCaP DU145 PC3 Linhagens de Células FIG40C - j. 1/1 ι L
Independent claims41
2,692 paragraphs in 24 sections, as filed
(54) Title: COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CONDITIONS (30) Unionist Priority: 16/01/2007 us 60 / 885,142 (73) Holder (s): Musc Foundation For Research Development (72) Inventor (s): Carlton D. Donald (74) Attorney (s): Orlando de Souza (86) International Application: pct US2008051168 of 16/01/2008 (87) International Publication: wo 2008 / 089236de 24/07/2008 (57) Summary: compositions and methods for o DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CONDITIONS. Compositions and methods for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of prostate cancer and intraepithelial prostate cancer (PIN) are revealed.
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I t COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND ('i PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CONDITIONS i
j · BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Current anticancer chemotherapies that are based on alkylating agents, antimetabolites and natural products are heterogeneous in their mechanisms of action. Consequently, most of them also act against normal cells that result in severe side effects and toxicity to the patient.
The accumulation of mutations and the loss of cell control functions cause progressive phenotypic changes in. normal histology for early pre-cancer such as intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) to increasingly severe IEN to superficial cancer and finally to invasive disease. Although this (15 process can be relatively aggressive in some cases,) it usually occurs relatively slowly over years and even decades. Oncogene dependence is the physiological dependence of cancer cells on the continued activation or overexpression of single oncogenes to maintain the malignant phenotype. This dependence occurs in the environment of the other changes that mark the neoplastic progression.
Cancer chemoprotection is defined as cancer prevention or treatment in the pre-cancer state or even earlier. The long period of progression to invasive cancer is a great scientific opportunity, but also an economic obstacle to show the clinical benefit of candidate chemopreventive drugs. Therefore, an important component of research on the development of chemopreventive agents in recent years has been the
2/247, identification of early landmarks (pre-cancer) or biomarkers that accurately predict a clinical benefit of the agent or reducing effect of cancer incidence. In several cancers, IEN is an early milestone as in prostate cancer.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the purpose of this invention, as incorporated and widely described herein, this invention relates to the compositions and methods for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of prostate cancer and intraepithelial prostate cancer (PIN).
The additional advantages of the method and the disclosed compositions will be presented in part in the description that follows, and in part will be understood from the description, or can be understood by practicing the method and the disclosed compositions. The advantages of the method and of the revealed compositions will be understood and achieved through the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the attached claims. It should be understood that both the previous general description and the following detailed description are only exemplary and explanatory, and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The attached drawings, which are incorporated and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various modalities of the method and of the revealed compositions, and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the revealed method and compositions.
Figure 1 shows the quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis of beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1) expression. For
3/247 to verify the induction of DEFB1 expression, i QRT-PCR was performed. Figure IA shows the levels of relative expression of DEFB1 compared in clinical samples from 6 patients who underwent radical prostatectomies. Figure 1B shows the relative expression levels of DEFB1 compared in benign and malignant prostatic clinical samples, hPrEC cells and in prostate cancer cell lines, before and after DEFB1 induction. Figure 1C shows the levels of relative expression of DEFB1 analyzed in benign tissue, malignant tissue and in intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate (PIN) in a single tissue cut. Figure ID shows the expression of DEFB1 in benign tissue, malignant tissue and PIN in a patient, compared to the average expression level of DEFB1 found in benign tissue.
Figure 2 shows the microscopic analysis of changes induced by DEFB1 in membrane integrity and cell morphology. Cellular morphology of DU145, PC3 and LNCaP was analyzed by phase contrast microscopy after 48 hours of DEFB1 induction. The pleat of the membrane is indicated by black arrows and apoptotic bodies are indicated by white arrows.
Figure 3 shows the cytotoxicity analysis of DEFB1 in prostate cancer cells. Prostate cell lines DU145, PC3 and LNCaP were treated with PonA to induce DEFB1 expression for 1-3 days, and then an MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability. The results represent the mean ± SD, n = 9.
Figure 4 shows the induction of cell death in DU145 and PC3 cells by DEFB1. DEFB1 expression was induced in prostate cancer cell lines
4/247 'DU145 (A) and PC3 (B), and then they were subjected to
I staining with annexin V / FITC / propidium iodide and flow cytometry analysis. Cells positive for propidium iodide and annexin V were considered apoptotic. The induction times are shown under each panel. The numbers next to the boxes for each time point represent the percentages of propidium iodide (PI) annexin V cells<sup>+</sup>
<td>(quadrant</td><td>bottom</td><td>right)</td><td>and PI cells<sup>+</sup></td><td colspan="2">annexin V<sup>+</sup></td>
<td>(quadrant</td><td>higher</td><td>right)</td><td>The data</td><td>are</td><td>on one</td>
<td>experiment</td><td>single</td><td>what is</td><td>representative</td><td>From</td><td>three</td>
<td colspan="3">separate experiments. Figure 5 shows analysis</td><td>of pancaspase</td><td>after</td><td>induction</td>
DEFB1. DU145 and PC3 cells were stained with fluormethyl ketone labeled with FAM-VAD-FMK to detect caspase activity. The cells were visible under DIC for each condition. Microscopic confocal analysis did not reveal any caspase staining in the control cells DU145 (B), PC3 (F) and LNCaP (J). Cells treated with PonA for 24 hours to induce DEFB1 revealed caspase activity in DU145 (D) and PC3 (H). No caspase activity was detected in LNCaP (L).
Figure 6 shows the silencing of the protein expression of the paired box homeotic gene 2 (PAX2) after treatment of PAX2 siRNA. Figure 6A shows analysis of
Western blot of PC3 and DU145 cells transfected with PAX2 siRNA duplex on day zero (line 1), day 2 (line 2) and day 4 (line 3). Figure 6B shows Western blot analysis of PC3 and DU145 cells transfected with PAX2 siRNA duplex on day zero (line 1), day 2 (line 2), day 4 (line 3) and day 6 (line 4) ). The protein
5/247
ΡΑΧ2 was undetectable right after four days of treatment (line 3) in DU14 5 cells and after six days of
I treatment in PC3. The blots were removed and re-probed for β-actin as an internal control.
Figure 7 shows the analysis of prostate cancer cell growth after treatment with PAX2 siRNA. Microscopic analysis by phase contrast of DU145, PC3 and LNCaP in 6 days in the presence of normal growth medium. The treatment with negative control siRNA had no effect on the cells. However, there was a significant reduction in the number of cells in all three lines after treatment with PAX2 siRNA.
Figure 8 shows the analysis of cell death after silencing of PAX2 siRNA. Prostate cancer cell lines PC3, DU145 and LNCaP were treated with 0.5 pg from a pool of four PAX2 siRNAs or four nonspecific control siRNAs for 2, 4 or 6 days, when the MTT assay was performed. to determine cell viability. The results represent the mean ± SD, n = 9.
Figure 9 shows the analysis of caspase activity.
DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells were stained with fluoromethyl ketone labeled with carboxyfluorescein for caspase activity detected after treatment with PAX2 siRNA. Microscopic confocal analysis of untreated and treated cells shows that the cells were visible with DIC. Fluorescence analysis did not reveal caspase staining in DU145 (B) control, PC3 cells (F) and LNCaP cells (J). However, cells treated with PAX2 siRNA induced caspase activity in DU145 (D), PC3 (H) and
LNCaP (L).
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Figure 10 shows analysis of apoptotic factors after i treatment with PAX2 siRNA. Changes in the expression of pro-apoptotic factors were compared in untreated control cells and in cells treated for six days with PAX2 siRNA. Figure 10A shows Bcl-2-associated protein X expression levels (BAX) increased in DU145, PC3 and LNCaP. Figure 10B shows the increased expression of the death agonist of the BH3 interaction domain (BID) in DU145 and LNCaP, but changes in PC3. Figure 10C shows increased expression levels of Bcl-2 associated death promoter (BAD) in all three cell lines.
Figure 11 shows the PAX2 binding model to the recognition DNA sequence. The PAX2 transcription repressor binds to a CCTTG recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 1) immediately adjacent to the TATA box DEFB1, preventing transcription and expression of the DEFB1 protein. Inhibition of PAX2 protein expression allows normal expression of DEFB1.
Figure 12 illustrates the reporter construction of DEFB1. The DEFB1 promoter, which consists of the first 160 bases above the mRNA initiation site, was amplified by PCR by DU145 cells and ligated into the luciferase reporter plasmid pGL3.
Figure 13 shows that the inhibition of PAX2 results in the expression of DEFB1. DU145, PC3, LNCaP and HPrEC were treated for 48 hours with PAX2 siRNA. QRTPCR analysis before treatment showed no expression of DEFB1 in DU145, PC3 and LNCaP. However, the expression of
DEFB1 was restored after treatment in all
7/247 strains. There was no change in DEFB1 expression after treatment with HPrEC PAX2-nul1 siRNA.
Figure 14 shows that inhibition of PAX2 results in increased activity of the DEFB1 promoter. Constructions of PC3 / pGL3 promoter and DU145 / pGL3 promoter were generated and transfected in PC3 and DU145 cells, respectively. The promoter activity was compared before and after PAX2 inhibition by treatment with siRNA. DEFB1 promoter activity increased 2.65 times in DU145 and 3.78 times in PC3 after treatment.
Figure 15 shows ChIP analysis of the PAX2 binding to the DEFB1 promoter. ChIP analysis was performed on DU145 and PC3 cells. After immunoprecipitation with an antiPAX2 antibody, PCR was performed to detect the region of the DEFB1 promoter that contains the PAX2 GTTCC recognition site (SEQ ID. NO: 2). This demonstrates that the PAX2 transcription repressor is linked to the DEFB1 promoter in prostate cancer cell lines.
Figure 16 shows the predicted structure of PrdPD and PrdHD with DNA. The coordinates of the structures of the DNA-bound PrdPD (Xu et al., 1995) and the DNA-bound PrdHD (Wilson et al., 1995) were used to construct a model of the two domains linked to a PHO site. The individual connection sites are close to each other with a specific orientation, as indicated. The RED domain is oriented based on the crystal structure of PrdPD.
Figure 17 shows a comparison of consensus strings from different paired domains. At the top of the Figure, a schematic representation of the protein ± DNA contacts described in the analysis is drawn
8/247 crystallographic of the Prd-domain-paired ± DNA complex. The empty boxes indicate propellers a, shaded boxes indicate β blades, and a thick line indicates a β curve. Contacting amino acids are shown by one letter code. Only direct amino acid ± base contacts are shown. The empty circles indicate important snap contacts (grroove contacts), while the red arrows indicate smaller snap contacts. This scheme is in line with all known consensus strings for proteins in the paired domain (only the upper strands are shown). Vertical lines between consensus strings indicate conserved base pairs. The numbering of the positions is shown at the bottom of the Figure.
Figure 18 shows the targeting of PAX2 as a chemopreventive strategy. The aberrant expression of PAX2 is an initial event in the initiation and progression of cancer. Inhibition of PAX2 during dysplasia or another precancerous stage can be used to prevent cancer.
Figure 19 shows the effect of angiotensin II (Ang11) on PAX2 expression in DU145 cells. In order to determine the effect of Angll on PAX2 expression, DEFB1 protein levels were monitored after treatment. Here, PAX2 expression levels increased shortly after 4 hours, and persisted for up to 48 hours.
Figure 20A shows the effect of Losartan (Los) on PAX2 expression in DU145 cells. DU145 cells were treated with Losartan type 1 (ATR1) angiotensin II receptor blocker. QRT-PCR revealed that PAX2 message levels were reduced by at least half after treatment. Figure 20B shows the effect of a blocker
9/247 of type 2 angiotensin II receptor (ATR2) on PAX2 expression in DU145 cells. To determine the effect of the ATR2 receptor on PAX2 expression, DU145 cells were treated with the ATR2 receptor blocker PD123319. Here, PAX2 expression was increased by 7 to 8 times.
Figure 21 shows that Los blocks the effect of Angll on PAX2 expression in DU145 cells. The treatment of DU145 cells with 5 pM of Angll for 72 hours resulted in a 2-fold increase in PAX2 expression. In addition, treatment with 10 pM for 72 hours resulted in a more than 3-fold increase in expression. Treatment of cells with 5 µM Losartan suppressed proliferation by 50%. In addition, treatment with Losartan for 30 minutes before treatment with Angll blocked the effect of Angll on proliferation.
Figure 22 shows that Angll increases the proliferation of DU145 cells. Treatment of DU145 cells with 5 pM Angll for 72 hours resulted in a 2-fold increase in proliferation. In addition, treatment with 10 pM for 72 hours resulted in a more than 3-fold increase in proliferation.
Figure 23 shows the effect of Los and MAP kinase inhibitors on PAX2 expression in DU145 cells. Figure 23A shows that treatment of DU145 cells with Losartan suppresses the expression of phosfor-ERK 1/2 and PAX2; Figure 23B shows that inhibitors of MEK kinase and AICAR suppress PAX2 protein expression; Figure 23C shows that inhibitors of MEK kinase and Losartan suppress expression of the phospho-STAT3 protein.
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Figure 24 shows the effect of Los and MEK kinase inhibitors on PAX2 activation in DU145 cells. Figure 24A shows that treatment of DU145 cells with AT1R signaling inhibitors resulted in a decrease in the levels of phosphorus-protein PAX2, which is the active form of PAX2. In addition, treatment with the AMP kinase AICAR inducer resulted in the suppression of PAX2 expression. Figure 24B shows that inhibition of AT1R signaling with Los decreased the levels of phospho-JNK. However, Angll increased the levels of the phosphor-JNK protein.
Figure 25 shows that Angll increases the expression of PAX2 and decreases the expression of DEFB1 in hPrEC cells. To determine the effect of Angll on PAX2 levels in hPrEC cells, cells were treated for 72 and 96 hours, and the expression of PAX2 and DEFB1 was examined by QRT-PCR. Here, treatment with Angll resulted in dramatic increases in PAX2 to levels similar to those of prostate cancer PC3 cells. Conversely, DEFB1 expression was significantly reduced after treatment with Angll.
Figure 26 shows a schematic representation of Angll and PAX2 signaling in prostate cancer. PAX2 expression in prostate cancer cells is regulated by signaling the AT1R pathway. Specifically, the MEK kinase signaling cascade leads to increased expression of PAX2. In addition, AT1R and Angll supra-regulate PAX2 activation through JNK.
Figure 27 shows a schematic representation of the blocking of PAX2 expression as a therapy for prostate cancer. Figure 27A shows that PAX2 expression is regulated by the AT1R signaling pathway. Inhibition
11/247 of PAX2 expression results in re-expression of DEFB1 and death of cancer cells. Figure 27B shows that compounds that block AT1R, downstream kinases or that directly suppress PAX2 offer a new approach to the treatment of prostate cancer.
Figure 28 shows a comparison of the expression of DEFB1 and PAX2 with the Gleason Scale. The relative levels of expression of DEFB1 were compared in benign clinical samples from 6 patients who underwent radical prostatectomies. Here, the Gleason scale was inversely correlated with DEFB1 expression levels in adjacent benign prostatic tissue. Patients with relative levels of DEFB1 expression greater than 0.005 had a Gleason score of 6. However, those with expression levels of less than 0.005 had a Gleason score of 7.
Figure 29 shows the proportion of PAX2-DEFB1 as a predictive factor for the development of prostate cancer. QRT-PCR was performed on cuts of prostatic tissue by laser capture microdissection (LCM) to determine relative levels of expression of DEFB1 and PAX2. DEFB1 expression levels decreased from normal to PIN to cancer. However, PAX2 expression increased from normal to PIN to cancer. In addition, patient # 1,457 with cancer with Gleason score 6 had more DEFB1 in normal tissue and PIN compared to patient # 1,569 with cancer with Gleason score 7. Conversely, patient # 1.56 9 had higher levels of PAX2 in cancerous regions compared to patient # 1,457.
Figure 30 shows that Donald’s Predictive Factor
12/247 (DPF) is based on the proportion of the relative expression of PAX2DEFB1. An increase in DPF of prostate tissue increases the likelihood of developing prostate cancer. The tissue with a PAX2-DEFB1 ratio between 0 and 3 9 based on DPF was normal (benign). The tissue with a PAX2-DEFB1 ratio between 40 and 99 represented PIN (precancerous) based on the DPF scale. Finally, tissue with a PAX2-DEFB1 ratio between 100 and 500 was malignant (low to high grade cancer).
Figure 31 shows the analysis of hBD-1 expression in human prostate tissue. The relative levels of hBD-1 expression were compared in normal clinical samples from patients who underwent radical prostatectomies. The dotted line serves as a reference point for comparing values obtained between macroscopic and LCM-derived samples, and the corresponding Gleason scores are indicated above each bar. Figure 31A shows the levels of hBD-1 expression compared in tissues obtained by macroscopic dissection. Figure 31B shows the levels of hBD-1 expression compared in tissue obtained by microdissection by laser capture.
Figure 32 shows the analysis of hBD-1 expression in prostate cell lines. Figure 32A shows the levels of hBD-1 expression compared to hPrEC cells in prostate cancer cell lines, before and after hBD-1 induction. An asterisk represents statistically higher levels of expression compared to hPrEC. Double asterisks represent levels of expression statistically
13/247 compared to the cell line before hBD-1 induction (Student's t test, p <0.05). Figure 32B shows the ectopic expression of hBD-1 found in the DU145 prostate cancer cell line by immunohistochemistry. HPrEC cells were stained for hBD-1 as a positive control (a: DIC and b: fluorescence). DU145 cells were transfected with hBD-1 and induced for 18 hours (c: DIC ed: fluorescence). Bar size = 20 μΜ.
Figure 33 shows the cytotoxicity analysis of hBD1 in prostate cancer cells. Prostate cell lines DU145, PC3, PC3 / AR + and LNCaP were treated with Pon A to induce hBD-1 expression for 1-3 days, when the MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments carried out in triplicate.
Figure 34 shows the QRT-PCR analysis of the expression of hBD-1 and cMYC in cuts of prostate tissue by human LCM of normal tissue, PIN and tumor. The expression for each gene is presented as proportions of expression compared to β-actin. Figure 35A shows a comparison of hBD-1 expression levels in normal, PIN and tumor sections. Figure 35B shows a comparison of the level of cMYC expression in normal, PIN and tumor sections.
Figure 35 shows the QRT-PCR analysis of hBD1 expression after PAX2 knockdown with siRNA. The expression levels of hBD-1 are presented as proportions of expression compared to β-actin. An asterisk represents statistically higher levels of expression
14/247 compared to the cell line before treatment with PAX2 siRNA (Student's t test, p <0.05).
Figure 36 shows the silencing of PAX2 protein expression after treatment with PAX2 siRNA. Figure 37A shows the expression of PAX2 examined by Western blot analysis in primary prostate cells HPrEC (lane 1) and prostate cancer cells DU14 5 (lane 2), PC3 (lane 3) and LNCaP (lane 4). The blots were removed and reassembled for β-actin as an internal control to ensure an equal charge. Figure 37B shows the Western blot analysis of DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells, and all confirmed PAX2 expression knockdown after transfection with PAX2 siRNA duplex. Again, the blots were removed and re-probed for β-actin as an internal control.
Figure 37 shows the analysis of prostate cancer cell growth after treatment with PAX2 siRNA. Microscopic analysis by phase contrast of HPrEC (A), LNCaP (C), DU145 (E) and PC3 (G) cells in 6 days in the presence of nonspecific negative control siRNA. There was a significant reduction in the number of cells in DU145 (D), PC3 (F) and LNCaP (H) after treatment with PAX2 siRNA. However, there appears to be no effect on HPrEC (B). Bar = 20 pm.
Figure 38 shows the analysis of cell death after silencing of PAX2 siRNA. Prostate cancer cell lines PC3, DU14 5 and LNCaP were treated with PAX2 siRNA or nonspecific negative control siRNAs for 2, 4 or 6 days, when the MTT assay was performed. Knockdown of PAX2 resulted in a decrease in
15/247 relative cell viability in all three strains. The results represent mean + SD, n = 9.
Figure 39 shows the analysis of caspase activity. DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells were stained with fluoromethyl ketone labeled with carboxyfluorescein for caspase activity detected after treatment with PAX2 siRNA. Fluorescence analysis revealed no caspase staining in DU145 control (A), PC3 cells (C) and LNCaP cells (E). However, cells treated with PAX2 siRNA induced caspase activity in DU145 (B), PC3 (D) and LNCaP (F). Bar = 20 pm.
Figure 40 shows the analysis of apoptotic factors after treatment with PAX2 siRNA. Changes in the expression of pro-apoptotic factors were compared in untreated control cells and in cells treated for 6 days with PAX2 siRNA. Figure 41A shows BAD expression increased in DU145, PC3 and LNCaP after PAX2 knockdown. Figure 41B shows increased levels of BID expression in LNCaP and DU145 cells, but not in PC3 cells. Figure 41C shows decreased AKT expression in LNCaP and DU145 cells. However, there was no change in AKT expression in PC3 cells after PAX2 knockdown. The results represent the mean ± SD, n = 9. The asterisks represent statistical differences (p <0.05).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The disclosed method and compositions can be more easily understood by reference to the following detailed description of particular embodiments and in the Examples included herein and in the Figures and their previous and following descriptions.
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Materials, compositions and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in the preparation of, or are products of the disclosed method and compositions are disclosed. These and other materials are revealed here, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups etc. of these materials are revealed, although it may not be explicitly made specific reference to each of the various individual and collective combinations and the permutation of these compounds, each of them is specifically contemplated and described here. For example, if a peptide is revealed and discussed and several modifications that can be made to various molecules that include the peptide are discussed, each and all combinations and permutations of the peptide and the modifications that are possible are specifically contemplated, unless specifically stated differently. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B and C is revealed, as well as a class of molecules D, E and F and an example of a combined molecule, AD, are revealed, then, even if each is not cited individually , each will be individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations AE, AF, BD, BE, BF, CD, CE and CF is specifically contemplated and should be considered revealed by the revelation of A, B and C; D, E and F; and the combination of example AD. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and revealed. Thus, for example, the subgroup of AE, BF and CE is specifically contemplated and must be considered revealed by the revelation of A, B and C;
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D, E and F; and the combination of example AD. This concept should be applied to all aspects of this application, including, without limitation, the steps in the methods of production and use of the revealed compositions. Thus, if there are several additional steps that can be performed, it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific modality or combination of modalities of the revealed methods, and that each of these combinations is specifically contemplated and should be considered revealed.
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to verify, using, at most, routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific modalities of the method and compositions described here. These equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the appended claims.
It is understood that the method and compositions disclosed are not limited to the methodology, protocols and reagents described, as these may vary. It is also understood that the terminology used here has the sole purpose of describing specific modalities, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which will only be limited by the appended claims.
A. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of prostate cancer
Here are disclosed compositions and methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of prostate cancer and intraepithelial prostate cancer (PIN).
1. Prostate cancer Prostate cancer has become a disease
18/247 important in many countries, and is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men in the Western world, its occurrence increasing significantly with age. This increase and the recent deaths of many public people from prostate cancer served to highlight the need to do something about this cancer. It has been suggested that the wider availability of screening may limit mortality from prostate cancer.
Screening for prostate cancer currently consists of a rectal exam and measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. These methods have no specificity, as the digital rectal exam has considerable variability between examiners and PSA levels may be elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), in prostate inflammation and in other conditions. The comparative inability of PSA as a diagnostic test was demonstrated in 366 men who developed prostate cancer when included in the Physicians Health Study, a prospective study of more than 22,000 men. PSA levels were measured in serum, which was stored at the beginning of the study, and elevated levels were found in only 47% of men who developed prostate cancer within the next four years (Gann et al., 1995).
Prostate cancers can be classified using the Gleason system, as known to those skilled in the art (Gleason, et al 1966). This system uses tissue architecture instead of cytological features. A grade of 1 to 5 (well to little differentiated) is used, and the combined score of the most
19/247 frequent and more severe injury is combined. Gleason scores provide prognostic information that can be valuable in addition to assessing the stage of the tumor (staging). Gleason scores from 2 to 4 and 8 to 10 have good predictive value, but about three quarters of the tumors have intermediate values.
Two main systems are used for the staging of prostate cancer: TNM and the Jewett system (Benson & Olsson, et al 1989). Staging takes into account any metastatic spread of the tumor and is difficult, as it is difficult to assess the involvement of local lymph nodes or local invasion. The size of the tumor is also difficult to measure, since the tumor tissue cannot be macroscopically distinguished from normal prostate tissue, and because the prostate gland does not have a capsule and is surrounded by a layer of fibrous fatty tissue.
Four categories describe the stage of prostate tumors (T), ranging from TI to T4. For IT, cancer is microscopic, unilateral and not palpable. The doctor cannot feel the tumor or see it with imaging tests, such as transrectal ultrasound. Treatment for BPH may have discovered the disease, or it was confirmed through the use of a needle biopsy done because of an elevated PSA. For T2, the doctor can feel the cancer with a digital rectal examination (DRE). It appears that the disease is confined to the prostate gland, on one or both sides of the gland. For T3, the cancer has already advanced to the tissue immediately outside the gland. For T4, the cancer has already spread to other parts of the body.
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Therefore, current screening methods are unsatisfactory; there is no reliable method for diagnosing cancer, or for predicting or preventing its possible metastatic spread, which is the leading cause of death for most patients.
2. PAX2
The PAX genes are a family of nine developmental control genes that encode nuclear transcription factors. They play an important role in embryogenesis and are expressed in a very orderly temporal and spatial pattern. They all contain a 384 base pair paired box region that encodes a DNA binding domain that is highly conserved throughout evolution (Stuart, ET, et al. 1994). The influence of Pax genes on developmental processes was demonstrated by the numerous natural mouse and human syndromes that can be directly attributed to even a heterozygous insufficiency in a Pax gene. A sequence of PAX2 is shown in Dressler, et al. 1990. Examples of cancers in which the expression of
PAX2 was detected are listed in Table 1.
Table 1; Cancers that express PAX2
<td>Cancers that</td><td>New cases</td><td>Deaths</td><td>New cases</td><td>Deaths</td>
<td>express</td><td>estimated</td><td>estimated</td><td>global</td><td>global</td>
<td>PAX2</td><td>In the USA</td><td>In the USA</td><td>estimated</td><td>estimated</td>
<td>Prostate</td><td> 234.460</td><td> 27.350</td><td> 679.023</td><td> 221.002</td>
<td>Mama</td><td> 214.600</td><td> 41.430</td><td> 1.151.298</td><td> 410.712</td>
<td>Ovarian</td><td> 20.180</td><td> 15.310</td><td> 204.500</td><td> 124.860</td>
<td>Renal</td><td> 38.890</td><td> 12.840</td><td> 208.479</td><td> 101.895</td>
<td>Brain</td><td> 12.820</td><td> 18.820</td><td> 189.485</td><td> 141.650</td>
<td>Cervical</td><td> 9.710</td><td> 3.700</td><td> 493.243</td><td> 273.505</td>
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<td>Bladder</td><td> 61.420</td><td> 13.060</td><td> 356.556</td><td> 145.009</td>
<td>Leukemia</td><td> 35.020</td><td> 22.280</td><td> 300.522</td><td> 222.506</td>
<td>Sarcoma of</td><td>Data not</td><td>Data not</td><td>Data not</td><td>Data not</td>
<td>Kaposi</td><td>available</td><td>available</td><td>available</td><td>available</td>
<td>TOTAL (approx.)</td><td> 627.100</td><td> 154.790</td><td> 3.583.106</td><td> 1.641.139</td>
3. DEFB1
Beta-defensins are cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that are products of epithelia and leukocytes (Ganz and Weiss, 1997). These unique gene products, from two exons, are expressed on epithelial surfaces and secreted in places that include the skin (Harder et al., 1997), the cornea (McNamara et al., 1999), the tongue (Mathews et al., 1999, Jia et al., 2000), the gum (Mathews et al., 1999; Krisanaprakornkit et al.,
1998), the salivary glands (Mathews et al., 1999), the esophagus (Jia et al., 2000), the intestine (O'Neil et al,
1999), the kidney (Valore et al., 1998; Zucht et al., 1998), the urogenital tract (Valore et al., 1998) and the respiratory epithelium (Bals et al., 1998; Goldman et al., 1997 ; McCray and Bentley, 1997). To date, five betadefensin genes of epithelial origin have been identified and characterized in humans: DEFB1 (Bensch et al., 1995), DEFB2 (Harder et al., 1997), DEFB3 (Harder et al., 2001; Jia et al ., 2001), DEFB4 and HE2 / EP2.
The primary structure of each gene product of betadef teach is characterized by small size, a six cysteine motif, high cationic charge, and intense diversity beyond these characteristics. The most characteristic trait of defensin proteins is their six-fold motif
22/247 cysteines that form a network of three disulfide bonds. The three disulfide bonds in the beta-defensin proteins are between C1-C5, C2-C4 and C3-C6. The most common spacing between adjacent cysteine residues is 6, 4, 9, 6, 0. The spacing between cysteines in beta-defensin proteins can vary by one or two amino acids, except for C5 and C6, those located closest to the terminal carboxy. In all known vertebrate beta-defensin genes, these two cysteine residues are adjacent to each other.
A second characteristic of betadef proteins teaches is their small size. Each betadefensin gene encodes a preproprotein that varies in size from 59 to 80 amino acids, with an average size of 65 amino acids. This gene product is then cleaved by an unknown mechanism to create the mature peptide that varies in size from 36 to 47 amino acids, with an average size of 45 amino acids. The exceptions to these ranges are the EP2 / HE2 gene products that contain the betadef teach motif and are expressed in the epididymis.
A third characteristic of betadef proteins teaches is the high concentration of cationic residues. The number of positively charged residues (arginine, lysine, histidine) in the mature peptide ranges from 6 to 14, with an average of 9.
The final characteristic of the gene products of betadef teaches is its diverse primary structure, but apparent conservation of the tertiary structure. In addition to the six cysteines, no single amino acid in a certain position is conserved in all known members of that protein family. At the
However, there are conserved positions that appear to be important for secondary and tertiary structures and function.
Despite the great diversity of the primary amino acid sequence of beta-defensin proteins, the limited data suggest that the tertiary structure of this protein family is conserved. The structural nucleus is a triple-stranded anti-parallel beta layer, as exemplified by the proteins encoded by BNBD-12 and DEFB2. The three beta tapes are connected by a beta-turn and an alphahairpin loop, and the second beta tape also contains a beta-bulge. When these structures are folded into their proper tertiary structure, the seemingly random sequence of cationic and hydrophobic residues is concentrated on two sides of a globular protein. One face is hydrophilic and contains many of the positively charged side chains, and the other is hydrophobic. In solution, the HBD-2 protein encoded by the DEFB2 gene exhibited an alpha-helical segment close to the N-terminal not previously assigned to the alpha-defensin solution structures or to the beta-defensin BNBD-12. The amino acids whose side chains are directed against the protein's surface are less conserved among betadefensin proteins, while the amino acid residues in the three beta strands of the central beta lamina are more highly conserved.
Beta-defensin peptides are produced as pre-pro-peptides and then cleaved to release an active C-terminal peptide fragment; however, the pathways for intracellular processing, storage and
24/247 release of human beta-defensin peptides in the airway epithelia are unknown.
4. Diagnosis
A fundamental advantage of the present teaching is that the methods disclosed here generate a faster and simplified process for identifying an individual's body tissue or fluid that has or is at risk for prostate cancer.
Thus, the methods disclosed herein may comprise the detection, including measurement, of PAX2 and / or DEFB1 in an individual's tissue, for example, a prostate biopsy sample. Prostate biopsy is a procedure in which small samples are removed from a man's prostate gland to be tested for cancer. It is typically performed when the levels of a PSA blood test rise to a level
<td>that is</td><td>associated with</td><td>possible</td><td>presence</td><td>cancer</td><td>gives</td>
<td>prostate.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>The</td><td>methods here</td><td>revealed</td><td>can</td><td>understand</td><td>The</td>
<td>detection,</td><td>including the</td><td>measure</td><td colspan="2">PAX2 and / or DEFB1 in</td><td>an</td>
individual's cell, for example, an individual's prostate cell.
In addition, the methods disclosed herein may comprise the detection, including measurement, of PAX2 and / or DEFB1 in an individual's body fluid, for example, blood, urine, plasma, serum, tears, lymph, bile, cerebrospinal fluid, fluid interstitial, watery or vitreous humor, colostrum, sputum, amniotic fluid, saliva, anal and vaginal secretions, perspiration, semen, transudate, exudate and synovial fluid. Blood plasma is the
25/247 liquid component of the blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. Plasma is the largest single component of blood, making up about 55% of the total blood volume. Serum refers to blood plasma from which clotting factors (eg, fibrin) have been removed. Blood plasma contains many vital proteins, including fibrinogen, globulins and human serum albumin. Sometimes, blood plasma can contain viral impurities that must be extracted through viral processing.
The identification of blood protein markers that provide a more accurate or earlier diagnosis of cancer can have a positive impact on cancer treatment and management. As revealed here, the aberrant expression of PAX2 occurs early in the progression of cancer and may be an initiation event in tumorigenesis. Therefore, patient samples collected to screen for the presence of PAX2 protein or antigens can be used for the early detection of cancer.
In addition, the incorporation of PAX2 research can give physicians an indicator for initiated or precancerous tissue. Candidates for this test include patients at high risk (based on age, race) for cancer. As a diagnosis, a positive PAX2 test can then be accompanied by additional biomarker research to determine the cancer site. In addition, these patients may be candidates for PAX2 inhibitors for the chemoprevention of their cancers. Alternatively, this test can be used on patients as a measure of the effectiveness of their cancer therapy or to monitor
26/247 cancer recurrence.
As another example, patients who present with potential indicators of cancer, such as the detection of nodules in the prostate during a digital rectal exam by the doctor, or those who have a sudden elevation of PSA, are often in the watchful waiting state. It is often difficult to ascertain whether these patients have or will develop cancer. The detection of PAX2 in samples, for example, plasma / serum, from these patients can be used to assist in the decision to obtain a biopsy in men with suspected prostate cancer, which can lead to a reduction in the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies and earlier intervention for your disease.
Also provided here is a method of diagnosing prostate cancer in an individual, which comprises detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1), in which the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is at least about 100: 1.
Also provided here is a method of diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate (PIN) in an individual, which comprises detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1), in which the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is at least about 40: 1 and less than about 100: 1.
Also provided here is a method of identifying an individual as having a normal prostate, which comprises detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-def teach-1 (DEFB1), in which the proportion of PAX2 for DEFB1 it is less than about 40: 1.
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Also provided here is a method of distinguishing between normal, precancerous and cancerous conditions of the prostate in an individual, which comprises detecting, in cells of the
-> individual's prostate, PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 5 levels (DEFB1). In some ways, when the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is less than about 40: 1, a normal prostate condition is detected. In some respects, when the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is at least about 40: 1 and less than about 100: 1, a precancerous condition is detected. In some respects, when the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is at least about 100: 1, a cancerous prostate is detected.
5. Diagnosis and treatment
Also provided here is a method of diagnosis and
<td> 15</td><td>treatment</td><td>cancer</td><td colspan="3">of the prostate in an individual, who</td>
<td></td><td>understands</td><td>the detection,</td><td>in cells</td><td>prostate cancer</td><td>individual,</td>
<td></td><td>of levels</td><td>of PAX2 and</td><td colspan="2">beta-defensin-l (DEFB1),</td><td>where the</td>
<td></td><td>proportion</td><td colspan="2">from PAX2 to DEFB1 is</td><td>at least</td><td>about</td>
<td> 20</td><td colspan="2">100: 1, comprising individual.</td><td>still the</td><td>treatment of</td><td>referred</td>
Also provided here is a method of diagnosing and treating intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate (PIN) in an individual, which comprises detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1), wherein the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is at least about 40: 1 and less than about 100: 1, further comprising the treatment of said individual.
As used in the revealed methods, treatment for prostate cancer may involve watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, high-concentrated ultrasound
28/247 intensity (HIFU), chemotherapy, cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, or some combination of these. The best option depends on the stage of the disease, the Gleason score, and the PSA level. Other important factors are the man's age, his general health, and his feelings about potential treatments and their possible side effects.
If the cancer has spread beyond the prostate, treatment options change significantly, and most doctors who treat prostate cancer use several nomograms to predict the likelihood of spread. Treatment by watchful waiting, HIFU, radiation therapy, cryosurgery and surgery are generally offered to men whose cancer remains inside the prostate. Hormone therapy and chemotherapy are often reserved for diseases that have spread beyond the prostate. However, there are exceptions: radiation therapy can be used for some advanced tumors, and hormone therapy is used for some early-stage tumors. Cryotherapy, hormonal therapy and chemotherapy can also be offered if the initial treatment is unsuccessful and the cancer progresses.
Vigilant waiting, also called active surveillance, refers to regular observation and monitoring, without invasive treatment. Watchful waiting is often used when an early, slow-growing prostate cancer is found in an older man. Watchful waiting can also be suggested when the risks of surgery, radiation or hormonal therapy outweigh the possible benefits. Other treatments can be started if symptoms develop, or if
29/247 signs that cancer growth is accelerating (eg, rapid rise in PSA, increase in Gleason score on repeated biopsies, etc.). Most men who choose watchful waiting for early stage tumors eventually have signs of tumor progression, and may need to start treatment within three years.
Surgical removal of the prostate, or prostatectomy, is a common treatment for early-stage prostate cancer, or for cancer that has not responded to radiation therapy. The most common type is retropubic radical prostatectomy, when the surgeon removes the prostate through an abdominal incision. Another type is perineal radical prostatectomy, when the surgeon removes the prostate through an incision in the perineum, the skin between the scrotum and the anus. Radical prostatectomy can also be performed laparoscopically, through a series of small incisions (1 cm) in the abdomen, with or without the aid of a surgical robot.
Radical prostatectomy is highly effective for tumors that have not spread beyond the prostate; cure rates depend on risk factors, such as PSA level and Gleason grade. However, it can cause nerve damage that significantly alters the quality of life for those who survive prostate cancer. Medications such as sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis) or vardenafil (Levitra) can be used to restore some degree of potency. For most men with organ-limited disease, a more limited technique that spares nerves can help prevent urinary incontinence and impotence.
Radical prostatectomy has traditionally been
30/247 used when the cancer is small. In the case of positive margins or locally advanced disease found in the pathology, adjuvant radiotherapy may offer increased survival. Surgery can also be offered when a cancer does not respond to radiation therapy. However, as radiation therapy causes tissue changes, prostatectomy after radiation has a higher risk of complications.
Transurethral resection of the prostate, commonly called TURP, is a surgical procedure performed when the tube from the bladder to the penis (urethra) is blocked by enlarged prostate. TURP is usually for benign disease, and does not mean a definitive treatment for prostate cancer. During a TURP, a small tube (cystoscope) is placed on the penis, and the prostate block is resected.
In metastatic disease, when the cancer has already spread beyond the prostate, testicles can be removed (called an orchidectomy) to decrease testosterone levels and control cancer growth.
Brachytherapy for prostate cancer is administered using seeds, small radioactive sticks implanted directly into the tumor. Radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, uses gamma rays to kill prostate cancer cells. Two different types of radiotherapy are used to treat prostate cancer: external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.
External beam radiation therapy uses a linear accelerator to produce high-energy gamma rays that are
31/247 directed in a bundle towards the prostate. A technique called intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) can be used to adjust the radiation beam to adapt to the tumor shape, allowing higher doses to be applied to the prostate and seminal vesicles, with less damage to the bladder and rectum. External beam radiotherapy is generally applied over several weeks, with daily visits to a radiotherapy center.
External beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer is released by a linear accelerator, for example, this. Brachytherapy involves placing about 100 small seeds that contain radioactive material (for example, iodine-125 or palladium-103) with a needle through the skin of the perineum directly into the tumor. These seeds emit low-energy X-rays that are only able to travel a short distance. The brachytherapy seeds will remain in the prostate permanently, but men with implanted seeds are not at risk of exposing others to radiation.
Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat prostate cancer. It can be used in place of surgery for early cancers, and it can also be used in advanced stages of prostate cancer to treat painful bone metastases. Radiation treatments can also be combined with hormonal therapy for intermediate-risk disease, when radiation therapy alone is less likely to cure cancer. External beam radiation can be combined with brachytherapy for intermediate to high risk situations. It is also considered a combination of modality
32/247 triple external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy and hormonal therapy.
Radiotherapy is often offered to men whose medical problems make surgery more risky. Radiotherapy appears to cure small tumors that are limited to the prostate, in the same way as surgery. However, since 2006, some questions remain unresolved, such as whether radiation should be applied to the rest of the pelvis, how much should be the absorbed dose, and whether hormonal therapy should be given at the same time.
Cryosurgery is another method of treating prostate cancer. It is less invasive than radical prostatectomy, and general anesthesia is used less commonly. Under ultrasound guidance, metal rods are inserted through the skin of the perineum into the prostate. Liquid nitrogen is used to cool the rods, freezing the surrounding tissue to -196 ° C (-320 ° F). As the water inside the prostate cells freezes, the cells die. The urethra is protected from freezing by a catheter filled with heated liquid. Cryosurgery generally causes fewer problems with urinary control than other treatments, but impotence occurs up to ninety percent of the time.
Hormone therapy uses medications or surgery to block the uptake by the prostate cancer cells of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone produced in the prostate and necessary for the growth and spread of most prostate cancer cells. Blocking DHT often stops prostate cancer from
33/247 grow and even shrink. However, hormone therapy rarely cures prostate cancer because cancers that are
initially respond to hormonal therapy typically become resistant after one to two years. Hormone therapy is therefore normally used when the cancer has already spread from the prostate. It can be given to men undergoing radiation therapy or surgery to help prevent the cancer from returning.
Hormone therapy for prostate cancer targets the 10 pathways used by the body to produce DHT. A feedback loop, which surrounds the testicles, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary, adrenal, and prostate glands, controls blood levels of DHT. First, low blood levels of DHT stimulate the hypothalamus to produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH then stimulates the pituitary gland to produce luteinizing hormone (LH), and LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. Finally, testosterone from the testicles and dehydroepiandrosterone from the adrenal glands stimulate the prostate to produce more DHT. Hormone therapy can lower DHT levels by interrupting this pathway at any point.
Orchidectomy is surgery to remove the testicles. Because the testicles produce most of the body's testosterone, after an orchidectomy, testosterone levels drop. Now the prostate not only lacks the stimulation of testosterone to produce DHT, but it also lacks enough testosterone to transform to DHT.
Antiandrogens are medications such as flutamide, bicalutamide, nilutamide and acetate.
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<td>cyproterone, q</td><td>huh</td><td>block</td><td>directly</td><td>at</td><td>shares of</td>
<td>testosterone and</td><td>of</td><td>DHT inside</td><td>of cells</td><td>in</td><td>cancer of</td>
<td>prostate.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Medications</td><td>what</td><td>block</td><td>the production</td><td>in</td><td>androgens</td>
<td>adrenals like,</td><td>per</td><td colspan="2">example, DHEA, include</td><td colspan="2">ketoconazole and</td>
aminoglutetimide. Because the adrenal glands only produce about 5% of the body's androgens, these medications are generally used only in combination with other methods that can block the 95% of androgens produced by the testicles. These combined methods are called total androgen block (TAB). TAB can also be obtained with the use of antiandrogens.
GnRH's action can be stopped in one of two ways. GnRH antagonists suppress GnRH production directly, while GnRH agonists suppress GnRH through the infra-regulation process after an initial stimulation effect. Abarelix is an example of a GnRH antagonist, while GnRH agonists include leuprolide, goserelin, triptorelin and buserelin. Initially, these medications increase LH production. However, as the constant supply of medication does not match the body's natural production rate, the production of both LH and GnRH decreases after a few weeks.
6. Treatment / prevention
Also provided herein is a method of preventing prostate cancer in an individual, which comprises administering to a subject diagnosed with prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) of a composition comprising an inhibitor of the expression or activity of
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ΡΑΧ2. The activities of a protein include, for example, transcription, translation, intracellular translocation, secretion, phosphorylation by kinases, divination by proteases, homophilic or heterophilic binding with other proteins, ubiquitination. In some respects, PAX2 activity refers specifically to the binding of PAX2 to the DEFB-1 promoter. Also provided herein is a method of preventing prostate cancer in an individual, which comprises diagnosing an individual with intraepithelial prostate cancer (PIN) and administering to the individual a composition comprising an inhibitor of expression or activity of PAX2. 0 individual can be diagnosed with PIN by detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1), where the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is at least about 40: 1 and less than that about 100: 1.
In some respects, PAX2 is upregulated in the atrophy stage, before PIN. Thus, a method of preventing prostate cancer in an individual is also provided, which comprises detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1), in which the proportion of PAX2 for DEFB1 it is at least about 40: 1 and less than about 100: 1, and the administration to the individual of a composition comprising an inhibitor of PAX2 expression or activity.
Also provided herein is a method of treating intraepithelial neoplasm of the prostate (PIN) in an individual, which comprises diagnosing an individual with PIN and administering to the individual a composition comprising an inhibitor of expression or activity.
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ΡΑΧ2. The individual can be diagnosed with PIN by detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1), where the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is at least about 40: 1 and less than about 100: 1.
A method of treating or preventing intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate (PIN) in an individual is also provided, which comprises detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 (DEFBl), in that the ratio of PAX2 to DEFB1 is at least about 40: 1 and less than about 100: 1, and administering to the individual a composition comprising an inhibitor of PAX2 expression or activity.
Also provided herein is a method of treating prostate cancer in an individual, which comprises diagnosing an individual with prostate cancer and administering to the individual a composition comprising an inhibitor of PAX2 expression or activity. The individual can be diagnosed with prostate cancer by detecting, in the individual's prostate cells, levels of PAX2 and beta-defensin-1 (DEFBl), where the ratio of PAX2 to DEFBl is at least about 100: 1 .
The inhibitor of the disclosed methods may be a selective angiotensin II antagonist. The inhibitor of the disclosed methods may be a selective angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) antagonist. For example, the inhibitor can be enalapril. The inhibitor may be a selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) receptor antagonist. For example, the inhibitor can be valsartan, olmesartan or telmisartan. The inhibitor can be a
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<td>antagonist</td><td>selective</td><td>in</td><td>MEK. 0</td><td>inhibitor</td><td>can</td><td>to be</td><td>one</td>
<td>antagonist</td><td>selective</td><td>in</td><td>ERK1.2. 0</td><td>inhibitor</td><td>can</td><td>to be</td><td>one</td>
<td>antagonist</td><td>selective</td><td>in</td><td>STAT3. 0</td><td>inhibitor</td><td>can</td><td>to be</td><td>one</td>
<td>antagonist</td><td>selective</td><td>in</td><td colspan="4">PAX2. The inhibitor can block</td><td>The</td>
binding of PAX2 to the beta-defensin-1 (DEFB1) promoter. In some respects, the inhibitor of PAX2 expression or activity disclosed is not an AT1R receptor antagonist.
The term selective antagonist means something that binds directly and inhibits the activity of the target. The activities of a protein include, for example, transcription, translation, intracellular translocation, secretion, phosphorylation by kinases, cleavage by proteases, homophilic or heterophilic binding with other proteins, ubiquitination. Thus, for example, a selective kinase antagonist can bind to the kinase and inhibit phosphorylation of the kinase target. Thus, for example, a selective kinase antagonist can bind to the kinase and prevent the kinase from binding to its substrate.
Also provided here is a method of treatment or
0 prevention of prostate cancer in an individual, comprising administering to said individual a composition comprising a selective MEK antagonist and / or ERK1,2. It can also be a method of inhibiting PAX2 expression. The individual in this method may first be diagnosed with a precancerous condition (for example, PIN) or with cancer.
The selective antagonist of MEK and / or ERK1,2 can be U0126. U0126 is a chemically synthesized organic compound that was initially recognized as an AP-1 cell antagonist, and has been found to be an inhibitor
38/247 very selective and highly potent of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade by inhibiting its immediate upstream activators, mitogen kinase 1 and 2 activated protein kinase (also known as MEK1 and MEK2, IC<sub>50</sub>: 70 and 60 nM, respectively). U0126 inhibits MEK1,2 both active and inactive, unlike PD098059, which only inhibits the activation of inactive MEK. Blocking MEK activation would prevent downstream phosphorylation of several factors, including p62TCF (Elk-1), an upstream inducer of c-Fos and c-Jun, components of the AP-1 complex. The inhibition of the MEK / ERK pathway by U0126 also avoids all the effects of oncogenic H-Ras and K-Ras, inhibits part of the effects triggered by growth factors, and blocks the production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.
selective antagonist of MEK and / or ERK1,2 can be PD98059. PD98059 (MEK1 inhibitor) has been shown to act in vivo as a highly selective inhibitor of MEK1 activation and the MAP kinase cascade. PD98059 binds to the inactive forms of MEK1 and prevents activation by upstream activators such as, for example, c-Raf. PD98059 inhibits the activation of MEK1 and MEK2 with IC values<sub>50</sub> 4 μΜ and 5 0 μΜ, respectively.
Also provided herein is a method of treating or preventing prostate cancer in an individual, which comprises administering to said individual a composition comprising a selective STAT3 antagonist. This is also a method of inhibiting PAX2 expression. The individual in this method may initially be diagnosed with a precancerous condition (for example, PIN) or with
39/247 cancer.
As shown here, PAX2 inhibits the expression of DEFB1, and DEFB1 has been shown to have tumor cell killing activity. Thus, a method of treating cancer in an individual by inhibiting PAX2 expression is provided. An example of a cancer treated by the present method is prostate cancer. The present methods are particularly effective for the treatment of late stage prostate cancer.
In the disclosed cancer treatment methods, the method of inhibiting PAX2 expression can be by administering a nucleic acid encoding a siRNA for PAX2. Dharmacon is a commercial source for these siRNAs.
For example, siRNA for use in methods may comprise:
<td>AUAGACUCGACUUGACUUCUU</td><td>(ID.</td><td>IN</td><td>SEQ.</td><td>N °:</td><td> 3) ,</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>AUCUUCAUCACGUUUCCUCUU</td><td>(ID.</td><td>IN</td><td>SEQ.</td><td>N °:</td><td> 4) ,</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>GUAUUCAGCAAUCUUGUCCUU</td><td>(ID.</td><td>IN</td><td>SEQ.</td><td>N °:</td><td> 5) ,</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>GAUUUGAUGUGCUCUGAUGUU</td><td colspan="2">(ID.</td><td>IN</td><td>SEQ.</td><td>N °:</td><td> 6) ,</td><td>or</td>
combinations of these, including fragments of at least 10 nucleic acids and conservative variants thereof.
Additional examples of target sequences for molecules that inhibit PAX2 include:
# 1 ACCCGACTATGTTCGCCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 7), # 2 AAGCTCTGGATCGAGTCTTTG (SEQ ID NO: 8), and # 4 ATGTGTCAGGCACACAGACG (SEQ ID NO: 9). # 4 has been shown to inhibit PAX2 (Davies et al, Hum. Mol. Gen. Jan. 15, 13 (2); 235).
Other work (Muratovska et al, Paired-Box genes
40/247 are frequently expressed in cancer and often required for cancer cell survival, Oncogene (2003) 22, 7,989-7,997) reveals the following syRNAs: GUCGAGUCUAUCUGCAUCCUU (SEQ ID NO: 10) and GGAUGCAGAUAGACUCGACUU (SEQ ID. No.: 11).
To infra-regulate the expression of Pax2, Fonsato et al transfected tumor-derived endothelial cells with an antisense PAX2 vector. See Fonsato V. et al. Am. J. Pathol. 2006; 168 (2): 706-1, which is incorporated herein by reference as to its description of that molecule. Similarly, Hueber et al. teach that antisense PAX2 cDNA and small intervening PAX2 RNA (100 nM) reduce the endogenous PAX2 protein. See Hueber et al. Kidney Int. 2 006, which is incorporated herein as to its teachings of antisense PAX2 siRNA and PAX2 siRNA.
Additional PAX2 expression or PAX2 binding inhibitors are provided to the additional DEFB1 promoter to increase expression of DEFB1 in the methods currently disclosed. For example, small molecules and antibodies can be designed based on the present studies to interfere or inhibit the binding of PAX2 to the promoter of
DEFB1.
As shown here, PAX2 inhibits the expression of DEFB1, and DEFB1 has been shown to have tumor cell killing activity. Thus, a method of treating cancer in an individual is also provided by administering DEFB1. An example of a cancer treated by the present method is prostate cancer.
Similarly, a method of treating cancer in an individual is provided by increasing the expression of DEFB1 in the individual. The present methods of administration or
41/247 increased expression of DEFB1 are particularly effective for the treatment of late stage prostate cancer.
In one embodiment of the methods of the invention for treating cancer by administering DEFB1 or by increasing expression of DEFB1 (for example, by inhibiting PAX2 expression or binding), the individual is an individual diagnosed with prostate cancer. In a further embodiment of the methods of the invention for treating cancer by administering DEFB1 or by increasing expression of DEFB1 (e.g., by inhibiting PAX2 expression or binding), the individual is an individual diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer ( late stage).
In the method in which the expression of DEFB1 is increased, it can be increased by blocking the binding of PAX2 to the DEFB1 promoter. Blocking the binding of PAX2 to the DEFB1 promoter can be done by administering an oligonucleotide that contains the PAX2 DNA binding site of DEFB1. This oligonucleotide can be complementary to the PAX2 sequence that binds to the DEFB1 promoter. Alternatively, the oligonucleotide can interact with PAX2 in a way that inhibits binding to DEFB1. This interaction can be based on the three-dimensional structure, and not on the primary nucleotide sequence.
PAX proteins are a family of transcription factors conserved during evolution and capable of binding specific DNA sequences through a domain called paired domain and homeodomain. The paired domain (PD) is a consensus sequence shared by certain PAX proteins (for example,
42/247 (example, PAX2 and PAX6). The PD directs the DNA binding of amino acids located on the a3-helix that forms the DNA-protein complex. For PAX2, the amino acids in HD recognize and interact specifically with a central DNA sequence CCTTG (SEQ ID. NO: 1). Oligonucleotides up to and exceeding 64 bases in length that include this sequence or its complement are expected to be inhibitors.
The DNA binding specificity of the PAX-8 paired domain was investigated. Site selection experiments indicate that PAX-8 binds to a consensus sequence similar to those linked by PAX-2 and PAX-5. When consensus sequences of several paired domains are observed in the light of recent structural studies that describe the paired domain-DNA interaction (Xu, et al. 1995), it appears that base pairs in contact in the minor groove are conserved, while most base pairs in contact with the major groove are not. Therefore, a network of specific smaller plug-in contacts is a common feature of paired domain-DNA interactions. The functional importance of such a network can be successfully tested by analyzing the effect of mutations based on consensus on the PAX2 binding site of the DEFB1 promoter.
DEFB1 PAX2 DNA binding site can comprise the ID. SEQ. No. 1 (CCTTG).
oligonucleotide comprising the PAX2 DNA binding site of DEFB1 is selected from the group consisting of:
V-CCTTG-W (SEQ ID. N °: 12), where V is from 1 to 35 contiguous nucleotides flanked by DEFB1, and W is from 1 to
43/247 nucleotides. The nucleotides can be contiguous nucleotides that normally flank the PAX2 DNA binding site of DEFB1. Alternatively, they may be unrelated to DEFB1, and selected routinely to avoid interference with the recognition sequence.
For example, inhibitor oligonucleotides can be selected from the group consisting of:
CTCCCTTCAGTTCCGTCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 13)
CTCCCTTCACCTTGGTCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 14)
ACTGTGGCACCTCCCTTCAGTTCCGTCGACGAGGTTGTGC (SEQ ID. N °: 15)
ACTGTGGCACCTCCCTTCACCTTGGTCGACGAGGTTGTGC (SEQ ID. N °: 16)
The disclosed compositions can be used to treat any disease in which uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancers, occurs. A non-limiting list of different types of cancers is as follows: lymphomas (from Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin), leukemias, carcinomas, solid tissue carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, sarcomas, gliomas, high-grade gliomas, blastomas, neuroblastomas, plasmacytomas, histiocytomas, melanomas, adenomas, hypoxic tumors, myelomas, lymphomas or sarcomas related to AIDS, metastatic cancers or cancers in general.
A representative but not limiting list of cancers in which the disclosed compositions can be used in the treatment is as follows: lymphoma, B cell lymphoma, T cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, Hodgkin's disease, myeloid leukemia, bladder cancer, cancer of
44/247 brain, cancer of the nervous system, cancer of the head and neck, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, kidney cancer, lung cancers such as small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer , neuroblastoma / glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, squamous cell carcinomas of the mouth, throat, larynx and lung, colon cancer, cervical cancer, cervical carcinoma, breast cancer and epithelial cancer, kidney cancer, genitourinary cancer, lung cancer, esophageal carcinoma, carcinoma of the head and neck, cancer of the large intestine, hematopoietic cancers; testicular cancer; colon and rectal cancers, prostate cancer or pancreatic cancer. The compounds disclosed herein can also be used for the treatment of pre-cancer conditions such as, for example, cervical and anal dysplasias, other dysplasias, severe dysplasias, hyperplasias, atypical hyperplasias and neoplasms. In addition, several diseases resulting from chronic inflammation, for example, prostatitis and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), in addition to various prostate cancers, can be influenced by the present methods and compounds.
The locus of the DEFB1 gene (8p23.3) is an important point for eliminations, and has been linked to patients with poor prognosis. In this way, DEFB1 (and perhaps PAX2) can be used as a biomarker, for example, in research for the early detection of prostate cancer. In addition, the data presented here indicate that its loss can occur as early as in the PIN (or even before), and can be an important contributing factor for the
45/247 emergence of prostate cancer.
B. Compositions
1. Immunoassays
There are several methods for the detection of analytes, such as proteins, for example, PAX2 and / or DEFB1, known or newly discovered in the art, which can be used in the disclosed methods. For example, PAX2 and / or DEFB1 can be detected using standard immunodetection methods. The steps of several useful immunodetection methods have been described in the scientific literature, such as, for example, Maggio et al, Enzyme-Immunoassay, (1987) and
Nakamura, et al., Enzyme Immunoassays: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Systems, Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vol. 1: Immunochemistry, 27.1-27.20 (1986), each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety and specifically regarding its teachings in relation to immunodetection methods. Immunoassays, in their simplest and most direct sense, are binding assays that involve the binding between antibodies and antigen. Many types and formats of immunoassays are known, and all are suitable for the detection of the revealed biomarkers. Examples of immunoassays are enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIA), radioimmune precipitation assays (RIPA), immunobeads capture assays, Western blotting, dot blotting, gel-shift assays, flow cytometry, arrays protein, multiplex cell arrangement, magnetic capture, in vivo imaging, energy transfer by fluorescent resonance (FRET), and fluorescence recovery / localization after photodegradation (FRAP / FLAP).
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In general, immunoassays involve contacting a sample suspected of containing a molecule of interest (for example, the revealed biomarkers) with an antibody to the molecule of interest, or contacting an antibody for a molecule of interest (for example, antibodies to the revealed biomarkers) with a molecule that can be linked by the antibody, as the case may require, under conditions effective to allow the formation of immune complexes. The contact of a sample with the antibody for the molecule of interest or with the molecule that can be linked by an antibody to the molecule of interest under effective conditions and for a period of time sufficient to allow the formation of immune complexes (primary immune complexes) ) is usually a matter of simply contacting the molecule or the antibody and the sample, and incubating the mixture for a sufficiently long period of time for the antibodies to form immune complexes with, that is, they bind to, any molecules (eg antigens) present to which the antibodies can bind. In many forms of immunoassay, the sample-antibody composition, such as a tissue cut, ELISA plate, dot blot or Western blot, can then be washed to remove any nonspecifically bound antibody species, allowing only those antibodies specifically bound within the primary immune complexes are detected.
Immunoassays can include methods for detecting or quantifying the amount of a molecule of interest (for example, the revealed biomarkers or their antibodies) in a sample, whose methods generally
47/247 involve the detection or quantification of any immune complexes formed during the binding process. In general, the detection of the formation of immunocomplexes is well known in the art, and can be achieved through the application of several approaches. These methods are generally based on the detection of a label or marker, such as any radioactive, fluorescent, biological or enzymatic tags, or any other known label. See, for example, US Patents 3,817,837, 3,850,752, 3,939,350,
3,996,345, 4,277,437, 4,275,149 and 4,366,241, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and specifically regarding the teachings in relation to immunodetection methods and markers.
As used herein, a marker can include a fluorescent dye, a member of a binding pair, for example, biotin / streptavidin, a metal (for example, gold), or an epitope tag that can specifically interact with a molecule that can be detected, for example, by producing a colored substrate or fluorescence. Substances suitable for detectably labeling proteins include fluorescent dyes (also referred to here as fluorochromes and fluorophores) and enzymes that react with colorimetric substrates (for example, strong root peroxidase). The use of fluorescent dyes is generally preferred in the practice of the invention, as they can be detected in very low amounts. In addition, when multiple antigens are reacted with a single array, each antigen can be labeled with a separate fluorescent compound for simultaneous detection. The spots marked in the array are detected with the use of a fluorimeter, with the presence of
48/247 a signal indicating an antigen bound to a specific antibody.
Fluorophores are compounds or molecules that show luminescence. Typically, fluorophores absorb electromagnetic energy at one wavelength and emit electromagnetic energy at a second wavelength. Representative fluorophores include, without limitation, 1.5 IAEDANS; 1,8-ANS; 4-methylumbelliferone; 5-carboxy-2,7dichlorofluorescein; 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM); 5carboxinafofluorescein; 5-carboxy tetramethyl rhodamine (5TAMRA); 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HAT); 5-ROX (carboxy-Xrodamine); 6-carboxyrodamine 6G; 6-CR 6G; 6-JOE; 7-amino-4methylcoumarin; 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD); 7-hydroxy-4-I methylcoumarin; 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacidine (ACMA); ABQ; fucsinic acid; Orange Acridine; Red Acridine; Yellow Acridine; Acriflavin; Acriflavin Feulgen SITSA; Aequorin (Photoprotein); AFPs - AutoFluorescent Protein
<td>- (Quantum Biotechnologies)</td><td>Look</td><td>sgGFP,</td><td>sgBFP;</td><td>Alexa</td><td>Fluorine</td>
<td>350 ™; Alexa Fluorine 430 ™;</td><td>Alexa</td><td>Fluorine</td><td> 4 8 8™;</td><td>Alexa</td><td>Fluorine</td>
<td>532 ™; Alexa Fluorine 546 ™;</td><td>Alexa</td><td>Fluorine</td><td> 568™;</td><td>Alexa</td><td>Fluorine</td>
<td>594 ™; Alexa Fluor 633 ™;</td><td>Alexa</td><td>Fluorine</td><td> 647™;</td><td>Alexa</td><td>Fluorine</td>
660 ™; Alexa Fluorine 680 ™; Alizarin Complexon; Red Alizarin; Allophicocyanin (APC); AMC, AMCA-S; Aminomethylcoumarin (AMCA); AMCA-X; Aminoactinomycin D; Aminocoumarin; Blue Aniline; anthrocyl stearate; APCCy7; APTRA-BTC; APTS; Bright Red Astrazon 4G; Astrazon Orange R; Astrazon Red 6B; Yellow Astrazon 7 GLL; Atabrina; ATTO-TAG ™ CBQCA; ATTO-TAG ™ FQ; Auramine; Aurophosphine G; Aurophosphine; BAO 9 (Bisaminophenyloxadiazole); BCECF (high pH); BCECF (low pH); Berberine sulfate;
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Beta Lactamase; Blue shifted BFP GFP (Y66H); Fluorescent Blue Protein; BFP / GFP FRET; Bimane; Bisbenzemide; Bisbenzimide (Hoechst); bis-BTC; Blancofor FFG; Blancofor SV; BOBO ™ -1; BOBO ™ -3; Bodipy 492/515; Bodipy 493/503;
Bodipy 500/510; Bodipy 505/515; Bodipy 530/550; Bodipy 542/563; Bodipy 558/568; Bodipy 564/570; Bodipy 576/589; Bodipy 581/591; Bodipy 630/650-X; Bodipy 650/665-X; Bodipy 665/676; Bodipy Fl; Bodipy FL ATP; Bodipy Fl-Ceramida, · Bodipy R6G SE; Bodipy TMR; Bodipy TMR-X conjugate; Bodipy
TMR-X, SE; Bodipy TR; Bodipy TR ATP; Bodipy TR-X SE; BOPRO ™ -1; BO-PRO ™ -3; Bright Sulfoflavin FF; BTC; BTC5N; Calcein; Blue Calcein; Calcium Crimson -; Green Calcium; Calcium-1 Green Ca2 + dye; Calcium-2 Green Ca2 +;
Calcium-5N Green Ca2 +; Calcium-C18 Green Ca2 +; Calcium i
| 15 Orange; White Calcofluoride; Carboxy-X-rhodamine (5-ROX);
! Cascade Blue ™; Yellow Waterfall; Catecholamine, · CCF2 (GeneBlazer); CFDA; CFP (Cyan Fluorescent Protein); CFP / YFP FRET; Chlorophyll; Chromomycin A; Chromomycin A; CLNERF; CMFDA; Celenterazine; Celenterazine cp; Celenterazine f; Celenterazine fcp; Celenterazine h; Celenterazine hep; Celenterazine ip; Celenterazine n; Celenterazine O; Phalloidin Coumarin; C-phycocyanins; CPM I Methylcoumarin; CTC; CTC Formazan; Cy2 ™; Cy3.1 8; Cy3.5 ™; Cy3 ™; Cy5.1 8;
Cy5.5 ™; Cy5 ™; Cy7 ™; Cyan GFP; Cyclic AMP fluoresensor (FiCRhR); Dabcil; Dansil; Dansil Amine; Dansil Cadaverina; Dansila Chloride; Dansil DHPE; Dansila fluoride; DAPI; Dapoxil; Dapoxil 2; Dapoxil 3'DCFDA; DCFH (Diacetate and Dichlorodihydrofluorescein); DDAO; DHR (Dihydro-rhodamine 123); DÍ-4-ANEPPS; Di-8-ANEPPS (non-ratio); DiA (4-Di 1630 ASP); Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH); DiD50 / 247
Lipophilic tracer; DiD (DilC18 (5)); DIDS; Dihydro rhodamine 123 (DHR); Dil (DI1C18 (3)); I Dinitrophenol; DiO (DIOC18 (3)); DiR; DiR (DI1C18 (7)); DM-NERF (high pH); DNP; Dopamine; DsRed; DTAF; DY-630-NHS; DY-635-NHS; EBFP; ECFP; EGFP; ELF 97; Eosin; Erythrosine; Erythrosine ITC; Ethidium bromide; homidimer of Ethidium-1 (EthD-1); Euchrysin; EukoLight; europium chloride (111); EYFP; Fast Blue; FDA; Feulgen (Pararosaniline); FIF (Formaldehyde-Induced Fluorescence); FITC; Orange Flazo; Fluo-3; Fluo-4; Fluorescein (FITC); Fluorescein diacetate; Fluorine-Emerald; Fluorine-Gold (Hydroxystylbamidine); Fluorine; FluorX; FM 1-43 ™; FM 4-46; Fura ™ Red (high pH); Fura ™ / Fluo-3 red; Fura-2; Fura-2 / BCECF; Genacril Brilliant Red B; Genacril Brilliant Yellow 10GF; Rosa Genacril 3G; Genacril Yellow 5GF; GeneBlazer; (CCF2); GFP (S65T); GFP red shifted (rsGFP); non-UV excitation of wild-type GFP (wtGFP); Wild-type GFP, UV excitation (wtGFP); GFPuv; Gloxalic acid; Granular blue; Hematoporphyrin; Hoechst 33258; Hoechst 33342; Hoechst 34580, - HPTS; Hydroxycoumarin; Hydroxystylbamidine (FluoroGold); Hydroxytryptamine; Indo-1, high calcium; Indo1 low calcium; Indodicarbocyanines (DiD); Indotricarbocyanines (DiR); Intrawhite Cf; JC-1; OJ JO-1; JO-PRO-1; LaserPro; Laurodan; LDS 751 (DNA); LDS 751 (RNA); Leucofor PAF; Leucofor SF; Leucofor WS; Lysamine Rhodamine; Lysamine Rhodamine B; Calcein / ethidium homodimer; LOLO1; LO-PRO-1; Lucifer Yellow; Lyso Tracker Azuk; Lyso
Blue-White Tracker; Green Lyso Tracker; Lyso Tracker Red; Yellow Lyso Tracker; Blue LysoSensor; LysoSensor Verde; LysoSensor Yellow / Blue; Mag Green; Red Magdala
51/247 (Phloxin Β); Mag-Fura Red; Mag-Fura-2; Mag-Fura-5; Mag-lndo-1; Green Magnesium; Orange Magnesium; Green Malachite; Azul Marina; Maxilon I Flavina I 10 GFF; Brilliant Maxilon Flavina 8 GFF; Merocyanine; Methoxycoumarin; Mitotracker Verde FM; Orange Mitotracker; Red Mitotracker; Mithramycin; Monobromobimano; Monobromobiman (mBBr-GSH); Monochlorobimano; MPS (Methyl Green Pyronine Stilbene); NBD; NBD Amine; Nile Red; Nitrobenzoxedidol; Noradrenaline; Fast Nuclear Red; Nuclear yellow; Nylosan Glossy E8G washbasin; Oregon Green ™; Oregon Green 4 88; Oregon Green 500; Oregon Green 514; Pacific Blue; Pararosaniline (Feulgen); PBFI; PE-Cy5; PE-Cy7; PerCP; PerCP-Cy5.5; PE-Red Texas (Red 613); Phloxin B (Magdala Red); Phorwite AR; Phorwite BKL; Phorwite Rev; Phorwite RPA; Phosphine 3R; PhotoResist; Phycoerythrin B [PE]; Phycoerythrin R [PE]; PKH26 (Sigma); PKH67; PMIA; Blue Black Pontocrome; POPO-1; POPO-3; PO-PRO-1; PO-I PRO-3; Primulin; Procion yellow; Propidium lodid (Pl); PyMPO; Pyrene; Pyronine; Pyronine B; 7GF Pirozal Brilliant Flavina; QSY 7; Quinacrine mustard; Resorufin; RH 414; Rhod-2; Rhodamine; Rhodamine 110; Rhodamine 123; Rhodamine 5 GLD; Rhodamine 6G; Rhodamine B; Rhodamine B 200; Extra rhodamine B; Rhodamine BB; Rhodamine BG; Rhodamine Green; Phaloidine rhodamine; Rhodamine: Phalloidin; Rhodamine Red; Rhodamine WT; Rose Bengal; Rphicocyanins; R-phycoerythrin (PE); rsGFP; S65A; S65C; S65L; S65T; Sapphire GFP; SBFI; Serotonin; Sevron Bright Red 2B; Sevron 4G Bright Red; Sevron IB Bright Red; Sevron Orange; Yellow Sevron L; sgBFP ™ (BFP super glow); sgGFP ™ (GFP super glow); SITS (Primulin;
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Stilbene Isothiosulfonic Acid); SNAFL calcein; SNAFL-1; SNAFL-2; SNARF calcein; SNARF1; Green Sodium; Aqua Spectrum; Green Spectrum; Orange Spectrum; Red Spectrum; SPQ (6-methoxy- N- (3 sulfopropyl) quinoline); Stilbene; Sulfo-rhodamine B and C; Extra sulhodhodamine; SYTO 11; SYTO
<td>12; SYTO</td><td> 13;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 14;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 15;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 16;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 17;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 18;</td>
<td>SYTO 20;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 21;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 22;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 23;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 24;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 25;</td><td>SYTO</td>
<td>40; SYTO</td><td> 41;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 42;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 43;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 44;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 45;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 59;</td>
<td>SYTO 60;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 61;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 62;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 63;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 64;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 80;</td><td>SYTO</td>
<td>81; SYTO</td><td> 82;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 83;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 84;</td><td>SYTO</td><td> 85;</td><td colspan="4">SYTOX Blue; SYTOX</td>
Green; SYTOX Orange; Tetracycline; Tetramethyl rhodamine (TRITC); Texas Red ™; Texas-X ™ Red conjugate; Thiadicarbocyanine (DISC3); Red Thiazine R; Thiazole Orange; Tioflavin 5; Tioflavin S; Tioflavin TON; Thiolyte; Thiozole Orange; Tinopol CBS (White Calcofluoride); TIER; TO-PRO-1; TO-PRO-3; TO-PRO-5; TOTO-1; TOTO-3; TriColor (PE-Cy5); TRITC Tetramethyl Rhodamine That Uncle Cyanate; True Blue; Red Tru; Ultralite; Uranine B; Uvitex SFC; wt GFP; WW 781; X-Rhodamine; XRITC; Xylene Orange; Y66F; Y66H; Y66W; Yellow GFP; YFP; YO-PRO-1; YOPRO 3; YOYO-1; YOYO-3; Sybr Verde; Orange thiazole (interlocking dyes); semiconductor nanoparticles, such as dots quantum; or caged fluorophore (which can be activated with light or another source of electromagnetic energy), or a combination of these.
Marking can be direct or indirect. In direct labeling, the detection antibody (the antibody to the molecule of interest) or the detection molecule (the molecule that can be linked by an antibody to the molecule of interest) includes a marker. The detection of
The marker indicates the presence of the detection antibody or the detection molecule, which, in turn, indicates the presence of the molecule of interest or an antibody to the molecule of interest, respectively. In indirect labeling, an additional molecule or portion is brought into contact with, or generated at, the site of the immunocomplex. For example, a signal-generating molecule or portion, such as an enzyme, can be attached to or associated with the detection antibody or the detection molecule. The signal-generating molecule can then generate a detectable signal at the site of the immunocomplex. For example, an enzyme, when supplied with a suitable substrate, can produce a visible or detectable product at the site of the immunocomplex. ELISAs use this type of indirect markup.
As another example of indirect labeling, an additional molecule (which can be called a binding agent) that can bind to the molecule of interest or the antibody (primary antibody) to the molecule of interest, such as a second antibody to the primary antibody, can be put in contact with the immunocomplex. The additional molecule can have a marker or a signal generating molecule or portion. The additional molecule can be an antibody, which can therefore be called a secondary antibody. The binding of a secondary antibody to the primary antibody can form a so-called sandwich with the first (or primary) antibody and the molecule of interest. The immune complexes can be brought into contact with the labeled secondary antibody under effective conditions and for a period of time sufficient to allow the formation of secondary immune complexes. The complexes
Secondary immune 54/247 can then generally be washed to remove any nonspecifically bound labeled secondary antibodies, and the remaining marker on the secondary immune complexes can then be detected. The additional molecule can also be or include one of a pair of molecules or portions that can bond with each other, for example, the biotin / avidin pair. Therefore, the detection antibody or the detection molecule must include the other member of the pair.
Other modes of indirect labeling include the detection of primary immune complexes by a two-step approach. For example, a molecule (which can be called a first binding agent) such as an antibody, which has binding affinity for the molecule of interest, or corresponding antibody, can be used to form secondary immune complexes, as described above . After washing, the secondary immune complexes can be brought into contact with another molecule (which may be called a second binding agent) that has binding affinity for the first binding agent, again under effective conditions and for a period of time sufficient to allow the formation of immune complexes (thus forming tertiary immune complexes). The second binding agent can be linked to a detectable marker or to a signal generating molecule or portion, allowing the detection of the tertiary immune complexes thus formed. This system can allow amplification of the signal.
Immunoassays that involve the detection of substances such as a protein or an antibody to a
55/247 specific protein, include assays without a marker, methods of protein separation (ie electrophoresis), capture assays on solid support, or in vivo detection. Assays without a marker are generally diagnostic means of determining the presence or absence of a specific protein, or an antibody to a specific protein, in a sample. Protein separation methods are additionally useful for assessing the physical properties of the protein, such as size or net charge. Capture assays are generally more useful for quantitatively evaluating the concentration of a specific protein, or an antibody to a specific protein, in a sample. Finally, in vivo detection is useful for assessing the spatial expression patterns of the substance, that is, where the substance can be found in an individual, tissue or cell.
As long as the concentrations are sufficient, the molecular complexes ([Ab-Ag] n) generated by the antibody-antigen interaction will be visible to the naked eye, but smaller amounts can also be detected and measured depending on their ability to disperse a beam of light. . Complex formation indicates that both reagents are present and, in immunoprecipitation assays, a constant concentration of a reagent antibody is used to measure antigen-specific ([Ab-Ag] n), and reagent antigens are used to detect ([ Ab-Ag] n) specific antibody. If the reagent species are previously coated on cells (as in a hemagglutination test) or in very small particles (as in a
56/247 latex agglutination test), the agglutination of the coated particles will be visible in much lower concentrations. Several assays based on these elementary principles are commonly used, including the Ouchterlony immunodiffusion assay, rocket immunoelectrophoresis and immunoturbidimetric and nephelometric assays. The main limitations of these assays are the restricted sensitivity (lower detection limits) compared to assays that employ markers and, in some cases, the fact that very high concentrations of analyte may actually exhibit the formation of the complex, requiring safeguards that make the procedure more complex. Some of these Group 1 assays date back to the discovery of antibodies, and none of them have a true marker (for example, Ag-enz). Other types of immunoassays that do not use a marker depend on immunosensors, and several instruments that can directly detect antibody-antigen interactions are now commercially available. Most of them depend on the generation of a fleeting wave on the surface of a sensor with immobilized ligand , which allows continuous monitoring of the ligand connection. Immunosensors allow an easy investigation of kinetic interactions and, with the advent of low-cost specialized instruments, they may, in the future, find wide application in immunoanalysis.
The use of immunoassays to detect a specific protein may involve the separation of proteins by electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is the migration of charged molecules in solution in response to an electric field. Your
0 migration rate depends on the power of the field; of the load
57/247 liquid, the size and shape of the molecules, and also the ionic strength, viscosity and temperature of the medium in which the molecules move. As an analytical tool, electrophoresis is simple, fast and highly sensitive. It is used analytically to study the properties of a single charged species, and as a separation technique.
Generally, the sample is processed in a support matrix, such as paper, cellulose acetate, starch gel, agarose or polyacrylamide gel. The matrix inhibits convective mixing caused by heating and provides a record of electrophoretic processing: at the end of processing, the matrix can be stained and used for scanning, autoradiography or storage. In addition, the most commonly used support matrices - agarose and polyacrylamide - provide a means of separating molecules by size, as they are porous gels. A porous gel can act as a sieve for slowing down or, in some cases, completely obstructing the movement of large macromolecules, while allowing smaller molecules to migrate freely. Since diluted agarose gels are generally more rigid and easier to manipulate than polyacrylamide of the same concentration, agarose is used to separate larger macromolecules such as nucleic acids, large proteins and protein complexes. Polyacrylamide, which is easy to handle and produces at higher concentrations, is used to separate most small proteins and oligonucleotides that require a small gel pore size for delay.
Proteins are amphoteric compounds; your cargo
58/247 liquid, therefore, is determined by the pH of the medium in which they are suspended. In a solution with a pH above its isoelectric point, a protein has a negative net charge and migrates towards the anode in an electric field. Below its isoelectric point, the protein is positively charged and migrates towards the cathode. The net charge carried by a protein is, moreover, independent of its size - that is, the charge charged per unit mass (or length, considering that proteins and nucleic acids are linear macromolecules) from molecule differs from protein to protein. Therefore, at a certain pH and under non-denaturing conditions, the electrophoretic separation of proteins is determined by both the size and the charge of the molecules.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an anionic detergent that denatures proteins by involving the central structure of the polypeptide - and SDS binds to proteins specifically in a mass ratio of 1.4: 1. In doing so, SDS gives a negative charge to the polypeptide in proportion to its length. In addition, it is usually necessary to reduce disulfide bridges in proteins (denature) before they adopt the random helical configuration (random-coil) necessary for separation by size; this is done with 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol (DTT). Therefore, in the denaturation of SDS-PAGE separations, migration is determined not by the intrinsic electrical charge of the polypeptide, but by molecular weight.
The molecular weight determination is made by SDS-PAGE of proteins of known molecular weight together with the
59/247 protein to be characterized. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of the molecular weight of a polypeptide denatured by SDS, or native nucleic acid, and its Rf. The Rf is calculated as the proportion of the distance migrated by the molecule in relation to that migrated by the marker dye front. A simple way to determine the relative molecular weight by electrophoresis (Mr) is to tabulate a standard curve of migrated distance vs. loglOMW for known samples, and read the sample logMr after measuring the migrated distance on the same gel.
In two-dimensional electrophoresis, proteins are fractionated initially based on one physical property and, in a second step, based on another. For example, the isoelectric concentration can be used for the first dimension, conveniently performed on a tube gel, and SDS electrophoresis on a slice gel can be used for the second dimension. An example of a procedure is that of O'Farrell, PH, High Resolution Two-dimensional Electrophoresis of Proteins, J. Biol. Chem. 250: 4.0074.021 (1975), here incorporated by reference in its entirety as to his teachings in relation to two-dimensional electrophoresis methods. Other examples include, without limitation, those found in Anderson, L and Anderson, NG, High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of human plasma proteins, Proc. Natl, Acad. Know. 74: 5.421-5.425 (1977), Ornstein, L., Disc electrophoresis, L. Ann. NY Acad. Know. 121: 321-349 (1964), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as to the teachings in relation to electrophoresis methods.
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Laemmli, UK, Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, Nature 227: 680 (1970), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety as to its teachings in relation to electrophoresis methods, reveals a discontinuous system for the resolution of denatured proteins with SDS. The main ion in the Laemmli buffer system is chloride, and the trailing ion is glycine. Consequently, the resolving gel and the stacking gel are made up of TrisHCl buffers (of different concentration and pH), while the tank buffer is Tris-glycine. All buffers contain 0.1% SDS.
An example of an immunoassay using electrophoresis that is contemplated in the present methods is Western blot analysis. Western blotting or immunoblotting allows the determination of the molecular mass of a protein and the measurement of relative amounts of the protein present in different samples. Detection methods include chemiluminescence and chromatogenic detection. Standardized methods for Western blot analysis can be found, for example, in DM Bollag et al, Proten Methods (2<sup>The</sup> edition 1996) and E. Harlow and D. Lane, Antibodies, a Laboratory Manual (1988), US Patent 4,452,901, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as to its teachings in relation to Western blot methods. Proteins are usually separated by gel electrophoresis, usually SDS-PAGE. The proteins are transferred to a special blotting paper blade, for example, nitrocellulose, although other types of paper, or membranes, can be used. The proteins retain the same separation pattern that they had in the
61/247 gel. The blot is incubated with a generic protein (for example, milk proteins) to bind to any sticky place remaining in the nitrocellulose. An antibody is then added to the solution that is able to bind to your specific protein.
The adhesion of specific antibodies to specific immobilized antigens can be easily visualized by indirect enzyme immunoassay techniques, usually with the use of a chromogenic substrate (for example, alkaline phosphatase or strong root peroxidase) or chemiluminescent substrates. Other possibilities for probing include the use of fluorescent or radioisotope markers (for example, fluorescein,<sup>125</sup>I). Probes for the detection of antibody binding may be conjugated to anti-immunoglobulins, conjugated Staphylococcal Protein A (binds to IgG), or probes to primary biotinylated antibodies (for example, conjugated to avidin / streptavidin).
The power of the technique is based on the simultaneous detection of a specific protein by means of its antigenicity and its molecular mass. The proteins are initially separated by mass on the SDS-PAGE, and then specifically detected in the immunoassay step. Thus, protein patterns (ladders) can be processed simultaneously in order to approximate the molecular mass of the protein of interest in a heterogeneous sample.
The gel-shift assay or the electrophoretic mobility change assay (EMSA) can be used to detect the interactions between DNA binding proteins and their cognate DNA recognition sequences, in a
62/247 both qualitative and quantitative. Exemplary techniques are described in Ornstein L., Disc electrophoresis - I: Background and theory, Ann. NY Acad. Know. 121: 321-349 (1964), and Matsudiara, PT and DR Burgess, SDS microslab linear gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Anal. Biochem. 87: 386-396 (1987), each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety as to its teachings in relation to gelshift tests.
In a general gel-shift assay, purified proteins or crude cell extracts can be incubated with a labeled DNA or RNA probe (for example, radiolabelled with <sup>32</sup>P), followed by separation of the free probe complexes using a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The complexes migrate more slowly through the gel than the unbound probe. Depending on the activity of the binding protein, a labeled probe can be double-stranded or single-stranded. For the detection of DNA binding proteins, such as transcription factors, purified or partially purified proteins or nuclear cell extracts can be used. For the detection of RNA binding proteins, purified or partially purified proteins or nuclear or cytoplasmic cell extracts can be used. The specificity of the DNA or RNA binding protein for the alleged binding site is established by competition experiments using fragments of DNA or RNA or oligonucleotides that contain a binding site for the protein of interest, or other unrelated sequence . Differences in the nature and intensity of
63/247 complex formed in the presence of a specific and nonspecific competitor allows the identification of specific interactions. See Promega, Gel Shift Assay FAQ, available at <http://www.promega.com/faq/géishfaq.html> (last visited on March 25, 2005), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety as to to your teachings regarding gel-shift methods.
Gel-shift methods may include the use, for example, of COOMASSIE blue colored colloidal forms (Imperial Chemicals Industries, Ltd) to detect proteins in gels, such as polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. These methods are described, for example, in Neuhoff et al, Electrophoresis 6: 427-448 (1985), and Neuhoff et al, Electrophoresis 9: 255-262 (1988), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety regarding his teachings regarding gel-shift methods. In addition to the conventional protein assay methods cited above, a combined protein cleaning and staining composition is described in US Patent 5,424,000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as to its teachings in relation to gel-shift methods. Solutions can include phosphoric, sulfuric and nitric acids and acid violet dye.
Radioimmune Precipitation Assay (RIPA) is a sensitive assay that uses radiolabeled antigens to detect specific antibodies in the serum. The antigens are allowed to react with the serum, and then they are precipitated using a special reagent, such as protein A sepharose globules. The bound radiolabeled immunoprecipitate is then commonly
64/247 analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) is often used as a confirmatory test to diagnose the presence of antibodies to HIV. RIPA is also called Farr assay, precipitin assay, radioimmune precipitin assay; radioimmunoprecipitation analysis; analysis by radioimmunoprecipitation, and analysis by radioimmunoprecipitation.
Although the immunoassays above that use electrophoresis to separate and detect the proteins of specific interest allow the evaluation of the protein size, they are not very sensitive to assess the protein concentration. However, immunoassays are also contemplated in which the protein or antibody specific for the protein is attached to a solid support (for example, a tube, a well, a globule or a cell) to capture the antibody or protein of interest, respectively, from a sample, combined with a protein or antibody detection method specific to the protein in the support. Examples of such immunoassays include radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, protein array, multiplex cell assay, and magnetic capture.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a classic quantitative assay for detecting antigen-antibody reactions using a radiolabeled substance (radioligand), directly or indirectly, to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other system receptor. The radioimmunoassay is used, for example, to test hormone levels in the blood, without
65/247 need to use a bioassay. Non-immunogenic substances (eg, haptens) can also be measured if they are coupled to larger transport proteins (eg, bovine gamma globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. RIA involves mixing a radioactive antigen (depending on the ease with which iodine atoms can be introduced into tyrosine residues in a protein, radioactive isotopes<sup>125</sup>I or <sup>131</sup>I are often used) with an antibody to that antigen. The antibody is usually attached to a solid support, for example, a tube or globules. An unlabeled or cold antigen is then added in known amounts, and the amount of displaced labeled antigen is measured. Initially, the radioactive antigen is linked to antibodies. When cold antigen is added, the two compete for antibody binding sites - and, at higher concentrations of cold antigen, binds more to the antibody, displacing the radioactive variant. Bound antigens are separated from unbound antigens in solution, and the radioactivity of each is used to tabulate a binding curve. The technique is extremely sensitive and specific.
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or more generally called EIA (enzyme immunoassay), is an immunoassay that can detect a specific antibody to a protein. In such an assay, a detectable marker attached to an antibody-binding or antigen-binding reagent is an enzyme. When exposed to its substrate, this enzyme reacts in such a way that it produces a chemical portion that can be detected, for example, by
66/247 spectrophotometric, fluorimetric or visual means. Enzymes that can be used to detectably detect reagents useful for detection include, without limitation, strong root peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, β-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, dehydrogenase malate, staphylococcal nuclease, asparaginase, alcohol yeast dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycoamylase and acetylcholinesterase. For descriptions of ELISA procedures, see Voller, A. et al, J. Clin. Pathol. 31: 507520 (1978); Butler, JE, Meth. Enzymol. 73: 482-523 (1981); Maggio, E. (ed.), Enzyme Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1980; Butler, JE, In: Structure of Antigens, Vol. 1 (Van Regenmortel, M., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, pages 209-259; Butler, JE, In: van Oss, CJ et al., (Eds) , Immunochemistry, Marcei Dekker, Inc., New York, 1994, pages 759-803; Butler, JE (ed.), Immunochemistry of Solid-Phase Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1991); Crowther, ELISA: Theory and Practice, In: Methods in Molecule Biology, Vol. 42, Humana Press, · New Jersey, 1995; US Patent 4,376,110, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and specifically as to its teachings in relation to ELISA methods.
Variations of ELISA techniques are known to those skilled in the art. In one variation, antibodies that can bind to proteins can be immobilized on a selected surface that exhibits protein affinity, for example, a well in a
67/247 polystyrene microtiter. Then, a test composition suspected of containing a marker antigen can be added to the wells. After ligation and washing to remove nonspecifically bound immunocomplexes, the bound antigen can be detected. Detection can be achieved by adding a second antibody specific for the target protein, which is linked to a detectable marker. This type of ELISA is a simple sandwich ELISA. Detection can also be achieved by adding a second antibody, followed by adding a third antibody that has binding affinity for the second antibody, with the third antibody being linked to a detectable marker.
Another variation is an ELISA per competition. In competition ELISAs, test samples compete for binding with known amounts of labeled antigens or antibodies. The amount of reactive species in the sample can be determined by mixing the sample with known labeled species, either before or during incubation with coated wells. The presence of reactive species in the sample acts to reduce the number of marked species available for connection to the well and, thus, reduces the final signal.
Regardless of the format used, ELISAs have certain characteristics in common, for example, coating, incubation or binding, washing to remove unspecifically linked species and detection of linked immune complexes. Antigens or antibodies can be attached to a solid support, for example, in the form of plaque, globules, rod, membrane or column matrix, and the sample to be analyzed applied to the immobilized antigen or antibody. When coating a plate with antigen or antibody,
68/247 plate wells are usually incubated with a. antigen or antibody, overnight or for a specified period of hours. The wells of the plate can then be washed to remove the incompletely adsorbed material. Any remaining available surfaces of the wells can then be coated with a non-specific protein that is antigenically neutral to the test antisera. These include bovine serum albumin (BSA), casein and powdered milk solutions. The coating allows the blocking of nonspecific adsorption sites on the immobilization surface and, thus, reduces the bottom level caused by unspecific binding of antisera on the surface.
In ELISAs, a secondary or tertiary detection medium can also be used instead of a direct procedure. Thus, after binding a protein or antibody to the well, coating with a non-reactive material to reduce the bottom level and washing to remove unbound material, the immobilization surface is placed in contact with the clinical or biological control sample at be tested under effective conditions to allow the formation of an immune complex (antigen / antibody). The detection of the immune complex then requires a labeled secondary binding agent or a secondary binding agent in conjunction with a third labeled binding agent.
term under conditions effective to allow the formation of immune complex (antigen / antibody) means that the conditions include dilution of antigens and antibodies with solutions such as BSA, bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and buffered saline
69/247 phosphate (PBS) / Tween, in order to reduce nonspecific binding and promote a reasonable signal to noise ratio.
Proper conditions also mean that the incubation takes place at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to allow effective binding. Incubation steps can typically be from about 1 minute to twelve hours, at temperatures from about 20 ° C to 30 ° C, or can be incubated overnight at about 0 ° C to about 10 ° C ° C.
After all steps of incubation in an ELISA, the contacted surface can be washed to remove uncomplexed material. A washing procedure can include washing with a solution such as, for example, PBS / Tween or borate buffer. After the formation of specific immune complexes between the test sample and the originally bound material, and subsequent washing, even small amounts of immune complexes can be determined.
To provide a means of detection, the second or third antibody may have an associated marker to allow detection, as described above. This can be an enzyme that can generate color development by incubating with a suitable chromogenic substrate. In this way, for example, the first or second immune complex can be contacted and incubated with a labeled antibody for a period of time and under conditions that favor the development of the formation of more immune complexes (for example, incubation for 2 hours at room temperature in a solution containing PBS, for example, PBS-Tween).
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After incubation with the labeled antibody, and subsequent washing to remove unbound material, the amount of marker can be quantified, for example, by incubation with a chromogenic substrate, such as urea and purple bromocresol or 2,2'-azido-di acid - (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic [ABTS] and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, in the case of peroxidase as an enzyme marker. Quantification can then be achieved by measuring the degree of color generation, for example, with the use of a visible spectrophotometer.
Protein arrays are solid phase ligand binding assay systems that use proteins immobilized on surfaces that include glass, membranes, microtiter wells, mass spectrometer plates and globules or other particles. The assays are highly parallel (multiplexed) and frequently miniaturized (microarrays, protein chips). Their advantages include the fact that they are fast and automated, capable of high, sensitivity, economical in reagents, and generate an abundance of data for a single experiment. The support of bioinformatics is important; data manipulation requires sophisticated software and data comparison analysis. However, the software can be adapted from that used for DNA arrays, as well as much of the hardware and detection systems.
a<sup>-</sup>of — pri-nci-pa-rs formats — is-o-a-rra-njo — of — oapt-ura -, - where ligand binding reagents, which are normally antibodies, but can also be alternative protein scaffolds, nucleic acid peptides or aptamers, are used to detect target molecules in mixtures such as, for example,
71/247 example, plasma or tissue extracts. In diagnostic applications, capture arrangements can be used to perform multiple immunoassays in parallel, both for testing multiple analytes in individual sera, for example, and for testing many serum samples simultaneously. In proteomic applications, the capture arrangements are used to quantify and compare the levels of proteins in different samples in health and disease, that is, to create a protein expression profile.
<td>Different proteins</td><td colspan="2">of binders</td><td>in</td><td>binders</td>
<td>specifics are used</td><td>in the format of</td><td>arrangement</td><td>for</td><td>search</td>
<td colspan="2">functional in vitro interaction</td><td>as,</td><td>per</td><td>example,</td>
<td>protein-protein,</td><td>protein-DNA,</td><td colspan="2">protein-</td><td>-pharmaceutical,</td>
<td colspan="2">receptor-linker, enzyme-substrate</td><td>etc.</td><td>The</td><td>own</td>
capture reagents are selected and evaluated against many proteins, which can also be done in a multiplex arrangement format against various target proteins.
For the construction of arrays, protein sources include cell-based expression systems for recombinant proteins, purification from natural sources, in vitro production by cell-free translation systems, and synthetic methods for peptides. Many of these methods can be automated for high-throughput production. For protein function capture and analysis arrangements, it is important that proteins must be folded correctly and be functional; this is not always the case, for example, when recombinant proteins are extracted from bacteria under denaturing conditions. However, denatured protein arrays are useful in the search for antibodies for cross-reactivity, in
72/247 identification of autoantibodies and selection of ligand binding proteins.
Protein arrays were designed as a miniaturization of familiar immunoassay methods such as ELISA and dot blotting, often using fluorescent reading, and facilitated by robotic and high-throughput detection systems to allow multiple assays to be carried out in parallel. The commonly used physical supports include sheets of glass, silicon, microwells, nitrocellulose or PVDF membranes, and magnetic microglobules and other microglobules. Although protein micro-drops released on flat surfaces are the most familiar format, alternative architectures include CD centrifugation devices based on developments in microfluids (Gyros, Monmouth Junction, NJ) and specialized chip designs, for example, micro-channels projected onto a plate (for example example, Living Chip ™, Biotrove, Woburn, MA) and tiny 3D rods on a silicon surface (Zyomyx, Hayward CA). The suspended particles can also be used as the basis for arrangements, as long as they are coded for identification; systems include color coding for microglobules (Luminex, Austin, TX; Bio-Rad Laboratories) and semiconductor nanocrystals (for example, QDots ™, Quantum Dot, Hayward, CA), and bar coding for globules (UltraPlex ™, SmartBead Technologies Ltd, Babraham, Cambridge, UK) and multimetal microbastons (for example, Nanobarcodes ™ particles, Nanoplex Technologies, Mountain View, CA). Blood cells can also be mounted in flat arrangements on semiconductor chips (LEAPS technology, BioArray
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Solutions, Warren, NJ).
Protein immobilization involves both the coupling reagent and the nature of the surface to which it is being coupled. A good support surface of protein arrangement is chemically stable before and after the coupling procedures, allows good morphology of the spot, exhibits minimal unspecific binding, does not contribute to the background level in detection systems, and is compatible with different systems of detection. 0 The immobilization method used is reproducible, applicable to proteins of different properties (size, hydrophilic, hydrophobic), capable of high performance and automation, and compatible with retention of fully functional protein activity. The orientation of the surface-bound protein is recognized as an important factor in its presentation to the ligand or substrate in an active state; for capture arrangements, the most efficient binding results are obtained with targeted capture reagents, which generally require site-specific labeling of the protein.
Protein immobilization methods, both covalent and non-covalent, are used and have several pros and cons. Passive adsorption to surfaces is methodologically simple, but allows little quantitative or orientational control; it may or may not alter the functional properties of the protein, and reproducibility and efficiency vary. Covalent coupling methods provide a stable bond, can be applied to a range of proteins, and have good reproducibility; however, the orientation can be variable, the derivatization
74/247 chemistry can alter protein function and requires a stable interactive surface. Biological capture methods that use a tag on the protein provide a stable bond and bind to the protein specifically and in reproducible orientation, but the biological reagent must first be properly immobilized, and the arrangement may require special handling and varying stability.
Various chemicals and immobilization tags have been described for the manufacture of protein arrangements. Substrates for covalent adhesion include glass slides coated with silane reagents containing amino or aldehyde. In the Versalinx ™ system (Prolinx, Bothell, WA), the reversible covalent coupling is obtained by interaction between the protein derivatized with phenyldiboronic acid and salicylhydroxamic acid immobilized on the support surface. It also has low background bonding and low intrinsic fluorescence, and allows immobilized proteins to retain function. Non-covalent binding of unmodified protein occurs within porous structures such as, for example, HidroGel ™ (PerkinElmer, Wellesley, MA), based on a three-dimensional polyacrylamide gel; this substrate supposedly generates a particularly low background level in glass microarrays, with a high capacity and retention of protein function. Widely used methods of biological coupling are through biotin / streptavidin or hexahistidine / Ni interactions, and the protein has been modified accordingly. Biotin can be conjugated to a central structure of polylysine immobilized on a surface, for example,
75/247 titanium (Zyomyx) or tantalum pentoxide (Zeptosens, Witterswil, Switzerland).
Methods of making arrangements include robotic contact printing, inkjet, piezoelectric spotting and photolithography. Various commercial arrangement-forming devices are available [for example, Packard Biosciences], as well as manual equipment [V & P Scientific]. Bacterial colonies can be robotically interlaced on PVDF membranes to induce protein expression in situ.
At the limit of the size and density of the spot are the nano-arrays, with spots on the nanometer spatial scale, allowing thousands of reactions to be carried out on a single chip with less than 1 mm<sup>2</sup>. BioForce Laboratories developed nanoarrays with 1,521 protein spots in 85 microns<sup>2</sup>, equivalent to 25 million spots per cm<sup>2</sup>, at the limit of optical detection; its reading methods are fluorescence and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Fluorescence labeling and detection methods are widely used. The same instrumentation used for reading DNA microarrays is applicable to protein arrays. For differential display, capture arrangements (eg, antibody) can be probed with fluorescently labeled proteins for two different cell states, in which cell lysates are directly conjugated to different fluorophores (eg Cy-3, Cy-5 ) and mixed, in such a way that the color acts as a reading of changes in target abundance. The sensitivity of the fluorescent reading can be amplified 10-100 times by amplifying the tiramide signal (TSA)
76/247 (PerkinElmer Lifesciences). The flat waveguide technology (Zeptosens) allows for ultra-sensitive detection of fluorescence, with the added advantage that there are no intervening washing procedures. High sensitivity can also be achieved with globules and particles in suspension, using phycoerythrin as a marker (Luminex) or the properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (Quantum Dot). Several new alternative readings have been developed, especially in the commercial arena of biotechnology. These include adaptations of surface plasmon resonance (HTS Biosystems, Intrinsic Bioprobes, Tempe, AZ), DNA amplification by rolling circle (Molecular Staging, New Haven CT), mass spectrometry (Intrinsic Bioprobes; Ciphergen, Fremont , CA), resonance light scattering (Genicon Sciences, San Diego, CA), and atomic force microscopy [BioForce Laboratories].
The capture arrangements form the basis of chips and diagnostic arrangements for profiling expression. They employ high-affinity capture reagents, for example, conventional antibodies, single domains, engineered sccafolds, nucleic acid peptides or aptamers, which bind and detect specific target ligands in a high-throughput manner.
Antibody arrays have the necessary specificity properties and an acceptable background level, and some are commercially available (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA; Clontech, Mountain View, CA; BioRad; Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Antibodies for capture arrangements are made by conventional immunization (polyclonal sera and
77/247 hybridomas), or as recombinant fragments, normally expressed in E. coli, after selection in phage or ribosome presentation libraries (Cambridge Antibody Technology, Cambridge, UK; Biolnvent, Lund, Sweden;
Affitech, Walnut Creek, CA; Biosite, San Diego, CA). In addition to conventional antibodies, Fab and scFv fragments, unique V domains of genetically engineered human or equivalent (Domantis, Waltham, MA) can also be useful in arrangements.
0 scaffold refers to protein ligand binding domains, which are designed in multiple variants capable of binding to diverse target molecules with specificity and affinity properties similar to an antibody. Variants can be produced in a genetic library format and selected against individual targets by phage, bacterial or ribosome presentation. These scaffolds or central ligand-binding structures include Affibodies based on S. aureus protein A (Affibody, Bromma, Sweden),
Trinonins based on fibronectins (Phylos, Lexington, MA), and Anticalins based on the structure of lipocalin (Pieris Proteolab, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany). These can be used in capture arrangements in a similar way to antibodies, and can have advantages of robustness and ease of production.
Non-protein capture molecules, notably single-stranded nucleic acid aptamers that bind to protein ligands with high specificity and affinity, are also used in arrays (SomaLogic,
Boulder, CO). Aptamers are selected from libraries of
78/247 oligonucleotides by the Selex ™ procedure, and their interaction with protein can be increased by covalent adhesion, through the incorporation of brominated deoxyuridine and UV-activated cross-linking (photoaptamers). The photo-cross-linking to the ligand reduces the cross-reactivity of aptamers caused by specific steric needs. Aptamers have the advantages of ease of production by automated oligonucleotide synthesis and the stability and robustness of DNA; in photoaptamer arrays, the universal fluorescent protein stains and can be used to detect binding.
The binding of protein analytes to the antibody arrays can be detected directly or by means of a secondary antibody in a sandwich assay. Direct marking is used to compare different samples with different colors. Although antibody pairs targeting the same protein ligand are available, sandwich immunoassays provide high specificity and sensitivity and are therefore the method of choice for proteins with low abundance, such as cytokines; they also generate the possibility of detecting protein modifications. Detection methods without a marker, including mass spectrometry, surface plasmon resonance and atomic force microscopy, prevent ligand alteration. What is needed for any method is optimal sensitivity and specificity, with a low background level to generate a high signal in relation to noise. As the analyte concentrations cover a wide range, the sensitivity must be adjusted accordingly; the serial dilution of the sample or the use of antibodies
79/247 different affinities are solutions to this problem. The proteins of interest are often those in low concentration in body fluids and extracts, requiring detection in the picogram range or less, such as, for example, cytokines, or products of low expression in cells.
An alternative to an array of capture molecules is the use of molecular printing technology, in which peptides (for example, from the C-terminal regions of proteins) are used as models to generate structurally complementary, sequence-specific cavities in a matrix polymerizable; the wells can then specifically capture (denatured) proteins that have the appropriate primary amino acid sequence (ProteinPrint ™, Aspira Biosystems, Burlingame, CA).
Another methodology that can be used diagnostically and in the creation of an expression profile is the ProteinChip® arrangement (Ciphergen, Fremont, CA), in which solid phase chromatographic surfaces bind to proteins with similar charge or hydrophobicity characteristics from mixtures such as plasma or tumor extracts, and SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry is used to detect retained proteins.
Large-scale functional chips were built by immobilizing large numbers of purified proteins, and used to evaluate a wide range of biochemical functions, for example, protein interactions with other proteins, interactions with the target drug, enzyme-substrates, etc. Generally, they need an expression library, cloned in E. coli, yeast or similar, from which the expressed proteins are then purified, for example, by
80/247 through a His tag, and immobilized. Transcription / translation of protein without cells is a viable alternative for the synthesis of proteins that are not well expressed in bacterial systems or in other systems in vivo.
For the detection of protein-protein interactions, protein arrangements can be in vitro alternatives to the two-cell-based hybrid yeast system, and can be useful when the latter is deficient, for example, interactions involving secreted proteins or proteins with disulfide bridges. The high-throughput analysis of biochemical activities in arrangements has been described for yeast protein kinases and for various functions (protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions) of the yeast proteome, in which a large proportion of all yeast open reading frames was expressed and immobilized in a microarray. Large-scale proteome chips promise to be very useful in identifying functional interactions, evaluating drugs, etc. (Proteometrix, Branford, CT).
As a two-dimensional display of individual elements, a protein array can be used to search phage or ribosome presentation libraries to select specific binding partners, including antibodies, synthetic scaffolds, peptides and aptamers. In this way, library-versus-library research can be performed. The search for drug candidates in combinatorial chemical libraries against targets of a protein array identified by genome designs is another application of the approach.
A multiplexed blood cell assay, such as
81/247 the BD ™ Cytometric Bead Array, is a series of particles <sub>The</sub> spectrally distinct data that can be used to capture and quantify soluble analytes. The analyte is then measured by detecting an emission based on fluorescence and flow cytometric analysis. The multiplex blood cell assay generates data that are comparable to ELISA-based assays, but in a multiplexed or simultaneous way. The concentration of strangers is calculated for the arrangement of cytometric globules as with any assay in a sandwich format, that is, through the use of known patterns and by tabulation of strangers against a standard curve. In addition, the multiplexed globule assay allows the quantification of soluble analytes in samples never considered previously due to limitations of the sample volume. In addition to quantitative data, powerful visual images can be generated that reveal unique profiles or signatures that provide the user with additional information quickly.
2. Antibodies.
Antibodies are disclosed herein that specifically bind to PAX2 or DEFBl that can be used to detect PAX2 or DEFBl in a sample in the diagnostic methods disclosed herein, or that can be used to inhibit the interaction between PAX2 and DEFBl in the methods of treatment disclosed herein or prevention of prostate cancer or PIN.
The term antibodies is used here in a broad sense, and includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition to intact immunoglobulin molecules, fragments or antibodies are also included in the term
82/247 polymers of those immunoglobulin molecules, and human or humanized versions of immunoglobulin molecules or fragments thereof, provided that they are chosen for their ability to interact, for example, with PAX2 or DEFB1, in such a way that PAX2 has its interaction with DEFB1 inhibited. Also revealed are antibodies that bind to the revealed regions of PAX2 or DEFB1 involved in the interaction between PAX2 and DEFB1. Antibodies can be tested for their desired activity using the in vitro assays described herein, or by analogous methods, after which their therapeutic and / or prophylactic activities in vivo are tested according to known clinical testing methods.
The term monoclonal antibody, as used herein, refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, that is, the individual antibodies within the population are identical, except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in a small subset of the antibody molecules. The monoclonal antibodies presented herein specifically include chimeric antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and / or light chain is identical or homologous to the corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the rest of the chain (s) is identical or homologous to the corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of those antibodies, as long as they exhibit antagonistic activity
83/247 desired (see, US Patent No. 4,816,567 and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81: 6,851-6,855 (1984)).
The revealed monoclonal antibodies can be made using any procedure that produces monoclonal antibodies. For example, the monoclonal antibodies disclosed can be prepared using hybridoma methods, such as those described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256: 495 (1975). In a hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent. Alternatively, lymphocytes can be immunized in vitro, for example, using the HIV-CD4-co-receptor Env complexes described herein.
Monoclonal antibodies can also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in US Patent No. 4,816,567 (Cabilly et al.). The DNA encoding the revealed monoclonal antibodies can be easily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (for example, by using oligonucleotide probes that are able to specifically bind to the genes encoding murine antibody heavy and light chains) . Antibody libraries or active antibody fragments can also be generated and screened using phage display techniques, for example, as described in US Patent No. 5,804,440 to Burton et al. and in US Patent No. 6,096,441 to Barbas et al.
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In vitro methods are also suitable for the preparation of monovalent antibodies. The digestion of antibodies to produce fragments of these, particularly Fab fragments, can be achieved using routine methodologies known in the art. For example, digestion can be performed with the use of papain. Examples of papain digestion are described in WO 94/29348, published December 22, 1994, and in US Patent No. 4,342,566. Papain digestion of antibodies typically produces two identical antigen binding fragments, called Fab fragments, each with a single antigen binding site, and a residual Fc fragment. Treatment with pepsin generates a fragment that has two antigen combining sites, and is still capable of antigen crossover.
Fragments, whether attached to other strings or not, may also include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acid residues, provided that the activity of the antibody or antibody fragment is not significantly altered or impaired, compared to that of the unmodified antibody or antibody fragment. These modifications may provide some additional properties, for example, to remove / add amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, to increase their bio-longevity, to change their secretory characteristics, etc. In any case, the antibody or antibody fragment must have a bioactive property, for example, specific binding to its cognate antigen. Functional or active regions of the antibody or fragment of
85/247 antibody can be identified by mutagenesis of a specific region of the protein, followed by expression and testing of the expressed polypeptide. These methods are readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and may include site-specific mutagenesis of the nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antibody fragment. (Zoller, MJ Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 3: 348-354, 1992).
As used herein, the term antibody or antibodies can also refer to a human antibody and / or a humanized antibody. Many non-human antibodies (for example, those derived from mice, rats or rabbits) are naturally antigenic in humans and, therefore, can give rise to undesirable immune responses when administered to humans. Therefore, the use of human or humanized antibodies in the methods serves to reduce the chance that an antibody administered to a human being will elicit an undesirable immune response.
The revealed human antibodies can be prepared using any technique. Examples of techniques for the production of human monoclonal antibody include those described by Cole et al. (Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, page 77, 1985) and by Boerner et al. (J. Immunol., 147 (1): 86 95, 1991). Human antibodies (and fragments thereof) can also be produced using phage display libraries (Hoogenboom et al., J. Mol. Biol., 227: 381, 1991; Marks and COls., J. Mol. Biol., 222: 581, 1991).
The revealed human antibodies can also be obtained from transgenic animals. For example, mice
86/247 transgenic mutants, which are capable of producing an entire repertoire of human antibodies in response to immunization, have been described (see, for example, Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 2.551- 255 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362: 255-258 (1993); Bruggermann et al., Year in Immunol., 7: 33 (1993)). Specifically, homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy chain (J (H)) junction region in these chimeric and germline mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production, and the successful transfer of the gene array from Antibody of human germline in these germline mutant mice results in the production of human antibodies by antigen attack. Antibodies that have the desired activity are selected using Env-CD4-co-receptor complexes, as described herein.
Antibody humanization techniques generally involve the use of recombinant DNA technology to manipulate the DNA sequence that encodes one or more polypeptide chains of an antibody molecule. Consequently, a humanized form of a non-human antibody (or a fragment thereof) is an antibody or chimeric antibody chain (or a fragment thereof, for example, an Fv, Fab, Fab ', or other antigen binding portion of an antibody) that contains a portion of a non-human antibody (donor) antigen binding site integrated into the central structure of a human antibody (recipient).
To generate a humanized antibody, residues from one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of
87/247 a recipient (human) antibody molecule is replaced by residues from one or more CDRs of a donor (non-human) antibody molecule that are known to have desired antigen binding characteristics (for example, a certain level of specificity and affinity for the target antigen). In some cases, Fv structural residues (FR) of the human antibody are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Humanized antibodies can also contain residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the imported CDR or structural sequences. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source that is non-human. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some residues of CDR and possibly some FR residues are replaced by residues from sites analogous to rodent antibodies. Humanized antibodies generally contain at least a portion of an antibody constant (Fc) region, typically that of a human antibody (Jones et al., Nature, 321: 522 525 (1986), Reichmann et al., Nature, 332: 323 327 (1988) and Presta, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 2: 593-596 (1992)).
Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. For example, humanized antibodies can be generated according to the methods of Winter et al. (Jones et al., Nature, 321: 522-525 (1986), Riechmann et al., Nature, 332: 323-327 (1988), Verhoeyen et al, Science, 239: 1.534-1.536 (1988)), by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
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Methods that can be used to produce humanized antibodies are also described in US Patent No. 4,816,567 (Cabilly et al), US Patent No. 5,565,332 (Hoogenboom et al), US Patent No. 5,721,367 (Kay et al), US Patent No. 5,837,243 (Deo et al), US Patent No. 5,939,598 (Kucherlapati et al), US Patent No. 6,130,364 (Jakobovits et al), and US Patent No. 6,180,377 (Morgan et al).
Administration of the antibodies can be done as disclosed herein. There are also nucleic acid approaches for the release of antibodies. The broadly neutralizing antibodies and antibody fragments of anti-PAX2 or anti-DEFBl can also be administered to patients or individuals as a nucleic acid preparation (for example, DNA or RNA) that encodes the antibody or antibody fragment, so that The patient or individual's own cells capture the nucleic acid and produce and secrete the encoded antibody or antibody fragment. Nucleic acid can be released by any means, as disclosed herein, for example.
3. String similarities
It is understood that, as discussed here, the terms homology and identity mean the same thing as similarity. Thus, for example, if the word homology is used between two unnatural sequences, it is understood that this does not necessarily indicate an evolutionary relationship between these two sequences, but rather a search for similarity or relationship between their nucleic acid sequences. . Many of the methods for determining homology between two molecules
89/247 evolutionarily related are routinely applied to any two or more nucleic acids or proteins for the purpose of measuring sequence similarity, regardless of whether they are evolutionarily related or not.
In general, it is understood that one way of defining any known variants and derivatives or those that may arise from the genes and proteins disclosed herein is by defining the variants and derivatives in terms of homology to specific known sequences. This specific sequence identity disclosed here is also discussed in this specification in another section. In general, variants of genes and proteins disclosed herein typically have at least about 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent homology for the established sequence or for the native sequence. Those skilled in the art will easily know how to determine the homology of two proteins or nucleic acids, such as genes. For example, homology can be calculated after aligning the two strings in such a way that the homology is at its highest level.
Another way of calculating homology can be performed by published algorithms. The optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be performed by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981), by the alignment algorithm for homology of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443 (1970), through research using the Pearson and Lipman similarity method,
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Know. USA 85: 2,444 (1988), for computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Program Suite, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI), or by inspection.
The same types of homology can be obtained for nucleic acids, for example, by the algorithms disclosed in Zuker, M. Science 244: 48-52, 1989, Jaeger et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Know. USA 86: 7.706-7.710, 1989, Jaeger et al. Methods Enzymol. 183: 281-306, 1989, which are hereby incorporated by reference at least for material related to the alignment of nucleic acids. It is understood that any of the methods can typically be used and that, in certain cases, the results of these various methods may differ, but those skilled in the art know that if identity is found with at least one of these methods, the strings would be considered to have the established identity, and would be revealed here.
For example, as used herein, a sequence cited as having a specific homology percentage for another sequence refers to strings that have the cited homology as calculated by any one or more of the calculation methods described above. For example, a first sequence has 80 percent homology, as defined here, for a second sequence if the first sequence is calculated to have 80 percent homology for the second sequence using the Zuker calculation method, even if the first sequence does not have 80 percent homology for the second sequence, as calculated by any of the other calculation methods. With the other
91/247 example, a first sequence has 80 percent homology, as defined herein, for a second sequence if the first sequence is calculated to have 80 percent homology for the second sequence using both the Zuker calculation method and the the Pearson and Lipman calculation method, even if the first sequence does not have 80 percent homology for the second sequence, as calculated by the Smith and Waterman calculation method, by the calculation method of Needleman and Wunsch, by the calculation method of Jaeger, or any of the other calculation methods. As yet another example, a first sequence has 80 percent homology, as defined herein, for a second sequence if the first sequence is calculated as having 80 percent homology for the second sequence using each of the calculation methods (although, in practice, different calculation methods will often result in different calculated homology percentages).
4. Hybridization / selective hybridization
The term hybridization typically means a sequence-driven interaction between at least two nucleic acid molecules, for example, a primer or probe and a gene. Sequence-directed interaction means an interaction that occurs between two nucleotides or nucleotide analogs or nucleotide derivatives in a nucleotide-specific form. For example, the interaction of G with C or the interaction of A with T are sequence driven interactions. Typically, sequence-driven interactions occur on the Watson-Crick face or on the Hoogsteen face of the nucleotide. The hybridization of two nucleic acids is affected by several conditions and parameters
92/247 known to those skilled in the art. For example, salt concentrations, pH and reaction temperature affect whether two nucleic acid molecules will hybridize.
The parameters for selective hybridization between two nucleic acid molecules are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, in some embodiments, selective hybridization conditions can be defined as stringent hybridization conditions. For example, the stringency of hybridization is controlled both by temperature and by the salt concentration of the hybridization and washing steps or one of them. For example, hybridization conditions to obtain selective hybridization may involve hybridization in solution with high ionic strength (6X SSC or 6X SSPE) at a temperature that is about 12-25 ° C below Tm (the melting temperature at which half of the molecules dissociate from their hybridization partners), followed by washing at a combination of temperature and salt concentration chosen such that the washing temperature is about 5 ° C to 20 ° C below Tm. The temperature and salt conditions are easily determined empirically in preliminary experiments in which the reference DNA samples immobilized on filters are hybridized to a marked nucleic acid of interest, and then washed under conditions of different stringencies. Hybridization temperatures are typically higher for DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA hybridizations. Conditions can be used as described above to obtain stringency, or as is known in the art (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2<sup>The</sup> Cold Spring Harbor Edition
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Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989; Kunkel et al. Methods Enzymol. 1987: 154: 367, 1987, which is hereby incorporated by reference at least as regards the material related to nucleic acid hybridization). A preferred stringent hybridization condition for DNA: DNA hybridization can be at about 68 ° C (in aqueous solution) in 6X SSC or 6X SSPE, followed by washing at 68 ° C. The stringency of hybridization and washing, if desired, can be reduced as the degree of complementarity desired is decreased and, furthermore, depending on the richness of GC or AT in any area where variability is researched. Likewise, the stringency of hybridization and washing, if desired, can be increased as the desired homology is increased and, furthermore, depending on the richness of GC or AT in any area where high homology is desired, all as known in the technique.
Another way to define selective hybridization is to look at the amount (percentage) of one of the nucleic acids bound to the other nucleic acid. For example, in some embodiments, selective hybridization conditions would be when at least about, 60, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 percent of the limiting nucleic acid are bound to non-limiting nucleic acid. Typically, the non-limiting primer is, for example, 10 or 100 or 1,000 times in excess. This type of assay can be performed under conditions where both the limiting and non-limiting primers are, for example, 10 times or 100 times or 1,000 times below their kd, or where only one of the acid molecules
Nucleic 94/247 is 10 times or 100 times or 1,000 times or where one or both nucleic acid molecules are above their kd.
Another way to define selective hybridization is to look for the percentage of initiator that is manipulated enzymatically under conditions where hybridization is necessary to promote the desired enzymatic manipulation. For example, in some embodiments, selective hybridization conditions would be when at least about 60, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 , 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 percent of the initiator are enzymatically manipulated under conditions that promote enzyme manipulation, for example, if enzymatic manipulation is an extension of DNA, then selective hybridization conditions would be when at least about 60, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 percent of the initiator molecules are extended. Preferred conditions also include those suggested by the manufacturer or indicated in the art as being suitable for the enzyme that performs the manipulation.
Exactly as with homology, it is understood that there are several methods disclosed here for determining the level of hybridization between two nucleic acid molecules. It is understood that these methods and conditions may provide different percentages of hybridization between two nucleic acid molecules, but, unless otherwise indicated, compliance with the parameters of either method would be sufficient. For example, if 80% of
95/247 hybridization was necessary, and as long as hybridization occurs within the parameters required in any of these methods, it is considered disclosed here.
It is understood that those skilled in the art understand that if a composition or method meets any of these criteria for determining hybridization, collectively or in isolation, it is a composition or method that is disclosed herein.
5. Nucleic acids
There are several molecules disclosed here that are based on nucleic acid. The disclosed nucleic acids are made up, for example, of nucleotides, nucleotide analogs or nucleotide substitutes. Non-limiting examples of these and other molecules are discussed here. It is understood that, for example, when a vector is expressed in a cell, the expressed mRNA will typically consist of A, C, G and U. Likewise, it is understood that if, for example, an antisense molecule is introduced into a cell or cellular environment by means of, for example, exogenous release, it is advantageous that the antisense molecule is made up of nucleotide analogs that reduce the degradation of the antisense molecule in the cellular environment.
i. Nucleotides and related molecules
A nucleotide is a molecule that contains a base portion, a sugar portion and a phosphate portion. Nucleotides can be linked together through their phosphate moieties and sugar moieties, creating an internucleoside bond. The base portion of a nucleotide can be adenine-9-yl (A), cytosine-l-yl (C), guanine-9-yl (G), uracil-l-yl (U) and thymine-l-yl (T). The sugar portion of a
96/247 nucleotide is a ribose or deoxyribose. The phosphate portion of a nucleotide is pentavalent phosphate. A non-limiting example of a nucleotide would be 3'-AMP (3'adenosine monophosphate) or 5<sup>1</sup>-GMP (5'-guanosine monophosphate). There are many varieties of these types of molecules available in the art and available here.
A nucleotide analog is a nucleotide that contains some type of modification in the base, sugar or phosphate moieties. Modifications to the nucleotides are well known in the art and would include, for example, 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine and 2-aminoadenine, in addition to changes in the sugar or phosphate moieties. There are many varieties of these types of molecules available in the art and available here.
Nucleotide substitutes are molecules that have functional properties similar to nucleotides, but that do not contain a portion of phosphate, for example, nucleic acid-peptide (PNA). Nucleotide substitutes are molecules that will recognize nucleic acids in a Watson-Crick or Hoogsteen type way, but that are linked together through a different portion of a phosphate portion. Nucleotide substitutes are able to conform to a double helix-like structure when they interact with the appropriate target nucleic acid. There are many varieties of these types of molecules available in the art and available here.
It is also possible to bind other types of molecules (conjugates) to nucleotides or nucleotide analogs to increase, for example, cell uptake.
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Conjugates can be chemically linked to the nucleotide or nucleotide analogs. Such conjugates include, without limitation, portions of lipid such as, for example, a portion of cholesterol (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6,553-6,556). There are many varieties of these types of molecules available in the art and available here.
A Watson-Crick interaction is at least one interaction with the Watson-Crick face of a nucleotide, nucleotide analog or nucleotide substitute. The Watson-Crick face of a nucleotide, nucleotide analog, or nucleotide substitute includes the C2, NI and C6 positions of a purine-based nucleotide, nucleotide analog, or nucleotide substitute, and the C2, N3, C4 positions of a pyrimidine-based nucleotide, nucleotide analog or nucleotide substitute.
A Hoogsteen interaction is the interaction that occurs on the Hoogsteen face of a nucleotide or nucleotide analog, which is exposed in the main groove of the duplex DNA. The Hoogsteen face includes the N7 position and reactive groups (NH<sub>2</sub> or 0) at the C6 position of purine nucleotides.
ii. Strings
There are several sequences related to the protein molecules involved in the signaling pathways disclosed here, for example, PAX2, or any of the nucleic acids disclosed here for the production of PAX2, all of which are encoded by nucleic acids or being nucleic acids. The sequences for the human analogs of these genes, as well as other analogs, and alleles of these genes, and splice variants
98/247 and other types of variants, are available in several protein and gene databases, including Genbank. Those strings available at the time of filing that order with Genbank are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, as well as the individual subsequences contained therein. The Genbank can be accessed at http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi. Those skilled in the art know how to resolve discrepancies and differences in strings and how to adjust compositions and methods related to a particular sequence to other related sequences. Initiators and / or probes can be designed for any defined sequence, considering the information disclosed and known in the art.
iii. Functional nucleic acids PAX2 inhibitor of the method provided can be a functional nucleic acid. Functional nucleic acids are nucleic acid molecules that have a specific function, for example, binding to a target molecule or catalyzing a specific reaction. The functional nucleic acid molecules can be divided into the following categories, which are not intended to be limiting. For example, functional nucleic acids include antisense molecules, aptamers, ribozymes, triplex-forming molecules, RNAi and external guide sequences. The functional nucleic acid molecules can act as effectors, inhibitors, modulators and stimulators of a specific activity possessed by a target molecule, or the functional nucleic acid molecules can have activity again independent of any other molecules.
The functional nucleic acid molecules can
99/247 interact with any macromolecule, for example, DNA, RNA, polypeptides or carbohydrate chains. In this way, functional nucleic acids can interact with PAX2 mRNA or with PAX2 genomic DNA, or they can interact with the PAX2 polypeptide. Often, functional nucleic acids are designed to interact with other nucleic acids based on the sequence homology between the target molecule and the functional nucleic acid molecule. In other situations, the specific recognition between the functional nucleic acid molecule and the target molecule is not based on the sequence homology between the functional nucleic acid molecule and the target molecule, but on the formation of a tertiary structure that allows recognition to occur specific.
Antisense molecules are designed to interact with a target nucleic acid molecule through canonical or non-canonical base pairing. The interaction of the antisense molecule and the target molecule is designed to promote the destruction of the target molecule, for example, through RNAseH-mediated degradation of the RNA-DNA hybrid. Alternatively, the antisense molecule is designed to disrupt a processing function that would normally occur in the target molecule, for example, transcription or replication. Antisense molecules can be designed based on the sequence of the target molecule. There are several methods for optimizing antisense efficiency by searching for the most accessible regions of the target molecule. Exemplary methods would be in vitro selection experiments and DNA modification studies using DMS and DEPC. It is preferred that antisense molecules bind to the
100/247 target molecule with a dissociation constant (Kd) less than or equal to 10-6, 10-8, 10-10 or 10-12. A representative sample of methods and techniques that assist in the design and use of antisense molecules can be found in
<td>Patents</td><td>US N<sup>the</sup></td><td> 5.135.917,</td><td> 5.294.533,</td><td> 5.627.158,</td>
<td> 5.641.754,</td><td> 5.691.317,</td><td> 5.780.607,</td><td> 5.786.138,</td><td> 5.849.903,</td>
<td> 5.856.103,</td><td> 5.919.772,</td><td> 5.955.590,</td><td> 5.990.088,</td><td> 5.994.320,</td>
<td> 5.998.602,</td><td> 6.005.095,</td><td> 6.007.995,</td><td> 6.013.522,</td><td> 6.017.898,</td>
<td> 6.018.042,</td><td> 6.025.198,</td><td> 6.033.910,</td><td> 6.040.296,</td><td> 6.046.004,</td>
6,046,319 and 6,057,437.
Aptamers are molecules that interact with a target molecule, preferably in a specific way. Typically, aptamers are small nucleic acids ranging from 15-50 bases in length that fold into defined secondary and tertiary structures, for example, stem loops or G quartets. Aptamers can bind to small molecules, for example, ATP ( US Patent No. 5,631,146) and theophylline (US Patent No. 5,580,737), as well as large molecules, for example, reverse transcriptase (US Patent No. 5,786,462) and thrombin (US Patent No. 5,543,293). Aptamers can bind very closely with Kds of the target molecule of less than 10-12 M. It is preferred that aptamers bind to the target molecule with a Kd of less than 10-6, 10-8, 10- 10 or 10-12. Aptamers can bind to the target molecule with a very high degree of specificity. For example, aptamers have been isolated that have a greater than 10,000-fold difference in terms of binding affinities between the target molecule and another molecule that differs in only a single position in the molecule (US Patent No. 5,543,293). Preferred
101/247 that the aptamer has a Kd with the target molecule at least 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 times less than the Kd with a background-binding molecule. It is preferred, when comparing for a polypeptide, for example, that the background molecule is a different polypeptide. Representative examples of how to produce and use aptamers to bind several different target molecules can be found in US Patent Nos.
5.631.146,
5.846.713,
5.958.691,
6.028.186,
5.731.424,
5.858.660,
6.001.988,
6,030,776 and
5.780.228,
5.861.254,
6.011.020,
6.051.698.
5.476.766,
5.792.613,
5.864.026,
6.013.443,
5.503.978,
5.795.721,
5.869.641,
6.020.130,
Ribozymes are nucleic acid molecules that are capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction, either intramolecular or intermolecular. Thus, ribozymes are catalytic nucleic acids. It is preferred that ribozymes catalyze intermolecular reactions. There are several different types of ribozymes that catalyze reactions like nuclease or nucleic acid polymerase that are based on ribozymes
5.436.330,
5.712.384,
5.891.684,
Orders for found hammerhead,
5.616.466,
5.770.715,
5,985,621, in systems (Patents
5.633.133,
5.856.463,
5.989.908,
International Patent N<sup>the</sup> natural,
US N<sup>the</sup>
5.646.020,
5.861.288,
5.998.193,
WO 9858058 such as
5.334.711,
5.652.094,
5.891.683,
5,998,203; by Ludwig and Sproat, WO 9858057 by Ludwig and Sproat and WO 9718312 by Ludwig and Sproat), hairpin ribozymes (for example, US Patents No.<sup>the</sup> 5,631,115, 5,646,031, 5,683,902, 5,712,384, 5,856,188, 5,866,701, 5,869,339 and 6,022,962) and Tetrahymena ribozymes (for example, US Patents No.<sup>the</sup> 5,595,873 and
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5,652,107). There are also several ribozymes that are not found in natural systems, but that have been genetically engineered to catalyze specific reactions again (for example, US Patents N<sup>the</sup> 5.580.967, 5.688.670,
5,807,718 and 5,910,408). Preferred ribozymes cleave RNA or DNA substrates and, more preferably, cleave substrates from
RNA.
Ribozymes typically cleave nucleic acid substrates through recognition and binding of the target substrate with subsequent divage. This recognition is often based primarily on canonical or non-canonical base pair interactions. This property makes the candidate ribozymes particularly good for target-specific nucleic acid divage, since the recognition of the target substrate is based on the sequence of the target substrates. Representative examples of how to produce and use ribozymes to catalyze different reactions can be found in US Patent Nos.<sup>the</sup> 5.646.042, 5.693.535, 5.731.295, 5.811.300, 5.837.855, 5.869.253, 5.877.021, 5.877.022,
5,972,699, 5,972,704, 5,989,906 and 6,017,756.
Triplex-forming functional nucleic acid molecules are molecules that can interact with double-stranded or single-stranded nucleic acid. When the triplex molecules interact with a target region, a structure called a triplex is formed, in which there are three strands of DNA that form a complex dependent on the Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen base pairing. The triplex molecules are preferred, as they can bind to target regions with high affinity and specificity. It is preferred that the triplex-forming molecules bind to the
103/247 target molecule with a Kd of less than 10-6, 10-8, 10-10 or 10-12. Representative examples of how to produce and use triplex-forming molecules to bind to several different target molecules can be found in US Patent Nos.<sup>the</sup> 5,176,996, 5,645,985, 5,650,316, 5,683,874, 5,693,773, 5,834,185, 5,869,246, 5,874,566 and
5.962.426.
External guide sequences (EGSs) are molecules that bind to a target nucleic acid molecule forming a complex, and that complex is recognized by RNase P, which cleaves the target molecule. EGSs can be designed to specifically target an RNA molecule of choice. RNAse P assists in the processing of transfer RNA (tRNA) within a cell. Bacterial P RNAse can be recruited to cleave virtually any RNA sequence by using an EGS that causes the RNA: EGSalvo complex to mimic the natural tRNA substrate (WO 92/03566 by Yale and Forster and Altman, Science 238: 407- 409 (1990)).
Similarly, RNA divination directed by eukaryotic EGS / RNAse P can be used to cleave desired targets within eukaryotic cells (Yuan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 8.006-8.010 (1992); WO 93 / 22434 by Yale; WO 95/24489 by Yale; Yuan and Altman, EMBO J. 14: 159-168 (1995) and Carrara et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 2.627-2.631 (1995)) . Representative examples of how to produce and use EGS molecules to facilitate the dividing of several different target molecules can be found in US Patent Nos.<sup>the </sup>5,168,053, 5,624,824, 5,683,873, 5,728,521, 5,869,248 and
5.877.162.
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Gene expression can also be silenced effectively in a highly specific way through RNA interference (RNAi). This silencing was originally observed with the addition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (Fire, A., et al. (1998) Nature, 391: 806-11; Napoli, C., et al. (1990) Plant. Cell 2: 279-89; Hannon, GJ (2002) Nature, 418: 244-51). After the dsRNA penetrates a cell, it is cleaved by an RNase III-like enzyme, Dicer, into small intervening double-stranded RNAs (siRNA) 21-23 nucleotides in length that contain 2 nucleotide protrusions at the 3 'ends (Elbashir , SM, et al (2001) Genes Dev., 15: 188-200; Bernstein, E., et al (2001) Nature, 409: 363-6; Hammond, SM, et al (2000) Nature, 404: 293-6). In an ATP-dependent stage, siRNAs become integrated into a multi-subunit protein complex, commonly known as RNAi-induced silencing complex (RISC), which guides siRNAs to the target RNA sequence (Nykanen, A. , et al (2001) Cell, 107: 309-21). At some point, the siRNA duplex is released, and it appears that the antisense strand remains attached to the RISC and directs the degradation of the complementary mRNA sequence by a combination of endo and exonucleases (Martinez, J., et al. (2002 ) Cell, 1.10: 56374). However, the effect of iRNA or siRNA or its use is not limited by any type of mechanism.
Short intervening RNA (siRNA) is a double-stranded RNA that can induce sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing, thereby decreasing or even inhibiting gene expression. In one example, a siRNA triggers specific degradation of RNA molecules
105/247 homologues, for example, mRNAs, within the sequence identity region between the siRNA and the target RNA. For example, WO 02/44321 discloses siRNAs capable of sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs when the bases are paired with the protruding 3 'ends, incorporated herein by reference as to the method of producing those siRNAs. 0 sequence-specific gene silencing can be achieved in mammalian cells using short, synthetic double-stranded RNAs that mimic siRNAs produced by the dicer enzyme (Elbashir, SM, et al. (2001) Nature, 411: 494 498) (Ui- Tei, K., et al (2000) FEBS Lett. 4Ί9-. 79-82). The siRNA can be synthesized chemically or in vitro, or it can be the result of short hairpin-like double-stranded RNAs (shRNAs) that are processed into siRNAs within the cell. synthetic siRNAs are generally designed using algorithms and a conventional DNA / RNA synthesizer. Suppliers include Ambion (Austin, Texas), ChemGenes (Ashland, Massachusetts), Dharmacon (Lafayette, Colorado), Glen Research (Sterling, Virginia), MWB Biotech (Esbersberg, Germany), Proligo (Boulder, Colorado) and Qiagen (Wind , Netherlands). SiRNA can also be synthesized in vitro using kits such as Ambion's siRNA SILENCER® Construction Kit. Any siRNAs designed as described above based on the sequences for PAX2 are disclosed here.
The production of siRNA from a vector is most commonly done by transcribing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). Kits for the production of vectors comprising shRNA are available, for example, GENESUPPRESSOR ™ Construction Kits from Imgenex and the RNAi plasmid
106/247 inducible BLOCK-IT ™ from Invitrogen and lentivirus vectors. Any shRNAs designed as described above are disclosed herein based on the sequences for the inflammatory mediators disclosed herein.
6. Cell release system
There are several compositions and methods that can be used to release nucleic acids to cells, both in vitro and in vivo. These methods and compositions can be broadly divided into two classes: viral-based delivery systems, and non-viral based delivery systems. For example, nucleic acids can be released through a variety of direct release systems such as electroporation, lipofection, precipitation with calcium phosphate, plasmids, viral vectors, viral nucleic acids, phage nucleic acids, phages, cosmids, or by transferring genetic material into cells or vehicles, such as cationic liposomes. Suitable means for transfection, including viral vectors, chemical transfectants or physical-mechanical methods, such as electroporation and direct DNA diffusion, are described, for example, by Wolff, JA, et al., Science, 247, 1,465-1,468, ( nineteen ninety); and Wolff, JA Nature, 352, 815-818, (1991). Such methods are well known in the art and easily adaptable for use with the compositions and methods described herein. In certain cases, the methods will be modified to work specifically with large DNA molecules. In addition, these methods can be used to target certain diseases and cell populations by using the vehicle's targeting characteristics.
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i. Nucleic acid-based delivery systems
Transfer vectors can be any nucleotide construct used to release genes into cells (for example, a plasmid), or as part of a general strategy to release genes, for example, as part of retrovirus or recombinant adenovirus (Ram et al. Cancer Res. 53: 83-88, (1993)).
As used herein, plasmid or viral vectors are agents that transport the revealed nucleic acids, for example, PAX2 siRNA, into the cell, without degradation, and include a promoter that generates the expression of the gene in the cells in which it is released. In some embodiments, the vectors are derived from a virus or a retrovirus. Viral vectors are, for example, Adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, Herpes virus, vaccinia virus, polio virus, AIDS virus, neuronal trophic virus, Sindbis and other RNA viruses, including these viruses with the central structure of HIV. Also preferred are any viral families that share the properties of these viruses that make them suitable for use as vectors. Retroviruses include Maloney's murine leukemia viruses, MMLV and Retroviruses that express the desirable properties of MMLV as a vector. Retroviral vectors are capable of carrying a larger genetic load, that is, a transgene or marker gene, than other viral vectors and, for this reason, are a commonly used vector. However, they are not useful in non-proliferating cells. Adenoviral vectors are relatively stable and easy to work with, have high titers, and can be released in aerosol formulation, and can transfect cells that do not
108/247 are in division. Viral Pox vectors are large and have several sites for the insertion of genes, are thermostable and can be stored at room temperature. A preferred modality is a viral vector that was created genetically in order to suppress the immune response of the host organism, aroused by viral antigens. Preferred vectors of this type will carry coding regions for interleukin 8 or 10.
Viral vectors may have greater transaction skills (ability to introduce genes) than chemical or physical methods for introducing genes into cells. Typically, viral vectors contain early non-structural genes, late structural genes, an RNA polymerase III transcript, inverted terminal repeats necessary for replication and encapsidation, and promoters for the control of transcription and replication of the viral genome. When genetically created as vectors, viruses typically have one or more of the early genes removed, and a gene or gene / promoter cassette is inserted into the viral genome in place of the removed viral DNA. Such buildings can carry up to about 8 kb of foreign genetic material. The necessary functions of the removed early genes are typically provided by cell lines that have been genetically engineered to express the gene products of the early trans genes.
The. Retroviral Vectors
A retrovirus is an animal virus that belongs to the Retroviridae virus family, including any types, subfamilies, gender or tropisms. Retroviral vectors, in general, are described by Verma, IM, Retroviral vector
109/247 for gene transfer. In: Microbiology - 1985, American Society for Microbiology, pages 229-232, Washington, (198 5), which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of methods for using retroviral vectors for gene therapy are described in US Patents N<sup>the </sup>4,868,116 and 4,980,286; PCT applications WO 90/02806 and WO 89/07136; and Mulligan, {Science 260: 926-932 (1993)); whose teachings are hereby incorporated by reference.
A retrovirus is basically a package that has a nucleic acid charge in it. The nucleic acid charge carries a packaging signal with it, which ensures that the replicated daughter molecules will be efficiently packed within the package coating. In addition to the packaging signal, there are several molecules that are needed in cis, for replication, and packaging of the replicated virus. Typically, a retroviral genome contains the gag, pol and env genes that are involved in the production of the protein coat. It is the gag, pol and env genes that are typically replaced by foreign DNA that must be transferred to the target cell. Retroviral vectors typically contain a packaging signal for incorporation into the package coating, a sequence that signals the start of the gag transcription unit, elements necessary for reverse transcription, including a primer binding site to bind the transcription tRNA primer reverse, terminal repeat sequences that guide the exchange of RNA strands during DNA synthesis, a 5 'to 3' purine-rich LTR that serves as the initiation site for the synthesis of the second strand of DNA synthesis,
110/247 and specific sequences close to the ends of the LTRs that allow the insertion of the retrovirus DNA state for insertion into the host genome. Removing the gag, pol and env genes allows about 8 kb of foreign sequence to be inserted into the viral genome, to become transcribed in reverse and, through replication, to be packaged in a new retroviral particle. This amount of nucleic acid is sufficient for the release of one to many genes, depending on the size of each transcript. It is preferable to include selectable positive or negative markers along with other genes in the insert.
As the replication machinery and packaging proteins in most retroviral vectors have been removed (gag, pol and env), the vectors are typically generated by placing them in a packaging cell line. A packaging cell line is a cell line that has been transfected or transformed with a retrovirus that contains the replication and packaging machinery, but has no packaging sign. When the vector that carries the DNA of choice is transfected in these cell lines, the vector that contains the gene of interest is replicated and packaged in new retroviral particles by the machinery provided in cis by the helper cell. The genomes for the machinery are not packaged, as they do not have the necessary signals.
B. Adenoviral Vectors
The construction of adenoviruses with replication defects has been described (Berkner et al., J. Virology 61: 1.213-1.220 (1987); Massie et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 6: 2.872-2.883 (1986); Haj- Ahmad et al, J. Virology 57: 267-274 (1986);
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Davidson et al., J. Virology 61: 1,226-1,239 (1987); Zhang Generation and Identification of recombinant adenovirus by liposome-mediated transfection and
PCR analysis
<td>BioTechniques 15:</td><td> 868-872</td><td> (1993)) .</td><td> 0</td><td>benefit</td><td>gives</td>
<td>use of these</td><td colspan="2">viruses as vectors</td><td>is</td><td>that they</td><td>are</td>
<td colspan="2">limited to the extent to which</td><td>they can</td><td>if</td><td>Disseminate</td><td>for</td>
other cell types, in that they can replicate within an initial infected cell, but are unable to form new infectious viral particles. Recombinant adenoviruses have been shown to obtain gene transfer with high efficiency after direct release, in vivo, to the airway epithelium, hepatocytes, vascular endothelium, CNS parenchyma, and several other tissue sites (Morsy, J. Clin. Invest. 92: 1,580-1,586 (1993); Kirshenbaum, J. Clin. Invest. 92: 381-387 (1993);
Roessler, J. Clin. Invest,
Moullier, Nature Genetics 4:
: 1.085-1.092 (1993) ;
154-159 (1993); La Salle,
Science 259: 988-990 (1993); Gomez-Foix, J. Biol. Chem. 267: 25.129-25.134 (1992); Rich, Human Gene Therapy 4: 461476 (1993); Zabner, Nature Genetics 6: 75-83 (1994); Guzman, Circulation Research 73: 1,201-1,207 (1993); Bout, Human Gene Therapy 5: 3-10 (1994); Zabner, Cell 75: 207-216 (1993); Caillaud, Eur. J. Neuroscience 5: 1,287-1,291 (1993); and Ragot, J. Gen. Virology 74: 501-507 (1993)). Recombinant adenoviruses achieve gene transduction by binding to specific cell surface receptors, when the virus is then internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis, in the same way as wild-type or replication defect adenovirus (Chardonnet and Dales, Virology 40: 462-477 (1970); Brown and Burlingham, J.
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<td>Virology</td><td> 12: 386-396 (1973)</td><td>; Svensson</td><td colspan="2">and Persson,</td><td>J.</td>
<td>Virology</td><td> 55: 442-449 (1985) ;</td><td>Seth, et al.</td><td>, J.</td><td>Virol.</td><td> 51:</td>
<td> 650-655</td><td>(1984); Seth, et al.</td><td>, Mol. Cell.</td><td>Biol</td><td> . 4 : 1.</td><td> 528-</td>
<td colspan="2">1,533 (1984); Varga et al.,</td><td>J. Virology</td><td> 65 :</td><td> 6.061-6</td><td> . 070</td>
(1991); Wickham et al, Cell 73: 309-319 (1993)).
A viral vector can be one based on an adenovirus that has had the El gene removed, and these virions are generated in a cell line, such as the human 293 cell line. In another preferred embodiment, both the E1 and E3 genes are removed from the adenovirus genome.
ç. Adeno-associated viral vectors
Another type of viral vector is based on an adenoassociated virus (AAV). This defective parvovirus is a preferred vector, because it can infect many types of cells, and is non-pathogenic to humans. AAV-type vectors can carry about 4 to 5 kb, and wild-type AAV is known to be inserted on chromosome 19. Vectors that contain this specific integration property are preferred. An especially preferred modality of this type of vector is the vector P4.1 C produced by Avigen, San Francisco, CA, which may contain the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, HSV-tk and / or a marker gene, for example , the gene that encodes the green fluorescent protein, GFP.
In another type of AAV virus, AAV contains a pair of inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) that flank at least one cassette that contains a promoter that directs cell-specific expression operatively linked to a heterologous gene. Heterologist in this context refers to
113/247 any nucleotide sequence or gene that is not native to AAV or parvovirus B19.
Typically, the AAV and B19 coding regions have been eliminated, resulting in a safe, non-toxic vector. AAV ITRs, or modifications thereof, confer infectivity and site-specific integration, but not cytotoxicity, and the promoter directs cell-specific expression. US Patent No. 6,261,834 is hereby incorporated by reference with respect to material related to the vector of
AAV.
Thus, the revealed vectors provide DNA molecules that are capable of integration into a mammalian chromosome, without substantial toxicity.
The genes inserted in viral and retroviral vectors usually contain promoters and / or enhancers to help control the expression of the desired gene product. A promoter is usually a sequence or strings of DNA that work when in a relatively fixed location: in relation to the transcription initiation site. A promoter contains core elements necessary for the basic interaction of RNA polymerase and transcription factors, and can contain upstream elements and response elements.
d. Viral Vectors with Big Load
Molecular genetics experiments with large human herpesviruses provided a means by which large fragments of heterologous DNA can be cleaved, propagated and established in cells that allow herpesvirus infection (Sun et al., Nature genetics 8: 33-41, 1994; Cotter and Robertson, Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 5: 633-644,
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1999). These large DNA viruses (herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have the potential to release fragments of human heterologous DNA> 150 kb to specific cells. Recombinant EBV can keep large pieces of DNA in B cells infected as episomic DNA Individual clones carried by human genomic inserts up to 330 kb appear to be genetically stable. The maintenance of these episomes requires a specific EBV nuclear protein, EBNA1, expressed constitutively during infection with EBV. Additionally, these vectors can be used for transfection, in which large amounts of protein can be transiently generated in vitro. Herpesvirus amplicon systems are also being used to package pieces of DNA> 220 kb and to infect cells that can steadily maintain DNA as episomes.
Other useful systems include, for example, replicating and non-replicating vaccine virus vectors with host restriction.
ii. Non-nucleic acid based systems
The disclosed compositions can be delivered to the target cells in a variety of ways. For example, the compositions can be released by electroporation, or by lipofection, or by precipitation with calcium phosphate. The release mechanism chosen will depend, in part, on the type of cell targeted and on whether the release is taking place, for example, in vivo or in vitro.
Accordingly, the compositions can comprise lipids, such as liposomes, for example, cationic liposomes (for example, DOTMA, DOPE, DC cholesterol) or
115/247 anionic liposomes. Liposomes can further comprise proteins to facilitate targeting a particular cell, if desired. Administration of a composition comprising a compound and a cationic liposome can be made in the blood afferent to a target organ or inhaled in the respiratory tract to the target cells of the respiratory tract. Regarding liposomes, see, for example, Brigham et al. Am. J. Resp. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1: 95-100 (1989); Felgner et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 84: 7,413 7417 (1987); US Patent No. 4,897,355. In addition, the compound can be administered as a component of a microcapsule that can be targeted to specific cell types, for example, macrophages, or when the diffusion of the compound or the release of the compound through the microcapsule is designed for a specific rate or dosage .
In the methods described above that include the administration and uptake of exogenous DNA into an individual's cells (ie, transduction or gene transfection), the release of the compositions to the cells can occur through several mechanisms. As an example, the release can be via a liposome, using commercially available liposome preparations such as, for example, LIPOFECTIN, LIPOFECTAMINE (GIBCO-BRL, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD), SUPERFECT (Qiagen, Inc. Hilden, Germany) and TRANSFECTAM (Promega Biotec, Inc., Madison, WI), in addition to other liposomes developed according to standard procedures in the art. In addition, the revealed nucleic acid or vector can be released in vivo by electroporation, the technology that is available from Genetronics, Inc. (San Diego, CA), as well as through a SONOPORATION machine
116/247 (ImaRx Pharmaceutical Corp., Tucson, AZ).
The materials can be in solution, suspension (for example, incorporated in microparticles, liposomes or cells). These can be targeted to a particular cell type by means of antibodies, receptors or receptor ligands. The following references are examples of the use of this technology to target specific target proteins to tumor tissue (Senter, et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2: 447-451, (1991); Bagshawe, KD, Br.
J. Cancer, 60: 275-281, (1989); Bagshawe, et al., Br. J.
Cancer, 58: 700-703, (1988); Senter, et al., Bioconjugate
Chem., 4: 3-9, (1993); Battelli, et al., Cancer Immunol.
Immunother. , 35: 421-425, (1992); Pietersz and McKenzie,
Immunolog. Reviews, 129: 57-80, (1992); and Roffler, et al.,
Biochem. Pharmacol. , 42: 2.062-2.065, (1991)). These techniques can be used for several other specific cell types. Vehicles such as stealth and other antibody-conjugated liposomes (including lipid-mediated drug targeting for colon carcinoma), DNA receptor-mediated targeting via cell-specific ligands, lymphocyte-directed tumor targeting, and targeting highly specific therapeutic retroviral of murine glioma cells in vivo. The following references are examples of using this technology to target specific target proteins to tumor tissue (Hughes et al., Cancer Research, 49: 6.214-6.220, (1989); and Litzinger and Huang,
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1,104: 179-187, (1992)). In general, receptors are involved in endocytosis pathways, either constitutive or ligand-induced. Those
117/247 clathrin receptors, group into depressions coated by penetrating the cell through clathrin-coated vesicles, pass through an acidified endosome in which the receptors are separated, and then are recycled to the cell surface, are stored intracellularly, or are degraded into lysosomes. Internalization pathways serve several functions, for example, nutrient uptake, removal of activated proteins, clearance of macromolecules, opportunistic entry of viruses and toxins, dissociation and degradation of ligand and regulation of receptor level. Many receptors follow more than one intracellular pathway, depending on the type of cell, the concentration of the receptor, the type of ligand, the valence of the ligand, and the concentration of the ligand. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of receptor-mediated endocytosis have been reviewed (Brown and Greene, DNA and Cell Biology 10: 6, 399-409 (1991)).
Nucleic acids that are released to cells that are to be integrated into the host cell's genome typically contain integration sequences. These strings are often virus-related strings, particularly when viral-based systems are used. These viral integration systems can also be incorporated into nucleic acids that are to be released using a delivery system not based on nucleic acid, for example, a liposome, such that the nucleic acid contained in the delivery system can become integrated into the host genome.
Other general techniques for integration into the host genome include, for example, systems designed to
118/247 promote homologous recombination with the host genome. These systems are typically based on a sequence that flanks the nucleic acid to be expressed that has sufficient homology with a target sequence within the host cell genome where recombination between the vector's nucleic acid and the target nucleic acid occurs, causing that the released nucleic acid is integrated into the host genome. Such systems and the methods necessary to promote homologous recombination are known to those skilled in the art.
iii. In vivo / ex vivo
As described above, the compositions can be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and can be delivered to the individual's cells in vivo and / or ex vivo by several mechanisms well known in the art (for example, naked DNA uptake, fusion liposome, intramuscular injection of DNA using a gene gun, endocytosis and the like).
If ex vivo methods are used, cells or tissues can be removed and kept outside the body according to standardized protocols well known in the art. The compositions can be introduced into the cells through any mechanism of gene transfer such as, for example, calcium phosphate mediated gene release, electroporation, microinjection or proteoliposomes. The transduced cells can then be infused (for example, into a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle) or transplanted homotopically back to the individual by methods standardized for the type of cell or tissue. Standardized methods are known for
119/247 transplant or infusion of multiple cells in an individual.
7. Kits
The materials described above, as well as other materials, can be packaged together in any suitable combination as a useful kit to perform, or to aid in the performance, of the method disclosed. It is useful if the kit components in a certain kit are designed and adapted for use together in the revealed method. For example, kits for the detection, treatment or prevention of prostate cancer or PIN are disclosed, the kit comprising peptides or antibodies that specifically bind to PAX2 and DEFB1.
8. Expression systems
Nucleic acids that are released to cells typically contain expression control systems. For example, genes inserted into viral and retroviral systems usually contain promoters and / or enhancers to help control the expression of the desired gene product. A promoter is usually a sequence or sequences of DNA that work when at a relatively fixed location in relation to the transcription initiation site. A promoter contains core elements necessary for the basic interaction of RNA polymerase and transcription factors, and can contain upstream elements and response elements.
i. Viral promoters and intensifiers
Preferred transcriptional promoters of vectors in mammalian host cells can be obtained from various sources, for example, the genomes of viruses such as: polyoma, simian virus 40 (SV40), adenovirus, retrovirus, hepatitis B virus and ,
120/247 mainly cytomegalovirus, or heterologous mammalian promoters, for example, beta actin promoter. The early and late promoters of the SV40 virus are conveniently obtained as an SV40 restriction fragment that also contains the SV40 viral origin of replication (Fiers et al, Nature, 273: 113 (1978)). The immediate initial promoter of human cytomegalovirus is conveniently obtained as a HindIII E restriction fragment (Verdeway, PJ et al., Gene 18: 355-360 (1982)). Of course, promoters from the host cell or related species are also useful in this specification.
Intensifier generally refers to a DNA sequence that works without a fixed distance from the transcription initiation site and can be 5 '(Laimins, L. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78: 993 (1981)) or 3 '(Lusky, ML, et al., Mol. Cell. Bio. 3: 1108 (1983)) in relation to the transcription unit. In addition, intensifiers can be within an intron (Banerji, JL et al., Cell 33: 72 9 (1983)), as well as within the coding sequence itself (Osborne, TF, et al., Mol. Cell. Bio. 4: 1293 (1984)). They are typically between 10 and 300 bp in length, and work in cis. Intensifiers work to increase transcription by nearby promoters. Intensifiers often also contain response elements that mediate regulation of transcription. Promoters may also contain response elements that mediate transcription regulation. Intensifiers often determine the regulation of a gene's expression. Although many intensifier sequences are now known
121/247 of mammalian genes (globin, elastase, albumin, fetoprotein and insulin), a eukaryotic cell virus enhancer will typically be used for general expression. Preferred examples are the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (100-270 bp), the cytomegalovirus initial promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
The promoter and / or intensifier can be specifically activated by light or by specific chemical events that trigger its function. The systems can be regulated by reagents such as, for example, tetracycline and dexamethasone. There are also ways to enhance the gene expression of the viral vector by exposure to irradiation, for example, gamma irradiation, or alkylating chemotherapy drugs.
In certain embodiments, the promoter and / or enhancer region can act as a constitutive promoter and / or enhancer to maximize expression of the transcription unit region to be transcribed. In certain constructs, the promoter and / or enhancer region is active in all types of eukaryotic cells, even if it is only expressed in a particular cell type at a specific time. Such a preferred promoter is the CMV promoter (650 bases). Other preferred promoters are SV40, cytomegalovirus (full-length promoter) and retroviral vector LTR promoters.
It has been shown that all specific regulatory elements can be cloned and used to construct expression vectors that are selectively expressed in
122/247 specific cell types, such as melanoma cells. The glial fibrillary acetic protein (GFAP) promoter has been used to selectively express genes in cells of glial origin.
The expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells (yeast cells, fungi, insects, plants, animals, human or nucleated) can also contain sequences necessary for the termination of transcription that can affect mRNA expression. These regions are transcribed as polyadenylated segments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA that encodes the tissue factor protein. The 3 'untranslated regions also include transcription termination sites. It is preferred that the transcription unit also contains a polyadenylation region. One benefit of this region is that it increases the likelihood that the transcribed unit will be processed and transported as mRNA. The identification and use of polyadenylation signals in expression constructs is well established. It is preferred that homologous polyadenylation signals are used in the transgene constructs. In certain transcription units, the polyadenylation region is derived from the initial SV40 polyadenylation signal and consists of about 400 bases. It is also preferred that the transcribed units contain other standardized sequences alone or in sequences above to increase stability of the construction, ii. Bookmarks
Viral vectors can include a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a marker product. That product combined with the expression or the
The 123/247 marker is used to determine whether the gene has been released into the cell and, once released, whether it is being expressed. Preferred marker genes are the E. Coli lacZ gene, which encodes β-galactosidase and green fluorescent protein.
In some embodiments, the marker can be a selectable marker. Examples of selectable markers suitable for mammalian cells are dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), thymidine kinase, neomycin, neomycin analog G418, hydromycin and puromycin. When these selectable markers are successfully transferred into a mammalian host cell, the transformed mammalian host cell can survive, if placed under selective pressure. There are two distinct widely used categories of selective regimes. The first category is based on the metabolism of a cell and the use of a mutant cell line that lacks the ability to grow independently of a supplemented medium. Two examples are: CHO DHFR cells and mouse LTK cells. These cells do not have the ability to grow without the addition of nutrients, for example, thymidine or hypoxanthine. Since these cells lack certain genes necessary for a complete nucleotide synthesis pathway, they do not survive, unless the missing nucleotides are supplied in a supplemented medium. An alternative to supplementing the medium is the introduction of an intact DHFR or TK gene in cells that do not have the respective genes, thus changing their growth needs. Individual cells that have not been transformed with the DHFR or TK gene will not be able to survive in unsupplemented medium.
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The second category is dominant selection, which refers to a selection scheme used in any cell type and does not require the use of a mutant cell line. These schemes typically use a drug to stop the growth of a host cell. Those cells that have a new gene would express a protein that confers pharmacological resistance and would survive selection. Examples of this dominant selection use neomycin drugs (Southern P. and Berg, P., J. Molec. Appl. Genet. 1: 327 (1982)), mycophenolic acid, (Mulligan, RC
and Berg, P. Science 209: 1,422 (1980)) or hygromycin (Sugden, B. et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 5: 410-413 (1985)).
The three examples employ bacterial genes under eukaryotic control to confer resistance to the appropriate drug, G418 or neomycin (geneticin), xgpt (mycophenolic acid), or hygromycin, respectively. Others include the neomycin analogue G418 and puramycin.
9. Pharmaceutical vehicles
The disclosed compositions can be therapeutically in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable one. The term pharmaceutically acceptable means a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, that is, the material can be administered to an individual, together with the nucleic acid or vector, without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious way. with any of the other components in the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained. The vehicle would naturally be selected to minimize any degradation of the active ingredient and to minimize any effects used on the vehicle
125/247 adverse collaterals in the individual, as is known to those skilled in the art.
Suitable vehicles and their formulations are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (19<sup>The </sup>Edition) ed. AR Gennaro, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA 1995. Typically, an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is used in the formulation to make it isotonic. Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier include, without limitation, saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. The pH of the solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8 and, more preferably, from about 7 to about 7.5. Additional vehicles include sustained release preparations such as, for example, semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, whose matrices are in the form of modeled articles, for example, films, liposomes or microparticles. It will be evident to those skilled in the art that certain vehicles may be more preferable, depending, for example, on the route of administration and on the concentration of the composition that is being administered.
Pharmaceutical vehicles are known to those skilled in the art. The most typical would be standard vehicles for administering drugs to humans, including solutions such as, for example, sterile water, saline and buffered solutions at physiological pH. The compositions can be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Other compounds will be administered according to standard procedures used by those skilled in the art.
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Pharmaceutical compositions can include vehicles, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surfactants and the like, in addition to the molecule of choice. The pharmaceutical compositions can also include one or more active ingredients, such as antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics and the like.
Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous vehicles include water, alcoholic / aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include liquid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (for example, those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents and inert gases, and the like.
Formulations for topical administration may include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical vehicles, aqueous, powdered or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.
Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-media
127/247 aqueous, capsules, sachets or tablets. Thickeners, flavoring, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable.
Some of the compositions can potentially be administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salt, formed by reacting with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, thiocyanic acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric, and organic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid, or by reaction with an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and organic bases such as, for example, mono-, di-, trialkyl and aryl amines, and substituted ethanolamines.
The materials can be in solution, suspension (for example, incorporated in microparticles, liposomes or cells). These can be targeted to a particular cell type through antibodies, receptors or receptor ligands. The following references are examples of the use of this technology to target specific target proteins to tumor tissue (Senter, et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2: 447-451, (1991); Bagshawe, KD, Br.
J. Cancer, 60: 275-281, (1989); Bagshawe, et al., Br. J. Cancer, 58: 700-703, (1988); Senter, et al., Bioconjugate Chem. , 4: 3-9, (1993); Battelli, et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 35: 421-425, (1992); Pietersz and McKenzie, Immunolog. Reviews, 129: 57-80, (1992); and Roffler, et al.,
128/247
Biochem. Pharmacol. , 42: 2.062-2.065, (1991)). Vehicles such as stealth and other antibody-conjugated liposomes (including lipid-mediated drug targeting for colon carcinoma), DNA receptor-mediated targeting by specific cell ligands, lymphocyte-directed tumor targeting, and retroviral targeting highly specific therapeutic approach to murine glioma cells in vivo. The following references are examples of using this technology to target specific target proteins to tumor tissue (Hughes et al., Cancer Research, 49: 6.214-6.220, (1989); and Litzinger and Huang, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1104: 179 -187, (1992)). In general, receptors are involved in endocytosis pathways, whether constitutive or ligand-induced. These receptors group into clathrin-coated depressions, penetrate the cell through clathrin-coated vesicles, pass through an acidified endosome in which the receptors are separated, then recycled to the cell surface, are stored intracellularly or are degraded into lysosomes . Internalization pathways serve several functions, for example, nutrient uptake, removal of activated proteins, clearance of macromolecules, opportunistic entry of viruses and toxins, dissociation and degradation of ligand, and regulation of the receptor level. Many receptors follow more than one intracellular pathway, depending on the type of cell, the concentration of the receptor, the type of ligand, the valence of the ligand, and the concentration of the ligand. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of receptor-mediated endocytosis have been reviewed (Brown and Greene, DNA
129/247 and Cell Biology 10: 6, 399-409 (1991)).
10. Combinatorial Chemistry
The disclosed compositions can be used as targets for any combinatorial technique to identify macromolecular molecules or molecules that interact with the disclosed compositions in a desired way. Also disclosed are compositions that are identified by means of combinatorial techniques or screening techniques in which compositions revealed as the PAX2 sequence or portions thereof (for example, PAX2 DNA binding domain) are used as the target in a protocol combinatorial or screening.
It is understood that, when compositions disclosed in combinatorial techniques or screening methods are used, molecules will be identified, for example, macromolecular molecules, which have specific desired properties such as, for example, inhibition or stimulation, or the function of the molecule -target. Molecules identified and isolated when using the disclosed compositions, for example, DEFB1 or PAX2, are also developed. Thus, products produced using combinatorial or screening approaches that involve the revealed compositions are also considered here disclosed.
It is understood that the methods revealed for the identification of molecules that inhibit the interactions between, for example, DEFB1 promoter and PAX2, can be carried out with the use of high performance means. For example, alleged inhibitors can be identified with the use of fluorescent resonance energy transfer
130/247 (FRET) to quickly identify interactions. The underlying theory of the techniques is that when two molecules are close together in space, that is, they interact at a level beyond the background level, a signal is produced or a signal can be extinguished. Then, several experiments can be carried out, including, for example, the addition of a supposed inhibitor. If the inhibitor competes with the interaction between the two signaling molecules, the signals will be removed from both in space, and this will cause a decrease or an increase in the signal, depending on the type of signal used. This decrease or increase in signal can be correlated with the presence or absence of the supposed inhibitor. Any signaling means can be used. For example, methods of identifying an inhibitor of the interaction between any two of the disclosed molecules are disclosed, which comprise the contact of a first molecule and a second molecule together, in the presence of a supposed inhibitor, in which the first molecule or the second The molecule comprises a fluorescence donor, wherein the first or second molecule, typically the molecule that does not comprise the donor, comprises a fluorescence receptor; and the measure of energy transfer by fluorescent resonance (FRET), in the presence of the supposed inhibitor and in the absence of the supposed inhibitor, in which a decrease in FRET in the presence of the supposed inhibitor, compared with the measurement of FRET in its absence, indicates that the supposed inhibitor inhibits the bond between the two molecules. This type of method can also be performed with a cellular system.
Combinatorial chemistry includes, without limitation, all
131/247 methods for the isolation of small molecules or macromolecules that are capable of binding both a small molecule and another macromolecule, typically in a repetitive process. Proteins, oligonucleotides and sugars are examples of macromolecules. For example, oligonucleotide molecules with a certain function, catalytic or ligand binding, can be isolated from a complex mixture of random oligonucleotides, in what has been called in vitro genetics (Szostak, TIBS 19: 89,
1992). A large pool of molecules is synthesized that harbor random and defined sequences, and that complex mixture is submitted, for example, approximately 1,015 individual sequences in 100 gg of a 100 nucleotide RNA, the selection and some enrichment process. Through repeated cycles of affinity chromatography and PCR amplification of molecules linked to the ligand in the column, Ellington and Szostak (1990) estimated that 1 in 1,010 RNA molecules folds in such a way that it binds to small molecule dyes. DNA molecules with this ligand binding behavior were also isolated (Ellington and Szostak, 1992; Bock et al., 1992). There are techniques with similar objectives for small organic molecules, proteins, antibodies and other macromolecules known to those skilled in the art. Screening sets of molecules for a desired activity, whether based on small organic libraries, oligonucleotides or antibodies, is widely cited as combinatorial chemistry. Combinatorial techniques are particularly suitable for defining binding interactions between molecules and for the
132/247 isolation of molecules that have specific binding activity, often called aptamers when macromolecules are nucleic acids.
There are several methods for isolating proteins that have a de novo activity or a modified activity. For example, phage display libraries have been used to isolate numerous peptides that interact with a specific target (see, for example, US Patent No.<sup>s </sup>6,031,071, 5,824,520, 5,596,079 and 5,565,332, which are incorporated by reference at least as far as their material related to phage presentation and methods related to combinatorial chemistry).
A preferred method for the isolation of proteins that have a certain function is described by Roberts and Szostak (Roberts RW and Szostak JW Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94 (23): 12.997-302 (1997). This method of chemistry combinatorial coupling the functional power of proteins with the genetic power of nucleic acids, an RNA molecule is generated to which a puromycin molecule is covalently attached to the 3 'end of the RNA molecule. An in vitro translation of this modified RNA molecule causes the correct protein, encoded by RNA, to be translated. In addition, because of the adhesion of puromycin, a peptdil receptor that cannot be extended, the growing peptide chain is attached to the puromycin that is attached to RNA. In this way, the protein molecule is attached to the genetic material that encodes it. Normal in vitro selection procedures can now be performed to isolate functional peptides. After the selection procedure for the peptide function is complete,
133/247 traditional nucleic acid manipulation procedures to amplify the nucleic acid encoding selected functional peptides. After amplification of the genetic material, the new RNA is transcribed with puromycin at the 3 'end, the new peptide is translated, and another functional round of selection is performed. In this way, protein selection can be performed repetitively, just like nucleic acid selection techniques. The peptide that is translated is controlled by the RNA sequence attached to the puromycin. This sequence can be any one of a random sequence created genetically for optimal translation (that is, without stop codons, etc.), or it can be a degenerate sequence of a known RNA molecule, to search for increased or altered function of a known peptide. The conditions for nucleic acid amplification and in vitro translation are well known to those skilled in the art, and are preferably performed as in Roberts and Szostak (Roberts RW and Szostak JW Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94 (23) : 12.997302 (1997)).
Another preferred method for combinatorial methods designed for the isolation of peptides is described in Cohen et al. (Cohen BA, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (24): 14.272-7 (1998)). This method uses and modifies the technology of two hybrids. Two hybrid yeast systems are useful for detecting and analyzing protein: protein interactions. The two-hybrid system, initially described in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a powerful molecular genetic technique for identifying new regulatory molecules,
134/247 specific for the protein of interest (Fields and Song, Nature 340: 245-6 (1989)). Cohen et al modified this technology so that new interactions could be identified between sequences of synthetic or genetically created peptides that bind to a molecule of choice. The benefit of this type of technology is that the selection is made in an intracellular environment. The method uses a library of peptide molecules attached to an acid activation domain.
Using a methodology well known to those skilled in the art, in combination with various combinatorial libraries, one can isolate and characterize those small molecules or macromolecules, which bind or interact with the desired target. The relative binding affinity of these compounds can be compared, and optimal compounds identified, using competitive binding studies, which are well known to those skilled in the art.
Methodologies for producing combinatorial libraries and for screening combinatorial libraries to isolate molecules that bind to a desired target are well known to those skilled in the art. Techniques without
<td>and methods</td><td colspan="2">representative can</td><td colspan="2">be found,</td>
<td>limitation,</td><td colspan="2">in US Patents N<sup>the</sup></td><td> 5.084.824,</td><td> 5.288</td>
<td> 5.449.754,</td><td> 5.506.337,</td><td> 5.539.083,</td><td> 5.545.568,</td><td> 5.556</td>
<td> 5.565.324,</td><td> 5.565.332,</td><td> 5.573.905,</td><td> 5.618.825,</td><td> 5.619</td>
<td> 5.627.210,</td><td> 5.646.285,</td><td> 5.663.046,</td><td> 5.670.326,</td><td> 5.677</td>
<td> 5.683.899,</td><td> 5.688.696,</td><td> 5.688.997,</td><td> 5.698.685,</td><td> 5.712</td>
<td> 5.721.099,</td><td> 5.723.598,</td><td> 5.741.713,</td><td> 5.792.431,</td><td> 5.807</td>
5.807.754, 5.821.130, 5.831.014, 5.834,195, 5.834.318,
135/247
<td> 5.834.588,</td><td> 5.840.500,</td><td> 5.847.150,</td><td> 5.856.107,</td><td> 5.856.496,</td>
<td> 5.859.190,</td><td> 5.864.010,</td><td> 5.874.443,</td><td> 5.877.214,</td><td> 5.880.972,</td>
<td> 5.886.126,</td><td> 5.886.127,</td><td> 5.891.737,</td><td> 5.916.899,</td><td> 5.919,955,</td>
<td> 5.925.527,</td><td> 5.939.268,</td><td> 5.942.387,</td><td> 5.945.070,</td><td> 5.948.696,</td>
<td> 5.958.702,</td><td> 5.958.792,</td><td> 5.962.337,</td><td> 5.965.719,</td><td> 5.972.719,</td>
<td> 5.976.894,</td><td> 5.980.704,</td><td> 5.985.356,</td><td> 5.999.086,</td><td> 6.001.579,</td>
<td> 6.004.617,</td><td> 6.008.321,</td><td> 6.017.768,</td><td> 6.025.371,</td><td> 6.030.917,</td>
<td> 6.040.193,</td><td> 6.045.671, 6.</td><td> .045.755, 6.</td><td>060,596 and 6.</td><td> 061.636.</td>
Combinatorial libraries can be made from a wide array of molecules, using several different synthetic techniques. For example, libraries containing fused 2,4-pyrimidinediones (US Patent No. 6,025,371), dihydrobenzopyranes (US Patent No.<sup>the</sup> 6,017,768 and 5,821,130), amide alcohols (US Patent No. 5,976,894), hydroxy-amino acid amides (US Patent,
N<sup>ç</sup>
5,972,719), carbohydrates (Patent
US
N <
5.965.719),
1,4benzodiazepin-2,5-diones (US Patent No. 5,962,337), cyclic (US Patent No. 5,958,792), biaryl amino acid amides (US Patent No. 5,948,696), thiophenes (US Patent No. 5,942 .387), tricyclic tetrahydroquinolines (US Patent No. 5,925,527), benzofurans (US Patent No. 5,919,955), isoquinolines (US Patent No. 5,916,899), hydantoin and thiohydantoin (US Patent No. 5,859. 190), indoles (US Patent No. 5,856,496), imidazole-pyrido-indole and imidazole-pyrido-benzothiophenes (US Patent No. 5,856,107), substituted 2-methylene-2,3-dihydrothiazoles (US Patent No. 5,847,150), quinolines (US Patent No. 5,840,500), PNA (US Patent No. 5,831,014), which contain tags (US Patent No. 5,721,099), polyketides (US Patent No. 5,712,146), morpholine subunits (US Patent No.<sup>s</sup> 5,698,685 and
136/247
5,506,337), sulfamides (US Patent No. 5,618,825) and benzodiazepines (US Patent No. 5,288,514).
Screening similar molecules to the revealed siRNA molecules for PAX2 inhibition, suppressing DEFB1 expression, is a method of isolating desired compounds.
Isolated molecules can be competitive or non-competitive inhibitors.
In another embodiment, inhibitors are non-competitive inhibitors. A non-competitive type of inhibitor will cause allosteric rearrangements.
As used herein, combinatorial methods and libraries included traditional screening methods and libraries, as well as methods and libraries used in repetitive processes.
11. Computer aided drug design
The developed compositions can be used as targets for any molecular modeling technique to identify the structure of the developed compositions or to identify potential or true molecules, such as small molecules, that interact in a desired way with the developed compositions. Nucleic acids, peptides and related molecules disclosed herein can be used as targets in any molecular modeling program or approach.
It is understood that, when using the compositions disclosed in modeling techniques, molecules will be identified, for example, macromolecular molecules, which have specific desired properties, such as inhibition or stimulation of the function of the target molecule. Molecules identified and isolated using the disclosed compositions, for example, ID. SEQ. N °: 1,
137/247 are also revealed. In this way, products produced using molecular modeling approaches that involve the revealed compositions, for example, ID. SEQ. N °: 1, are also considered here disclosed.
Thus, one way to isolate molecules that bind to a molecule of choice is through proportional design. This is achieved through structural information and computer modeling. Computer modeling technology allows the visualization of the three-dimensional atomic structure of a selected molecule and the proportional design of new compounds that will interact with the molecule. The three-dimensional construction typically depends on data from X-ray crystallographic analysis or MRI images of the selected molecule. Molecular dynamics requires data from the force field. Computer graphics systems allow the prediction of how a new compound will bind to the target molecule and allow the experimental manipulation of the structures of the compound and the target molecule to improve the binding specificity. The prediction of what the molecule-compound interaction will be like when small changes are made in one or both requires molecular mechanics software and computers with high processing capacity, usually coupled to friendly interfaces through menus, between the molecular design program and the user.
Examples of molecular modeling systems are the CHARMm and QUANTA programs by Polygen Corporation, Waltham, MA. CHARMm performs the functions of energy minimization and molecular dynamics. QUANTA performs the construction, modeling
138/247 and the analysis of the molecular structure. QUANTA allows the interactive construction, modification, visualization and analysis of the behavior of molecules with each other.
Several articles review the computer modeling of drugs interactively with specific proteins, for example, Rotivinen, et al., 1988 Acta Pharmaceutica Fennica 97, 159-166; Ripka, New Scientist 54-57 (June 16, 1988); McKinaly and Rossmann, 198 9 Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29, 111-122; Perry and Davies, QSAR: Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Drug Design, pages 189-193 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1989); Lewis and Dean, 1989 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 236, 125-140 and 141-162; and, with respect to a model enzyme for nucleic acid components, Askew, et al, 1989 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 1.082-1.090. Other computer programs that evaluate and graph chemical substances are available from other companies such as BioDesign, Inc., Pasadena, CA., Allelix, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, and Hypercube, Inc., Cambridge, Ontario . Although these are designed primarily for specific drugs for specific proteins, they can be adapted to design molecules that specifically interact with specific regions of DNA or RNA, after that region is identified.
Although it was described above with reference to the design and generation of compounds that could alter the binding, the evaluation of libraries of known compounds, including natural products or synthetic chemicals and biologically active materials, including proteins, could also be carried out.
139/247 compounds that alter μ substrate or enzymatic binding activity.
I 12. Means that can be read by computer
It is understood that the nucleic acids and proteins disclosed can be represented as a sequence consisting of the nucleotides of amino acids. There are several ways to display these sequences, for example, the guanosine nucleotide can be represented by G or g. Likewise, the amino acid valine can be represented by 10 Vai or V. Those skilled in the art know how to display and express any sequence of nucleic acid or protein in any of the various forms that exist, each of which is considered to be disclosed here. It is specifically contemplated here the display of these 15 sequences in media that can be read by computer, such as, for example, commercially available floppy disks, tapes, chips, hard disks, compact disks and video disks, or other media that can be read by computer. Binary code representations of the 20 revealed strings are also revealed. Those skilled in the art know which means can be read by computer. In this way, means that can be read by computer are revealed in which the nucleic acid or protein sequences are registered, stored or saved.
Means that can be read by »computer are understood that comprise the sequences and information related to the sequences presented here. Also revealed are means that can be read by computer, which comprise the sequences and information related to the presented sequences.
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C. Methods
1. Administration
A composition disclosed herein can be administered in a variety of ways, depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and in the area to be treated. For example, the compositions can be administered orally, parenterally (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection), by inhalation, extracorporeal, topical (including transdermal, ophthalmic, vaginal, rectal, intranasal), or the like.
As used herein, the term topical intranasal administration means the release of the compositions into the nose and nasal passages through one or both nostrils, and may comprise release by a spray mechanism or a droplet mechanism, or by aerosolization nucleic acid or vector. The administration of the compositions by inhalation can be through the nose or the mouth through a spray or droplet mechanism. The release can also be done directly to any area of the respiratory system (for example, lungs) through intubation.
Parenteral administration of the composition, if used, is generally characterized by injection. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution in suspension in a liquid before injection, or as emulsions. A more recently revised approach to parenteral administration involves using a slow-release or sustained-release system, in such a way that
141/247 constant dosage. See, for example, US Patent No. 3,610,795, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The exact amount of compositions required will vary from individual to individual, depending on the species, age, weight and general condition of the individual, the severity of the allergic disorder being treated, the particular nucleic acid or vector used, your mode of administration, and the like. Therefore, it is not possible to specify an exact quantity for each composition. However, an appropriate amount can be determined by those skilled in the art using only routine experimentation considering the teachings presented here. In this way, effective dosages and dosages for administering the compositions can be determined empirically, and making these determinations is part of the knowledge of those skilled in the art. The dosage ranges for administering the compositions are those large enough to produce the desired effect in which the symptoms of the disorder are affected. The dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, for example, unwanted cross reactions, anaphylactic reactions, and the like. Generally, the dosage will vary with the age, condition, sex and extent of the disease in the patient, with the route of administration, or if other drugs are included in the regimen, and can be determined by those skilled in the art. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual's doctor in case of contraindications. The dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more administrations of daily doses, for one or several days.
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Guidelines can be found in the literature regarding the appropriate dosages for certain classes of pharmaceutical products.
For example, a typical daily dosage of the disclosed composition used alone can range from about 1 pg / kg to 100 mg / kg of body weight or more per day, depending on the factors mentioned above.
After administration of a disclosed composition for the treatment, inhibition or prevention of prostate cancer or PIN, the effectiveness of the therapeutic substance can be assessed in a number of ways well known to those skilled in the art. For example, those skilled in the art will know that a composition disclosed herein is effective in treating or inhibiting prostate cancer in an individual by observing that the composition reduces the PSA antigen or prevents an additional increase in the size of the prostate tumor. The PSA antigen can be measured by methods that are known in the art, for example, with the use of antibody assays to detect the presence of the PSA protein in a sample (for example, without limitation, blood) from an individual or patient, or by measuring the circulating levels of PSA in the patient.
The compositions that inhibit the interactions disclosed herein can be administered prophylactically to patients or individuals at risk for prostate cancer or who have been newly diagnosed with PIN or prostate cancer.
Other molecules that interact with PSA or DEFB1 to inhibit interactions that do not have a specific pharmaceutical function, but that can be used to track changes within cell chromosomes or
143/247 for the release of diagnostic tools, for example, can be released in ways similar to those described for pharmaceutical products.
2. Production
The compositions disclosed herein and the compositions necessary to carry out the disclosed methods can be made using any method known to those skilled in the art for that particular reagent or compound, unless specifically noted otherwise.
i. Nucleic acid synthesis
For example, nucleic acids, for example, oligonucleotides to be used as initiators, can be made using standard methods of chemical synthesis, or they can be produced using enzymatic methods or any other known method. These methods can range from standardized enzyme digestion, followed by nucleotide fragment isolation (see, for example, Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2<sup>The</sup> Edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989) Chapters 5, 6), up to purely synthetic methods, for example, by the cyanoethyl phosphoramidite method, using a Milligen DNA synthesizer or Beckman System lPlus (for example, Model 8700 automated synthesizer from Milligen-Biosearch, Burlington, MA or ABI Model 380B). Synthetic methods useful for the production of oligonucleotides are also described by Ikuta et al, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53: 323-356 (1984), (phosphotriester and phosphite-triester methods), and Narang et al.,
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Methods Enzymol., 65: 610-620 (1980), (phosphotriester method). Protein nucleic acid molecules can be made using known methods, such as those described by Nielsen et al, Bioconjug. Chem. 5: 3-7 (1994).
ii. Peptide synthesis
A method of producing the disclosed proteins, for example, ID. SEQ. N °: 49, is to link two or more peptides or polypeptides together by protein chemistry techniques. For example, peptides or polypeptides can be chemically synthesized using laboratory equipment currently available, using the chemistry of Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) or Boc (tert-butyloxycarbonoyl) (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA). Those skilled in the art can easily observe that a peptide or polypeptide that corresponds to the revealed proteins, for example, can be synthesized by standard chemical reactions. For example, a peptide or polypeptide can be synthesized and not cleaved from its synthetic resin, while the other fragment of a peptide or protein can be synthesized and subsequently cleaved from the resin, thereby exposing a terminal group that is functionally blocked at the another fragment. By peptide condensation reactions, these two fragments can be joined covalently by means of a peptide bond at their carboxyl and amino terminals, respectively, to form an antibody, or fragment thereof (Grant GA (1992) Synthetic Peptides: A User Guide. WH Freeman and Co., NY (1992); Bodansky M and Trost B., Ed. (1993) Principies of Peptide
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Synthesis. Springer Verlag Inc., NY (which is incorporated herein by reference at least for material related to peptide synthesis). Alternatively, the peptide or polypeptide is independently synthesized in vivo, as described herein. Once isolated, these independent peptides or polypeptides can be linked to form a peptide or fragment thereof through similar peptide condensation reactions.
For example, the enzymatic ligation of cloned or synthetic peptide segments allows relatively short peptide fragments to be joined to produce larger peptide fragments, polypeptides or entire protein domains (Abrahmsen L et al, Biochemistry, 30: 4,151 (1991)). Alternatively, the native chemical linkage of synthetic peptides can be used to synthetically construct larger peptides or polypeptides from shorter peptide fragments. This method consists of a two-step chemical reaction (Dawson et al. Synthesis of Proteins by Native Chemical Ligation. Science, 266: 776-779 (1994)). The first step is the chemoselective reaction of a thioester of an unprotected synthetic peptide with another unprotected peptide segment containing a Cys residue at the amino terminal to generate an intermediate linked to the thioester as the initial covalent product. Without a change in reaction conditions, this intermediate undergoes a rapid, spontaneous intramolecular reaction to form a native peptide bond at the binding site (Baggiolini M. et al (1992) FEBS Lett. 307: 97-101; Clark Lewis I. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269: 16.075 (1994); Clark Lewis I. et al, Biochemistry, 30:
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3,128 (1991); Rajarathnam K. et al., Biochemistry 33: 6.623-30 (1994)).
Alternatively, unprotected peptide segments are chemically linked, in which the bond formed between the peptide segments as a result of the chemical bond is an unnatural (non-peptide) bond (Schnolzer, M. et al Science, 256: 221 (1992)) . This technique has been used for the synthesis of protein domain analogs, as well as large amounts of relatively pure proteins with complete biological activity (by Lisle Milton RC et al, Techniques in Protein Chemistry IV. Academic Press, New York, pages 257-267 (1992)).
D. Definitions
Unless defined differently, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as are commonly understood by those skilled in the technique to which the revealed method and compositions belong. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present method and compositions, the particularly useful methods, devices and materials are as described. The publications cited herein and the material for which they are cited are hereby specifically incorporated by reference. Nothing here is to be taken as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to predate this disclosure by virtue of a previous invention. No admission is made that any reference constitutes an established technique. The discussion of references establishes what their authors claim, and the applicants reserve the right to
147/247 question the accuracy and relevance of the documents cited.
It should be noted that, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms one, one, a and a include references in the plural, unless the context clearly indicates differently. Thus, for example, reference to a peptide includes several peptides, the reference to the peptide is a reference to one or more peptides and equivalents of these known to those skilled in the art, and so on.
Optionally or optionally means that the subsequently described event, circumstance or material may or may not occur or be present, and that the description .15 includes cases in which the event, circumstance or material occurs or is present, and cases in which it does not occur or is not present.
The ranges can be expressed here as about one particular value and / or even about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another modality includes one value in particular and / or even the other value in particular. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by using the antecedent about, it will be understood that the particular value forms another modality. It will also be understood that the end points of each band are significant both in relation to the other end point, and independently of the other end point. It is also understood that there are several values revealed here, and that each value is also revealed here as about that particular value, in addition to the value itself
148/247 <β, value. For example, if the value 10 is revealed, then<sup>v</sup> about 10 is also revealed. It is also understood that, when a value is revealed as less than or equal to the value, greater or equal to the value and possible ranges between values 5 are also revealed, as properly understood by those skilled in the art. For example, if the value is revealed, less than or equal to 10, as well as greater than or equal to 10, it is also revealed. It is also understood that, throughout the application, data is provided in several different formats, and that these data represent end points and starting points, and ranges for any combination of data points. For example, if a particular data point 10 and a particular data point 15 are revealed, it is understood that greater, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to and equal to 10 and 15 are also considered to be revealed. , as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two units in particular is also revealed. For example, if 10 and 15 are revealed, then 11, 12, 13 and 14 are also revealed.
Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word understand and variations of the word, such as understand and understand, mean including without limitation, and are not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, whole numbers or steps .
Throughout this, several publications are cited. The disclosures of these publications in their entirety are hereby incorporated by reference in this application in order to more fully describe the current technology to which this invention belongs. References
149/247 disclosed are also here individually and specifically incorporated by reference as to the material contained therein which is discussed in the sentence on which the reference is based.
E. Examples
1. Example 1: Human beta defensin-1 is cytotoxic to late-stage prostate cancer and participates in tumor immunity from prostate cancer
abstract
DEFBl was cloned into an inducible expression system to examine what effect it would have on normal prostate epithelial cells, as well as androgen receptor (AR +) and androgen receptor (AR-) prostate cancer cell lines. The induction of the expression of
DEFBl resulted in a decrease in cell growth in DU145 and PC3 AR 'cells, but had no effect on the growth of LNCaP AR prostate cancer cells<sup>+</sup>. DEFBl also caused the rapid induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis. The data presented here are the first to provide evidence of its role in innate tumor immunity and indicate that its loss contributes to tumor progression in prostate cancer.
Materials and methods
Cell lines: DU145 cell lines were grown in DMEM medium, PC3 grew in F12 medium, and LNCaP grew in RPMI medium (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY). The growth medium for all three strains was supplemented with 10% (v / v) fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies). HPrEC cells were cultured in a basal medium for the prostate epithelium (Cambrex Bio
150/247 protocol approved by Esse included guidelines
Science, Inc., Walkersville, MD). All cell lines were maintained at 37 ° C and CO<sub>2</sub> 5%.
Tissue samples and laser capture microdissection: prostate tissues obtained from patients who authorized to undergo radical prostatectomy were acquired from the Hollings Cancer tumor bank
Center according to a
Institutional Review Board regarding processing, cutting, histological characterization, 10 RNA purification, and PCR amplification of samples. After pathological examination of frozen tissue sections, laser capture microdissection (LCM) was performed to ensure that the tissue samples tested consisted of pure populations of benign prostate cells. For each 15 section of tissue analyzed, LCM was performed in three different regions containing benign tissue, and the collected cells were then pooled.
Cloning of the DEFB1 gene: DEFB1 cDNA was generated by RNA by reverse transcription-PCR. PCR 20 primers were designed to contain Ciai and Kpnl restriction sites. The PCR products of DEFB1 were digested by restriction with Ciai and Kpnl and ligated into a TA cloning vector. The TA / DEFB1 vector was then transfected into E. coli by thermal shock and individual clones were selected and expanded. Plasmids were isolated by Cell Culture DNA Midiprep (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and sequence integrity verified by automated sequencing. The DEFB1 gene fragment was then ligated into pTRE2 digested with Ciai and Kpnl, which served as a vector for guidance purposes. Next, the intermediary
151/247 pTRE2 / DEFBl construct was digested with Apal and Kpnl to remove the DEFB1 insert, which was ligated into the pIND vector of the Ecdysone Inducible Expression System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), also double digested with Apal and Kpnl. The construct was transfected again into E. coli, and individual clones were selected and expanded. Plasmids were isolated and the sequence integrity of pIND / DEFBl was again verified by automated sequencing.
Transfection: cells (1 x 10<sup>6</sup>) were sown on 100 mm Petri dishes and developed overnight. Next, the cells were co-transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) with 1 pg of plasmid pVgRXR, which expresses the heterodimeric ecdysone receptor, and 1 pg of the DEFBl / pIND vector construct or vector empty pIND control in Opti-MEM medium (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY).
Isolation of RNA and quantitative RT-PCR: in order to verify the expression of the DEFB1 protein in cells transfected with DEFB1 construction, the RNA was collected after a 24-hour induction period with Ponasterone A (Pon A). Briefly, total RNA was isolated using approximately 1 x 10 Total SV RNA Isolation System (Promega, Madison, WI)<sup>s</sup> cells collected by trypsinization. Here, the cells were lysed and the total RNA was isolated by centrifugation using centrifuge columns. For cells collected by LCM, the total RNA was isolated using the RNA Isolation Kit
PicoPure (Arcturus Biosciences, Mt. View, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Total RNA (0.5 pg per reaction)
152/247 from both sources was reverse transcribed into cDNA using random primers (Promega). The enzyme Reverse Transcriptase II AMV (500 units per reaction; Promega) was used for synthesis of the first strand and
DNA Polymerase Tfl for the synthesis of the second strand (500 units per reaction; Prçmega) according to the manufacturer's protocol. In each case, 50 pg of cDNA was used after the PCR reaction. Two-step QRT-PCR was performed on the cDNA generated using the MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase from
TaqMan Reverse Transcription System and SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems).
The primer pair for DEFB1 (Table 2) was generated by the published DEFB1 sequence (GenBank Access No. U50930). Forty PCR cycles were performed under standard conditions using an annealing temperature of 56 ° C. In addition, β-actin (Table 2) was amplified as a maintenance gene to normalize the initial total cDNA content. DEFB1 expression was calculated as the proportion of relative expression between DEFB1 and β-actin and was compared in induced and non-induced cell lines for expression of DEFB1, as well as benign prostatic tissue by LCM. As a negative control, QRT-PCR reactions without a cDNA model were also performed. All reactions were performed three times in triplicate.
MTT cell viability assay: To examine the effects of DEFB1 on cell growth, metabolic assays of 3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were performed. PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells co-transfected with plasmid pVgRXR and construction of pIND / DEFBl or empty pIND vector were seeded
153/247 on a 96-well plate at 1-5 χ 10<sup>3</sup> cells per well. Twenty-four hours after sowing, fresh growth medium containing 10 μΜ of Ponasterone A was added daily to induce DEFB1 expression for 24, 48 and 72 hours, and then the MTT assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (Promega). The reactions were carried out three times in triplicate.
Flow cytometry: PC3 and DU145 cells cotransfected with the DEFB1 expression system grew in 60 mm plates and were induced for 12, 24 and 48 hours with 10 μΜ of Ponasterone A. After each incubation period, the medium was collected from plates (to retain any detached cells) and combined with the PBS used to wash the plates. The remaining attached cells were collected by trypsinization and combined with the detached cells and PBS. The cells were then pelleted at 4 ° C (500 xg) for 5 minutes, washed twice in PBS, and resuspended in 100 μΐ of 1 x Annexin binding buffer (0.1 M Hepes / NaOH at pH 7.4, 1 , 4 M NaCl, 25 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>) containing 5 μΐ of Annexin V-FITC and 5 μΐ of PI. The cells were incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes in the dark, then diluted with 400 μΐ of 1 x Annexin binding buffer and analyzed by FACscan (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). All reactions were performed three times.
Microscopic analysis: cell morphology was analyzed by phase contrast microscopy. DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells without vector, empty plasmid or DEFB1 plasmid were seeded on 6-well culture plates (BD Falcon, USA). The next day, cells containing plasmid were induced for a period of 48 hours with
154/247 medium containing 10 μΜ of Ponasterone A, while the control cells received fresh medium. The cells were then visualized under a Zeiss IM 35 inverted microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany). The phase contrast images of a cell field were obtained using the SPOT Insight Mosaic 4.2 camera (Diagnostic Instruments, USA). The cells were examined by phase contrast microscopy under 32X magnification, and the digital images were stored as uncompressed TIFF files and exported in Photoshop CS software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) for image processing and print presentation.
Caspase detection
Detection of caspase activity in prostate cancer cell lines was performed using the APO LOGIXTM Carboxyfluorescein caspase detection kit (Cell Technology, Mountain View, CA). Active caspases were detected using a FAMVAD-FMK inhibitor that binds irreversibly to active caspases. Briefly, DU145 and PC3 cells (1.5-3 X 10<sup>5</sup>) containing the DEFB1 expression system were plated on 35 mm glass bottom microwell plates (Matek, Ashland, MA) and treated for 24 hours only with medium or medium containing PonA, as previously described. Next, 10 μΐ of a 30X working dilution of carboxyfluorescein-labeled fluormethyl ketone peptide (FAM-VAD-FMK) was added to 300 μΐ of medium and added to each 35 mm plate. The cells were then incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C under CO<sub>2</sub> 5%. Then, the medium was aspirated and the cells were washed twice with 2 ml of a working IX dilution of wash buffer. The cells were
155/247 viewed under contrast by differential interference (DIC) or under laser excitation at 488 nm. The fluorescent signal was analyzed using a confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal) and a 63X DIC oil lens with a
Vario 2 RGB Laser Scanning Module.
Statistical analysis
Statistical differences were assessed using the Student's t test for unpaired values. P values were determined by a two-sided calculation, and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
DEFB1 expression in prostate tissue and cell lines: DEFB1 expression levels were measured by QRT-PCR in benign and malignant prostate tissue, hPrEC prostate epithelial cells, and DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells of prostate cancer. DEFB1 expression was detected in all benign clinical samples. The average amount of relative expression of DEFB1 was 0.0073. In addition, the relative expression of DEFB1 in hPrEC cells was 0.0089. There was no statistical difference in the expression of DEFB1 detected in the samples of benign prostatic tissue and hPrEC (Figure IA). Analysis of the relative levels of DEFB1 expression in prostate cancer cell lines revealed significantly lower levels in DU145, PC3 and LNCaP. As an additional reference point, the relative expression of DEFB1 was measured in the adjacent malignant cut of prostatic tissue from patient # 1215. There were no significant differences in the level of expression of DEFB1 observed in the three strains of prostate cancer, compared with tissue
156/247 malignant prostatic gland of patient # 1215 (Figure 1B). In addition, the expression levels in all four samples were close to those of the negative controls without a model, which confirmed little to no endogenous expression of DEFB1 (data not shown). QRT-PCR was also performed on prostate cancer cell lines transfected with the DEFB1 expression system. After a 24-hour induction period, the relative levels of expression were 0.01360 in DU145, 0.01503 in PC3, and 0.138 in LNCaP. The amplification products were checked by gel electrophoresis.
QRT-PCR was performed in regions of LCM tissues containing benign, PIN and cancer. The relative expression of DEFB1 was 0.0146 in the benign region, compared to 0.0009 in the malignant region (Figure 1C.). This represents a decrease of 94%, which again demonstrates a significant infraregulation of the expression. In addition, the PIN analysis revealed that the DEFB1 expression level was 0.044, which is equivalent to a 70% decrease. The comparison of expression in patient # 1457 with the average level of expression found in benign regions of six other patients (Figure IA) revealed a proportion of 1.997, which represents almost twice as much expression (Figure ID.). However, the proportion of expression was 0.0595 in PIN and
0.125 in malignant tissue, compared to the average levels of expression in benign tissue.
DEFB1 causes cell membrane permeability and disorder: induction of DEFB1 in prostate cancer cell lines resulted in a significant reduction in the number of cells in DU145 and PC3, but not
157/247 had no effect on cell proliferation in LNCaP (Figure 2). As a negative control, cell proliferation was monitored in all three strains that contain empty plasmid. There were no observable changes in cell morphology in DU145, PC3 or LNCaP cells after the addition of PonA. In addition, DEFB1 induction resulted in morphological changes in both DU145 and PC3. Here, the cells appeared more rounded and exhibited membrane disorder indicative of cell death. Apoptotic bodies were also present in both strains.
DEFB1 expression results in decreased cell viability: the MTT assay showed a reduction in cell viability by DEFB1 in PC3 and DU145 cells, but no significant effect on LNCaP cells (Figure 3). After 24 hours, the relative cell viability was 72% in DU145 and 56% in PC3. The analysis 48 hours after induction revealed 49% cell viability in DU145 and 37% cell viability in PC3. After 72 hours of DEFB1 expression, there was 44% and 29% relative cell viability in DU145 and PC3 cells, respectively.
DEFBl causes rapid caspase-mediated apoptosis in late-stage prostate cancer cells: in order to determine whether the effects of DEFBl on PC3 and DU145 were cytostatic or cytotoxic, FACS analysis was performed. Under normal growth conditions, more than 90% of PC3 and DU145 cultures were viable and non-apoptotic (lower left quadrant) and did not stain with annexin V or PI (Figure 4). After inducing DEFBl expression in PC3 cells, the number of apoptotic cells (quadrants
158/247, 15 lower and upper rights) totaled 10% in 12 hours, 20% in 24 hours and 44% in 48 hours. For DU145 cells, the number of apoptotic cells totaled 12% after 12 hours, 34% in 24 hours and 59% after 48 hours of induction. There was no increase in apoptosis observed in cells containing empty plasmid after PonA induction (data not shown).
Caspase activity was determined by microscopic analysis using confocal laser (Figure 5). DU145 and PC3 cells were induced to express DEFB1, and activity was monitored based on the binding of fluorescent green FAM-VAD-FMK to caspases in cells that are actively undergoing apoptosis. Analysis of cells under DIC showed the presence of viable DU145 (A), PC3 (E) and LNCaP (I) cells at 0 hours. Excitation by the confocal laser at 488 nm did not produce detectable green color, which indicates the absence of caspase activity in DU145 (B), PC3 (F) or LNCaP (J). After induction for 24 hours, DU145 (C), PC3 (G) and LNCaP (K) cells were again visible under DIC. Confocal analysis under fluorescence revealed green staining in DU145 (D) and PC3 (H) cells, indicating caspase activity. However, there was no green color in LNCaP (L), indicating the absence of apoptosis induction by DEFB1.
Conclusion
To assess its functional role, the DEFB1 gene was cloned into the ecdysone inducible expression system and its effect on examined prostate cancer cells. The present data demonstrate cytotoxic activity of DEFB1 against androgen-negative and hormone-refractory late stage prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, this study presents the functional role of DEFB1
159/247 in prostate cancer. In addition, these findings show that DEFB1 is part of an innate immune system involved in tumor immunity. The data presented here demonstrate that DEFB1 expressed at physiological levels is cytotoxic to hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells, but not to prostate cancer cells.<sup>+</sup> hormone-sensitive, nor to normal prostate epithelial cells. Considering that DEFB1 is constitutively expressed in normal prostate cells without cytotoxicity, it may be that late stage prostate cancer cells AR 'have distinct phenotypic characteristics that make them sensitive to DEFB1 cytotoxicity. Thus, DEFB1 is a viable therapeutic agent for the treatment of late stage prostate cancer.
2. Example 2: Knockdown mediated by siKNA of the expression of
PAX2 results in the death of prostate cancer cells, regardless of the state of p53
abstract
This example examines the effects of inhibiting
0 expression of PAX2 by RNA interference in prostate cancer cells that differ in the status of the p53 gene. These results demonstrate that inhibition of PAX2 results in cell death regardless of the state of p53, indicating that there are additional tumor suppressor genes or cell death pathways inhibited by PAX2 in prostate cancer. Materials and methods
Cell lines: PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA). PC3 cells grew
0 in medium F-12, DU14 5 in DMEM, and LNCaP in RPMI, all
160/247 supplemented with 10% (v / v) fetal bovine serum. The cells were maintained at 37 ° C in C0<sub>2</sub> 5%.
SiRNA silencing of PAX2: in order to obtain efficient gene silencing, a pool of four complementary short intervening ribonucleotides (siRNAs) directed to human PAX2 mRNA (Accession No. NM_003989.1) has been synthesized (Dharmacon Research, Lafayette, CO, USA). A second pool of four siRNAs was used as an internal control to test the specificity of PAX2 siRNAs. Two of the synthesized sequences target the GL2 luciferase mRNA (Accession No. X65324), and two were non-specific sequences (Table 3). For siRNA ringing, 35 M of single strips were incubated in ring buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 30 mM HEPES15 KOH at pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate) for 1 minute at 90 ° C , followed by incubation for 1 hour at 37 ° C.
Western analysis: briefly, the cells were collected by trypsinization and washed twice with PBS. Lysis buffer was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions (Sigma), and was then added to the cells. After an incubation period of 15 minutes at 4 ° C on an orbital shaker, cell lysates were then collected and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 12,000 xg to pelletize cell debris. The supernatants containing protein were then collected and quantified. Next, 25 pg of protein extract was loaded into an 8-16% gradient SDSPAGE (Novex). After electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes, and then blocked with 5% skimmed milk powder in TTBS ( 0.05% Tween 20 and 100 mM Tris-Cl) for 1 hour. The blots
161/247 were then probed with primary rabbit antiPAX2 antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, CA) at a dilution of 1: 2,000. After washing, the membranes were incubated with anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to strong root peroxidase (HRP) (dilution 1: 5,000; Sigma), and the signal detection was visualized using chemiluminescence reagents (Pierce) in an Alpha Innotech Fluorchem 8900. As a control, the blots were removed and re-probed with primary mouse anti-β-actin antibody (1: 5,000;
Sigma-Aldrich) and secondary anti-mouse antibody conjugated to HRP (1: 5,000; Sigma-Aldrich), and the signal detection was visualized again.
Phase contrast microscopy: the effect of the PAX2 knockdown on cell growth was analyzed by phase contrast microscopy. Here, 1-2 x 10<sup>4 </sup>cells were seeded on 6-well culture plates (BD Falcon, USA). The next day, the cells were treated only with medium, nonspecific negative control siRNA or PAX2 siRNA, and incubation was allowed for six days. The cells were then visualized under a Zeiss IM 35 inverted microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany) in a 32x magnification. The phase contrast images of a cell field were obtained using the SPOT Insight Mosaic 4.2 camera (Diagnostic Instruments, USA).
MTT cytotoxicity assay: DU145, PC3 and
LNCaP (1 x 10<sup>5</sup>) were transfected with 0.5 pg of the PAX2 siRNA pool or control siRNA pool using the Codebreaker transfection reagent according to the manufacturer's protocol (Promega). The cell suspensions were then diluted and seeded on a 96-well plate.
162/247 wells 1-5 x 10<sup>3</sup> cells per well, and allowed to grow for 2, 4 or 6 days. After culture, cell viability was determined by measuring the conversion of 3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTT
<td>5 (Promega), in a</td><td>product of</td><td>formazano</td><td>colorful.</td><td>THE</td>
<td>absorbance was read</td><td colspan="3">at 54 0 nm in a spectrophotometer</td><td>in</td>
<td>multi-well scanning.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Pan-detection</td><td>caspase: a</td><td>detection of</td><td>activity</td><td>in</td>
<td>caspase in the strains</td><td>of cells</td><td>cancer</td><td>prostate</td><td>was</td>
<td>10 performed using the</td><td>kit</td><td>detection</td><td>caspase</td><td>in</td>
Carboxyfluorescein APO LOGIXTM (Cell Technology, Mountain View, CA). Active caspases were detected using a FAM-VAD-FMK inhibitor that binds irreversibly to active caspases. Briefly,
J.5 cells (1-2 X 10<sup>4</sup>) were plated on 35 mm glass bottom microwell plates (Matek, Ashland, MA) and treated only with PAX2 medium or siRNA, as previously described. Next, 10 μΐ of a 30X working dilution of carboxyfluorescein-labeled fluormethyl ketone peptide (FAM-VAD-FMK) was added to 300 μΐ of medium and added to each 35 mm plate. The cells were then incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C under CO<sub>2</sub> 5%. Then, the medium was aspirated and the cells were washed twice with 2 ml of a working IX dilution of wash buffer. The cells were visualized under contrast by differential interference (DIC) or under laser excitation at 488 nm. The fluorescent signal was analyzed using a confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal) and a 63X DIC oil lens with a Vario 2 Laser Scanning Module
0 RGB.
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Real-time quantitative RT-PCR: Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to verify gene expression after treatment with siRNA from PAX2 cell lines in PC3, DU145 and LNCaP. Total RNA was isolated using the Total SV RNA Isolation System (Promega). Briefly, approximately 1 χ 10<sup>6</sup> cells were collected by trypsinization and rinsed in PBS. The cells were then lysed and the total RNA was isolated by centrifugation using centrifuge columns. Total RNA (0.5 pg per reaction) was reverse transcribed into cDNA using the Oligo (dT) 15 primer (Promega) and the Reverse Transcriptase II AMV enzyme (500 units per reaction; Promega) for the synthesis of first strand, and DNA Polymerase Tfl for the synthesis of the second strand (500 units per reaction; Promega), according to the manufacturer's protocol, with identical control samples treated without the RT enzyme. Typically, 50 pg of each cDNA was used after the PCR reaction. Two-step QRT-PCR was performed on the cDNA generated using the MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase from the TaqMan Reverse Transcription System and the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (PE Biosystems). The pairs of primers for BAX, BID and BAD were generated from the published sequences (Table 3). The reactions were performed on a 96-well MicroAmp Optical Reaction Plate (PE Biosystems). Forty PCR cycles were performed under standard conditions using an annealing temperature of 60 ° C. Quantification was determined by the number of the cycle in which the exponential amplification started (limit value), and the values obtained from the triplicate repetitions were averaged. There was a
164/247 inverse relationship between the message level and the threshold value. In addition, GAPDH was used as a maintenance gene to normalize the initial total cDNA content. Gene expression was calculated as the proportion of relative expression between the pro-apoptotic and GAPDH genes. All reactions were done in triplicate.
Results «L5
Inhibition of PAX2 protein siRNA: In order to confirm that siRNA effectively targeted PAX2 mRNA, Western analysis was performed to monitor levels of PAX2 protein expression over a six-day treatment period. The cells underwent a single round of transfection with the PAX2 siRNA pool. The results confirmed specific targeting of PAX2 mRNA by showing knockdown of PAX2 protein around the 4th day in DU14 5 (Figure 6a) and around the 6th day in PC3 (Figure 6b).
Knock-down of PAX2 inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells: the cells were analyzed after a six-day treatment period with only medium, nonspecific negative control siRNA or PAX2 siRNA (Figure 7). DU145 (a), PC3 (d) and LNCaP (g) cells achieved at least 90% confluence in the culture plates containing only medium. The treatment of DU145 (b), PC3 (e) and LNCaP (h) with nonspecific negative control siRNA had no effect on cell growth, and the cells reached confluence again after six days. However, treatment with PAX2 siRNA resulted in a significant decrease in the number of cells. DU145 cells were approximately 15% confluent (c), and PC3 cells were only 10% confluent (f). the cells
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LNCaP were 5% confluent after treatment with siRNA.
Cytotoxicity assays: cell viability was measured after exposure times of two, four and six days, and is expressed as a proportion of the absorbance at 570630 nm of treated cells divided by that of the untreated control cells (Figure 8). The relative cell viability after 2 days of treatment was 77% in LNCaP, 82% in DU145 and 78% in PC3. After four days, the relative cell viability was 46% in LNCaP, 53% in DU145 and 63% in PC3. After six days of treatment, the relative cell viability decreased to 31% in LNCaP, 37% in PC3, and was 53% in DU145. As negative controls, cell viability was measured after a six-day treatment period with nonspecific negative control siRNA or transfection reagent alone. For both conditions, there was no statistically significant change in cell viability compared to normal growth medium.
Pan-detection of caspase: caspase activity was detected by microscopic analysis by confocal laser. DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated with PAX2 siRNA and activity was monitored based on the binding of FAM-labeled peptide to caspases in cells that are actively undergoing apoptosis that will show green fluorescence. Cell analysis with medium only under DIC shows the presence of viable DU145 (A), PC3 (E) and LNCaP (I) cells in 0 hours (Figure 9). Excitation by the confocal laser at 488 nm did not produce detectable green staining, which indicates the absence of caspase activity in untreated DU145 (B), PC3 (F) or LNCaP (J) cells. After four
166/247 days of treatment with PAX2 siRNA, DU145 cells (C),
PC3 (G) and LNCaP (K) were again visible under DIC. Under fluorescence, the DU145 (D), PC3 (H) and LNCaP (L) cells treated showed green staining, indicating caspase activity.
Effect of PAX2 inhibition on pro-apoptotic factors
DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated with siRNA against PAX2 for six days, and the expression of proapoptotic genes dependent on and independent of the regulation of p53 transcription was measured to monitor cell death pathways. For BAX, there was an increase of 1.81 times in LNCaP, an increase of 2.73 times in DU145 and an increase of 1.87 times in PC3 (Figure 10a). BID expression levels increased 1.38 times in LNCaP and 1.7 7 times in DU14 5 (Figure 10b). However, BID expression levels decreased by 1.44 times in PC3 after treatment (Figure 10c). BAD analysis revealed a 2.0-fold increase in expression; in LNCaP, an increase of 1.38 times in DU14 5 and an increase of
1.58 times in PC3.
Conclusion
Despite significant advances in cancer therapy, there is still little progress in treating advanced disease. Successful pharmacological treatment of prostate cancer requires the use of therapeutic substances with specific effects on target cells, while maintaining minimal clinical effects on the host. The goal of cancer therapy is to trigger tumor-selective cell death. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of this death is crucial in determining the effectiveness of a
167/247 specific treatment.
The dependence of prostate cancer cell survival on PAX2 expression is demonstrated here. In order to distinguish between the death observed in the p53-expressing LNCaP cell line, in the p53-mutated DU145 line and in the PC3 p53-null line, downstream events following p53 activation as a result of the PAX2 knockdown were examined. Caspase activity was detected in all three strains, which is indicative of the initiation of programmed cell death. Thus, changes in the expression of pro-apoptotic genes were examined. Here, BAX expression was supraregulated in all three cell lines, regardless of the state of p53. The expression of the apoptotic proL5 factor BAD was increased in all three strains after PAX2 inhibition. After treatment with PAX2 siRNA, BID expression was increased in LNCaP and DU145, but actually decreased in PC3. This indicates that cell death seen in prostate cancer is influenced by p53 expression, but is not dependent on it. The initiation of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through different pathways of cell death, regardless of the state of p53, indicates that PAX2 inhibits other tumor suppressors.
Example 3: Inhibition of the PAX2 oncogene results in DEFBl-mediated death of prostate cancer cells
abstract
The identification of tumor-specific molecules that serve as targets for the development of new drugs
0 for cancer is considered to be an objective
168/247 important in cancer research. Example I demonstrated that there is a high frequency of loss of DEFB1 expression in prostate cancer, and that induction of DEFB1 expression results in rapid apoptosis in the late androgen-negative prostate cancer receptor. These data demonstrate that DEFB1 has a role in suppressing the prostate tumor. Furthermore, considering that it is a naturally occurring component of the immune system of the normal prostate epithelium, DEFB1 is expected to be a viable therapeutic agent with little or no side effects. Example II demonstrated that inhibition of PAX2 expression results in the death of p53-independent prostate cancer cells. These data indicate that there is an additional pro-apoptotic factor or tumor suppressor that is inhibited by PAX2. In addition, the data show that the oncogenic factor PAX2, which is overexpressed in prostate cancer, is a repressor of DEFB1 transcription. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the loss of DEFB1 expression is caused by aberrant expression of the PAX2 oncogene, and whether PAX2 inhibition results in DEFB1-mediated cell death.
The data show that the loss of DEFB1 expression occurs at the transcription level. In addition, computational analysis of the DEFB1 promoter revealed the presence of a GTTCC DNA binding site (SEQ ID NO: 2) for the PAX2 transcription repressor near the DEFB1 TATA box (Figure 1). The results presented here show that PAX2 and DEFB1 exhibit several attributes of suitable cancer targets, including a role in suppressing cell death. Therefore, DEFB1 has a stake in immunity
169/247 tumor, and its expression is modulated through therapeutic infraregulation of the PAX2 oncogene.
Materials and methods
Isolation of RNA and quantitative RT-PCR: in order to verify changes in DEFB1 expression levels, RNA was collected after 4 days of treatment with PAX2 siRNA. Briefly, total RNA was isolated using approximately 1 x 10 Total SV RNA Isolation System (Promega, Madison, WI)<sup>6</sup> cells collected by trypsinization. Here, the cells were lysed and the total RNA was isolated by centrifugation using centrifuge columns. The total RNA (0.5 pg per reaction) from both sources was reverse transcribed into cDNA using random primers (Promega). The enzyme Reverse Transcriptase II AMV (500 units per reaction; Promega) was used for synthesis of the first strand, and DNA Polymerase Tfl was used for the synthesis of the second strand (500 units per reaction; Promega ), according to the manufacturer's protocol . In each case, 50 pg of cDNA was used after the PCR reaction. QRT-PCR in two stages was performed on the cDNA generated using the MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase from the TaqMan Reverse Transcription System and the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems).
The primer pair for DEFB1 was generated by the published DEFB1 sequence (Accession No. U50930). Forty PCR cycles were performed under standard conditions using an annealing temperature of 56 ° C. In addition, GAPDH has been amplified as a maintenance gene to normalize the initial total cDNA content. DEFB1 expression was calculated as the proportion of
170/247 relative expression between DEFB1 and GAPDH, and was compared in cell lines before and after siRNA knockdown of PAX2 expression. All reactions were performed three times in triplicate.
Generation of the DEFB1 reporter construct: the luciferase reporter plasmid pGL3 was used to monitor the DEFB1 reporter activity. Here, a 160 base region upstream of the DEFB1 transcription initiation site and included the DEFB1 TATA box. The region also included the GTTCC sequence (SEQ ID. N °: 2), which is required for PAX2 binding. The PCR primers were designed to contain Kpnl and Nhel restriction sites. The PCR products of the DEFB1 promoter were digested by Kpnl and Nhel restriction and ligated into a similarly restriction-digested pGL3 plasmid (Figure 2). The constructs were transfected into E. coli, and individual clones were selected and expanded. The plasmids were isolated and the sequence integrity of the DEFBl / pGL3 construct was verified by automated sequencing.
Luciferase reporter assay: here, 1 pg of the DEFB1 reporter construct or the control pGL3 plasmid was transfected into 1 χ 10<sup>6</sup> DU145 cells. Next, 0.5 χ 10<sup>3</sup> cells were seeded over each well of a 96-well plate, and allowed to grow overnight. Then, fresh medium containing PAX2 siRNA or just medium was added, and the cells were incubated for 48 hours. Luciferase was detected by the BrightGlo kit according to the manufacturer's protocol (Promega), and the plates were read in a 96-well automated luminometer Veritas. The promoter's activity
171/247 was expressed as relative luminescence.
Membrane permeability analysis: double staining with Acridine orange (AO) / ethidium bromide (EtBr) was performed to identify changes in the integrity of the cell membrane, as well as apoptotic cells by staining the condensed chromatin. AO stains viable cells, as well as early apoptotic cells, while EtBr stains late-stage apoptotic cells that have lost membrane permeability. Briefly, the cells were seeded on 2-chamber culture slides (BD Falcon, USA). Cells transfected with empty plasmid pIND / pvgRXR or pIND DEFBl / pvgRXR were induced for 24 or 48 hours with medium containing 10 pM Ponasterone A. Control cells received fresh medium in 24 and 48 hours. In order to determine the effect of PAX2 inhibition on membrane integrity, separate culture slides containing DU145, PC3 and LNCaP were treated with PAX2 siRNA and incubated for 4 days. After that, the cells were washed once with PBS and stained with 2 ml of a solution (1: 1) of a mixture of AO (Sigma, USA) and EtBr (Promega,
USA) (5 pg / ml) for 5 minutes. After staining, the cells were washed again with PBS. The fluorescence was visualized by a Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal Vario 2 laser scanning confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss Jena,
Germany). The excitation color wheel contains BS505-530 (green) and LP560 (red) blocking filters that allow the separation of green light emitted by AO in the green channel and red light by EtBr in the red channel. The laser power output and gain control settings within each individual experiment were identical between cells
172/247 induced by control and DEFB1. Excitation was provided by a mixed gas laser Kr / Ar at wavelengths of 543 nm for AO and 4 88 nm for EtBr. The slides were analyzed under 40X magnification and the digital images were stored as uncompressed TIFF files and exported in Photoshop CS software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) for image processing and print presentation.
ChIP analysis of PAX2: chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) allows the identification of binding sites for DNA binding proteins based on the in vivo occupation of a promoter by a transcription factor and enrichment of chromatin linked to the transcription factor by immunoprecipitation . A modification of the protocol described by the Farnham laboratory was used; also online at http://mcardle.oncology.wisc.edu/farnham/. The DU145 and PC3 cell lines overexpress the PAX2 protein, but do not express DEFB1. The cells were incubated with PBS containing 1.0% formaldehyde for 10 minutes to intercross proteins with DNA. The samples were then sonicated to generate DNA with an average length of 60 bp. The sonified chromatin pre-cleared with Protein A Dynabeads was incubated with PAX2-specific antibody or control without antibody [control antibodies with combined isotypes]. The washed immunoprecipitates were then collected. After reversing the crossovers, the DNA was analyzed by PCR using promoter-specific primers to determine whether DEFB1 is represented in the PAX2-immunoprecipitated samples. Primers were designed to amplify the 16 0 bp region immediately upstream of the DEFB1 mRNA initiation site that contained the TATA box
173/247 of DEFB1 and the GTXCC functional PAX2 recognition site
<td>(ID. OF</td><td>SEQ. N °:</td><td> 2) .</td><td>For these studies,</td><td>controls</td>
<td>positive</td><td>included</td><td>PCR</td><td colspan="2">of an aliquot of the chromatin of</td>
<td>input</td><td>(before</td><td>gives</td><td>immunoprecipitation,</td><td>but with</td>
intersections reversed). All steps were performed in the presence of protease inhibitors.
Results
PAX2 siRNA inhibition increases DEFB1 expression: QRT-PCR analysis of DEFB1 expression before siRNA treatment revealed relative expression levels of 0.00097 in DU145, 0.00001 in PC3 and 0.00004 in LNCaP ( Figure 13). After siRNA knockdown of PAX2, the relative expression was 0.03294 (338-fold increase) in DU145, 0.00020 (22.2-fold increase) in PC3 and 0.00019 (4.92-fold increase) in LNCaP . As a negative control, the human prostate epithelial cell line (hPrEC), which is null for PAX2, revealed expression levels of 0.00687 before treatment and 0.00661 after treatment with siRNA, confirming the absence of statistical change in expression DEFB1.
DEFB1 causes cell membrane permeability: the membrane integrity was monitored by confocal analysis (Figure 14). Here, intact cells are stained green due to the OA, which is permeable to the membrane. In addition, cells with compromised plasma membranes are stained red by EtBr, which is impermeable to the membrane. Here, non-induced DU145 (A) and PC3 (D) cells stained positively with AO and emitted a green color, but did not stain with EtBr. However, the induction of DEFB1 in both DU145 (B) and PC3 (E) resulted in the accumulation of EtBr in the cytoplasm
174/247 in 24 hours, indicated by red coloring. Around 48 hours, DU145 (C) and PC3 (F) had condensed nuclei and appeared yellow, which was caused by the presence of both green and red coloring resulting from the accumulation of AO and EtBr, respectively.
Inhibition of PAX2 results in membrane permeability: the cells were treated with PAX2 siRNA for 4 days, and the membrane integrity was monitored again by confocal analysis. Here, both DU145 and PC3 had condensed nuclei and appeared yellow. However, the cytoplasm and nuclei of LNCaP cells remained green after treatment with siRNA. In addition, the red staining on the periphery of the cell indicates the maintenance of the integrity of the cell membrane. These findings indicate that PAX2 inhibition results in DEFB1-mediated cell death in DU145 and PC3, but not in LNCaP cells. The death observed in LNCaP is caused by the transactivation of wild type p53 in LNCaP. after PAX2 inhibition.
PAX2 siRNA inhibition increases DEFB1 promoter activity: analysis of DEFB1 promoter activity in DU145 cells containing the DEFBl / pGL3 construct revealed a 2.65-fold increase in relative light units after 48 hours of treatment, compared with untreated cells. In PC3 cells, there was a 3.7 8-fold increase in relative light units compared to untreated cells.
PAX2 binds to the DEFB1 promoter: ChIP analysis was performed on DU145 and PC3 cells to determine whether the PAX2 transcription repressor is linked to the promoter of
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DEFBl (Figure 15). Lane 1 contains a marker with a molecular weight of 100 bp. Lane 2 is a positive control that represents a region of the DEFBl promoter of 160 bp amplified by DU145 before interbreeding and immunoprecipitation. Lane 3 is a negative control that represents PCR performed without DNA. Rays 4 and 5 are negative controls that represent PCR of immunoprecipitations performed with IgG by the crossover of DU145 and PC3, respectively. PCR amplification of 25 pg of DNA (lines 6 and 8) and 50 pg of DNA (lines 7 and 9) immunoprecitipitated with anti-PAX2 antibody after cross-over shows a 160 bp promoter fragment in DU145 and PC3, respectively.
Conclusion
The new data now presented are the first to reveal the role of DEFBl in the tumor immunity of prostate cancer. The data also shows that the oncogenic factor PAX2 suppresses the expression of DEFBl. One of the important characteristics of defensin cytotoxicity is the disruption of membrane integrity. The present results show that the ectopic expression of DEFBl in prostate cancer cells results in a loss of membrane potential as a result of compromised cell membranes. The same phenomenon is observed after inhibition of PAX2 protein expression. The ChIP analysis was also performed, and confirmed that PAX2 is linked to the DEFBl promoter, which results in the repression of DEFBl expression. Therefore, suppression of PAX2 expression or function results in the restoration of DEFBl expression and subsequently DEFBl mediated cell death. In addition, the present data
176/247 establish the usefulness of DEFB1 as a therapy aimed at treating prostate cancer through innate immunity.
3. Example 4: Expression of DEFB1 results in reduced tumor size
The antitumor ability of DEFB1 is assessed by injecting tumor cells that overexpress DEFB1 in athymic (nude) mice. DEFB1 is cloned into the vector pBIEGFP, which has a responsible tetracycline bidirectional promoter. Tet-Off cell lines were generated by pTet-Off transfection in DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells and selection with G418. The plasmid pBI-EGFP-DEFBl is cotransfected with pTK-Hyg in the Tet-off cell lines and selected with hygromycin. Only single cell suspensions with a viability> 90% are used. Each animal receives approximately 500,000 cells administered subcutaneously on the right flank of females of athymic mice. There are two groups, a control group injected with vector-only clones and a group injected with clones that overexpress DEFB1. There are 35 mice in each group, as determined by a statistician. The animals are weighed twice a week, the tumor growth monitored by bars and the tumor volumes determined using the following formula: volume = 0.5 x (width) 2 x length.
All animals are euthanized by CO overdose<sub>2 </sub>when the tumor size reaches 2 mm<sup>3</sup> or 6 months after implantation; tumors are removed, weighed and stored in neutral buffered formalin for pathological examination. Differences in tumor growth between groups are characterized descriptively by means of
177/247 summary of statistical data and graphical representations. Statistical significance is assessed using the t-test or nonparametric equivalent.
4. Example 5: Expression of ΡΆΧ2 siRNA results in supraregulation of DEFB1 expression and reduction of tumor dimensions in vivo
PAX2 siRNA hairpin model oligonucleotides used in in vitro studies are used to examine the effect of over-regulation of DEFB1 expression in vivo. The sense and antisense strips (see Table 3) are ringed and cloned into the pSilencer 2.1 U6 hygro (Ambion) siRNA expression vector under the control of the U6 RNA pol III human promoter. The cloned plasmid is sequenced, verified and transfected into PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cell lines. shuffled shRNA is cloned and used as a negative control in these studies. Hygromycin-resistant colonies are selected, cells are introduced into the mice subcutaneously and tumor growth is monitored as described above.
5. Example 6: Binding of small molecule PAX2 inhibitors results in over-regulation of DEFB1 expression and reduction of tumor volume in vivo
The recognition DNA sequence for PAX2 binding resides in the DEFB1 promoter between nucleotides -75 and -71 [+1 refers to the transcription initiation site]. Short oligonucleotides complementary to the DNA binding domain of PAX2 are provided. Examples of such oligonucleotides include the 20-mer and 40-mer oligonucleotides that contain the GTTCC recognition sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) provided below. These lengths were
178/247 selected at random, and other lengths are expected to be effective binding blockers. As a negative control, oligonucleotides were designed with a scrambled sequence (CTCTG) (SEQ ID. N °: 17) to verify specificity. Oligonucleotides are transfected into prostate cancer cells and HPrEC cells with lipofectamine reagent or Codebreaker transfection reagent (Promega, Inc). In order to confirm DNA-protein interactions, double-stranded oligonucleotides will be marked with [<sup>32</sup>P] dCTP and electrophoretic tests of mobility alteration are performed. In addition, DEFB1 expression is monitored by QRT-PCR and Western analysis after treatment with oligonucleotides. Finally, cell death is detected by the MTT assay and flow cytometry, as previously described.
Recognition sequence # 1: CTCCCTTCAGTTCCGTCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 13)
Recognition sequence # 2:
CTCCCTTCACCTTGGTCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 14)
Shuffled sequence # 1:
CTCCCTTCACTCTGGTCGAC (SEQ ID NO: 18)
Recognition sequence # 3:
ACTGTGGCACCTCCCTTCAGTTCCGTCGACGAGGTTGTGC (SEQ ID. N °: 15)
Recognition sequence # 4:
ACTGTGGCACCTCCCTTCACCTTGGTCGACGAGGTTGTGC (SEQ ID. N °: 16)
Shuffled sequence # 2:
ACTGTGGCACCTCCCTTCACTCTGGTCGACGAGGTTGTGC (SEQ ID.
19)
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Additional examples of oligonucleotides of the invention include:
Recognition sequence # 1:
5'-AGAAGTTCACCCTTGACTGT-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 20)
Recognition sequence # 2:
5'-AGAAGTTCACGTTCCACTGT-3 '(SEQ ID. NO: 21)
Shuffled sequence # 1:
5'-AGAAGTTCACGCTCTACTGT-3 '(SEQ ID. N °: 22)
Recognition sequence # 3:
'- TTAGCGATTAGAAGTTCACCCTTGACTGTGGCACCTCCC - 3' (ID. DE
SEQ. N °: 23)
Recognition sequence # 4:
'- GTTAGCGATTAGAAGTTCACGTTCCACTGTGGCACCTCCC - 3' (ID. DE
SEQ. N °: 24)
Shuffled sequence # 2:
'- GTTAGCGATTAGAAGTTCACGCTCTACTGTGGCACCTCCC - 3' (ID. DE
SEQ. N °: 25)
This set of alternative oligonucleotide inhibitors represents the recognition sequence (along with the CCTTG central sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1)) for the PAX2 and homeobox binding domain. These include actual sequences from the DEFB1 promoter.
The PAX2 gene is necessary for the growth and survival of several cancer cells, including the prostate. In addition, inhibition of PAX2 expression results in cell death mediated by the innate immunity component DEFB1. Suppression of DEFB1 expression and activity is achieved by binding the PAX2 protein to a GTTCC recognition site (SEQ ID NO: 2) on the DEFB1 promoter. Therefore, this route provides a target
180/247 viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer. In this method, the sequences bind to the PAX2 DNA binding site and block the PAX2 binding to the DEFB1 promoter, thereby allowing DEFB1 expression and activity. The oligonucleotide sequences and the experiment described above are examples and demonstrate a model for the design of additional PAX2 inhibitory drugs.
Considering that the GTTCC sequence (SEQ ID. N °: 2) exists in interleukin-3, interleukin-4, in the insulin receptor and others, PAX2 also regulates its expression and activity. Therefore, the PAX2 inhibitors disclosed herein are of use in a number of other diseases, including those directly related to inflammation, including prostatitis and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).
6. Example 7: Loss of DEFB1 expression results in increased tumorigenesis
Generation of mice with loss of function: the Cre / loxP system has been useful in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate carcinogenesis. Here, a conditional knockout (KO) of DEFB1 Cre is used for inducible rupture within the prostate. The conditional KO of DEFB1 Cre involves the generation of a targeting vector containing loxP sites that flank exons encoding DEFB1, ES cells targeted by that vector and the generation of chimeric germline mice from these targeted ES cells. Heterozygotes are crossed with prostate-specific Cre transgenics and heterozygous interbreeding is used to generate KO mice for prostate-specific DEFB1. It was found that four
181/247 genotoxic chemical compounds induce prostate carcinomas in rodents: N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), Nnitrosobis 2-oxopropyl, amine (BOP), 3,2X-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (MAB) and 2-amino -l-methyl-6-phenylimidazole 4,5bxpyridine (PhlP). DEFB1-transgenic mice are treated with these carcinogenic compounds through intragastric or iv injection for studies of prostate adenoma and adenocarcinoma induction. Prostate samples are studied for differences in tumor growth and changes in gene expression through histological, immunohistological, mRNA and protein analyzes.
Generation of GOF mice: for PAX2-inducible GOF mice, GOF PAX2 (bi-transgenic) and wild-type (mono-transgenic) relatives receive doxycycline (Dox) administration from 5 weeks of age to induce prostate PAX2 expression -specific. Briefly, PROBASIN-rtTA mono-transgenic mice (inducing the expression of tt-dependent prostate-specific rtTA cells) are crossed with our PAX2-responsive transgenic strains. For induction, bi-transgenic mice receive Dox through drinking water (500 mg / 1 freshly prepared twice a week). The initial experiments check the low background levels, good induction capacity and expression of cell-specific type PAX2 and the EGFP reporter with the use of the transgenic founder lineage in bitransgenic mice. Regarding the sizes of the experimental group, 5-7 individuals with compatible age and sex in each group (wild type and GOF) allow the
182/247 statistical significance. For all animals in this study, prostate tissues are initially collected at weekly intervals for analysis and comparison, to determine carcinogenic time parameters.
Genotyping by PCR, RT-PCR and qPCR: PROBASIN-rtTA transgenic mice are genotyped using the following PCR primers and conditions:
PROBASIN5 (direct):
5'-ACTGCCCATTGCCCAAACAC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 26);
RTTA3 (reverse):
5'-AAAATCTTGCCAGCTTTCCCC-3 '(SEQ ID. NO: 27);
Denaturation at 95 ° C for 5 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of 95 ° C for 30 seconds, 57 ° C for 30 seconds, 72 ° C for 30 seconds, followed by an extension for 5 minutes at 72 ° C, generating a 600 bp product.
PAX2-inducible transgenic mice are genotyped using the following primers and
PCR:
PAX2For:
5'-GTCGGTTACGGAGCGGACCGGAG-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 28);
Rev5'IRES:
5'- TAACATATAGACAAACGCACACCG-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 29);
Denaturation at 95 ° C for 5 minutes, followed by 34 cycles of 95 ° C for 30 seconds, 63 ° C for 30 seconds, 72 ° C for 30 seconds, followed by an extension for 5 minutes at 72 ° C, generating a product of 460 bp.
Immortomouse hemizigotes are genotyped using the following primers and PCR conditions:
Immoll:
5'-GCGCTTGTGTC GCCATTGTATTC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 30);
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Immol2:
5'-GTCACACCACAGAAGTAAGGTTCC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 31);
° C for 30 seconds, 58 ° C for 1 minute, 72 ° C for 1 minute and 30 seconds, 30 cycles to generate a band of approximately 1 kb. For genotyping of PAX2 knockout mice, the following primers and PCR conditions are used:
PAX2 For:
5'-GTCGGTTACGGAGCGGACCGGAG-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 32);
PAX2Rev:
5'-CACAGAGCATTGGCGATCTCGATGC-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 33); 94 ° C for 1 minute, 65 ° C for 1 minute, 72 ° C for 30 seconds, 36 cycles to generate a 28 0 bp band.
Animal studies of the DEFB1 peptide: six-week-old males of athymic (nude) mice acquired from Charles River Laboratories are injected subcutaneously over the scapula with 10<sup>6</sup> viable PC3 cells. One week after the injection, the animals are allocated
<td>randomly</td><td>one of three groups:</td><td>group</td><td>I:</td><td>control;</td>
<td>group II: injections</td><td>intraperitoneal</td><td>DEFB1,</td><td> 100</td><td>pg / day, 5</td>
<td>days a week,</td><td>for 2-14 weeks;</td><td>group</td><td>III:</td><td>injections</td>
intraperitoneal DEFB1, 100 mg / day, 5 days a week, for 8-14 weeks. The animals are kept in a sterile shelter, four animals per cage, and observed daily. At 10-day intervals, tumors are measured using calipers, and tumor volumes are calculated using the formula: V = (L x W2) / 2.
Table 2. Sequences of QRT-PCR primers.
<td></td><td>Sense (5'-3 ')</td><td></td>
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<td>β-actin</td><td>5'-CCTGGCACCCAGCACAAT-3 '</td><td>ID. IN SEQ. N °: 34</td>
<td>DEFBl</td><td>5 '- GTTGCCTGCCAGTCGCCATGAGAACTTCCTAC-3 '</td><td>ID. IN SEQ. N °: 35</td>
<td></td><td>Antisense (5'-3 ')</td><td></td>
<td>β-actin</td><td>5'-GCCGATCCACACGGAGTACT-3 '</td><td>ID. IN SEQ. N °: 36</td>
<td>DEFBl</td><td>5 '- TGGCCTTCCCTCTGTAACAGGTGCCTTGAATT-3 '</td><td>ID. IN SEQ. N °: 37</td>
Table 3. Sequences of PAX2 siRNA. A pool of four 'siRNA was used to inhibit protein expression
PAX2.
<td></td><td>Sense (5'-3 ')</td><td></td>
<td>String A</td><td>5'- GAAGUCAAGUCGAGUCUAUUU-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 38</td>
<td>Sequence B</td><td>5'-GAGGAAACGUGAUGAAGAUUU-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 39</td>
<td>Sequence C</td><td>5'-GGACAAGAUUGCUGAAUACUU-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 40</td>
<td>String D</td><td>5'-CAUCAGAGCACAUCAAAUCUU-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 41</td>
<td></td><td>Antisense (5'-3 ')</td><td></td>
<td>String A</td><td>5'-AUAGACUCGACUUGACUUCUU-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 3</td>
<td>Sequence B</td><td>5'-AUCUUCAUCACGUUUCCUCUU-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 4</td>
<td>Sequence C</td><td>5'-GUAUUCAGCAAUCUUGUCCUU-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 5</td>
<td>String D</td><td>5'-GAUUUGAUGUGCUCUGAUGUU-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 6</td>
Table 4. Quantitative RT-PCR initiators. Nucleotide sequences of primers used to amplify PAX2 and
GAPDH.
<td></td><td>Sense (5'-3 ')</td><td></td>
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<td>GAPDH</td><td>5'-CCACCCATGGCAAATTCCATGGCA-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 42</td>
<td>BAD</td><td>5'-CTCAGGCCTATGCAAAAAGAGGA-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 43</td>
<td>IDB</td><td>5'-AACCTACGCACCTACGTGAGGAG-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 44</td>
<td>BAX</td><td>5'-GACACCTGAGCTGACCTTGG-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 45</td>
<td></td><td>Antisense (5'-3 ')</td><td></td>
<td>GAPDH</td><td>5'-TCTAGACGGCAGGTCAGGTCAACC-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 46</td>
<td>BAD</td><td>5'-GCCCTCCCTCCAAAGGAGAC-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 47</td>
<td>IDB</td><td>5'-CGTTCAGTCCATCCCATTTCTG-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 48</td>
<td>BAX</td><td>5'-GAGGAAGTCCAGTGTCCAGC-3 '</td><td>ID. SEQ. N °: 49</td>
7. Example 8: Targeting PAX2 expression for chemoprevention of intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer
Summary accumulation of mutations and loss of cellular control functions 5 cause progressive phenotypic changes from normal histology to early pre-cancer, for example, intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) to increasingly severe IEN until superficial cancer and finally invasive disease . Although this process can be relatively aggressive in some cases, it usually occurs relatively slowly over years and even decades. As described by Weinstein et al., Oncogene dependence is the physiological dependence of cancer cells on the continued activation or overexpression of single oncogenes for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype. This dependence occurs in the environment of other changes that mark the neoplastic progression. The dependence and resistance of cancer cells in the PAX2 oncogene for cell growth and survival is one such example.
Conversely, the absence of tumor suppressor genes, for example,
DEFB1, which repressed
186/247 transcriptionally by PAX2, confers a similar pro-cancer dependence.
Cancer chemoprevention is defined as cancer prevention or treatment at a pre-cancer stage or even earlier. The long period of progression to invasive cancer is the main scientific opportunity, but also an economic obstacle to show the clinical benefit of candidate chemopreventive drugs. Therefore, an important component of research for chemopreventive development in recent years has been to identify early endpoints or biomarkers (not cancer) that accurately predict the clinical benefit of the agent or an effect of reducing the incidence of cancer. In many cancers, IEN is an early end point, such as prostate cancer. Considering that the PAX2 / DEFB1 pathway is deregulated during IEN and perhaps even earlier, the histopathological stage makes it a powerful predictive biomarker and an excellent target for cancer chemoprevention. Several compounds are shown that suppress PAX2 and increase the expression of DEFB1 that may be useful as chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer.
Essentials of an agent
PAX genes are able to act as proto-oncogenes through structural changes in transcription factors and genes that regulate cell growth and apoptosis, resulting in a strong sign of survival in prostate cancer. In addition, several cancers have been shown to have aberrant PAX2 expression (Figure 18).
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Angiotensin II (Angll) is an important regulator of blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis and is recognized as a potent mitogen. Angll mediates its biological effects by binding to two receptor subtypes, Type I Angiotensin receptor (AT1R) and Type II Angiotensin receptor (AT2R), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, but have tissue distribution and different intracellular signaling pathways. In addition to its effects on blood pressure, Angll has been shown to participate in various pathological situations involving tissue remodeling, for example, wound healing, hypertrophy and cardiac development. In fact, recent studies have revealed the local expression of various components of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in various cancer cells and tissues, including the prostate. The upregulation of AT1R provides a considerable advantage to cancer cells that have learned to escape apoptosis and growth regulating elements.
This study demonstrates that the over-regulation of the PAX2 oncogene in prostate cancer is caused by unregulated RAS signaling. PAX2 expression is regulated by the ERK signaling pathway that is mediated by the Type I Angiotensin receptor. In addition, blocking AT1R with Losartan (Los) suppresses PAX2 expression. In addition, AICAR, which is an AMPK activator, has also shown promise as a potential PAX2 inhibitor. Collectively, these studies strongly implicate these classes of drugs as potential suppressors of PAX2 expression and may, in the end, serve as new
188/247 chemoprevention agents (Table 5).
Table 5. Cancers that express PAX2 as candidates for chemoprevention strategies
<td>Cancers what express PAX2</td><td>New cases estimated In the USA <sup>22</sup></td><td>Deaths estimated In the USA <sup>22</sup></td><td>New cases global estimated</td><td>Deaths global estimated</td>
<td>Prostate</td><td> 234.460</td><td> 27.350</td><td> 679.023</td><td> 221.002</td>
<td>Mama</td><td> 214.600</td><td> 41.430</td><td> 1.151.298</td><td> 410.712</td>
<td>Ovarian</td><td> 20.180</td><td> 15.310</td><td> 204.500</td><td> 124.860</td>
<td>Renal</td><td> 38.890</td><td> 12.840</td><td> 208.479</td><td> 101.895</td>
<td>Brain</td><td> 12.820</td><td> 18.820</td><td> 189.485</td><td> 141.650</td>
<td>Cervical</td><td> 9.710</td><td> 3.700</td><td> 493.243</td><td> 273.505</td>
<td>Bladder</td><td> 61.420</td><td> 13.060</td><td> 356.556</td><td> 145.009</td>
<td>Leukemia</td><td> 35.020</td><td> 22.280</td><td> 300.522</td><td> 222.506</td>
<td>Sarcoma</td><td>Data not</td><td>Data not</td><td>Data not</td><td>Data not</td>
<td>from Kaposi</td><td>available</td><td>available</td><td>available</td><td>available</td>
<td></td><td></td><td>mobile</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>TOTAL (approx.)</td><td> 627.100</td><td> 154.790</td><td> 3.583.106</td><td> 1.641.139</td>
To date, it has been shown that several cancers express PAX2 in an aberrant way. Chemoprevention through the expression of PAX2 as a target can have a significant impact on cancer-related deaths.
Materials and methods
Cell culture: DU145 10 cell lines were grown in DMEM medium, and PC3 grew in F12 medium (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY). The growth medium for all three strains was supplemented with 10% (v / v) fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies). At
189/247 hPrEC cells were cultured in basal media for the prostate epithelium (Cambrex Bio Science, Inc., Walkersville, MD). All cell lines were maintained at 37 ° C and C0<sub>2</sub> 5%.
Reagents and treatments: the cells were treated with 5 or 10 μΜ of Angll, 5 μΜ of the ATR1 Los antagonist, 5 μΜ of the ATR2 antagonist PD123319, 25 μΜ of the MEK inhibitor U0126, 20 μΜ of the MEK / ERK PD98 059 inhibitor , or 250 μΜ of the AMP kinase AICAR inductor.
Western analysis: briefly, the cells were collected by trypsinization and washed twice with PBS. Lysis buffer was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions (Sigma) and then added to the cells. After an incubation period of 15 minutes at 4 ° C on an orbital shaker, cell lysates were collected and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 12,000 xg to pelletize cell debris. The supernatants containing protein were then collected and quantified. Next, 25 pg of protein extract was loaded onto an 8-16% gradient SDS-PAGE (Novex). After electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes, and then blocked with 5% skimmed-milk powder in TTBS (Tween 20 0.0 5% and 100 mM Tris-Cl) for 1 hour. The blots were then probed with primary antibody (anti-PAX2, -phosfo-PAX2, -JNK, -phosfoJNK, -ERKl / 2 or -phosfo-ERKl / 2) (Zymed, San Francisco, CA) in dilutions of 1: 1,000 -2,000. After washing, the membranes were incubated with anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to strong root peroxidase (HRP) (dilution 1: 5,000; Sigma), and the signal detection was visualized using chemiluminescence reagents (Pierce) in an Alpha Innotech
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Fluorchem 8900. As a control, the blots were removed and re-probed with primary mouse anti-βactin antibody (1: 5,000; Sigma-Aldrich) and secondary anti-mouse antibody conjugated to HRP (1: 5,000; Sigma-Aldrich), and the signal detection was visualized again.
QRT-PCR analysis: real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed to check for changes in gene expression after PAX2 knockdown in prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145 and in hPrEC normal prostate epithelial cells. Approximately 1 χ 10<sup>6</sup> cells were collected by trypsinization and the cells were rinsed in PBS. The cells were then lysed and the total RNA was isolated by centrifugation by means of centrifugation columns using the Total SV RNA Isolation System (Promega). cDNA was generated (0.5 pg per reaction) by reverse transcription by primer Oligo (dT) 15 (Promega) and the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase II AMV (500 units per reaction; Promega) for the synthesis of the first strand and DNA Polymerase Tfl for the synthesis of the second strip (500 units per reaction; Promega) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Typically, 50 pg of each cDNA was used after the PCR reaction. Two-step QRT-PCR was performed on the cDNA generated using the MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase from the TaqMan Reverse Transcription System and the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (PE Biosystems). The reactions were performed on a 96-well MicroAmp Optical Reaction Plate (PE Biosystems). Forty PCR cycles were performed under standard conditions using an annealing temperature of 60 ° C. Quantification was determined by the number of the cycle in which the amplification
191/247 exponential started (limit value), and the values obtained from triplicate repetitions were averaged. There was an inverse relationship between the message level and the threshold value. In addition, GAPDH was used as a maintenance gene to normalize the initial total cDNA content. The relative expression was calculated as the ratio between each of the genes and GAPDH. All reactions were done in triplicate.
Thymidine incorporation: Cell proliferation was determined by incorporating [<sup>3</sup>H] ribotid thymidine ([<sup>3</sup>H] TdR) in DNA. 0.5 x 10<sup>6</sup> cells / suspension well DU145 cells were plated in their appropriate medium. The cells were incubated for 72 hours with or without the presence of Angll at the indicated concentrations. The cells were exposed to 37 kBq / ml of [methyl-<sup>3</sup>H] thymidine in the same medium for 6 hours. The adherent cells were fixed by 5% trichloroacetic acid and lysed in SDS / NaOH lysis buffer overnight. Radioactivity was measured by one. Beckman LS3801 liquid scintillation counter (Canada). The suspension cell culture was collected by a cell harvester (Packard Instruments Co., Meriden, CT) and radioactivity was measured by a 1450 microbet liquid scintillation counter (PerkinElmer Life Sciences).
Statistical analysis: statistical differences were assessed using the Student's t test for unpaired values. P values were determined by a two-sided calculation, and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
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To investigate the effect of Angll on PAX2 expression in DU145 prostate cancer cells, PAX2 expression was examined after treatment with Angll over a period of 30 minutes to 48 hours. As shown in Figure 19, PAX2 expression increased progressively over time after treatment with Angll. Blocking RAS signaling by treating DU145 with Los significantly reduced PAX2 expression (Figure 20A). Here, PAX2 expression was 37% after 48 hours and 50% after 72 hours of treatment with Los, compared to untreated DU145 cells in control (Figure 21). It is known that the AT2R receptor is opposed to the action of AT1R. Therefore, the blocking effect of the AT2R receptor on PAX2 expression was examined. Treatment of DU145 with the AT2R blocker PD123319 resulted in a 7-fold increase in PAX2 expression after 48 hours and an 8-fold increase after 96 hours of treatment (Figure 20B). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PAX2 expression is regulated by the receptor
ATR1.
Angll is known to directly affect prostate cancer cell proliferation through ATK-mediated MAPK activation and STAT3 phosphorylation. Treatment of DU145 with Angll resulted in a two to three-fold increase in the proliferation rate (Figure 21). However, treatment with Los decreased proliferation rates by 50%. In addition, blocking the AT1R receptor by pretreatment with Los for 30 minutes suppressed the effect of Angll on proliferation.
To further examine the role of AT1R signaling in regulating PAX2 expression and activation, it was
193/247 examined the effect of blocking various components of the MAP kinase signaling pathway on PAX2 expression. Here, treatment of DU145 cells with the MEK inhibitor U0126 resulted in a significant reduction in PAX2 expression (Figure 22). In addition, treatment with MEK / ERK PD98059 inhibitor also resulted in decreased PAX2. Treatment of DU145 cells with Los had no effect on ERK protein levels, but reduced the amount of phospho-ERK (Figure 23A). However, treatment of DU145 with Los resulted in a significant reduction in PAX2 expression. Similar results were observed with U0126 and PD98059. PAX2 expression is also known to be regulated by STAT3, which is a downstream ERK target. 0 DU145 treatment with Los, U0126 and PD98059 reduced levels of phospho-STAT3 protein (Figure 23C). These results demonstrate that PAX2 is regulated by means of AT1R in prostate cancer cells.
In addition, the effect of AT1R signaling on JNK activation of PAX2 was examined. Treatment of DU145 with Los, U0126 and PD98059 resulted in a significant decrease or suppression of levels of phosphoPAX2 protein (Figure 24A). However, Los and U0126 did not decrease phospho-JNK protein levels (Figure 24B). Therefore, the decrease in phospho-PAX2 appears to be caused by decreased PAX2 levels, but not decreased phosphorylation.
- aminoimidazole - 4 - carboxamide-1 - β - 4 - r ibofuranide (AICAR) is widely used as an AMP-kinase activator, which regulates energy homeostasis and the response to metabolic stress. Recent reports have indicated antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic action of AMPK activated with
194/247 use of pharmacological agents or AMPK overexpression. Activation of AMPK has been shown to induce apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells, lung cancer cells, prostate cancer, pancreatic cells and liver carcinoma cells, and to increase oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma cells, for example. several mechanisms that include the inhibition of the fatty acid synthase pathway and the induction of stress kinases and caspase 3. In addition, treatment of prostate cancer PC3 cells increased the expression of p2l ·, p27 and p53 proteins and inhibition of the PI3K-Akt pathway. All of these routes are regulated directly or indirectly by PAX2. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with AICAR resulted in the suppression of PAX2 pressure expression (Figure 23B), as well as its phosphor-PAX2 activated form (Figure 24A). In addition, phospho-STAT3, which regulates PAX2 expression, has also been suppressed (Figure 23C).
Finally, it was hypothesized that the RAS aberrant signaling, which leads to PAX2 over-regulation and overexpression, suppresses the expression of the tumor suppressor gene DEFB1. To investigate this hypothesis, cells from primary culture of hPrEC normal prostate epithelial cells were treated with Angll and expression levels of both PAX2 and DEFB1 were examined. An inverse relationship was found between the expression of DEFB1 and PAX2 in normal prostate cells versus prostate cancer cells. Untreated hPrEC cells exhibited 10% relative expression of PAX2, compared with expression in prostate cancer PC3 cells. Conversely, untreated PAX2 exhibited only
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2% relative expression of DEFB1, compared to expression in hPrEC. After 72 hours of treatment with 10 μΜ of Angll, there was a 35% decrease in DEFB1 expression compared to untreated hPrEC cells, and in 96 hours there was a 50% decrease in DEFB1 expression compared to untreated hPrEC cells. . However, there was a 66% increase in PAX2 expression in 72 hours, and by 96 hours there was a 79% decrease in PAX2 expression, compared to untreated hPrEC cells. In addition, the increase in PAX2 expression in hPrEC cells after 72 hours was 77% of the PAX2 levels seen in prostate cancer PC3 cells. After 96 hours of treatment with Angll, PAX2 expression was 89% of PAX2 expression in PC3. These results demonstrate that RAS unregulated signaling suppresses the expression of DEFB1 by means of the upregulation of PAX2 expression in prostate cells.
Discussion
The Renin-Angiotensin Angll system is an important regulator of blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis, and is recognized as a potent mitogen. Angll mediates its biological effects by binding to two receptor subtypes, AT1R and AT2R, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, but have different tissue distribution and intracellular signaling pathways. The over-regulation of ATI provides a considerable advantage to cancer cells that have learned to escape apoptosis and growth regulating elements. In addition, increased expression of AT1R was detected in prostate cancer tissue, compared
196/247 with the levels of expression in the normal human prostate.
It is now well established that AT1R induces cell proliferation in several cell models, including human cancer cells, by activating several intracellular cascades of protein kinases normally associated with growth factor stimulation. Most notably, AT1R transacts EGFR in prostate cancer cells, leading to kinase (ERK) activation by extracellular regulation, signal transducer phosphorylation and transcription activator 3 (STAT3). AT1R-mediated EGFR transactivation is particularly relevant for cancer, since EGFR amplification is often associated with tumor progression. In fact, effective anti-cancer strategies are now being developed with the use of monoclonal antibodies to EGFR, such as Herceptin® (Genentec, Inc.).
Recent interest has focused on the possible role of antihypertensive drugs in anticancer therapy. For example, the use of ACEs in experimental animal models indicates a protective effect of these drugs against tumor development. In addition, Los and Candesartan, which are both AT1R antagonists, were found to reduce tumor growth and vascularization in human prostate cancer cell xenograft models. In addition, ACE upregulation has been detected in benign prostatic hypertrophy. PAX2 was upregulated in benign regions of patients with PIN and prostate cancer. Therefore, it is plausible that PAX2 is an onset event in the pathobiology of prostate cancer, and may be a viable chemoprevention target for the prevention of
197/247 development of prostate cancer.
Inhibition of apoptosis is a crucial pathophysiological factor that contributes to the development of prostate cancer. Despite significant advances in therapeutic substances for cancer, little progress has been made in the treatment of advanced disease. Considering that carcinogenesis is a disease that has progressed for years, with several stages and pathways, chemoprevention through the use of drugs or other agents to inhibit, delay or reverse this process has been recognized as a very promising area in cancer research. Successful pharmacological treatment for the chemoprevention of prostate cancer requires the use of therapeutic substances with specific effects on target cells, while maintaining minimal clinical effects on the host, with the overall objective of suppressing the development of cancer. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms in the early stage of carcinogenesis is crucial in determining the effectiveness of a specific treatment. The significance of the aberrant expression of PAX2 and its interruption of apoptosis, with subsequent contribution to tumor formation, suggest that it may be an adequate target for the treatment of prostate cancer. PAX2 was regulated by AT1R in prostate cancer (Figure 26). Thus, deregulated RAS signaling resulted in increased expression of the PAX2 oncogene, and a decrease in the expression of tumor suppressor DEFBl. Therefore, the use of AT1R antagonists decreases the expression of PAX2 and results in increased prostate cancer cell death through re-expression of DEFBl (Figure 27). These results offer a new finding that the
198/247 targeting PAX2 expression via the Renin-Angiotensin signaling pathway, the AMP kinase pathway or other methods that involve inactivation of the PAX2 protein (ie vaccination with anti-PAX2 antibody) may be a viable target for cancer prevention (Table 7).
Table 7. Compounds used to inhibit the expression of
PAX2 for chemoprevention
<td></td><td>NAME</td><td>PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASS</td>
<td>Drug 1</td><td>Losartan</td><td>Receiver blocker Type 1 Angiotensin</td>
<td>Drug 2</td><td>PD123319</td><td>Receiver blocker Type 2 Angiotensin</td>
<td>Drug 3</td><td>U0126</td><td>MEK inhibitor</td>
<td>Drug 4</td><td>PD98059</td><td>MEK / ERK inhibitor</td>
<td>Drug 5</td><td>AICAR</td><td>AMP kinase inductor</td>
<td></td><td>Target</td><td>Drug function</td>
<td>Drug THE</td><td>Anti-PAX2 antibody</td><td>PAX2 vaccine</td>
<td>Drug B</td><td>Angiotensinogen</td><td>Track inhibitor Renina-Angll</td>
<td>Drug Ç</td><td>Conversion enzyme angiotensin</td><td>Track inhibitor Renina-Angll</td>
8. Example 9: The level of expression of PAX2-DEFB1 as a grading tool for prostate tissue and predictor 10 of prostate cancer development
Materials and methods
QRT-PCR analysis: prostate sections were collected from
199/247 patients who underwent radical prostatectomies. After pathological examination, microdissection by laser capture was performed to isolate areas of normal tissue, proliferative intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and cancer. QRT-PCR was performed, as previously described, to assess expression. The expression of DEFB1 and PAX2 was determined in each region and GAPDH was used as an internal control.
Blood collection and RNA isolation: for QRT-PCR, blood (2.5 ml) from each individual was collected in a PAXgene ™ Blood RNA (QIAGEN) tube according to the manufacturer's protocol. The whole blood was carefully mixed with PAXgene stabilizing reagent and stored at room temperature for 6 hours, before RNA extraction. The total RNA was then extracted using the PAXgene ™ Blood RNA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (QIAGEN). In order to remove contaminating genomic DNA, the total RNA samples absorbed into the PAXgene ™ Blood RNA System centrifuge column were incubated with DNase I (QIAGEN) at 25 ° C for 20 minutes to remove genomic DNA. The total RNA was eluted, quantified, and QRT-PCR is performed as previously mentioned to compare the proportions of PAX2 and DEFB1 expression.
Results
QRT-PCR analysis of normal LCM tissue showed that patients with relative levels of DEFB1 expression above 0.005 have a lower Gleason score compared to those with expression levels below 0.005 (Figure 28A). Thus, there is an inverse relationship between the expression of DEFB1 and the Gleason score.
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Conversely, there was a positive correlation between PAX2 expression and the Gleason score in malignant prostate tissue and PIN (Figure 28B).
The expression levels of PAX2 and DEFB1 in normal, PIN and cancerous tissues from separate patients were calculated and compared (Figure 29). Overall, the levels of PAX2 expression in relation to the internal control of GAPDH varied between 0 and 0.2 in normal (benign) tissue, 0.2 and 0.3 in PIN, and between 0.3 and 0.5 in cancerous (malignant) tissue (Figure 30). For DEFB1, there was an inverse relationship compared to PAX2. Here, DEFB1 expression levels in relation to the internal control of GAPDH varied between 0.06 and 0.005 in normal (benign) tissue, 0.005 and 0.003 in PIN, and between 0.003 and 0.001 in cancerous (malignant) tissue.
Therefore, a predictive scale (DPF) is revealed that uses the proportion of PAX2-DEFB1 expression as an indicator of benign, precancerous (PIN) and malignant prostate tissue. Tissues with PAX2-DEFB1 proportions between 0 and 39 based on DPF will represent normal (pathologically benign) tissue. Fabrics with a PAX2-DEFB1 ratio between 40 and 99 will represent PIN (precancerous) based on the DPF scale. Finally, tissues with a PAX2-DEFB1 ratio between 100 and 500 will be malignant (low to high grade cancer).
Conclusion
There is currently a crucial need for predictive biomarkers for the development of prostate cancer. It is known that the appearance of prostate cancer occurs long before the disease is detectable by
0 current screening methods, such as the PSA test or the
201/247 digital rectal exam. It is believed that a reliable test that could monitor the progression and initial appearance of prostate cancer would greatly reduce the mortality rate through more effective management of the disease. A predictive index is revealed here to allow doctors to know the pathological state of the prostate in advance. DPF measures the decrease in the proportion of PAX2-DEFB1 expression associated with the progression of prostate disease. This powerful measure can not only predict a patient's likelihood of developing prostate cancer, but it can also identify the early onset of pre-malignant cancer. Ultimately, this tool allows doctors to separate which patients have the most aggressive disease from those who do not.
The identification of cancer-specific markers has been used to help identify circulating tumor cells (CTCs). There is also emerging evidence that demonstrates that the detection of disseminated tumor cells in peripheral blood can provide clinically important data for tumor staging, prognosis and identification of surrogate markers for early assessment of the effectiveness of adjuvant therapy. In addition, by comparing the gene expression profile of all circulating cells, one can examine the expression of the DEFB1 and PAX2 genes that participate in immunovigilance and cancer survival, respectively, as an indicator for the early detection of prostate cancer. .
9. Example 10: Functional analysis of host defense peptide Beta Defensin-1: new approach to its potential role in cancer
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Materials and methods
Cell culture: prostate cancer cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). DU145 cells were grown in DMEM, PC3 and PC3 / AR + medium grown in F12 medium, and LNCaP grew in RPMI medium (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY). The growth medium for all three strains was supplemented with 10% (v / v) fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies). The primary hPrEC culture was obtained from Cambrex Bio Science, Inc. (Walkersville, MD), and the cells grew in a basal medium of prostate epithelium. All cells were maintained at 37 ° C and CO<sub>2</sub> 5%.
Tissue samples and laser capture microdissection: prostate tissues were obtained from patients who provided written authorization before undergoing radical prostatectomy. The samples were acquired from the tumor bank of the Hollings Cancer Center according to a protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board. This included guidelines for processing, cutting, histological characterization, RNA purification and PCR amplification of samples. Prostate specimens received from surgeons and pathologists were immediately frozen in OCT compound. Each block of OCT was cut to produce serial cuts that were stained and examined. Areas containing benign cells, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and cancer have been identified and used to guide our selection of regions from unstained slides using the Arcturus PixCell II System (Sunnyvale, CA). Caps containing captured material were exposed to 20 ml of lysate from the
203/247 Arcturus Pico Pure RNA isolation and processed immediately. The quantity and quality of the RNA were evaluated using sets of primers that produce 5 'amplicons. The sets include those for the L32 ribosomal protein (the 3 'amplicon and the 5' amplicon are 298 bases apart), for the glucose phosphate isomerase (391 bases apart) and for the glucose phosphate isomerase (842 bases apart). Ratios of 0.95 to 0.80 were routinely obtained for these sets of primers using samples from various prepared tissues. Additional tumor and normal samples were dissected macroscopically by pathologists, frozen in liquid nitrogen and evaluated for hBD-1 and cMYC expression.
Cloning of the hBD-1 gene: hBD-1 cDNA was generated by RNA by reverse transcription-PCR using primers generated from the published hBD-1 sequence (Accession No. U50930) (Ganz, 2004). The PCR primers were designed to contain Ciai and Kpnl restriction sites. The hBD-1 PCR products were digested by restriction with Ciai and Kpnl and ligated into a TA cloning vector. The TA / hBD1 vector was then transfected into the XL-1 Blue strain of
E. coli by thermal shock, and individual clones were selected and expanded. Plasmids were isolated by Cell culture DNA Midiprep (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and sequence integrity verified by automated sequencing. The hBD-1 gene fragment was then ligated into pTRE2 digested with Ciai and Kpnl, which served as an intermediate vector for guidance purposes. The pTRE2 / hBD-1 construct was digested with Apal and Kpnl to remove the
204/247 hBD-1 insert. The insert was connected to the pIND vector of the Ecdysone Inducible Expression System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), also double digested with Apal and Kpnl. The construct was transfected into E. coli, and individual clones were selected and expanded. Plasmids were isolated and the sequence integrity of pIND / hBD-1 was again verified by automated sequencing.
Transfection: cells (1 χ 10<sup>6</sup>) were sown on 100 mm Petri dishes and developed overnight. Next, the cells were co-transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) with 1 mg of plasmid pvgRXR, which expresses the heterodimeric ecdysone receptor, and 1 mg of the construction of the pIND / hBD-1 vector or pIND / vector. p-galactosidase (β-gal) control in OptiMEM medium (Life Technologies, Inc.). The transfection efficiency was determined by inducing the expression of β-gal with Ponasterone A (PonA) and staining the cells with a kit. detection of β-galactosidase (Invitrogen). The transfection efficiency was evaluated by counting colonies with positive staining (blue), which demonstrated that 60-85% of the cells expressed β-galactosidase for the cell lines.
Immunocytochemistry: in order to check the expression of hBD-1 protein, DU145 and hPrEC cells were seeded on 2-chamber culture slides (BD Falcon, USA) at 1.5-2 x 10<sup>4</sup> cells per chamber. DU145 cells transfected only with pvgRXR (control) or with the hBD-1 plasmid were induced for 18 hours with medium containing 10 mM Pon A, while the non-transfected cells received fresh growth medium. After induction, the cells were washed
205/247 in 1 x PBS, and fixed for 1 hour at room temperature with 4% paraformaldehyde. The cells were then washed six times with 1x PBS and blocked in 1x PBS supplemented with 2% BSA, 0.8% normal goat serum (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA) and 0.4% Triton-X 100 per 1 hour at room temperature. Next, cells were incubated overnight in rabbit anti-human BD-1 primary polyclonal antibody (PeproTech Inc., Rocky Hill, NJ) diluted 1: 1,000 in blocking solution. Then, the cells were washed six times with blocking solution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature in secondary antibody Alexa Fluor 488 from goat anti-rabbit IgG (H +
L) at a dilution of 1: 1,000 in blocking solution. After washing the cells with blocking solution six times, the coverslips were mounted with Gel Mount (Biomeda, Foster City, CA). Finally, the cells were visualized under contrast by differential interference (DIC) and under laser excitation at 488 nm. The fluorescent signal was analyzed by confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal) using a 63x DIC oil lens with a Vario 2 RGB Laser Scanning Module. The digital images were exported in Photoshop CS Software (Adobe Systems) for image processing and printed presentation.
Isolation of RNA and quantitative RT-PCR: QRT-PCR was performed as previously described (Gibson et al, 2007). Briefly, total RNA (0.5 mg per reaction) from tissue sections was reverse transcribed into cDNA using random primers (Promega). Two-step QRT-PCR was performed on the generated cDNA using the MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase from the Transcription System
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Reverse TaqMan and the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Primer pairs for hBD-1 and c-MYC were generated from the published sequences (Table 7). Forty PCR cycles were performed under standard conditions using an annealing temperature of 56.4 ° C for hBD-1 and c-MYC and 55 ° C for PAX2. In addition, β-actin (Table 7) was amplified as a maintenance gene to normalize the initial total cDNA content. Gene expression in samples of benign prostatic tissue was calculated as the proportion of expression compared with β-actin. The levels of hBD-1 expression in prostate malignant tissue, hPREC primary prostate culture and prostate cancer cell lines, before and after induction, were calculated in relation to the average level of hBD-1 expression in hPrEC cells. As a negative control, QRT-PCR reactions without a cDNA model were also performed. All reactions were performed at least three times.
Cell viability assay with MTT: to examine the effects of hBD-1 on cell growth, the metabolic assay was performed with 3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl] -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). DU145, LNCaP, PC3 and PC3 / AR + cells co-transfected with pvgRXR plasmid and pIND / hBD-1 construct or control pvgRXR plasmid were seeded on a 96-well plate at 1-5 χ 10<sup>3 </sup>cells per well. Twenty-four hours after sowing, fresh growth medium containing 10 mM Pon A was added daily to induce hBD-1 expression for 24, 48 and 72 hours, and then the MTT assay was performed according to the instructions manufacturer (Promega). At
207/247 reactions were performed three times in triplicate.
Membrane integrity analysis: double staining with Acridine orange (AO) / ethidium bromide (EtBr) was performed to identify changes in the integrity of the cell membrane, as well as apoptotic cells by staining the condensed chromatin. AO stains viable cells and early apoptotic cells, while EtBr stains late-stage apoptotic cells that have compromised membranes. Briefly, PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells were seeded in 2-chamber culture slides (BD Falcon). Cells transfected with empty plasmid or hBD-1 plasmid were induced for 24 or 48 hours with medium containing 10 mM Pon A, while the control cells received fresh growth medium at each time point. After induction, the cells were washed once with PBS and stained with 2 ml of a solution (1: 1) of a mixture of AO (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and EtB r (Promega) (5 mg / ml) for 5 minutes, and were again washed with PBS.
The fluorescence was visualized by a Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal Vario 2 (Carl Zeiss) laser scanning confocal microscope. The excitation color wheel contains BS505-530 (green) and LP560 (red) blocking filters that allow the separation of green light emitted by AO in the green channel and red light by EtBr in the red channel. Adjustments of laser power output and gain control within each individual experiment were identical between cells induced by control and hBD-1. Excitation was provided by a mixed gas laser Kr / Ar at wavelengths of 54 3 nm for AO and 488 nm for EtBr. The slides were analyzed under 40X magnification and digital images were
208/247 stored as uncompressed TIFF files and exported in Photoshop CS software (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) for image processing and print presentation.
Table 7. QRT-PCR primer sequences
<td></td><td>Sense (5'-3 ')</td><td>Antisense (5'-3 ')</td>
<td>β-Actin</td><td>CCTGGCACCCAGCACAAT (SEQ ID. N °: 34)</td><td>GCCGATCCACACGGAGTACT (SEQ ID. N °: 36)</td>
<td>hBD-1</td><td>TCAGCAGTGGAGGGCAATG (SEQ ID. N °: 50)</td><td>CCTCTGTAACAGGTGCCTTGAAT (SEQ ID. N °: 51)</td>
<td>cMYC</td><td>ACAGCAAACCTCCTCACAGCC (SEQ ID. N °: 52)</td><td>. TGGAGACGTGGCACCTCTTG (SEQ ID. N °: 53)</td>
<td colspan="3">Nucleotide sequences of primers used to amplify hBD-1, cMyc, PAX2 and β-actin.</td>
Flow cytometry: PC3 and DU145 cells transfected with the hBD-1 expression system grew in 60 mm plates and were induced for 12, 24 and 48 hours with 10 mM Pon A. After each incubation period, the medium was collected from the plates (to retain any detached cells) and combined with the PBS used to wash the plates. The remaining attached cells were collected by trypsinization and combined with the detached cells and PBS. The cells were then pelleted at 4 ° C (500 xg) for 5 minutes, washed twice in PBS, and resuspended in 100 ml of 1 x Annexin binding buffer (0.1 M Hepes / NaOH at pH 7.4, 1.4 M NaCl, 25 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>) containing 5 ml of Annexin V-FITC and 5 ml of PI. The cells were incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes in the dark, then diluted with 400 ml of 1 x Annexin binding buffer and analyzed by FACscan (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). All reactions were performed three times.
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SiRNA verification silencing
Caspase detection: Detection of caspase activity in prostate cancer cell lines was performed using an APO LOGIX ™ Carboxy Fluorescein caspase detection kit (Cell Technology, Mountain View, CA). Active caspases were detected using the fluormethyl ketone peptide labeled with carboxyfluorescein (FAMVAD-FMK) that binds irreversibly to active caspases. Briefly, DU145 and LNCaP cells (1.5-3 χ 10<sup>5</sup>) containing the hBD-1 expression system were plated on 35 mm glass bottom plates (Matek, Ashland, MA) and treated for 24 hours only with medium or medium containing Pon A, as previously described. Next, 10 ml of a 30 x working dilution of FAM-VAD-FMK was added to 300 ml of medium and added to each 35 mm plate. The cells were then incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C under CO<sub>2</sub> 5%. The medium was aspirated and the cells were washed twice with 2 ml of a 1 x working dilution of wash buffer. The cells were visualized under contrast by differential interference (DIC) or under laser excitation at 488 nm. The fluorescent signal was analyzed by confocal microscopy, as described above.
PAX2 siRNA: knockdown and were performed as previously described (Gibson et al, 2007). Briefly, a pool of four complementary siRNAs targeting human PAX2 mRNA (NM Accession No. 003989.1) has been synthesized (Dharmacon Research, Lafayette, CO, USA). In addition, a second pool of four nonspecific siRNAs was used as a negative control to test the specificity of siRNAs from
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ΡΑΧ2. SiRNA molecules were coated with CodeBreaker transfection reagent (Promega, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions, prior to treatment.
Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test for unpaired values. P values were determined by a two-sided calculation, and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical differences are indicated by asterisks.
Results
Expression of hBD-1 in prostatic tissue: 82% of the frozen tissue sections of prostate cancer analyzed exhibited little or no expression of hBD-1 (Donald et al, 2003). To compare the levels of hBD-1 expression, QRT-PCR analysis was performed on normal prostate tissue obtained by macroscopic dissection or LCM of normal prostate tissue adjacent to the malignant regions that were chosen at random. Here, hBD-1 was detected in all normal clinical samples dissected macroscopically with an expression range that represents approximately a 6.6-fold difference in expression levels (Fig. 31A). Samples of normal tissue captured by LCM expressed hBD-1 at levels in a range that represents a 32-fold difference in expression (Fig. 31B). Profiles combining the sample numbers with the corresponding patients revealed that, in most cases, the level of hBD-1 expression was higher in samples from patients with a Gleason score of 6 than in samples from patients with a score of Gleason of 7. In addition, a comparison of hBD-1 expression levels in
211/247 tissue obtained by macroscopic and LCM dissection from the same patient, # 1343, demonstrated an 854-fold difference in expression between the two isolation techniques. Therefore, these results indicate that LCM provides a more sensitive technique for evaluating the expression of hBD-1 in prostate tissue.
Expression of hBD-1 in prostate cell lines: to check the upregulation of hBD-1 in prostate cancer cell lines after transfection with the hBD-1 expression system, QRT-PCR was performed. In addition, negative controls without a model were also performed, and the amplification products were checked by gel electrophoresis. Here, hBD-1 expression was significantly lower in prostate cancer cell lines, compared to hPrEC cells. After a 24-hour induction period, relative levels of hBD-1 expression increased significantly in DU145 PC3 and LNCaP, when compared to cell lines prior to hBD-1 induction (Fig. 32A).
Next, hBD-1 protein expression was verified in DU145 cells transfected with the hBD-1 expression system after induction with Pon A by immunohistochemistry. As a positive control, hPrEC epithelial cells that express hBD-1 were also examined. The cells were stained with primary antibody against hBD-1, and protein expression was monitored based on the green fluorescence of the secondary antibody (Fig. 32B). The analysis of cells under DIC verified the presence of hPrEC cells and DU145 cells induced for hBD-1 expression at 18 hours. The excitement
212/247 by the confocal laser at 488 nm revealed green fluorescence, indicating the presence of hBD-1 protein in hPrEC as a positive control. However, there was no green fluorescence detectable in DU145 control cells and DU145 cells induced by empty plasmid, demonstrating absence of hBD-1 expression. Confocal analysis of DU145 cells induced for hBD-1 expression revealed green fluorescence, indicating the presence of hBD-1 protein after induction with Pon A.
HBD-1 expression results in decreased cell viability: the MTT assay was performed to evaluate the effect of hBD-1 expression on the relative cell viability in DU145, PC3, PC3 / AR + and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. MTT analysis with an empty vector did not show a statistically significant change in cell viability. Twenty-four hours after hBD-1 induction, relative cell viability was 72% in DU145 cells and 56% in PC3 cells, and after 48 hours, cell viability was reduced to 49% in DU145 cells and 37% in cells PC3 (Fig. 33A). After 72 hours of hBD-1 induction, the relative cell viability decreased further to 44% in DU145 cells and 29% in PC3 cells. Conversely, there was no significant effect on the viability of LNCaP cells. In order to assess whether the resistance to hBD-1 cytotoxicity observed in LNCaP was caused by the presence of the androgen receptor (AR), the cytotoxicity of hBD-1 in PC3 cells was examined with ectopic expression of AR (PC3 / AR +). Here, there was no difference between PC3 / AR + and PC3 cells. Therefore, the data indicate that hBD-1 is cytotoxic specifically for breast cancer cells.
213/247 late stage prostate.
In order to determine whether the effects of hBD-1 on PC3 and DU145 cells were cytostatic or cytotoxic, FACS analysis was performed to measure cell death. Under normal growth conditions, more than 90% of PC3 and DU145 cultures were viable and non-apoptotic (lower left quadrant) and did not stain with annexin V or PI (Fig. 4). After induction of hBD-1 expression in PC3 cells, the number of cells that undergo initial apoptosis and late apoptosis / necrosis (lower and upper right quadrants, respectively) totaled 10% in 12 hours, 20% in 24 hours, and 44 % in 4 8 hours. For DU145 cells, the number of cells that undergo initial apoptosis and late apoptosis / necrosis totaled 12% after 12 hours, 34% in 24 hours and 59% after 48 hours of induction. No increase in apoptosis was observed in cells containing empty plasmid after induction with Pon A. Studies of uptake of Annexin V and propidium iodide demonstrated that hBD-1 has cytotoxic activity against DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells, and the results indicate apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death.
hBD-1 causes changes in membrane integrity and caspase activation: it was investigated whether the cell death seen in prostate cancer cells after induction of hBD-1 is caspase-mediated apoptosis. To better understand the cellular mechanisms involved in hBD-1 expression, microscopic analysis by confocal laser (Fig. 5) was performed on DU145 and LNCaP cells induced for hBD-1 expression. Caspase pan-activation was monitored based on fluorescence binding and dividing
214/247 green FAM-VAD-FMK to caspases in cells that actively undergo apoptosis. Analysis of cells under DIC showed the presence of viable control cells DU145 (Fig. 5A) and LNCaP (Fig. 5E) in 0 hours. Excitation by the 4 88 nm confocal laser did not produce detectable green staining, which indicates the absence of caspase activity in DU145 control cells (Fig. 5B) or LNCaP (Fig. 5F). After induction for 24 hours, DU145 cells (Fig. 5C) and LNCaP (Fig. 5G) were visible again under DIC. Confocal analysis under fluorescence revealed green staining in DU145 cells (Fig. 5D), indicating pan-caspase activity after induction of hBD-1 expression. However, there was no green staining in LNCaP cells (Fig. 5H) induced for hBD-1 expression. Therefore, cell death observed after hBD-1 induction is caspase-mediated apoptosis.
The proposed mechanism of antimicrobial activity of defensin peptides is the disruption of the microbial membrane due to the formation of pores (Papo and Shai, 2005). In order to determine whether hBD-1 expression altered membrane integrity, EtBr uptake was examined by confocal analysis. Intact cells stained green because of the OA that is permeable to the membrane, while only cells with compromised plasma membranes stained red due to the incorporation of the impermeable EtBr into the membrane. DU145 and PC3 control cells stained positively with AO and emitted a green color, but did not stain with EtBr. However, the induction of hBD-1 in both DU145 and PC3 resulted in the accumulation of EtBr in the cytoplasm within 24 hours, indicated by red staining. Around 48 hours, DU145 and PC3 had condensed nuclei and appeared
215/247 yellow due to the co-localization of green and red color by AO and EtBr, respectively. Conversely, there were no observable changes in membrane integrity in LNCaP cells after 48 hours of induction, as indicated by positive green fluorescence with AO, but absence of red EtBr fluorescence. This finding indicates that changes in membrane integrity and permeabilization in response to hBD-1 expression differ between early and late prostate cancer cells.
Comparison of expression levels of hBD-1 and cMYC: the analysis by QRT-PCR was performed on cuts of prostatic tissue by LCM of three patients (Fig. 34). In patient # 1457, hBD-1 expression exhibited a 2.7-fold decrease from normal to PIN, a 3.5-fold decrease from PIN to tumor, and a 9.3-fold decrease from normal to tumor (Fig 34A). Likewise, cMYC expression followed a similar expression pattern in patient # 1457, in which the expression decreased 1.7 times from normal to PIN, 1.7 times from PIN to tumor, and 2.8 times from normal for tumor (Fig. 34B). In addition, there was no statistically significant decrease in cMYC expression in the other two patients. Patient # 1569 had a 2.3-fold decrease from normal to PIN, while in patient # 1586 there was a 1.8-fold decrease from normal to PIN, a 4.3-fold decrease from PIN to tumor, and a decrease 7.9 times normal to tumor.
Induction of hBD-1 expression after PAX2 inhibition: to further examine the role of PAX2 in regulating hBD-1 expression, siRNA was used to knock down PAX2 expression, and QRT-PCR was performed to monitor the
216/247 expression of hBD-1. Treatment of hPrEC cells with PAX2 siRNA did not exhibit any effect on hBD-1 expression (Fig. 35). However, the PAX2 knockdown resulted in a 42-fold increase in LNCaP, a 37-fold increase in PC3, and a 1,026-fold increase in DU145 in hBD-1 expression, compared to untreated cells. As a negative control, the cells were treated with nonspecific siRNA that has no significant effect on hBD-1 expression.
10. Example 11: Inhibition of PAX2 expression results in alternative cell death pathways in prostate cancer cells that differ in their p53 status
Materials and methods
Cell lines: the cancer cell lines PC3, DU145 and LNCaP, which differ in the mutational state of p53, were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA). PC3 cells were grown in F12, DU145 in DMEM and LNCaP in RPMI, all supplemented with 10% (v / v) fetal bovine serum. The prostate epithelial cell line HPrEC was obtained from Cambrex Bio Science, Inc., (Walkersville, MD), and was cultured in basal medium of prostate epithelium. The cells were maintained at 37 ° C in CO<sub>2</sub> 5%.
PAX2 siRNA silencing: to achieve efficient gene silencing, a pool of four complementary short intervening ribonucleotides (siRNAs) targeted to human PAX2 mRNA (Accession No. NM_003989.1) has been synthesized (Dharmacon Research, Lafayette, CO, USA). To ensure specificity, siRNAs were designed for the exclusive target regions of the
217/247 PAX2 sequence to avoid the subsequent knockdown of other members of the PAX family. In addition, a second pool of four siRNAs was used as an internal control to test the specificity of PAX2 siRNAs. Two of the sequences that were synthesized targeted the GL2 luciferase mRNA (Accession No. X65324), and the other two targeted a shuffled PAX2 mRNA (Table 9).
Western analysis: briefly, the cells were collected by trypsinization and washed twice with PBS. Lysis buffer was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions (Sigma) and then added to the cells. After an incubation period of 15 minutes at 4 ° C on an orbital shaker, cell lysates were collected and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 12,000 g to pelletize cell debris. The supernatants containing protein were then collected and quantified. Next, 25 mg of protein extract was loaded onto an 8-16% gradient SDS-PAGE (Novex). After electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes, and then blocked with 5% skimmed-milk powder in TTBS (0.05% Tween 2 0 and 100 mM Tris-Cl) for 1 hour. The blots were then probed with rabbit anti-PAX2 primary antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, CA) at a dilution of 1: 1,000. After washing, the membranes were incubated with anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to strong root peroxidase (HRP) (dilution 1: 5,000, - Sigma), and the signal detection was visualized using chemiluminescence reagents (Pierce) in an Alpha Innotech Fluorchem 8900. As a control, the blots were removed and re-probed with primary mouse anti-β-actin antibody (1: 5,000; Sigma-Aldrich) and
218/247 HRP-conjugated secondary anti-mouse antibody (1: 5,000; Sigma-Aldrich), and signal detection was visualized again.
Table 8. Mutation of the p53 gene in 5 prostate cancer cell lines
<td>Lineage cell phone</td><td>Change in nucleotide</td><td>Change in amino acid</td><td>State of gene</td><td>Reference</td>
<td>DU14 5</td><td>CCT-CTT</td><td>Pro-Leu</td><td>Gain / loss function</td><td>Tepper and cols. 2005; Bodhoven and cols. 2003</td>
<td></td><td>GTT-TTT</td><td>Val-Phe</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>PC3</td><td>Deleted a C, GCC- GC</td><td>Frame- shift</td><td>Without activity</td><td>Isaacs and cols. 1991</td>
<td>LNCaP</td><td>Without elimination, like wild</td><td> -</td><td>Occupation normal</td><td>Carroll and cols. 1993</td>
Table 9. PAX2 siRNA sequences
<td>Sequence</td><td>Sense (5'-3 ')</td><td>Antisense (5'-3 ')</td>
<td rowspan="2">THE</td><td>GAAGUCAAGUCGAGUCUAUUU</td><td>AUAGACUCGACUUGACUUCUU</td>
<td>(SEQ ID. N °: 38)</td><td>(SEQ ID. N °: 3)</td>
<td rowspan="2">B</td><td>GAGGAAACGUGAUGAAGAUUU</td><td>AUCUUCAUCACGUUUCCUCUU</td>
<td>(SEQ ID. N °: 39)</td><td>(SEQ ID. N °: 4)</td>
<td>r *</td><td>GGACAAGAUUGCUGAAUACUU</td><td>GUAUUCAGCAAUCUUGUCCUU</td>
<td>u.</td><td>(SEQ ID. N °: 40)</td><td>(SEQ ID. N °: 5)</td>
<td rowspan="2">D</td><td>CAUCAGAGCA-CAUCAAAUCUU</td><td>GAUUUGAUGUGCUCUGAUGUU</td>
<td>(SEQ ID. N °: 41)</td><td>(SEQ ID. N °: 6)</td>
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Phase contrast microscopy ·. the effect of the ΡΑΧ2 knockdown on the number of cells was analyzed by phase contrast microscopy. Here, 1-2 χ 10<sup>4 </sup>cells were seeded overnight on six-well culture plates (BD Falcon, USA). Then, the cells were treated only with medium, nonspecific negative control siRNA or siRNA give PAX2, and incubation was allowed for 6 days. The cells were then visualized under a Zeiss IM 35 inverted microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany). The phase contrast images of a cell field were obtained using the SPOT Insight Mosaic 4.2 camera (Diagnostic Instruments, USA).
MTT cytotoxicity assay: cell suspensions DU145, PC3 and LNCaP were diluted and seeded on a 96-well plate at 1-5 χ 10<sup>3</sup> cells per well. Then, the cells were transfected according to the manufacturer's protocol (Promega), with 5 pg / cell of the PAX2 siRNA pool, the control siRNA pool or the Codebreaker transfection reagent alone. All cells were allowed to grow for 2, 4 or 6 days after treatment. Cell viability was then determined by measuring the conversion of 3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl] -2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTT (Promega) to a colored formazan product. The absorbance was read at 54 0 nm on a multi-well scanning spectrophotometer.
Pan-caspase detection: The detection of caspase activity in prostate cancer cell lines was performed using the APO LOGIX ™ Carboxy Fluorescein caspase detection kit (Cell Technology, Mountain View, CA). Active caspases were detected with an inhibitor of
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FAMVAD-FMK that binds irreversibly to active caspases. Briefly, 1-2 χ 10<sup>4</sup> cells were plated on 35 mm glass bottom microwell plates (Matek, Ashland, MA) and treated only with PAX 2 medium or siRNA, as previously described. Then, 300 ml of fluormethyl ketone peptide labeled with carboxyfluorescein (FAM-VAD-FMK) were added to each 35 mm plate and incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C under CO<sub>2</sub> 5%. Finally, the cells were washed twice with 2 ml of wash buffer and visualized under contrast by differential interference (DIC) or under laser excitation at 488 nm. The fluorescent signal was analyzed using a Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal confocal microscope with a
Vario 2 RGB laser.
Real-time quantitative RT-PCR: to verify changes in gene expression after knockdown of PAX2 cell lines in PC3, DU145 and LNCaP, real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed. Approximately 1 χ 10<sup>6</sup> cells were collected by trypsinization and the cells were rinsed in PBS. The cells were then lysed and the total RNA was isolated by centrifugation using centrifuge columns using the Total SV RNA Isolation System (Pro-mega). cDNA was generated (0.5 mg per reaction) by reverse transcription by Oligo (dT) 15 primer (Promega), and the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase II AMV (500 U per reaction, · Promega) for the synthesis of the first strand and DNA Polymerase Tfl for the synthesis of the second strip (500 U per reaction; Promega), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Typically, 50 pg of each cDNA was used after PCR. Two-step QRTPCR was performed on the generated cDNA using the
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MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase from the TaqMan Reverse Transcription System and the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (PE Biosystems). Primer pairs for BAX, BID, BCL-2, AKT and BAD were generated from the published sequences (Table 10). The reactions were performed on a 96-well MicroAmp Optical Reaction Plate (PE Biosystems). Forty PCR cycles were performed under standard conditions using an annealing temperature of 60 ° C. Quantification was determined by the number of the cycle in which the exponential amplification started (limit value), and the values obtained from the triplicate repetitions were averaged. There was an inverse relationship between the message level and the limit value. In addition, GAPDH was used as a maintenance gene to normalize the initial total cDNA content. The relative expression was calculated as the ratio between each of the genes and GAPDH. All reactions were done in triplicate.
Table 10. Quantitative RT-PCR initiators
<td></td><td>Sense (5'-3 ')</td><td>Antisense (5'-3 ')</td>
<td>GAPDH</td><td>CCACCCATGGCAAATTCCATGGCA (SEQ ID. N °: 42)</td><td>TCTAGACGGCAGGTCAGGTCAACC (SEQ ID. N °: 46)</td>
<td>BAD</td><td>CTCAGGCCTATGCAAAAAGAGGA (SEQ ID. N °: 43)</td><td>GCCCTCCCTCCAAAGGAGAC (SEQ ID. N °: 47)</td>
<td>IDB</td><td>AACCTACGCACCTACGTGAGGAG (SEQ ID. N °: 44)</td><td>CGTTCAGTCCATCCCATTTCTG (SEQ ID. N °: 48)</td>
<td>BAX</td><td>GACACCTGAGCTGACCTTGG (SEQ ID. N °: 45)</td><td>GAGGAAGTCCAGTGTCCAGC (SEQ ID. N °: 49)</td>
<td>BCL-2</td><td>TATGATACCCGGGAGATCGTGATC (SEQ ID. N °: 54)</td><td>GTGCAGATGCCGGTTCAGGTACTC (SEQ ID. N °: 55)</td>
<td>AKT</td><td>TCAGCCCTGGACTACCTGCA</td><td>GAGGTCCCGGTACACCACGT</td>
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<td></td><td>(SEQ ID. N °: 56)</td><td>(SEQ ID. N °: 57)</td>
Membrane permeability test: double staining with Acridine orange (AO) / ethidium bromide (EtBr) was performed to identify changes in the integrity of the cell membrane, as well as apoptotic cells by staining the condensed chromatin. AO stains viable cells as well as early apoptotic cells, while EtBr stains late-stage apoptotic cells that have compromised membrane integrity. Briefly, PC3 and LNCaP cells were seeded on two-chamber culture slides (BD Falcon), and the cells were transfected with PAX2 siRNA, nonspecific siRNA or just medium. After treatment, the cells were washed once with PBS and stained with 2 ml of a solution (1: 1) of a mixture of AO (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and EtBr (Promega) (5 mg / ml) by 5 minutes. After staining, the cells were washed again with PBS. The fluorescence was visualized by a Zeiss LSM 5 Pascal Vario 2 (Carl Zeiss) laser scanning confocal microscope. The excitation color wheel contains BS505-530 (green) and LP560 (red) blocking filters that allow the separation of green light emitted by AO in the green channel and red light by EtBr in the red channel. Adjustments of laser power output and gain control within each individual experiment were identical between cells induced by control and DEFB1. Excitation was provided by a mixed gas laser Kr / Ar at wavelengths of 543 nm for AO and 488 nm for EtBr. The slides were analyzed under 40X magnification and the digital images were stored as uncompressed TIFF files and exported in Photoshop CS software
223/247 (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA) for image processing and print presentation.
Statistical analysis: statistical differences were assessed using the Student's t test for unpaired values. P values were determined by a two-sided calculation, and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Analysis of PAX2 protein expression in prostate cells: PAX2 protein expression was examined by Western analysis in primary culture of HPrEC prostate cells and in LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. Here, PAX2 protein has been detected in all prostate cancer cell lines (Fig. 3 6A). However, no PAX2 protein was detectable in HPrEC. The blots were removed and re-probed for β-actin as an internal control to ensure an equal charge. PAX2 protein expression was also monitored after selective targeting and inhibition by specific PAX2 siRNA in DU14 5, PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. The cells underwent a single round of transfection with the PAX2 siRNA pool over a six-day treatment period. The PAX2 protein was expressed in control cells treated with medium only. The specific targeting of PAX2 mRNA was confirmed by observing PAX2 protein knockdown in all three cell lines (Fig. 36B).
Effect of PAX2 knockdown on prostate cancer cell growth: the effect of PAX2 siRNA on cell number and cell viability was
224/247 analyzed using optical microscopy and MTT analysis. To examine the effect of PAX2 siRNA on the number of cells, cell lines PC3, DU145 and LNCaP were transfected with medium, nonspecific siRNA or PAX2 siRNA over a period of 6 days. Each cell line reached an 80-90% confluence in 60 mm culture plates containing only medium. The treatment of HPrEC, DU145, PC3 and LNCaP cells with nonspecific siRNA appeared to have little or no cell growth, compared to cells treated with medium only (Figs. 38A, 38C and 38E, respectively). Treatment of the PAX2-null HPrEC cell line with PAX2 siRNA appeared to have no significant effect on cell growth (Fig. 37B). However, treatment of DU145, PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines with PAX2 siRNA resulted in a significant decrease in the number of cells (Figs. 38D, 38F and 38H, respectively).
Effect of PAX2 knockdown on the viability of prostate cancer cells: cell viability was measured after exposure times of 2, 4 and 6 days. The viability percentage was calculated as the proportion of absorbance at 570-630 nm of cells treated with PAX2 siRNA divided by the untreated control cells. As negative controls, cell viability was measured after each period of treatment with nonspecific negative control siRNA or transfection with reagent alone. The relative cell viability was calculated by dividing the percentage of viability after treatment with PAX2 siRNA
0 viability percentage after treatment with siRNA
225/247 unspecific (Fig. 38). After 2 days of treatment, the relative viability was 116% in DU145, 81% in PC3 and 98% in LNCaP. After 4 days of treatment, the relative cell viability decreased to 69% in DU145, 79% in PC3 and 80% in LNCaP. Finally, in 6 days, the relative viability was 63% in DU145, 43% in PC3 and 44% in LNCaP. In addition, cell viability was also measured after treatment with transfection reagent alone. Here, all cell lines showed no significant decrease in cell viability.
Detection of pan-caspase activity: caspase activity was detected by microscopic analysis by confocal laser. LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells were treated with PAX2 siRNA, and activity was monitored based on the binding of FAM-labeled peptide to caspases in cells that are actively undergoing apoptosis that will show green fluorescence. The analysis of cells with medium only shows the presence of viable LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells, respectively. Excitation by the confocal laser at 488 nm did not produce detectable green staining, which indicates the absence of caspase activity in the untreated cells (Figs. 39A, 39C and 39E, respectively). After 4 days of treatment with PAX2 siRNA, the LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells under fluorescence showed green color, indicating caspase activity (Figs. 39B, 39D and 39F, respectively).
Effect of PAX2 inhibition on apoptotic factors: LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells were treated with siRNA against PAX2 for 4 days, and the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors was measured by QRT-PCR. After PAX2 knockdown,
226/247 the BAD analysis revealed a 2-fold increase in LNCaP, 1.58 times in DU145 and 1.375 times in PC3 (Fig. 40A). BID expression levels increased 1.38 times in LNCaP and 1.78 times in DU145, but there was no statistically significant difference in BID observed in PC3 after suppression of PAX2 expression (Fig. 40B). Analysis of the anti-apoptotic factor AKT revealed a 1.25-fold decrease in expression in LNCaP and a 1.28-fold decrease in DU14 5 after treatment, but no changes were observed in PC3 (Fig. 40C).
Analysis of membrane integrity and necrosis: membrane integrity was monitored by confocal analysis in LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells. Here, intact cells stained green because of OA, which is membrane permeable, while cells with compromised plasma membranes stained red due to the incorporation of membrane impermeable EtBr in the cytoplasm, and yellow due to co-location. of AO and EtBr in the nuclei. Untreated LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells stained positively with AO and emitted a green color, but did not stain with EtBr. After PAX2 knockdown, there were no observable changes in membrane integrity in LNCaP cells, as indicated by positive green fluorescence with AO and absence of red EtBr fluorescence. These findings also indicate that LNCaP cells can undergo apoptosis, but do not show necrotic cell death after PAX2 knockdown. Conversely, the knockdown of PAX2 in DU145 and PC3 cells resulted in the accumulation of EtBr in the cytoplasm, as indicated by the red staining. In addition, both DU145 and PC3 had condensed cores that appear in
227/247 yellow due to the co-localization of the green and red coloring of AO and EtBr, respectively. These results indicate that DU145 and PC3 cells undergo an alternative cell death pathway that involves necrotic cell death, compared to LNCaP cells.
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G. SEQUENCES
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SEQUENCE LISTING <110> UNIVERSIDAPE DE MEDICINA DE CAROLINA DO SQL
CARLTON p. DONALD <120> COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CQNPIÇQES <130> 19113.0129P2 <15Q> 60 / 885,142 <151> 16-01-2007 <160> 68 <17O> FastSEQ for Windows Version 4.0 << 210> 1 <211> 5 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: note = Synthetic Construction <400> 1 ccttg 5 <210> 2 <211> 21 <212> RNA
2/69 <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 2 auagacucga cuugacuucu u 21 <210> 3 <211> 21 <212> RNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 3 gaggaaacgu gaugaagauu u 21 <210> 4 <211> 21 <212> RNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction
3/69 <400> 4 aucuucauca cguuuccucu u 21 <210> 5 <211> 21 <212> RNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 5 ggacaagauu gcugaauacu u 21 <210> 6 <211> 21 <212> RNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 6 guauucagca aucuuguccu u 21 <210> 7 <211> 21 <212> RNA <213> Artificial Sequence ϊ / 69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construct <400> 7 caucagagca çaucaaaucu u 21 <210> 8 <211> 21 <212> RNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 8 gauuugaugu gcucugaugu u 21 <210> 9 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 9
5/69 ctcccttcag ttccgtcgac <210> 10 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 10 ctcccttcac cttggtcgac 20 <210> 11 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 11 ctcccttcac tctggtcgac 20 <210> 12 <211> 40 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
6/69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 12 actgtggcac ctcccttcag ttccgtcgac gaggttgtgc 40 <210> 13 <211> 40 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 13 actgtggcac ctcccttcac cttggtcgac gaggttgtgc 40 <210> 14 <211> 40 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 14
7/69 actgtggcac ctcccttcac tctggtcgac gaggttgtgc <210> 15 <211> 21 <212> RNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 15 gaagucaagu cgagucuauu u 21 <210> 16 <211> 24 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 16 ccacccatgg caaattccat ggca 24 <210> 17 <211> 23 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
8/69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 17 ctcaggccta tgcaaaaaga gga 23 <210> 18 <211> 23 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 18 aacctacgca cctacgtgag gag 23 <210> 19 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 19
9/69 gacacctgag ctgaccttgg 20 <210> 20 <211> 24 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 20 tctagacggc aggtcaggtc aacc 24 <210> 21 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 21 gccctccctc caaaggagac 20 <210> 22 <211> 22 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
10/69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 22 cgttcagtcc atcccatttc tg 22 <210> 23 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 23 gaggaagtcc agtgtccagc 20 <210> 24 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 24
11/69 agaagttcac ccttgactgt <210> 25 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 25 agaagttcac gttccactgt 20 <210> 26 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 26 agaagttcac gctctactgt 20 <210> 27 <211> 39 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
12/69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 27 ttagcgatta gaagttcacc cttgactgtg gcacctccc 39 <210> 28 <211> 40 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 28 gttagcgatt agaagttcac gttccactgt ggcacctccc 40 <210> 29 <211> 40 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 29
13/69 gttagcgatt agaagttcac gctctactgt ggcacctccc <210> 30 <211> 18 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 30 cctggcaccc agcacaat 18 <210> 31 <211> 32 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 31 gttgcctgcc agtcgccatg agaacttcct ac 32 <210> 32 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
14/69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 32 gccgatccac acggagtact 20 <210> 33 <211> 32 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 33 tggccttccc tctgtaacag gtgccttgaa tt 32 <210> 34 <211> 135 <212> PRT <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 34
15/69
Met Asp Met His Cys Lys Ala Asp
5
Gly Gly Vai Asn Gin Leu Gly Gly
Pro Asp Go Go Arg Gin Arg Ile
40
Arg Pro Cys Asp Ile Ser Arg Gin
55
Ser Lys Ile Leu Gly Arg Tyr Tyr
70
Go Ile Gly Gly Ser Lys Pro Lys
Lys Ile Ala Glu Tyr Lys Arg Gin
100
Ile Arg Asp Arg Leu Leu Ala Glu
115 120
Pro Ser Vai Ser Ser Ile Asn
130 135
Pro Phe Ser Ala Met His Arg His
15
Go Phe Go Asn Gly Arg Pro Leu
30
Glu Leu Ala His Gin Gly Vai
Leu Arg Gonna Be His Gly Cys Vai
Glu Thr Gly Ser Ile Lys Pro Gly
80
Go Wing Thr Pro Lys Go Go Asp
95
Asn Pro Thr Met Phe Ala Trp Glu
105 110
Gly Ile Cys Asp Asn Asp Thr Vai
125 <210> 35 <211> 7331 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: note = Synthetic Construction <220>
16/69 <221> misc_ <222> (0) ..
<223> c = η <400> 35 ttcccccttt acacacacac acacacacac cagcagcagn ncctagctcc gggacgtcct ggctccaggc gggtcccacg acgccccttt tggtcccctc ttccctgcgt cctcggcggc cctgcccttt agctcccggc tgtggcgcgc gaggaaggaa aggcggncgc gcaaactctg ggaaacttaa cecggtcgcg cgcgctcacc tgtttcgctt cctctggtct characteristic. (0), c, g, or t ccangagggc ctaatccgtt gcgcgcgcgc acgcggacac acacacacac acacacggcc cccatagcca ccgcaactct
120 tctgacccga ggccccaaga cggcgggcac aggaacccct
180 tggacgtagg cggaggtggc aggagtggac aaacccaggc
240 cctcgggtct ctccttgttt cagccagccg ctctcgcccc
300 tagggtcctt tgtctccagc cacctcgcag cctgtccccg
360 gggcctccca gatctctctg gcgggtcccc ctgccttacc
420 tcttcgcctg ctcctcacat ncacacagct gctgggagag
480 gccgcggatg gatccgagac ggtagatttg gtgccggctc
540 ngccggttct tccgcccctc tncaactatg nccagcgcgg
600 ccgcggggac cctttccttt tcctgtattt cggctgcggc
660 cccagccttt ggagtggctt ccctggccct gcactccgtt ccctttcggc 720
17/69
<td>cgcccccggc</td><td>tgtcgcctgc</td><td>ccccaccctc</td><td>cgcaggtccc</td>
<td>cggcgatgac</td><td> 780</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgtggaggta</td><td>acgccgggga</td><td>cgtcctgggt</td><td>cagcctgcac</td>
<td>gaccacagcc</td><td> 840</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgatgaggcc</td><td>gcgggctccg</td><td>ggccggctgc</td><td>taagagagtt</td>
<td>tcgccagcga</td><td> 900</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cactcagcct</td><td>ccccttccga</td><td>ctctctcgcc</td><td>cggcctaggg</td>
<td>ggggacagct</td><td> 960</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ggccaggtgg</td><td>ggacttcggc</td><td>ttcgcacaaa</td><td>ccagcctctt</td>
<td>agagacaggt</td><td> 1020</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ggtggcttct</td><td>cagttccctc</td><td>ggcaactctc</td><td>taaggtcctc</td>
<td>tcctgtctct</td><td> 1080</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccctccttcg</td><td>agcctcctcc</td><td>cagccaggcc</td><td>tctccccacc</td>
<td>cgctctggct</td><td> 1140</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ttgactgatt</td><td>aactgcaggt</td><td>cctgggagaa</td><td>ccaactttct</td>
<td>ccggaccgga</td><td> 1200</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgggatttcc</td><td>ttccctaggt</td><td>ctccgccaat</td><td>gggccagctc</td>
<td>ttttggcgga</td><td> 1260</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctggctgaag</td><td>aggaccgcgc</td><td>ctgaggccac</td><td>aattaacccg</td>
<td>gtggtggttg</td><td> 1320</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gggggtgggc</td><td>agtgaggaat</td><td>ttaaccgatc</td><td>ctctagcagc</td>
<td>cagttgggag</td><td> 1380</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gggggtgcag</td><td>gaagtgggaa</td><td>tggaggagtg</td><td>gcaggaggta</td>
<td>gaagaacgat</td><td> 1440</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>aaacctggac</td><td>aggtgtggca</td><td>tagccaatag</td><td>aaggggaaac</td>
<td>aggaaggcgg</td><td> 1500</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgcggggagg</td><td>aatccccagt</td><td>aacctttata</td><td>ggattgaagt</td>
<td>acgccacctc</td><td> 1560</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctgccctacc</td><td>ttagcactca</td><td>gatccctcct</td><td>ttacctcttt</td>
acggtcgcgg cgtctccctc aatcattact gaggagggga caggcctccc tttcttcccc gtctcctgtc ttgtttggaa ctcccgacgg gctgttggtg tgcgctggtg tagacagagg aaaataaagggggggg
18/69
<td>aaagctggcc</td><td>atttactcca</td><td>taatctacta</td><td>gagaaatgtc</td>
<td>aaatgcctat</td><td> 1680</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgattagctc</td><td>catggagtag</td><td>acaagacagg</td><td>cgtaattatc</td>
<td>aggtgagaaa</td><td> 1740</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>actgagtctc</td><td>aaagaagcaa</td><td>agggactgtg</td><td>tatgtagtgg</td>
<td>ttcctgtagg</td><td> 1800</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctgtggggtg</td><td>agtggcccct</td><td>ttagctgtgc</td><td>agaggtccat</td>
<td>ggaggcggta</td><td> 1860</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>caggctgtgt</td><td>ccaggtctga</td><td>gccagaagta</td><td>ccagggcctc</td>
<td>tagccctttt</td><td> 1920</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>agcttgttct</td><td>ctgttggaca</td><td>ggaccttcac</td><td>tcttactctc</td>
<td>ggctgggttt</td><td> 1980</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctcccagctt</td><td>cgctattttt</td><td>tcagttccct</td><td>agtagagtgg</td>
<td>gtagccacct</td><td> 2040</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ggctggcccg</td><td>tgccactaag</td><td>aggcagcttt</td><td>ggtggccaag</td>
<td>tgttgttgct</td><td> 2100</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cctcaaaggg</td><td>cctgtgaagg</td><td>gctgggcagg</td><td>tcgcaaagac</td>
<td>gggaaagcta</td><td> 2160</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gattaaaggg</td><td>ggtaaggatc</td><td>ctggaggata</td><td>aaggccaagc</td>
<td>ggactccaca</td><td> 2220</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ggaccaacag</td><td>accgagcggg</td><td>cggggccngc</td><td>tgggagtcag</td>
<td>cttcacgcag</td><td> 2280</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ggagcccaaa</td><td>tattgggaac</td><td>aaaagcagga</td><td>aaagaagagt</td>
<td>gggagggagg</td><td> 2340</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gagcgaggaa</td><td>gcagaaatta</td><td>gggggtctta</td><td>gatgaaaaaa</td>
<td>agctttaggg</td><td> 2400</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ggaatgtgct</td><td>gtggagtgtg</td><td>aaattgcagc</td><td>ccatggtgct</td>
<td>ccagaagctc</td><td> 2460</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ttccaaaaaa</td><td>aaaaaaaaaa</td><td>accatcctcc</td><td>aacgtgacca</td>
tgggtttgca cccattttac ctgtcacttt gggtatctag acggggctcc tagacctgct cccatgggcg tggcttgcat ctcttgtgag acgtgcgcct gccccccggg gagagcagga aaaagaaagt ccatgggagagagagggggggg
19/69
<td>ggcggggaga</td><td>gaatggggag</td><td>gaggaggggg</td><td>aaaggccggg</td>
<td>tcaggccttt</td><td> 2580</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctgcggaagg</td><td>ggctggggtg</td><td>taagtttcgg</td><td>ctccctggga</td>
<td>gagggtatgc</td><td> 2640</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gccctggggt</td><td>gcgccgggac</td><td>ccagagggcg</td><td>agtgagcctc</td>
<td>ctctggagtt</td><td> 2700</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cggttgtcag</td><td>aagaactttt</td><td>atttttcttt</td><td>ttggtggtga</td>
<td>tgggaataat</td><td> 2760</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccagaaatga</td><td>agctcagctg</td><td>cggagctgca</td><td>gctctgttct</td>
<td>cctgcctttc</td><td> 2820</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgcttctctt</td><td>cccttcggac</td><td>tacttttctc</td><td>cccttggttc</td>
<td>tttcccctct</td><td> 2880</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gaactttaat</td><td>gcatttaatt</td><td>tggtccgcgc</td><td>tgtggggagc</td>
<td>gagatgcatt</td><td> 2940</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>taatttcgga</td><td>atttctaatc</td><td>ccctccctca</td><td>gaccccggtc</td>
<td>tagccgctcc</td><td> 3000</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccgggaagtg</td><td>gaaggaggaa</td><td>ggcaggtccc</td><td>ggccacgggg</td>
<td>gctgggatgc</td><td> 3060</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tcccgcggcc</td><td>ccctccgtct</td><td>caccaaggct</td><td>cagccgcctt</td>
<td>tggaggccgg</td><td> 3120</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gcgcctgggc</td><td>cccgggtcag</td><td>ggccctgcan</td><td>gaagaagaga</td>
<td>gctttctgcc</td><td> 3180</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ttttcttcgc</td><td>ctgggcaaga</td><td>aaacgctggg</td><td>ccagggaact</td>
<td>aaacaggaga</td><td> 3240</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>aagggtttnt</td><td>ggaaggcanc</td><td>gggagcgggt</td><td>ggcagncggg</td>
<td>ntggactagg</td><td> 3300</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tctacaccgg</td><td>cacttcactt</td><td>ttgcacaaca</td><td>tgcccagaaa</td>
<td>agccctggag</td><td> 3360</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tcgcgcttgg</td><td>cttggcttgg</td><td>ggcgccggtg</td><td>cgtgggtaca</td>
caggagccgg tctgacagcc ggttggtcgg cttctaaaag ccctctctcc taaatagctt atttcctggg ctagctcccc gaggggcgcg cccaagctac ggcaaccccc ggaaaccgga gcancgggca cgcatggt ctg
20/69
<td>ccgccacccc</td><td>gacacctaca</td><td>cccagtgcag</td><td>agcaggcgcg</td>
<td>acaaccaggc</td><td> 3480</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cggcagtagc</td><td>tcggcctgga</td><td>gggcggaggc</td><td>aaggttgggg</td>
<td>gcctgggcaa</td><td> 3540</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gcctggcagg</td><td>gaagggagcc</td><td>gagaaggcaa</td><td>aggagccgag</td>
<td>aagattnntt</td><td> 3600</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gggcagatca</td><td>gatgcacaga</td><td>ggcggctaat</td><td>gaagcaaatc</td>
<td>tttcagagca</td><td> 3660</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>actccccaaa</td><td>agtttatttt</td><td>gcctttaaat</td><td>ttccgcaggg</td>
<td>cttgtttgaa</td><td> 3720</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gtgtaaatgc</td><td>ccctaggttg</td><td>gggggtggaa</td><td>gggccgcttt</td>
<td>gagagaaaag</td><td> 3780</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gttcatttag</td><td>aggcggacgg</td><td>gaaaagcaac</td><td>caaccctgac</td>
<td>ccgggtagtg</td><td> 3840</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tttggggttg</td><td>ggtngttttc</td><td>tttctttctc</td><td>tttcttttcc</td>
<td>tctttcttcc</td><td> 3900</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cttttgtgnn</td><td>ttttnnttgt</td><td>tttttttntn</td><td>ttntttttnt</td>
<td>ttcttgcttc</td><td> 3960</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cccccacccc</td><td>tctactagac</td><td>tctatagaag</td><td>aaagagaaca</td>
<td>agtcagagga</td><td> 4020</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gcggccagtg</td><td>actggatgaa</td><td>ggccagccct</td><td>tcatcctgga</td>
<td>aaggcagagc</td><td> 4080</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tttggagaaa</td><td>aggggttcct</td><td>aatctccagg</td><td>gagcattact</td>
<td>ctagacccag</td><td> 4140</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gaatgggctg</td><td>gacgctaatg</td><td>gggaagcggc</td><td>caggaacccg</td>
<td>agagtgagtg</td><td> 4200</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tccagctagt</td><td>gcagtgctgg</td><td>gaagacgatc</td><td>ccaggagcag</td>
<td>caggggctac</td><td> 4260</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctgggaatgg</td><td>gactatcaga</td><td>agggtcttta</td><td>ctcctcanaa</td>
gcccagccag gccgccaggc atccacaagg ccgagatggg aggcgggctc gaaaacacca aggtcggagc cctttcctct ttaantggct gaaaaggggg gccccaggag ctttgactct gcctggcgga gggggactct gggggact
21/69 gtgtgaggac aaaatggaaa atccttctcg atggtacttg taacatagga aggggggggg tttactcaca cctggatgac caacttggag aataaggacc ctttctcaac gtgcgtgttc gtggggttgt agaggaagag actgacctta ccaacctgcc tagccaccca agtgttttcc tcccagactt acaggaggga gggcaaatgc tcagaacctc gtcccgctga aaacccgggt acaagacgcc ccccatggta tctgccgccc ttccgcgggg cgcccggaac aacttccagc
4380 cccaacatgt
4440 catgtctagc
4500 gctttcttcc
4560 agacctgggg
4620 gttcctttca
4680 gaggccaaag
4740 gaggctaggc
4800 agggaagtgg
4860 taccccgcag
4920 caggatccca
4980 gcctggcctg
5040 cagtagtagt
5100 aggctccggc
5160 tgcagacggg acacttggcg gaaaatgctt tggttctaga ttcaatagtt caaaggttac ccccagttct caaacccggg cctgcgtctt gataggggct gtggattaag gcggacccag agctcctcct agttaggctg cagagggagg ggctggagga cattaagtcc gttgtgggca aaaatctgtg cacacacccc tttagttctg gggttaatta agcgccatct caacctctag gggaggggca cttattgggc gccccacagg gaggaataag agtcaggcag ggagcgcgag at ctcggatt ccttctctac cccacatttc tctgtgtgga gagacaaatt agctcctcta cttccagtta gcaggcctca cccaagggaa ggcggtgagg tctggaggat agtgagaggc ggcatcccaa gtgcatctct tccgcggcgc cgggctgcaa gagcgctgcg 5220
22/69
<td>caagcttcgc</td><td>cgagccgccc</td><td>tttcgcagac</td><td>ccagggaagc</td>
<td>agcgaaggag</td><td> 5280</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ggagagagag</td><td>ttaaaacatc</td><td>agcttgaaag</td><td>tgcccaagat</td>
<td>agaccgaggg</td><td> 5340</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gaaaattatt</td><td>ttcatgaaag</td><td>attctccccg</td><td>gaatatttct</td>
<td>ccagttagga</td><td> 5400</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>agacaaaggg</td><td>cttctttctg</td><td>cctggtgcgg</td><td>tgcgagcgga</td>
<td>caagggagct</td><td> 5460</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>agtgccaaag</td><td>agaactgcgg</td><td>aggctccggc</td><td>aggagtgggg</td>
<td>ggttgcgcct</td><td> 5520</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cctgcgctcg</td><td>ccccggatcc</td><td>accgagctag</td><td>cagcgggcgg</td>
<td>cgtccgcagc</td><td> 5580</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctcctcttct</td><td>ccccagccgg</td><td>ggagagccag</td><td>cctcgtctcc</td>
<td>gccgccagcg</td><td> 5640</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>acctgcagct</td><td>ccgcactgtt</td><td>tccctcccct</td><td>gtaccccctt</td>
<td>cgagggttca</td><td> 5700</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gaaaccaagt</td><td>cccccggctc</td><td>tcccgccatc</td><td>cgctgggtcc</td>
<td>ggtgggtact</td><td> 5760</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgccggaggt</td><td>cttcagctcg</td><td>attctgaacc</td><td>aagcgttctg</td>
<td>acccggtggg</td><td> 5820</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>caaggggact</td><td>ggggaggccc</td><td>tgcgcacagt</td><td>cgcgtggaac</td>
<td>aagacaaact</td><td> 5880</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gctggacact</td><td>tttccgtgga</td><td>atgagaagtg</td><td>gggggtgcgt</td>
<td>gtacctccgg</td><td> 5940</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>agggaaaggc</td><td>caaagggaag</td><td>gaccagaaag</td><td>agaggaagga</td>
<td>aggaacggaa</td><td> 6000</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gggaactcag</td><td>agccgagggt</td><td>ggtggggttg</td><td>gggctaggga</td>
<td>gcccggggcc</td><td> 6060</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gcgcggccca</td><td>ggcgggcact</td><td>ggccagtgga</td><td>tggcagggct</td>
ggggggaggg gattttatta tgtacttaac ccccagcgag acgtccccgt cgctcagccg cacatcctct cccagtcacc caccgaggca gactgcccag gggaggggac gggtgggaag agagccggga tgcgcgggggggggg
23/69 cccggcttca attcattaga ctgaccgctc ttctcagtgt agttttaatc tccctcttcc ttcgccggct ctccccttgc cggcaccgga cagcgctggc gaatcacaga tcccggcgcg gggaggggga caccgggagc cgaggctcca gccagcccag agctgccagc ggcggcgtgc gcctgccttt ggcgccacct cggacatccc cacttggaga ggcccggctc tccgaccacc gcctctcgga cccagcttca gccctggctg ccggcccacc gccccggggc cagcgcagcg cgctccgagg ccctctgtcg ttacctgaat
6180 tttatcctta tctaacgttt atcttatcgg cgagtttcgt
6240 ccgggctccc attccccctc ccccggtccg ctcccctccc
6300 gctccctccc tccctccctc ccatttctcc ctcccctgcc
6360 gtgacaggct cggggccctc ctcgccgaag ctcggggctc
6420 gtggtggaat ctattgcctt tgtctgacaa gtcatccatc
6480 ggaggtctgg agggggcttt gcagctttta gagagacaca
6540 gtctccggcc gagtcttcta gcagccgcaa cccacctggg
6600 gccgctcggc tccctccctc cctcccggcc cttcggccgc
6660 tccgggggcg ggggcctggc ccgcgcgctc ccctcccgca
6720 cgggattgct acttctctgc caacttcgcc aactcgccag
6780 ccctcccggc gccctctgac cgcccccgcc ccgcgcgctc
6840 tgaacaggtt ccaggggagc tgagcgagtc gcctcccccg
6900 cagctgcagc gcgagccatg cgcccccagt gcaccccggc
6960 cattctgctg accgcccagc cccgagcccc gacagtggca agttgcggct 7020
24/69
<td>actgcggttg</td><td>caagctccgg</td><td>ccaacccgga</td><td>ggagccccag</td><td>cggggagcgc</td>
<td>agtgttgcgc</td><td> 7080</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cccccgcccc</td><td>cgcgcgcgcc</td><td>gcagcagccg</td><td>ggcgttcact</td><td>catcctccct</td>
<td>cccccaccgt</td><td> 7140</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccctcccttt</td><td>tctcctcaag</td><td>tcctgaagtt</td><td>gagtttgaga</td><td>ggcgacacgg</td>
<td>cggcggcggc</td><td> 7200</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgcgctgctc</td><td>ccgctcctct</td><td>gcctccccat</td><td>ggatatgcac</td><td>tgcaaagcag</td>
<td>accccttctc</td><td> 7260</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgcgatgcac</td><td>cgtgagtacc</td><td>cgçgcccggc</td><td>tcctgtcccg</td><td>gctcgggctc</td>
<td>tccgtcccaa</td><td> 7320</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccctgtccag</td><td>t</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td> 7331</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<210> 36 <211> 416 <212> PRT <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: note = Synthetic Construction
<td colspan="16"> <400> 36</td>
<td>Met</td><td>Asp</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Cys</td><td>Lys</td><td>Allah</td><td>Asp</td><td>Pro</td><td>Phe</td><td>To be</td><td>Allah</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Pro</td><td>Gly</td>
<td> 1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 15</td><td></td>
<td>HIS</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gin</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Phe</td><td>Go</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Arg</td><td>Pro</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 25</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 30</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Read</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td><td>Go</td><td>Go</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Arg</td><td>Ile</td><td>Go</td><td>Glu</td><td>Read</td><td>Allah</td><td>His</td><td>Gin</td><td>Gly</td>
25/69
Go Arg Pro Cys Asp Ile Ser Arg Gin Leu Arg Gonna Be His Gly Cys 50 55 60
Gonna Be Lys Ile Leu Gly Arg Tyr Tyr Glu Thr Gly Ser Ile Lys Pro
70 75 80
Gly Vai Ile Gly Gly Ser Lys Pro Lys Vai Ala Thr Pro Lys Vai Vai
90 95
Asp Lys Ile Ala Glu Tyr Lys Arg Gin Asn Pro Thr Met Phe Ala Trp
100 105 110
Glu Ile Arg Asp Arg Leu Leu Ala Glu Gly Ile Cys Asp Asn Asp Thr
115 120 125
Go Pro Ser Go Ser Be Ile Asn Arg Ile Ile Arg Thr Lys Vai Gin
130 135 140
Gin Pro Phe His Pro Thr Pro Asp Gly Ala Gly Thr Gly Vai Thr Ala
145 150 155 160
Pro Gly His Thr Ile Vai Pro Ser Thr Ala Ser Pro Pro Vai Ser Ser
165 170 175
Ala Ser Asn Asp Pro Vai Gly Ser Tyr Ser Ile Asn Gly Ile Leu Gly
180 185 190
Ile Pro Arg Ser Asn Gly Glu Lys Arg Lys Arg Asp Glu Vai Glu Vai
195 200 205
Tyr Thr Asp Pro Ala His Ile Arg Gly Gly Gly Gly Leu His Leu Vai
210 215 220
Trp Thr Leu Arg Asp Will Be Glu Gly Ser Will Pro Asn Gly Asp Ser
225 230 235 240
Gin Ser Gly Vai Asp Ser Leu Arg Lys His Leu Arg Ala Asp Thr Phe
245 250 255
Thr Gin Gin Gin Leu Glu Ala Leu Asp Arg Vai Phe Glu Arg Pro Ser
260 265 270
Tyr Pro Asp Vai Phe Gin Ala Ser Glu His Ile Lys Ser Glu Gin Gly
275 280 285
26/69
Asn Glu Tyr Ser Leu Pro Ala Leu Thr Pro Gly Leu Asp Glu Val
290 295 300
Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Thr Asn Pro Glu Leu Gly Ser Asn Val
305 310 315
Gly Thr Gin Thr Tyr Pro Val Val Thr Gly Arg Asp Met Ala Ser
325 330 335
Thr Leu Pro Gly Tyr Pro Pro His Val Pro Pro Thr Gly Gin Gly
340 345 350
Tyr Pro Thr Ser Thr Leu Ala Gly Met Val Pro Gly Ser Glu Phe
355 360 365
Gly Asn Pro Tyr Ser His Pro Gin Tyr Thr Ala Tyr Asn Glu Ala
370 375 380
Arg Phe Ser Asn Pro Ala Leu Leu Ser Ser Pro Tyr Tyr Tyr Ser
385 390 395
Pro Arg Wing Ser Pro Wing Wing Wing Wing Wing Wing Tyr Asp Arg Wing
405 410 415
Lys
To be
320
Thr
To be
To be
Trp
Allah
400
His <210> 37 <211> 4276 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: note = Synthetic Construction <400> 37 aggctccagt ctccggccga gtcttctcgç agccgcaacc cacctggggc cagcccagag 60
27/69
<td>ctgccagcgc</td><td>cgctcggctc</td><td>cctccctccc</td><td>tcccggccct</td>
<td>cggcgtgcgc</td><td> 120</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctgccttttc</td><td>cgggggcggg</td><td>ggcctggccc</td><td>gcgcgctccc</td>
<td>cgccacctcg</td><td> 180</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gacatccccg</td><td>ggattgctac</td><td>ttctctgcca</td><td>acttcgccaa</td>
<td>cttggagagg</td><td> 240</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cccggctccc</td><td>ctcccggcgc</td><td>cctctgaccg</td><td>cccccgcccc</td>
<td>cgaccaccgc</td><td> 300</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctctcggatg</td><td>accaggttcc</td><td>aggggagctg</td><td>agcgagtcgc</td>
<td>cagcttcagc</td><td> 360</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cctggctgca</td><td>gctgcagcgc</td><td>gagccatgcg</td><td>cccccagtgc</td>
<td>ggcccaccgc</td><td> 420</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cccggggcca</td><td>ttctgctgac</td><td>cgcccagccc</td><td>cgagccccga</td>
<td>ttgcggctac</td><td> 480</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgcagttgca</td><td>agctccggcc</td><td>aacccggagg</td><td>agccccagcg</td>
<td>tgttgcgccc</td><td> 540</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cccgcccccg</td><td>cgcgccccgc</td><td>agcagccggg</td><td>cgttcactca</td>
<td>cccaccgtcc</td><td> 600</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctcccttttc</td><td>tcctcaagtc</td><td>ctgaagttga</td><td>gtttgagagg</td>
<td>gcggcggccg</td><td> 660</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgctgctccc</td><td>gctcctctgc</td><td>ctccccatgg</td><td>atatgcactg</td>
<td>cccttctccg</td><td> 720</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgatgcaccc</td><td>agggcacggg</td><td>ggtgtgaacc</td><td>agctcggggg</td>
<td>aacggccggc</td><td> 780</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccctacccga</td><td>cgtggtgagg</td><td>cagcgcatcg</td><td>tggagctggc</td>
<td>gtgcggccct</td><td> 840</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gtgacatctc</td><td>ccggcagctg</td><td>cgggtcagcc</td><td>acggctgtgt</td>
<td>ctgggcaggt</td><td> 900</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>actacgagac</td><td>cggcagcatc</td><td>aagccgggtg</td><td>tgatcggtgg</td>
tcggccgcgg ctcccgcagg ctcgccagca gcgcgctctc ctcccccgcc accccggccc cagtggcaag gggagcgcag tcctccctcc cgacacggcg caaagcagac ggtgtttgtg caccagggggggggggggggggcgcgcggggggggggcgcgcggg
28/69 cgcccaaagt ggtggacaag attgctgaat acaaacgaca gaacccgact atgttcgcct 1020 gggagattcg agaccggctc ctggccgagg gcatctgtga caatgacaca gtgcccagcg 1080 tctcttccat caacagaatc atccggacca aagttcagca gcctttccac ccaacgccgg 1140 atggggctgg gacaggagtg accgcccctg gccacaccat tgttcccagc acggcctccc 1200 ctcctgtttc cagcgcctcc aatgacccag tgggatccta ctccatcaat gggatcctgg 1260 ggattcctcg ctccaatggt gagaagagga aacgtgatga agttgaggta tacactgatc 1320 ctgcccacat tagaggaggt ggaggtttgc atctggtctg gactttaaga gatgtgtctg 1380 agggctcagt ccccaatgga gattcccaga gtggtgtgga cagtttgcgg aagcacttgc 1440 gagctgacac cttcacccag cagcagctgg aagctttgga tcgggtcttt gagcgtcctt 1500 cctaccctga cgtcttccag gcatcagagc acatcaaatc agaacagggg aacgagtact 1560 ccctcccagc cctgacccct gggcttgatg aagtcaagtc gagtctatct gcatccacca 1620 accctgagct gggcagcaac gtgtcaggca cacagacata cccagttgtg actggtcgtg 1680 acatggcgag caccactctg cctggttacc cccctcacgt gccccccact ggccagggaa 1740 gctaccccac ctccaccctg gcaggaatgg tgcctgggag cgagttctcc ggcaacccgt 1800 acagccaccc ccagtacacg gcctacaacg aggcttggag attcagcaac cccgccttac 1860
29/69 taagttcccc gctgccgctg cctatgaccg cagcttcggc ctccacatcg cgacgcgatg cctcccggcc ttcacatcac ccccctcgaa gcccgggccc gccgccccca gcgccgtgag ggggattcgg cgccagccac cctgccggac cacacaatca gcgcggaccg gcgccaggag gcttcgctgg gcaggaggaa gagcccgctg ggactgccct cgccttccgg ccggctctag gaacgggctt ggggggccca gcagcccgca gcctgcctag ttccccaggg ttattattat
1920 ccactagtta
1980 tccccgtctg
2040 accgccccag
2100 ggtcggacag
2160 gccccgcctg
2220 cccagctcgt
2280 tcgggcgcga
2340 cagcgcggcc
2400 aggggctggg
2460 ccgaatccct
2520 gtgtgccctg
2580 tgggggcgtc
2640 ccgatcgagc
2700 cccggcacct agtgccgccc ccgcggggac accccacccc cctcacccca gacgggtgga ccgcccctcc cccggcctcc cctgctggcg cagccccggg cçaaggagat gggaaaaatt tcccagaaga aggtctttcc cggactctcg cctgctgcga cccggtccgc cacatcaagc ggagggaggg tcccacgacc gccgtgggcg ccgcctgcct accaagccag cgcgccggat cacccgcctc taagaagaaa çttttccccc tggaatgggg aaggttggga gctcttcact gacccggctc ccctgccgct ttcaggccga aggaccgacg cccgcaaccc ggaccctcag ggactgcgcg ccccgaagcc gtttctgtga ggacgctcgg acgactttct agtgccagcc gtgtgggggt cccaaggatc gctcctcctg tcagccctgc cttgccccta 2760
30/69
<td>cctcagcgtc</td><td>tcttccacct</td><td>gctggcctcc</td><td>cagtttcccc</td>
<td>ccttcgcctg</td><td> 2820</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tcccttgacg</td><td>ccctgcatcc</td><td>tcctccctga</td><td>ctcgcagccc</td>
<td>tctcccggga</td><td> 2880</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccgccgcagg</td><td>accagtttcc</td><td>atagactgcg</td><td>gactggggtc</td>
<td>agttacttga</td><td> 2940</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgccccctcc</td><td>cccgacacag</td><td>actctcaatc</td><td>tgccggtggt</td>
<td>tctgagctgg</td><td> 3000</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgtctgagct</td><td>gctgcggggt</td><td>ggaagtgggg</td><td>ggctgcccac</td>
<td>ccatcccctc</td><td> 3060</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccagcctcct</td><td>cctccggcag</td><td>gaactgaaca</td><td>gaaccacaaa</td>
<td>ttatttaata</td><td> 3120</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgatggtctt</td><td>tgcaaaaagg</td><td>aacaaaacaa</td><td>cacaaaagcc</td>
<td>ctgctttgtg</td><td> 3180</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gaaagacggt</td><td>gtgtgtcgtg</td><td>tgaaggcgaa</td><td>acccggtgta</td>
<td>ccccctccgc</td><td> 3240</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cccgccccgc</td><td>ccggccccgt</td><td>agagtccctg</td><td>tcgcccgccg</td>
<td>tagatacgcc</td><td> 3300</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccgctgtctg</td><td>tgctgtgaga</td><td>gtcgccgctc</td><td>gctggggggg</td>
<td>cacagctaca</td><td> 3360</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgcccattaa</td><td>agcacagcac</td><td>gtcctggggg</td><td>aggggggcat</td>
<td>acaaaaaaaa</td><td> 3420</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>attacgaaag</td><td>aaaagaaatc</td><td>tctatgcaaa</td><td>atgacgaaca</td>
<td>gactcctctg</td><td> 3480</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gcctgttttg</td><td>ttggctcttt</td><td>ctctgtaatt</td><td>ccgtgttttc</td>
<td>ccctgcccct</td><td> 3540</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctctccctct</td><td>gcccctctct</td><td>cctctccgct</td><td>tctctccccc</td>
<td>tctctctccg</td><td> 3600</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tctctgtcgc</td><td>tcttgtctgt</td><td>ctgtctctgc</td><td>tctttcctcg</td>
tcctgccagt catcggacgc ttcctccagc aagaaccggt tccactcctc aagtctacat caccaggctg cataacccct gccctgcctg aaggggggga tttttatgtt tggtcctgtg gctttttcct gct 36ctctctctctct
31/69
<td>cccggccgcc</td><td>ctgtctccgc</td><td>aggctagatc</td><td>cgaggtggca</td>
<td>ccgggctcgc</td><td> 3720</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cccctcgcgg</td><td>gcgtgccccg</td><td>cgcgccccgg</td><td>gcggccgaag</td>
<td>cccgtcccgc</td><td> 3780</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cccgtagttg</td><td>ctctttcggt</td><td>agtggcgatg</td><td>cgccctgcat</td>
<td>ccgtggatcg</td><td> 3840</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgacgactcg</td><td>aaataacaga</td><td>aacaaagtca</td><td>ataaagtgaa</td>
<td>aatccttgaa</td><td> 3900</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>caaatccgaa</td><td>aaggcttgga</td><td>gtcctcgccc</td><td>agatctctct</td>
<td>ccctttttat</td><td> 3960</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ttgagaagga</td><td>aaaagagaaa</td><td>agagaatcgt</td><td>ttaagggaac</td>
<td>gccaggctcc</td><td> 4020</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>agtggcccga</td><td>acggggcggc</td><td>gagggcggcg</td><td>agggcgccga</td>
<td>atcccagtcc</td><td> 4080</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgtggggctg</td><td>gccgggcaga</td><td>gaccccggac</td><td>ccaggcccag</td>
<td>ctaaatgtcc</td><td> 4140</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ccggacggtt</td><td>ctggtctcct</td><td>cggccacttt</td><td>cagtgcgtcg</td>
<td>attctttttc</td><td> 4200</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ttttgtgcac</td><td>ataagaaata</td><td>aataataata</td><td>ataaataaag</td>
<td>tgtatgtcaa</td><td> 4260</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>aaaaaaaaaa</td><td>aaaaaa</td><td></td><td></td>
<td> 4276</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
gctccagccc gccgggccgc gtctcctcac aataaataaa cccctgcgag ccggcgccca ggtccggccc gcctaacctg gttcgttttg aataaaattt <210> 38 <211> 393 <212> PRT <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence:
grade =
32/69
Synthetic Construction <400> 38
<td>Met</td><td>Asp</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Cys</td><td>Lys</td><td>Allah</td><td colspan="2">Asp Pro</td><td>Phe</td><td>To be</td><td>Allah</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Pro</td><td>Gly</td>
<td> 1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 15</td><td></td>
<td>His</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Val</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gin</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Val</td><td>Phe</td><td>Val</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Arg</td><td>Pro</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 25</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 30</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Read</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td><td>Val</td><td>Val</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Arg</td><td>Ile</td><td>Val</td><td>Glu</td><td>Read</td><td>Allah</td><td>His</td><td>Gin</td><td>Gly</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Val</td><td>Arg</td><td>Pro</td><td>Cys</td><td>Asp</td><td>Ile</td><td>To be</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Read</td><td>Arg</td><td>Val</td><td>To be</td><td>His</td><td>Gly</td><td>Cys</td>
<td></td><td> 50</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 55</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 60</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Val</td><td>To be</td><td>Lys</td><td>Ile</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td><td>Arg</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Glu</td><td>Thr</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Ile</td><td>Lys</td><td>Pro</td>
<td> 65</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 75</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 80</td>
<td>Gly</td><td>Val</td><td>Ile</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Lys</td><td>Pro</td><td>Lys</td><td>Val</td><td>Allah</td><td>Thr</td><td>Pro</td><td>Lys</td><td>Val</td><td>Val</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 85</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 90</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 95</td><td></td>
<td>Asp</td><td>Lys</td><td>Ile</td><td>Allah</td><td>Glu</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Lys</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Asn</td><td>Pro</td><td>Thr</td><td>Met</td><td>Phe</td><td>Allah</td><td>Trp</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 100</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 105</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 110</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Glu</td><td>Ile</td><td>Arg</td><td>Asp</td><td>Arg</td><td>Read</td><td>Read</td><td>Allah</td><td>Glu</td><td>Gly</td><td>Ile</td><td>Cys</td><td>Asp</td><td>Asn</td><td>Asp</td><td>Thr</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 115</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 120</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 125</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Val</td><td>Pro</td><td>To be</td><td>Val</td><td>To be</td><td>To be</td><td>Ile</td><td>Asn</td><td>Arg</td><td>Ile</td><td>Ile</td><td>Arg</td><td>Thr</td><td>Lys</td><td>Val</td><td>Gin</td>
<td></td><td> 130</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 135</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 140</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Gin</td><td>Pro</td><td>Phe</td><td>His</td><td>Pro</td><td>Thr</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td><td>Gly</td><td>Allah</td><td>Gly</td><td>Thr</td><td>Gly</td><td>Val</td><td>Thr</td><td>Allah</td>
<td> 145</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 150</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 155</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 160</td>
<td>Pro</td><td>Gly</td><td>His</td><td>Thr</td><td>Ile</td><td>Val</td><td>Pro</td><td>To be</td><td>Thr</td><td>Allah</td><td>To be</td><td>Pro</td><td>Pro</td><td>Val</td><td>To be</td><td>To be</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 165</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 170</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 175</td><td></td>
<td>Allah</td><td>To be</td><td>Asn</td><td>Asp</td><td>Pro</td><td>Val</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Tyr</td><td>To be</td><td>Ile</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Ile</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 180</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 185</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 190</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Ile</td><td>Pro</td><td>Arg</td><td>To be</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Glu</td><td>Lys</td><td>Arg</td><td>Lys</td><td>Arg</td><td>Asp</td><td>Glu</td><td>Asp</td><td>Val</td><td>To be</td>
195 200 205
Glu Gly Ser Val Pro Asn Gly Asp Ser Gin Ser Gly Val Asp Ser Leu
33/69
210 215 220
Arg Lys His Leu Arg Ala Asp Thr Phe Thr Gin Gin Gin Leu Glu Ala
225 230 235 240
Read Asp Arg Vai Phe Glu Arg Pro Be Tyr Pro Asp Vai Phe Gin Ala
245 250 255
Ser Glu His Ile Lys Ser Glu Gin Gly Asn Glu Tyr Ser Leu Pro Ala
260 265 270
Leu Thr Pro Gly Leu Asp Glu Vai Lys Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Thr
275 280 285
Asn Pro Glu Leu Gly Ser Asn Vai Gly Thr Gin Thr Tyr Pro Vai
290 295 300
Will Thr Gly Arg Asp Met Ala Be Thr Thr Leu Pro Gly Tyr Pro Pro
305 310 315 320
His Vai Pro Thr Thr Gly Gin Gly Ser Tyr Pro Thr Ser Thr Leu Ala
325 330 335
Gly Met Goes Pro Gly Ser Glu Phe Ser Gly Asn Pro Tyr Ser His Pro
340 345 350
Gin Tyr Thr Ala Tyr Asn Glu Ala Trp Arg Phe Ser Asn Pro Ala Leu
355 360 365
Leu Ser Ser Pro Tyr Tyr Tyr Ser Ala Wing Pro Arg Ser Ala Wing
370 375 380
Wing Wing Wing Wing Tyr Wing Asp Arg His
385 390 <210> 39 <211> 4207 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
34/69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: Synthetic Construction note = <400> 39 aggctccagt cagcccagag ctgccagcgc cggcgtgcgc ctgccttttc cgccacctcg gacatccccg cttggagagg cccggctccc cgaccaccgc ctctcggatg cagcttcagc cctggctgca ggcccaccgc cccggggcca ttgcggctac tgcagttgca tgttgcgccc cccgcccccg cccaccgtcc ctcccttttc gcggcggccg cgctgctccc ctccggccga cgctcggctc
120 cgggggcggg
180 ggattgctac
240 ctcccggcgc
300 accaggttcc
360 gctgcagcgc
420 ttctgctgac
480 agctccggcc
540 cgcgccccgc
600 tcctcaagtc
660 gctcctctgc gtcttctcgc cctccctccc ggcctggccc ttctctgcca cctctgaccg aggggagctg gagccatgcg cgcccagccc aacccggagg agcagccggg ctgaagttga ctccccatgg agccgcaacc tcccggccct gcgcgctccc acttcgccaa cccccgcccc agcgagtcgc cccccagtgc cgagccccga agccccagcg cgttcactca gtttgagagg atatgcactg cacctggggc tcggccgcgg ctcccgcagg ctcgccagca gcgcgctctc ctcccccgcc accccggccc cagtggcaag gggagcgcag tcctccctcc cgacacggcg caaagcagac 720 cccttctccg
35/69 cgatgcaccc aacggccggc ccctacccga gtgcggccct gtgacatctc ctgggcaggt actacgagac aaagtggcga cgcccaaagt atgttcgcct gggagattcg gtgcccagcg tctcttccat ccaacgccgg atggggctgg acggcctccc ctcctgtttc gggatcctgg ggattcctcg gagggctcag tccccaatgg cgagctgaca ccttcaccca tcctaccctg acgtcttcca tccctcccag ccctgacccc aaccctgagc tgggcagcaa agggcacggg ggtgtgaacc agctcggggg ggtgtttgtg
780 cgtggtgagg cagcgcatcg tggagctggc ccaccagggt
840 ccggcagctg cgggtcagcc acggctgtgt cagcaaaatc
900 cggcagcatc aagccgggtg tgatcggtgg ctccaagccc
960 ggtggacaag attgctgaat acaaacgaca gaacccgact
1020 agaccggctc ctggccgagg gcatctgtga caatgacaca
1080 caacagaatc atccggacca aagttcagca gcctttccac
1140 gacaggagtg accgcccctg gccacaccat tgttcccagc
1200 cagcgcctcc aatgacccag tgggatccta ctccatcaat
1260 ctccaatggt gagaagagga aacgtgatga agatgtgtct
1320 agattcccag agtggtgtgg acagtttgcg gaagcacttg
1380 gcagcagctg gaagctttgg atcgggtctt tgagcgtcct
1440 ggcatcagag cacatcaaat cagaacaggg gaacgagtac
1500 tgggcttgat gaagtcaagt cgagtctatc tgcatccacc
1560 cgtgtcaggc acacagacat acccagttgt gactggtcgt gacatggcga 1620
36/69 gcaccactct agctacccca cctccaccct tacagccacc cccagtacac ctaagttccc cttattatta gcctatgacc gccactagtt cctccacatc gtccccgtct gcctcccggc caccgcccca cccccctcga aggtcggaca cgccgccccc agccccgcct gggggattcg gcccagctcg ccctgccgga ctcgggcgcg agcgcggacc gcagcgcggc ggcttcgctg gaggggctgg agagcccgct gccgaatccc tcgccttccg ggtgtgccct gcctggttac ccccctcacg tgccccccac tggccaggga
1680 ggcaggaatg gtgcctggga gcgagttctc cggcaacccg
1740 ggcctacaac gaggcttgga gattcagcaa ccccgcctta
1800 tagtgccgcc ccccggtccg cccctgccgc tgctgccgct
1860 accgcgggga ccacatcaag cttcaggccg acagcttcgg
1920 gaccccaccc cggagggagg gaggaccgac gcgacgcgat
1980 gcctcacccc atcccacgac ccccgcaacc cttcacatca
2040 ggacgggtgg agccgtgggc gggacçctca ggcccgggcc
2100 gccgcccctc cccgcctgcc tggactgcgc ggcgccgtga
2160 tcccggcctc caccaagcca gccccgaagc ccgccagcca
2220 acctgctggc gcgcgccgga tgtttctgtg acacacaatc
2280 ccagccccgg gcacccgcct cggacgctcg ggcgccagga
2340 gccaaggaga ttaagaagaa aacgactttc tgcaggagga
2400 tgggaaaaat tcttttcccc cagtgccagc cggactgccc
2460 gtcccagaag atggaatggg ggtgtggggg tccggctcta ggaacgggct 2520
37/69 ttgggggcgt agcagcccgc accgatcgag gttccccagg gcccggcacc acctcagcgt ctcttccacc gtcccttgac gccctgcatc accgccgcag gaccagtttc atgccccctc ccccgacaca gcgtctgagc tgctgcgggg cccagcctcc tcctccggca atgatggtct ttgcaaaaag ggaaagacgg tgtgtgtcgt ccccgccccg cccggccccg cccgctgtct gtgctgtgag acgcccatta aagcacagca aattacgaaa gaaaagaaat caggtctttc caaggttggg acccaaggat cggggggccc
2580 ccggactctc ggctcttcac tgctcctcct ggcctgccta
2640 tcctgctgcg agacccggct ctcagccctg ccttgcccct
2700 tgctggcctc ccagtttccc ctcctgccag tccttcgcct
2760 ctcctccctg actcgcagcc ccatcggacg ctctcccggg
2820 catagactgc ggactggggt cttcctccag cagttacttg
2880 gactctcaat ctgccggtgg taagaaccgg ttctgagctg
2940 tggaagtggg gggctgccca ctccactcct cccatcccct
3000 ggaactgaac agaaccacaa aaagtctaca tttatttaat
3060 gaacaaaaca acacaaaagc ccaccaggct gctgctttgt
3120 gtgaaggcga aacccggtgt acataacccc tccccctccg
3180 tagagtccct gtcgcccgcc ggccctgcct gtagatacgc
3240 agtcgccgct cgctgggggg gaaggggggg acacagctac
3300 cgtcctgggg gaggggggca ttttttatgt tacaaaaaaa
3360 ctctatgcaa aatgacgaac atggtcctgt ggactcctct ggcctgtttt 3420
38/69 gttggctctt tctctccctc tgcccctctc gtctctgtcg ctcttgtctg gcccggccgc cctgtctccg ccccctcgcg ggcgtgcccc ccccgtagtt gctctttcgg gtgacgactc gaaataacag acaaatccga aaaggcttgg tttgagaagg aaaaagagaa cagtggcccg aacggggcgg ctgtggggct ggccgggcag cccggacggt tctggtctcc cttttgtgca cataagaaat aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaa
4207 tctctgtaat tccgtgtttt cgctttttcc tccctgcccc
3480 tcctctccgc ttctctcccc ctctgtctct gtctctctcc
3540 tctgtctctg ctctttcctc ggcctctctc cccagacctg
3600 caggctagat ccgaggtggc agctccagcc cccgggctcg
3660 gcgcgccccg ggcggccgaa ggccgggccg ccccgtcccg
3720 tagtggcgat gcgccctgca tgtctcctca cccgtggatc
3780 aaacaaagtc aataaagtga aaataaataa aaatccttga
3840 agtcctcgcc cagatctctc tcccctgcga gcccttttta
3900 aagagaatcg tttaagggaa cccggcgccc agccaggctc
3960 cgagggcggc gagggcgccg aggtccggcc catcccagtc
4020 agaccccgga cccaggccca ggcctaacct gctaaatgtc
4080 tcggccactt tcagtgcgtc ggttcgtttt gattcttttt
4140 aaataataat aataaataaa gaataaaatt ttgtatgtca
4200 <210> 40
39/69 <211> 396 <212> PRT <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Sequence Description Synthetic Construction <400> 40
<td>Met</td><td>Asp</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Cys</td><td>Lys</td><td>Allah</td><td>Asp</td>
<td> 1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>His</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gin</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Read</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td><td>Go</td><td>Go</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Arg</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 40</td>
<td>Go</td><td>Arg</td><td>Pro</td><td>Cys</td><td>Asp</td><td>Ile</td><td>To be</td><td>Arg</td>
<td></td><td> 50</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 55</td><td></td>
<td>Go</td><td>To be</td><td>Lys</td><td>Ile</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td><td>Arg</td><td>Tyr</td>
<td> 65</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 70</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Ile</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Lys</td><td>Pro</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 85</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Asp</td><td>Lys</td><td>Ile</td><td>Allah</td><td>Glu</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Lys</td><td>Arg</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 100</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Glu</td><td>Ile</td><td>Arg</td><td>Asp</td><td>Arg</td><td>Read</td><td>Read</td><td>Allah</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 115</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 120</td>
<td>Go</td><td>Pro</td><td>To be</td><td>Go</td><td>To be</td><td>To be</td><td>Ile</td><td>Asn</td>
<td></td><td> 130</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 135</td><td></td>
<td>Gin</td><td>Pro</td><td>Phe</td><td>His</td><td>Pro</td><td>Thr</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td>
<td> 145</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 150</td><td></td><td></td>
icial: grade =
Pro Phe Ser Ala Met His Pro Gly
15
Gly Vai Phe Vai Asn Gly Arg Pro
30
Ile Vai Glu Leu Ala His Gin Gly
Gin Leu Arg Will Be His Gly Cys
Tyr Glu Thr Gly Ser Ile Lys Pro
80
Lys Vai Ala Thr Pro Lys Vai Vai
95
Gin Asn Pro Thr Met Phe Ala Trp
105 110
Glu Gly Ile Cys Asp Asn Asp Thr
125
Arg Ile Ile Arg Thr Lys Vai Gin
140
Gly Ala Gly Thr Gly Vai Thr Ala
155 160
Pro Gly His Thr Ile Vai Pro Ser Thr Ala Ser Pro Pro Vai Ser Ser
4,
40/69
165
Wing Ser Asn Asp Pro
180
Ile Pro Arg Ser Asn
195
Glu Gly Ser Vai Pro
210
Arg Lys His Leu Arg
225
Read Asp Arg Vai Phe
245
Be Glu His Ile Lys
260
Leu Thr Pro Gly Leu
275
Asn Pro Glu Leu Gly
290
Go Thr Gly Arg Asp
305
His Vai Pro Pro Thr
325
Gly Met Goes To Glu
340
Lys Pro Gly Arg Lys
355
Gly Ala Ser Ser Pro
370
Thr Thr Arg Leu Gly
170
Go Gly Ser Tyr Ser Ile
185
Gly Glu Lys Arg Lys Arg
200
Asn Gly Asp Ser Gin Ser
215
Wing Asp Thr Phe Thr Gin
230 235
Glu Arg Pro Ser Tyr Pro
250
Be Glu Gin Gly Asn Glu
265
Asp Glu Will Lys Be Be
280
Being Asn Gonna Be Gly Thr
295
Met Ala Ser Thr Thr Leu
310 315
Gly Gin Gly Ser Tyr Pro
330
Ala Ala Vai Gly Pro Ser
345
Leu Ala Glu Vai Pro Pro
360
Thr Thr Arg Thr Thr Thr Wing
375
Asp Ser Wing Thr Pro Pro
175
Asn Gly Ile Leu Gly
190
Asp Glu Asp Will Be
205
Gly Vai Asp Ser Leu
220
Gin Gin Leu Glu Ala
240
Asp Vai Phe Gin Ala
255
Tyr Ser Leu Pro Wing
270
Leu Ser Ala Ser Thr
285
Gin Thr Tyr Pro Vai
300
Pro Gly Tyr Pro Pro
320
Thr Ser Thr Leu Ala
335
Ser Ser Leu Met Ser
350
Cys Vai Gin Pro Thr
365
Pro Ser Thr Arg Pro
380
Tyr
385
390
395
41/69 <210> 41 <211> 4290 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: Note = Synthetic Construct <400> 41 aggctccagt cagcccagag ctgccagcgc cggcgtgcgc ctgccttttc cgccacctcg gacatccccg cttggagagg cccggctccc cgaccaccgc ctctcggatg cagcttcagc cctggctgca ggcccaccgc cccggggcca ttgcggctac tgcagttgca tgttgcgccc ctccggccga gtcttctcgc agccgcaacc cacctggggc cgctcggctc cctccctccc tcccggccct tcggccgcgg
120 <sup>Ç</sup>SSSSS<sup>Ç</sup>SS9 ggcctggccc gcgcgctccc ctcccgcagg
18Q ggattgctac ttctctgcca acttcgccaa ctcgccagca
240 ctcccggcgc cctctgaccg cccccgcccc gcgcgctctc
300 accaggttcc aggggagctg agcgagtcgc ctcccccgcc
360 gctgcagcgc gagccatgcg cccccagtgc accccggccc
420 ttctgctgac cgcccagccc cgagccccga cagtggcaag
480 agctccggcc aacccggagg agccccagcg gggagcgcag
540
42/69 cccgcccccg cccaccgtcc ctcccttttc gcggcggccg cgctgctccc cccttctccg cgatgcaccc aacggccggc ccctacccga gtgcggccct gtgacatctc ctgggcaggt actacgagac aaagtggcga cgcccaaagt atgttcgcct gggagattcg gtgcccagcg tctcttccat ccaacgccgg atggggctgg acggcctccc ctcctgtttc gggatcctgg ggattcctcg gagggctcag tccccaatgg cgagctgaca ccttcaccca cgcgccccgc agcagccggg cgttcactca tcctccctcc
600 tcctcaagtc ctgaagttga gtttgagagg cgacacggcg
660 gctcctctgc ctccccatgg atatgcactg caaagcagac
720 agggcacggg ggtgtgaacc agctcggggg ggtgtttgtg
780 cgtggtgagg cagcgcatcg tggagctggc ccaccagggt
840 ccggcagctg cgggtcagcc acggctgtgt cagcaaaatc
900 cggcagcatc aagccgggtg tgatcggtgg ctccaagccc
960 ggtggacaag attgctgaat acaaacgaca gaacccgact
1020 agaccggctc ctggccgagg gcatctgtga caatgacaca
1080 caacagaatc atccggacca aagttcagca gcctttccac
1140 gacaggagtg accgcccctg gccacaccat tgttcccagc
1200 cagcgcctcc aatgacccag tgggatccta ctccatcaat
1260 ctccaatggt gagaagagga aacgtgatga agatgtgtct
1320 agattcccag agtggtgtgg acagtttgcg gaagcacttg
1380 gcagcagctg gaagctttgg atcgggtctt tgagcgtcct tcctaccctg 1440
43/69 acgtcttcca tccctcccag ccctgacccc aaccctgagc tgggcagcaa gacatggcga gcaccactct agctacccca cctccaccct tccctcatga gcaagccggg ggagcgagtt ctccggcaac ggagattcag caaccccgcc ccgcccctgc cgctgctgcc aagcttcagg ccgacagctt agggaggacc gacgcgacgc gacccccgca acccttcaca ggcgggaccc tcaggcccgg gcctggactg cgcggcgccg ccagccccga agcccgccag ggcatcagag
1500 tgggcttgat
1560 cgtgtcaggc
1620 gcctggttac
1680 ggcaggaatg
1740 gaggaagctt
1800 ccgtacagcc
1860 ttactaagtt
1920 gctgcctatg
1980 cggcctccac
2040 gatgcctccc
2100 tcacccccct
2160 gcccgccgcc
2220 tgagggggat
2280 ccaccctgcc cacatcaaat gaagtcaagt acacagacat ccccctcacg gtgcctgagg gcagaagtgc acccccagta ccccttatta accgccacta atcgtccccg ggccaccgcc cgaaggtcgg cccagccccg tcggcccagc ggactcgggc cagaacaggg gaacgagtac cgagtctatc acccagttgt tgccccccac ctgcagttgg ccccttgtgt cacggcctac ttatagtgcc gttaccgcgg tctgacccca ccagcctcac acaggacggg cctgccgccc tcgtcccggc gcgacctgct tgcatccacc gactggtcgt tggccaggga tccctcatcc gcaacccact aacgaggctt gccccccggt ggaccacatc ccccggaggg cccatcccac tggagccgtg ctccccgcct ctccaccaag ggcgcgcgcc ggatgtttct 2340
44/69 gtgacacaca cctcggacgc tcgggcgcca gaaaacgact ttctgcagga ccccagtgcc agccggactg gggggtgtgg gggtccggct gggacccaag gatcgggggg cactgctcct cctggcctgc gctctcagcc ctgccttgcc cccctcctgc cagtccttcg gccccatcgg acgctctccc ggtcttcctc cagcagttac tggtaagaac cggttctgag ccactccact cctcccatcc caaaaagtct acatttattt agcccaccag gctgctgctt tgtacataac atcagcgcgg
2400 ggaggcttcg
2460 ggaagagccc
2520 ccctcgcctt
2580 ctaggaacgg
2640 cccagcagcc
2700 ctagttcccc
2760 cctacctcag
2820 cctgtccctt
2880 gggaccgccg
2940 ttgatgcccc
3000 ctggcgtctg
3060 cctcccagcc
3120 aatatgatgg
3180 tgtggaaaga
3240 accgcagcgc ctggaggggc gctgccgaat ccgggtgtgc gctttggggg cgcaccgatc agggcccggc cgtctcttcc gacgccctgc caggaccagt ctcccccgac agctgctgcg tcctçctccg tctttgcaaa cggtgtgtgt ggcccagccc tgggccaagg ccctgggaaa cctgtcccag cgtcaggtct gagccggact acctcctgct acctgctggc atcctcctcc ttccatagac acagactctc gggtggaagt gcaggaactg aaggaacaaa cgtgtgaagg cgggcacccg agattaagaa aattcttttc aagatggaat ttccaaggtt ctcggctctt gcgagacccg ctcccagttt ctgactcgca tgcggactgg aatctgccgg ggggggctgc aacagaacca acaacacaaa cgaaacccgg
45/69 ccctccccct gccggccctg cctgtagata ggggaagggg gggacacagc gcatttttta tgttacaaaa aacatggtcc tgtggactcc tttcgctttt tcctccctgc cccctctgtc tctgtctctc ctcggcctct ctccccagac ggcagctcca gcccccgggc gaaggccggg ccgccccgtc gcatgtctcc tcacccgtgg tgaaaataaa taaaaatcct ctctcccctg cgagcccttt gaacccggcg cccagccagg ccgaggtccg gcccatccca ccgccccgcc ccgcccggcc ccgtagagtc cctgtcgccc
3300 cgccccgctg tctgtgctgt gagagtcgcc gctcgctggg
3360 tacacgccca ttaaagcaca gcacgtcctg ggggaggggg
3420 aaaaattacg aaagaaaaga aatctctatg caaaatgacg
3480 tctggcctgt tttgttggct ctttctctgt aattccgtgt
3540 ccctctctcc ctctgcccct ctctcctctc cgcttctctc
3600 tccgtctctg tcgctcttgt ctgtctgtct ctgctctttc
3660 ctggcccggc cgccctgtct ccgcaggcta gatccgaggt
3720 tcgccccctc gcgggcgtgc cccgcgcgcc ccgggcggcc
3780 ccgccccgta gttgctcttt cggtagtggc gatgcgccct
3840 atcgtgacga ctcgaaataa cagaaacaaa gtcaataaag
3900 tgaacaaatc cgaaaaggct tggagtcctc gcccagatct
3960 ttatttgaga aggaaaaaga gaaaagagaa tcgtttaagg
4020 ctccagtggc ccgaacgggg cggcgagggc ggcgagggcg
4080 gtcctgtggg gctggccggg cagagacccc ggacccaggc ccaggcctaa 4140
46/69
<td>cctgctaaat</td><td>gtccccggac</td><td>ggttctggtc</td><td>tcctcggcca</td><td>ctttcagtgc</td>
<td>gtcggttcgt</td><td> 4200</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tttgattctt</td><td>tttcttttgt</td><td>gcacataaga</td><td>aataaataat</td><td>aataataaat</td>
<td>aaagaataaa</td><td> 4260</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>attttgtatg</td><td>tcaaaaaaaa</td><td>aaaaaaaaaa</td><td></td><td></td>
<td> 4290</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<210> 42 <211> 408 <212> PRT <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: note = Synthetic Construction <400> 42
<td>Met</td><td>Asp</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Cys</td><td>Lys</td><td>Allah</td><td>Asp</td><td>Pro</td><td>Phe</td><td>To be</td><td>Allah</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Pro</td><td>Gly</td>
<td> 1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 15</td><td></td>
<td>His</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gin</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Phe</td><td>Go</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Arg</td><td>Pro</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 25</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 30</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Read</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td><td>Go</td><td>Go</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Arg</td><td>Ile</td><td>Go</td><td>Glu</td><td>Read</td><td>Allah</td><td>His</td><td>Gin</td><td>Gly</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Go</td><td>Arg</td><td>Pro</td><td>Cys</td><td>Asp</td><td>Ile</td><td>To be</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Read</td><td>Arg</td><td>Go</td><td>To be</td><td>His</td><td>Gly</td><td>Cys</td>
<td></td><td> 50</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 55</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 60</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Go</td><td>To be</td><td>Lys</td><td>Ile</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td><td>Arg</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Glu</td><td>Thr</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Ile</td><td>Lys</td><td>Pro</td>
<td> 65</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 75</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 80</td>
<td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Ile</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Lys</td><td>Pro</td><td>Lys</td><td>Go</td><td>Allah</td><td>Thr</td><td>Pro</td><td>Lys</td><td>Go</td><td>Go</td>
90 95
Asp Lys Ile Ala Glu Tyr Lys Arg Gin Asn Pro Thr Met Phe Ala Trp
47/69
Glu Ile
Go to
130
Gin Pro
145
Pro Gly
Ala Ser
Ile Pro
Glu Gly
210
Arg Lys
225
Read Asp
Be Glu
Leu Thr
Asn Pro
290
Go Thr
305
His Vai
Gly Met
100
Arg Asp
115
Ser Vai
Phe His
His Thr
Asn Asp
180
Arg Ser
195
Ser Vai
His Leu
Arg Vai
His Ile
260
Pro Gly
275
Glu Leu
Gly Arg
Pro Pro
Go to
Arg Leu
Ser Ser
Pro Thr
150
Ile Vai
165
Pro Vai
Asn Gly
Pro Asn
Arg Ala
230
Phe Glu
245
Lys Ser
Read Asp
Gly Ser
Asp Met
310
Thr Gly
325
Gly Ser
Leu Ala
120
Ile Asn
135
Pro Asp
Pro Ser
Gly Ser
Glu Lys
200
Gly Asp
215
Asp Thr
Arg Pro
Glu Gin
Glu Vai
280
Asn Vai
295
Ala Ser
Gin Gly
Glu Phe
105
Glu Gly
Arg Ile
Gly Ala
Thr Ala
170
Tyr Ser
185
Arg Lys
Being Gin
Phe Thr
Ser Tyr
250
Gly Asn
265
Lys Ser
Be Gly
Thr Thr
Ser Tyr
330
Be Gly
Ile Cys
Ile Arg
140
Gly Thr
155
Be Pro
Ile Asn
Arg Asp
Be Gly
220
Gin Gin
235
Pro Asp
Glu Tyr
Be Leu
Thr Gin
300
Leu Pro
315
Pro Thr
Asn Pro
110
Asp Asn
125
Thr Lys
Gly Vai
Pro Vai
Gly Ile
190
Glu Asp
205
Go Asp
Gin Leu
Go Phe
Be Leu
270
Be Wing
285
Thr Tyr
Gly Tyr
Ser Thr
Tyr Ser
Asp Thr
Go Gin
Thr Ala
160
Ser Ser
175
Leu Gly
Will be
Be Leu
Glu Ala
240
Gin Wing
255
Pro Wing
Ser Thr
Pro Vai
Pro Pro
320
Leu Ala
335
His Pro
48/69
<td colspan="3"></td><td colspan="2"> 340</td><td colspan="8"> 345</td><td colspan="3"> 350</td>
<td>Gin</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Thr</td><td>Allah</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Asn</td><td>Glu</td><td>Allah</td><td>Trp</td><td>Arg</td><td>Phe</td><td>To be</td><td>Asn</td><td>Pro</td><td>Allah</td><td>Read</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 355</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 360</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 365</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Read</td><td>Met</td><td>Pro</td><td>Pro</td><td>Pro</td><td>Gly</td><td>Pro</td><td>Pro</td><td>Read</td><td>Pro</td><td>Read</td><td>Read</td><td>Pro</td><td>Read</td><td>Pro</td><td>Met</td>
<td></td><td> 370</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 375</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 380</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Thr</td><td>Allah</td><td>Thr</td><td>To be</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gly</td><td>Asp</td><td>His</td><td>Ile</td><td>Lys</td><td>Read</td><td>Gin</td><td>Allah</td><td>Asp</td><td>To be</td>
<td> 385</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 390</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 395</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 400</td>
<td>Phe</td><td>Gly</td><td>Read</td><td>His</td><td>Ile</td><td>Go</td><td>Pro</td><td>Go</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
405 <210> 43 <211> 4188 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: Note = Synthetic Construct <400> 43 aggctccagt ctccggccga gtcttctcgc agccgcaacc cacctggggc cagcccagag 60 ctgccagcgc cgctcggctc cctccctccc tcccggccct tcggccgcgg cggcgtgcgc 120 ctgccttttc cgggggcggg ggcctggccc gcgcgctccc ctcccgcagg cgccacctcg 180 gacatccccg ggattgctac ttctctgcca acttcgccaa ctcgccagca 240 cttggagagg
49/69 cccggctccc cgaccaccgc ctctcggatg cagcttcagc cctggctgca ggcccaccgc cccggggcca ttgcggctac tgcagttgca tgttgcgccc cccgcccccg cccaccgtcc ctcccttttc gcggcggccg cgctgctccc cccttctccg cgatgcaccc aacggccggc ccctacccga gtgcggccct gtgacatctc ctgggcaggt actacgagac aaagtggcga cgcccaaagt atgttcgcct gggagattcg gtgcccagcg tctcttccat ctcccggcgc cctctgaccg cccccgcccc gcgcgctctc
300 accaggttcc aggggagctg agcgagtcgc ctcccccgcc
360 gctgcagcgc gagccatgcg cccccagtgc accccggccc
420 ttctgctgac cgcccagccc cgagccccga cagtggcaag
480 agctccggcc aacccggagg agccccagcg gggagcgcag
540 cgcgccccgc agcagccggg cgttcactca tcctccctcc
600 tcctcaagtc ctgaagttga gtttgagagg cgacacggcg
660 gctcctctgc ctccccatgg atatgcactg caaagcagac
720 agggcacggg ggtgtgaacc agctcggggg ggtgtttgtg
780 cgtggtgagg cagcgcatcg tggagctggc ccaccagggt
840 ccggcagctg cgggtcagcc acggctgtgt cagcaaaatc
900 cggcagcatc aagccgggtg tgatcggtgg ctccaagccc
960 ggtggacaag attgctgaat acaaacgaca gaacccgact
1020 agaccggctc ctggccgagg gcatctgtga caatgacaca
1080 caacagaatc atccggacca aagttcagca gcctttccac ccaacgccgg 1140
50/69 atggggctgg acggcctccc ctcctgtttc gggatcctgg ggattcctcg gagggctcag tccccaatgg cgagctgaca ccttcaccca tcctaccctg acgtcttcca tccctcccag ccctgacccc aaccctgagc tgggcagcaa gacatggcga gcaccactct agctacccca cctccaccct tacagccacc cccagtacac ctaatgccgc cccccggtcc taccgcgggg accacatcaa tgaccccacc ccggagggag agcctcaccc catcccacga aggacgggtg gacaggagtg
1200 cagcgcctcc
1260 ctccaatggt
1320 agattcccag
1380 gcagcagctg
1440 ggcatcagag
1500 tgggcttgat
1560 cgtgtcaggc
1620 gcctggttac
1680 ggcaggaatg
1740 ggcctacaac
1800 gcccctgccg
1860 gcttcaggcc
1920 ggaggaccga
1980 cccccgcaac
2040 accgcccctg aatgacccag gagaagagga a cri cr cri crC cr cr gaagctttgg cacatcaaat gaagtcaagt acacagacat ccccctcacg gtgcctggga gaggcttgga ctgctgccgc gacagcttcg cgcgacgcga gt
Ai-ACRT-ttcrcCT - - ----- atcgggtctt 3 cagaacaggg cgagtctatc acccagttgt tgccccccac gcgagttctc gattcagcaa tgcctatgac gcctccacat tgcctcccgg acccccctcg tgttcccagc ctccatcaat agatgtgtct aaaacactta tgagcgtcct gaacgagtac tgcatccacc gactggtcgt tggccaggga cggcaacccg ccccgcctta cgccactagt cgtccccgtc ccaccgcccc aaggtcggac
51/69 gagccgtggg tgccgcccct ccccgcctgc gtcccggcct çcaccaagcc gacctgctgg cgcgcgccgg cccagccccg ggcacccgcc ggccaaggag attaagaaga ctgggaaaaa ttcttttccc tgtcccagaa gatggaatgg tcaggtcttt ccaaggttgg gccggactct cggctcttca ctcctgctgc gagacccggc ctgctggcct cccagtttcc cctcctccct gactcgcagc ccatagactg cggactgggg agactctcaa tctgccggtg cgggaccctc aggcccgggc ccgccgcccc cagccccgcc
2100 ctggactgcg cggcgccgtg agggggattc ggcccagctc
2160 agccccgaag cccgccagcc accctgccgg actcgggcgc
2220 atgtttctgt gacacacaat cagcgcggac cgcagcgcgg
2280 tcggacgctc gggcgccagg aggcttcgct ggaggggctg
2340 aaacgacttt ctgcaggagg aagagcccgc tgccgaatcc
2400 ccagtgccag ccggactgcc ctcgccttcc gggtgtgccc
2460 gggtgtgggg gtccggctct aggaacgggc tttgggggcg
2520 gacccaagga tcggggggcc cagcagcccg caccgatcga
2580 ctgctcctcc tggcctgcct agttccccag ggcccggcac
2640 tctcagccct gccttgcccc tacctcagcg tctcttccac
2700 cctcctgcca gtccttcgcc tgtcccttga cgccctgcat
2760 cccatcggac gctctcccgg gaccgccgca ggaccagttt
2820 tcttcctcca gcagttactt gatgccccct cccccgacac
2880 gtaagaaccg gttctgagct ggcgtctgag ctgctgcggg gtggaagtgg 2940
52/69 ggggctgccc aggaactgaa cagaaccaca ggaacaaaac aacacaaaag tgtgaaggcg aaacccggtg gtagagtccc tgtcgcccgc gagtcgccgc tcgctggggg acgtcctggg ggaggggggc tctctatgca aaatgacgaa ttctctgtaa ttccgtgttt ctcctctccg cttctctccc gtctgtctct gctctttcct gcaggctaga tccgaggtgg cgcgcgcccc gggcggccga gtagtggcga tgcgccctgc gaaacaaagt caataaagtg actccactcc tcccatcccc tcccagcctc
3000 aaaagtctac atttatttaa tatgatggtc
3060 cccaccaggc tgctgctttg tggaaagacg
3120 tacataaccc ctccccctcc gccccgcccc
3180 cggccctgcc tgtagatacg ccccgctgtc
3240 ggaagggggg gacacagcta cacgcccatt
3300 attttttatg ttacaaaaaa aaattacgaa
3360 catggtcctg tggactcctc tggcctgttt
3420 tcgctttttc ctccctgccc ctctctccct
3480 cctctgtctc tgtctctctc cgtctctgtc
3540 cggcctctct ccccagacct ggcccggccg
3600 cagctccagc ccccgggctc gccccctcgc
3660 aggccgggcc gccccgtccc gccccgtagt
3720 atgtctcctc acccgtggat cgtgacgact
3780 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
53/69
<td>ccagatctct</td><td>ctcccctgcg</td><td>agcccttttt</td><td>atttgagaag</td><td>gaaaaagaga</td>
<td>aaagagaatc</td><td> 3900</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gtttaaggga</td><td>acccggcgcc</td><td>cagccaggct</td><td>ccagtggccc</td><td>gaacggggcg</td>
<td>gcgagggcgg</td><td> 3960</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgagggcgcc</td><td>gaggtccggc</td><td>ccatcccagt</td><td>cctgtggggc</td><td>tggccgggca</td>
<td>gagaccccgg</td><td> 4020</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>acccaggccc</td><td>aggcctaacc</td><td>tgctaaatgt</td><td>ccccggacgg</td><td>ttctggtctc</td>
<td>ctcggccact</td><td> 4080</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ttcagtgcgt</td><td>cggttcgttt</td><td>tgattctttt</td><td>tcttttgtgc</td><td>acataagaaa</td>
<td>taaataataa</td><td> 4140</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>taataaataa</td><td>agaataaaat</td><td>tttgtatgtc</td><td>aaaaaaaaaa</td><td>aaaaaaaa</td>
<td> 4188</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<210> 44 <211> 431 <212> PRT <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: note = Synthetic Construction
<td colspan="15"> <400> 44</td>
<td>Met</td><td>Asp</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Cys</td><td>Lys</td><td>Allah</td><td>Asp</td><td>Pro</td><td>Phe</td><td>To be</td><td>Allah</td><td>Met</td><td>His</td><td>Pro</td>
<td> 1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 15</td>
<td>His</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gin</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Go</td><td>Phe</td><td>Go</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Arg</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 25</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 30</td><td></td>
<td>Read</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td><td>Go</td><td>Go</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Arg</td><td>Ile</td><td>Go</td><td>Glu</td><td>Read</td><td>Allah</td><td>His</td><td>Gin</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 45</td><td></td><td></td>
Gly
Pro
Gly
Go Arg Pro Cys Asp Ile Ser Arg Gin Leu Arg Gonna Be His Gly Cys
54/69
<td colspan="5"> 50</td><td colspan="4"> 55</td><td colspan="7"> 60</td>
<td>Val</td><td>To be</td><td>Lys</td><td>Ile</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td><td>Arg</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Glu</td><td>Thr</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Ile</td><td>Lys</td><td>Pro</td>
<td> 65</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 75</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 80</td>
<td>Gly</td><td>Val</td><td>Ile</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Lys</td><td>Pro</td><td>Lys</td><td>Val</td><td>Allah</td><td>Thr</td><td>Pro</td><td>Lys</td><td>Val</td><td>Val</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 85</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 90</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 95</td><td></td>
<td>Asp</td><td>Lys</td><td>Ile</td><td>Allah</td><td>Glu</td><td>Tyr</td><td>Lys</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gin</td><td>Asn</td><td>Pro</td><td>Thr</td><td>Met</td><td>Phe</td><td>Allah</td><td>Trp</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 100</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 105</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 110</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Glu</td><td>Ile</td><td>Arg</td><td>Asp</td><td>Arg</td><td>Read</td><td>Read</td><td>Allah</td><td>Glu</td><td>Gly</td><td>Ile</td><td>Cys</td><td>Asp</td><td>Asn</td><td>Asp</td><td>Thr</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 115</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 120</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 125</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Val</td><td>Pro</td><td>To be</td><td>Val</td><td>To be</td><td>To be</td><td>Ile</td><td>Asn</td><td>Arg</td><td>Ile</td><td>Ile</td><td>Arg</td><td>Thr</td><td>Lys</td><td>Val</td><td>Gin</td>
<td></td><td> 130</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 135</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 140</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Gin</td><td>Pro</td><td>Phe</td><td>His</td><td>Pro</td><td>Thr</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td><td>Gly</td><td>Allah</td><td>Gly</td><td>Thr</td><td>Gly</td><td>Val</td><td>Thr</td><td>Allah</td>
<td> 145</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 150</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 155</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 160</td>
<td>Pro</td><td>Gly</td><td>His</td><td>Thr</td><td>Ile</td><td>Val</td><td>Pro</td><td>To be</td><td>Thr</td><td>Allah</td><td>To be</td><td>Pro</td><td>Pro</td><td>Val</td><td>To be</td><td>To be</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 165</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 170</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 175</td><td></td>
<td>Allah</td><td>To be</td><td>Asn</td><td>Asp</td><td>Pro</td><td>Val</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Tyr</td><td>To be</td><td>Ile</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Ile</td><td>Read</td><td>Gly</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 180</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 185</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 190</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Ile</td><td>Pro</td><td>Arg</td><td>To be</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Glu</td><td>Lys</td><td>Arg</td><td>Lys</td><td>Arg</td><td>Asp</td><td>Glu</td><td>Val</td><td>Glu</td><td>Val</td>
<td></td><td></td><td> 195</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 200</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 205</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Tyr</td><td>Thr</td><td>Asp</td><td>Pro</td><td>Allah</td><td>His</td><td>Ile</td><td>Arg</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Gly</td><td>Read</td><td>His</td><td>Read</td><td>Val</td>
<td></td><td> 210</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 215</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 220</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Trp</td><td>Thr</td><td>Read</td><td>Arg</td><td>Asp</td><td>Val</td><td>To be</td><td>Glu</td><td>Gly</td><td>To be</td><td>Val</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asn</td><td>Gly</td><td>Asp</td><td>To be</td>
<td> 225</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 230</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 235</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 240</td>
<td>Gin</td><td>To be</td><td>Gly</td><td>Val</td><td>Asp</td><td>To be</td><td>Read</td><td>Arg</td><td>Lys</td><td>His</td><td>Read</td><td>Arg</td><td>Allah</td><td>Asp</td><td>Thr</td><td>Phe</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 245</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 250</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 255</td><td></td>
<td>Thr</td><td>Gin</td><td>Gin</td><td>Gin</td><td>Read</td><td>Glu</td><td>Allah</td><td>Read</td><td>Asp</td><td>Arg</td><td>Val</td><td>Phe</td><td>Glu</td><td>Arg</td><td>Pro</td><td>To be</td>
<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 260</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 265</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 270</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>Tyr</td><td>Pro</td><td>Asp</td><td>Val</td><td>Phe</td><td>Gin</td><td>Allah</td><td>To be</td><td>Glu</td><td>His</td><td>Ile</td><td>Lys</td><td>To be</td><td>Glu</td><td>Gin</td><td>Gly</td>
275 280 285
Asn Glu Tyr Ser Leu Pro Ala Leu Thr Pro Gly Leu Asp Glu Val Lys
55/69
290 295
Ser Ser Leu Ser Wing Ser Thr Asn
305 310
Gly Thr Gin Thr Tyr Pro Go Go
325
Thr Leu Pro Gly Tyr Pro Pro His
340
Tyr Pro Thr Ser Thr Leu Ala Gly
355 360
Gly Asn Pro Tyr Ser His Pro Gin
370 375
Arg Phe Ser Asn Pro Ala Leu Leu
385 390
Pro Leu Leu Pro Leu Pro Met Thr
405
Ile Lys Leu Gin Ala Asp Ser Phe
420
300
Pro Glu Leu Gly Ser Asn Vai Ser
315 320
Thr Gly Arg Asp Met Ala Ser Thr
330 335
Go Pro Pro Thr Gly Gin Gly Ser
345 350
Met Goes To Gly Ser Glu Phe Ser
365
Tyr Thr Ala Tyr Asn Glu Ala Trp
380
Met Pro Pro Pro Gly Pro Pro Leu
395 400
Wing Thr Ser Tyr Arg Gly Asp His
410 415
Gly Leu His Ile Vai Pro Vai
425 430 <210> 45 <211> 4257 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: note = Synthetic Construction <400> 45
56/69 aggctccagt cagcccagag ctgccagcgc cggcgtgcgc ctgccttttc cgccacctcg gacatccccg cttggagagg cccggctccc cgaccaccgc ctctcggatg cagcttcagc cctggctgca ggcccaccgc cccggggcca ttgcggctac tgcagttgca tgttgcgccc cccgcccccg cccaccgtcc ctcccttttc gcggcggccg cgctgctccc cccttctccg cgatgcaccc aacggccggc ccctacccga gtgcggccct gtgacatctc ctccggccga gtcttctcgc agccgcaacc cacctggggc cgctcggctc cctccctccc tcccggccct tcggccgcgg
120 <sup>ç</sup>99999<sup>ç</sup>999 ggcctggccc gcgcgctccc ctcccgcagg
180 ggattgctac ttctctgcca acttcgccaa ctcgccagca
240 ctcccggcgc cctctgaccg cccccgcccc gcgcgctctc
300 accaggttcc aggggagctg agcgagtcgc ctcccccgcc
360 gctgcagcgc gagccatgcg cccccagtgc accccggccc
420 ttctgctgac cgcccagccc cgagccccga cagtggcaag
480 agctccggcc aacccggagg agccccagcg gggagcgcag
540 cgcgccccgc agcagccggg cgttcactca tcctccctcc
600 tcctcaagtc ctgaagttga gtttgagagg cgacacggcg
660 gctcctctgc ctccccatgg atatgcactg caaagcagac
720 agggcacggg ggtgtgaacc agctcggggg ggtgtttgtg
780 cgtggtgagg cagcgcatcg tggagctggc ccaccagggt
840 ccggcagctg cgggtcagcc acggctgtgt cagcaaaatc ctgggcaggt 900
57/69 actacgagac cggcagcatc aagccgggtg tgatcggtgg ctccaagccc aaagtggcga 960 cgcccaaagt ggtggacaag attgctgaat acaaacgaca gaacccgact atgttcgcct 1020 gggagattcg agaccggctc ctggccgagg gcatctgtga caatgacaca gtgcccagcg 1080 tctcttccat caacagaatc atccggacca aagttcagca gcctttccac ccaacgccgg 1140 atggggctgg gacaggagtg accgcccctg gccacaccat tgttcccagc acggcctccc 1200 ctcctgtttc cagcgcctcc aatgacccag tgggatccta ctccatcaat gggatcctgg 1260 ggattcctcg ctccaatggt gagaagagga aacgtgatga agttgaggta tacactgatc 1320 ctgcccacat tagaggaggt ggaggtttgc atctggtctg gactttaaga t gatgtgtctg 1380 agggctcagt ccccaatgga gattcccaga gtggtgtgga cagtttgcgg aagcacttgc 1440 gagctgacac cttcacccag cagcagctgg aagctttgga tcgggtcttt gagcgtcctt 1500 cctaccctga cgtcttccag gcatcagagc acatcaaatc agaacagggg aacgagtact 1560 ccctcccagc cctgacccct gggcttgatg aagtcaagtc gagtctatct gcatccacca 1620 accctgagct gggcagcaac gtgtcaggca cacagacata cccagttgtg actggtcgtg 1680 acatggcgag caccactctg cctggttacc cccctcacgt gccccccact ggccagggaa 1740 gctaccccac ctccaccctg gcaggaatgg tgcctgggag cgagttctcc ggcaacccgt 1800
58/69 acagccaccc cccgccttac taatgccgcc gccactagtt accgcgggga gtccccgtct gaccccaccc caccgcccca gcctcacccc aggtcggaca ggacgggtgg agccccgcct gccgcccctc gcccagctcg tcccggcctc ctcgggcgcg acctgctggc gcagcgcggc ccagccccgg gaggggctgg gccaaggaga gccgaatccc tgggaaaaat ggtgtgccct gtcccagaag ttgggggcgt caggtctttc accgatcgag ccggactctc gcccggcacc ccagtacacg gcctacaacg aggcttggag attcagcaac
1860 ccccggtccg cccctgccgc tgctgccgct gcctatgacc
1920 ccacatcaag cttcaggccg acagcttcgg cctccacatc
1980 cggagggagg gaggaccgac gcgacgcgat gcctcccggc
2040 atcccacgac ccccgcaacc cttcacatca cccccctcga
2100 agccgtgggc gggaccctca ggcccgggcc cgccgccccc
2160 cccgcctgcc tggactgcgc ggcgccgtga gggggattcg
2220 caccaagcca gccccgaagc ccgccagcca ccctgccgga
2280 gcgcgccgga tgtttctgtg acacacaatc agcgcggacc
2340 gcacccgcct cggacgctcg ggcgccagga ggcttcgctg
2400 ttaagaagaa aacgactttc tgcaggagga agagcccgct
2460 tcttttcccc cagtgccagc cggactgccc tcgccttccg
2520 atggaatggg ggtgtggggg tccggctcta ggaacgggct
2580 caaggttggg acccaaggat cggggggccc agcagcccgc
2640 ggctcttcac tgctcctcct ggcctgccta gttccccagg
2700
59/69
<td>tcctgctgcg</td><td>agacccggct</td><td>ctcagccctg</td><td>ccttgcccct</td>
<td>ctcttccacc</td><td> 2760</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tgctggcctc</td><td>ccagtttccc</td><td>ctcctgccag</td><td>tccttcgcçt</td>
<td>gccctgcatc</td><td> 2820</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctcctccctg</td><td>actcgcagcc</td><td>ccatcggacg</td><td>ctctcccggg</td>
<td>gaccagtttc</td><td> 2880</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>catagactgc</td><td>ggactggggt</td><td>cttcctccag</td><td>cagttacttg</td>
<td>ccccgacaca</td><td> 2940</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gactctcaat</td><td>ctgccggtgg</td><td>taagaaccgg</td><td>ttctgagctg</td>
<td>tgctgcgggg</td><td> 3000</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tggaagtggg</td><td>gggctgccca</td><td>ctccactcct</td><td>cccatcccct</td>
<td>tcctccggca</td><td> 3060</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ggaactgaac</td><td>agaaccacaa</td><td>aaagtctaca</td><td>tttatttaat</td>
<td>ttgcaaaaag</td><td> 3120</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gaacaaaaca</td><td>acacaaaagc</td><td>ccaccaggct</td><td>gctgctttgt</td>
<td>tgtgtgtcgt</td><td> 3180</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gtgaaggcga</td><td>aacccggtgt</td><td>acataacccc</td><td>tccccctccg</td>
<td>cccggccccg</td><td> 3240</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tagagtccct</td><td>gtcgcccgcc</td><td>ggccctgcct</td><td>gtagatacgc</td>
<td>gtgctgtgag</td><td> 3300</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>agtcgccgct</td><td>cgctgggggg</td><td>gaaggggggg</td><td>acacagctac</td>
<td>aagcacagca</td><td> 3360</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgtcctgggg</td><td>gaggggggca</td><td>ttttttatgt</td><td>tacaaaaaaa</td>
<td>gaaaagaaat</td><td> 3420</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>ctctatgcaa</td><td>aatgacgaac</td><td>atggtcctgt</td><td>ggactcctct</td>
<td>gttggctctt</td><td> 3480</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tctctgtaat</td><td>tccgtgtttt</td><td>cgctttttcc</td><td>tccctgcccc</td>
<td>tgcccctctc</td><td> 3540</td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tcctctccgc</td><td>ttctctcccc</td><td>ctctgtctct</td><td>gtctctctcc</td>
acctcagcgt gtcccttgac accgccgcag atgccccctc gcgtctgagc cccagcctcc atgatggtct ggaaagacgg ccccgccccg cccgctgtct acgcccatta aattacgaaa ggcctgtttt tctctgtc gtctgggct
60/69
<td>tctgtctctg</td><td>ctctttcctc</td><td>ggcctctctc</td><td>cccagacctg</td><td>gcccggccgc</td>
<td>cctgtctccg</td><td> 3660</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>caggctagat</td><td>ccgaggtggc</td><td>agctccagcc</td><td>cccgggctcg</td><td>ccccctcgcg</td>
<td>ggcgtgcccc</td><td> 3720</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>gcgcgccccg</td><td>ggcggccgaa</td><td>ggccgggccg</td><td>ccccgtcccg</td><td>ccccgtagtt</td>
<td>gctctttcgg</td><td> 3780</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tagtggcgat</td><td>gcgccctgca</td><td>tgtctcctca</td><td>cccgtggatc</td><td>gtgacgactc</td>
<td>gaaataacag</td><td> 3840</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>aaacaaagtc</td><td>aataaagtga</td><td>aaataaataa</td><td>aaatccttga</td><td>acaaatccga</td>
<td>aaaggcttgg</td><td> 3900</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>agtcctcgcc</td><td>cagatctctc</td><td>tcccctgcga</td><td>gcccttttta</td><td>tttgagaagg</td>
<td>aaaaagagaa</td><td> 3960</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>aagagaatcg</td><td>tttaagggaa</td><td>cccggcgccc</td><td>agccaggctc</td><td>cagtggcccg</td>
<td>aacggggcgg</td><td> 4020</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>cgagggcggc</td><td>gagggcgccg</td><td>aggtccggcc</td><td>catcccagtc</td><td>ctgtggggct</td>
<td>ggccgggcag</td><td> 4080</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>agaccccgga</td><td>cccaggccca</td><td>ggcctaacct</td><td>gctaaatgtc</td><td>cccggacggt</td>
<td>tctggtctcc</td><td> 4140</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>tcggccactt</td><td>tcagtgcgtc</td><td>ggttcgtttt</td><td>gattcttttt</td><td>cttttgtgca</td>
<td>cataagaaat</td><td> 4200</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<td>aaataataat</td><td>aataaataaa</td><td>gaataaaatt</td><td>ttgtatgtca</td><td>aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaa</td>
<td> 4257</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>
<210> 46 <211> 104 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
61/69
Synthetic Construction <400> 46 ttcacccttg actgtggcac ctcccttcag ttccgtcgac gaggttgtgc aatccaccag tcttataaat acagtgacgc tccagcctct ggaagcctct gtca
104 <210> 47 <211> 17 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 47 tcaagcgtga ctaattg 17 <210> 48 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction actgcccatt gcccaaacac <400> 48
62/69 ·«>
<210> 49 <211> 21 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <22 0>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 49 aaaatcttgc cagctttccc c 21 <210> 50 <211> 23 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 50 gtcggttacg gagcggaccg gag 23 <210> 51 <211> 24 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
63/69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 51 taacatatag acaaacgcac accg 24 <210> 52 <211> 23 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 52 gcgcttgtgt cgccattgta ttc 23 <210> 53 <211> 24 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 53 gtcacaccac agaagtaagg ttcc
64/69 <210> 54 <211> 23 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 54 gtcggttacg gagcggaccg gag 23 <210> 55 <211> 25 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 55 cacagagcat tggcgatctc gatgc 25 <210> 56 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
65/69 / <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 56 acccgactat gttcgcctgg 20 <210> 57 <211> 21 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 57 aagctctgga tcgagtcttt g 21 <210> 58 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 58 atgtgtcagg cacacagacg
66/69
<td> <210></td><td> 59</td>
<td> <211></td><td> 21</td>
<td> <212></td><td>RNA</td>
<td> <213></td><td>Artificial Sequence</td>
<td> <220></td><td></td>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 59 gucgagucua ucugcaucct t 21
<td> <210></td><td> 60</td>
<td> <211></td><td> 21</td>
<td> <212></td><td>RNA</td>
<td> <213></td><td>Artificial Sequence</td>
<td> <220></td><td></td>
<td> <223></td><td>Description of Artificial Sequence: nota = Synthetic Construction</td>
<400> 60 ggaugcagau agacucgact t 21 <210> 61 <211> 19 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence
67/69 <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 61 tcagcagtgg agggcaatg 19 <210> 62 <211> 23 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 62 cctctgtaac aggtgccttg aat 23 <210> 63 <211> 21 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 63 acagcaaacc tcctcacagc c
68/69 <210> 64 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 64 tggagacgtg gcacctcttg 20 <210> 65 <211> 24 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 65 tatgataccc gggagatcgt gatc 24 <210> 66 <211> 24 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
69/69 <223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 66 gtgcagatgc cggttcaggt actc 24 <210> 67 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 67 tcagccctgg actacctgca 20 <210> 68 <211> 20 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220>
<223> Description of Artificial Sequence: nota =
Synthetic Construction <400> 68 gaggtcccgg tacaccacgt
ATTORNEY PROTOCOL NUMBER. 19113.0129P2 j
1 / s
Contents24
41 sheets
Sheet 1 Sheet 2 Sheet 3 Sheet 4 Sheet 5 Sheet 6 Sheet 7 Sheet 8 Sheet 9 Sheet 10 Sheet 11 Sheet 12 Sheet 13 Sheet 14 Sheet 15 Sheet 16 Sheet 17 Sheet 18 Sheet 19 Sheet 20 Sheet 21 Sheet 22 Sheet 23 Sheet 24 Sheet 25 Sheet 26 Sheet 27 Sheet 28 Sheet 29 Sheet 30 Sheet 31 Sheet 32 Sheet 33 Sheet 34 Sheet 35 Sheet 36 Sheet 37 Sheet 38 Sheet 39 Sheet 40 Sheet 41
132 members in 17 offices
Priority claims3
| Document | Office | Kind | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60885142 | United States of America | – | |
| 88514207 | United States of America | P | |
| 2008051168 | United States of America | W |
Members132
| Document | Office | Kind | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2006304321A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| CA2625891A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| WO2007047512A2 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A2 | |
| WO2007047512A3 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A3 | |
| EP1934331A2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A2 | |
| AU2008206258A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| CA2667364A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| WO2008089236A2 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A2 | |
| AU2006304321A2 | Australia | A2 | |
| EP1934331A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| AP2009004851A0 | African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) | A0 | |
| KR20090101442A | Republic of Korea | A | |
| EP2104744A2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A2 | |
| AU2008206258A2 | Australia | A2 | |
| MX2009007564A | Mexico | A | |
| WO2008089236A3 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A3 | |
| US2010029504A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2010029560A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| IL198677A0 | Israel | A0 | |
| IL198677D0 | Israel | D0 | |
| EP2189522A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| JP2010526278A | Japan | A | |
| US2010196450A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2010209421A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| ZA200902814B | South Africa | B | |
| CN101970685A | China | A | |
| CA2771993A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| CA2772036A1 | Canada | A1 | |
| WO2011025475A1 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A1 | |
| WO2011025556A1 | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | A1 | |
| EP2104744A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| US7964577B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US2011177075A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011177100A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011177101A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011178162A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011206665A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011206666A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011212089A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011217299A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| BRPI0806779A2This record | Brazil | A2 | |
| US2011223161A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011223162A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011229467A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011229468A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011229492A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011236403A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2011243937A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| EP2392645A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP2392646A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP2392647A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP2395076A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| US8080534B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| NZ578164A | New Zealand | A | |
| US2011318338A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US8088603B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| EP2402435A2 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A2 | |
| US2012058130A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2012071347A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| EP2402435A3 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A3 | |
| HK1154052A | Hong Kong, China | A | |
| HK1154052A1 | Hong Kong, China | A1 | |
| AU2009351638A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| AU2010286924A1 | Australia | A1 | |
| AP2012006181A0 | African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) | A0 | |
| AP2012006182A0 | African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) | A0 | |
| IL218285A0 | Israel | A0 | |
| IL218285D0 | Israel | D0 | |
| AU2009351638A2 | Australia | A2 | |
| EP2104744B1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | B1 | |
| CN102481379A | China | A | |
| US2012157508A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| EP2470217A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| EP2475779A1 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A1 | |
| IL218286A0 | Israel | A0 | |
| IL218286D0 | Israel | D0 | |
| AU2010286924B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| EP2470217A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| CN102648287A | China | A | |
| AU2006304321B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| ES2390083T3 | Spain | T3 | |
| US8318692B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| ZA201202170B | South Africa | B | |
| US2013023424A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| US2013023425A1 | United States of America | A1 | |
| JP2013503162A | Japan | A | |
| US8394780B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| EP2475779A4 | European Patent Office (EPO) | A4 | |
| IL198677A | Israel | A | |
| JP2013510558A | Japan | A | |
| US8431546B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US8445444B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| ZA201202169B | South Africa | B | |
| US8461101B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| US8461126B2 | United States of America | B2 | |
| AU2008206258B2 | Australia | B2 | |
| HK1174955A | Hong Kong, China | A | |
| HK1174955A1 | Hong Kong, China | A1 | |
| CN101970685B | China | B | |
| RU2012111271A | Russian Federation | A |
9 legal events, as the office reported them to INPADOC
Over the term
Point at a mark for the eventEvents
| Event | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| Notification of approval relating to section 229 industrial property law [chapter 7.5 patent gazette]B07E | B07E | |
| Patent lapsed as no evidence of payment of the annual fee has been furnished to inpi [chapter 8.11 patent gazette]LapsedB08K | B08K | |
| Patent lapsed as no evidence of payment of the annual fee has been furnished to inpi [chapter 8.11 patent gazette]LapsedREFERENTE AO ARQUIVAMENTO PUBLICADO NA RPI 2432 DE 15/08/2017.B08K | B08K | |
| Application dismissed because of non-payment of annual fees [chapter 8.6 patent gazette]B08F | B08F | |
| Technical examination (opinion) related to article 229 of industrial property law [chapter 7.4 patent gazette]B07D | B07D | |
| Application fees: decision cancelled [chapter 8.8 patent gazette]REFERENTE AO DESPACHO PUBLICADO NA RPI 2367 DE 17/05/2016B08H | B08H | |
| Application dismissed because of non-payment of annual fees [chapter 8.6 patent gazette]REFERENTE A RESTAURACAO DA 8A. ANUIDADE.B08F | B08F | |
| Application fees: decision cancelled [chapter 8.8 patent gazette]REFERENTE AO DESPACHO PUBLICADO NA RPI 2280 DE 16/09/2014.B08H | B08H | |
| Application dismissed because of non-payment of annual fees [chapter 8.6 patent gazette]REFERENTE A 6A ANUIDADE.B08F | B08F |
Numbers
- Publication
- PI0806779
- Application
- 8067791
Titles2
- Portuguese
- COMPOSIÇÕES E MÉTODOS PARA O DIAGNÓSTICO, TRATAMENTO E PREVENÇÃO DE CONDIÇÕES DA PRÓSTATA
- English
- COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CONDITIONS
Classification
- CPC, 8
- C12Q1/6886
- C12Q2600/106
- C12Q2600/112
- A61P13/08
- A61P35/00
- A61P35/02
- A61P43/00
- G01N33/57555
- IPC, 1
- C12Q1 68