A method of coordinating and stabilizing the delivery of wind generated energy

(54) Title: PROCESS FOR COORDINATION AND STABILIZATION OF WIND ENERGY DISTRIBUTION (30) Unionist Priority: 13/06/2003 us 60 / 478,220 (71) Depositor (s): Ben Enis (US), Paul Lieberman (US) ( 72) Inventor (s): Ben Enis, Paul Lieberman (74) Attorney: Castro BarrosSobral Gomes Advogados (86) International Request: pct US2004 / 018899 of 06/14/2004 (87) International Publication: wo 2004/113720 of 29 / 12/2004 (57) Summary: PROCESS FOR COORDINATION AND STABILIZATION OF WIND ENERGY DISTRIBUTION. The present invention relates to a process for coordinating and stabilizing the distribution of wind energy, such as an energy grid, in order to avoid sudden variations and oscillations, despite fluctuations and oscillations of the wind speed. The process preferably uses a plurality of windmill stations, including a number of stations for immediate use, energy storage stations and hybrid stations, where the energy can be used directly by the energy grid and stored for later use when the demand is greater or the availability of wind less. The process comprises the elaboration of an energy distribution plan, in order to coordinate the use of immediate energy and stored energy, based on a forecast of the daily wind speed, in order to assist in the projection of the wind generation levels available for days to come. The schedule, preferably, establishes a reduced number of periods of constant energy output, during which the energy distribution levels can remain substantially constant, in spite of fluctuations and fluctuations in the wind speed and in the levels of energy availability wind power.

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TIME OFDA.Y (HOURS)

1 / 67J -&gt;

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COORDINATION PROCESS AND?. STABILIZATION OF ENERGY DISTRIBUTION. WIND

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to :; a. &lt;systems; de-, 'eolic energy and. ,, in particular, to one. process for? coordination and stabilization of distribution. of wind energy ,. TAX - like ·.

a grid of energy.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The generation of energy from natural sources /., Such as, from the 'sun and wind, has been an important objective / -nesiteí.-pa.rs;^:,, - \ for the past several decades. Efforts to reduce dependence on oil, as well as foreign sources, have become- a national issue -important »-Q ·» - energy 'experts' fear that some of these resources, including oil, gas and coal, may be depleted -if some day. Because of these concerns, many projects have started in an effort to use energy derived from those called sources.

natural alternatives.

Although solar energy may be the most widely known alternative source, there is. also the potential for using extraordinary wind energy. Wind farms, for example, have been built in many areas of the country, where the wind blows naturally.

In many of these applications, a large number of windmills are built and driven in the direction of the wind. To the extent that the wind soperaí ^ coTttxa ^ os' · mills, - de. wind, · „. ·· =, rotating energy is created: and» then · used.&gt;&gt; for&gt; a.cionar,:. - 'r electric generators. That energy- is. Often. used.

to supplement the energy produced.:.;/eng.·/ plants; v-: utilities: e. é dis.tribúidai'pQr? grids ·; ·.

of electricity.

Wind farms are best operated when wind conditions are relatively constant and predictable. These conditions allow a consistent, predictable amount of energy to be generated / and ·. assumed, thereby avoiding overvoltages and variations.,; that could adversely affect the system. The difficulty, however, is that the wind, by its very nature, is unpredictable and uncertain. In most cases, wind speeds, frequencies and durations vary considerably, that is, the wind never blows at: the same speed for an extended period of time, and the wind speeds themselves can vary significantly from. ' one moment to another. And, because the amount of energy generated by the wind is mathematically a function of the wind speed cube, even the slightest fluctuation or oscillation in the wind speed can result in a disproportionate variation in wind energy. For example, a three-fold variation in wind speed (increased

3/6171 or decrease) can. result emp ^ a ?? variation! .de! · twenty;:? ev seven times in energy-ola: ica_r ie, to the? -cube? - igu «diia -'- 2? 7;„. ' ·

Is that particularly meaningful? ', / No ?, context ... of'? .. a wind farm distributing! Energy? p.ar.a '&gt;. a? \ g&gt; rade: -. de&gt;

electricity, which is a network. gigantez compas.üa&gt; dezzuma?; / multitude of smaller networks. These sudden variations ?? in? z one area can affect other areas and? can; even shut down ,. .

in some cases, the entire system. Because of these problems, in today's systems, the energy outlets from wind farms are often difficult to deal with and can cause problems for the entire system.

Another problem associated with fluctuations and oscillations refers to the sensitivity of the peak energy of the transmission lines in the grid. When fluctuations in wind speed are significant, and fluctuations occur in substantial wind energy outlets, the ...

system should be designed to account for these variations ·, ..

so that the system has sufficient power line capacity to withstand fluctuations and fluctuations in power. At the same time, if excessive consideration is given to these peak energy outputs, the system may end up being oversized, that is, if the system is designed to withstand variations for a small percentage of time, the capacity of the energy grid,

47® · during the highest percentage;: 'dotempor-z-.' can: · no / se: ^ '. useefficiently and effectively. . ·

Another related problem is; a .: waste of time… ha: laughs… in; . '·· associated wind energy' .com .a · absence of 'wind- or,:. \\ in some cases, low wind speed. .When . this · occurs, there may be a gap in the supply of ventricular energy, which can be detrimental to the output. total grid energy. This is especially important when large wind farms are used, when there is a greater dependence on wind energy, to compensate for&gt; peak demand periods.

Because of these problems, efforts have been made in the past to · store energy produced by the wind, so that wind energy can be used during periods of peak demand and / or periods when little or no wind is available, ie displacement in the time of the energy from when it is more available to when it is more.

needed. Nevertheless, these systems of the past:

failed to implement in a safe and consistent manner. Efforts in the past have not been able to reduce the shortcomings and difficulties, as well as the fluctuation and oscillation problems discussed above, inherent in using wind as an energy source for a long period of time.

Notwithstanding these · problems :, by virtue of. wind up: r: · &lt;

a significant natural resource. '^-that will never.-run out ', -. v · and is often abundant ^ in · -. many ^ · foCais ·., .- throughout the world ·, ... · / · there is a desire to develop ununut; processí; de. · capture? · de /., · wind energy, to provide. · electric energy ^. ..de ··· υια3. &lt;: · way that provides not only that.^; the energy. . * s; ej.a. &lt;

stored, but allows the distribution of energy to stop.

the energy grid is coordinated, managed and stabilized, to make fluctuations uniform. oscillations of the wind, while at the same time, filling, .com. wind energy energy gaps before distribution, so that energy fluctuations and variations, which can affect

a.dversely-a-grid-of energy, can be eliminated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention refers to a process for the use and storage of wind energy and for the effective coordination, management and stabilization of the distribution of that energy in a way that makes it possible to reduce or avoid fluctuations and oscillations of wind energy, by standardizing and stabilizing the wind energy. energy distribution to the grid, and the avoidance of sudden variations and oscillations, which can adversely affect the energy distribution system. 0 The present process comprises, in general, a process that uses daily wind forecasts and projections to anticipate the conditions ^j 6 / · &amp; 7. ' and wind characteristics.: to&gt; .: · 'o; ' day;-. que: go. arrive, θ '' ·· then use these data to * ·· pTanejate í e :: &lt;'désenvoiv.erX effectively a schedule'. in . ; distribution,. . with; O ·.

objective of allowing the .system ·. ·: - to stay: operational, was it?, .- v the longest possible periods of time :, ». nio.a. quai: sÀ ·. o: the levels of wind energy transmitted 'to; the power grid can remain constant for a period of hours. In this respect, the present system &lt;

considers the use of several types of generating systems: energy, including those that can store, energy: for later use, and control systems, which can determine how much energy should be stored and how much is being used · of-storage for any ... given moment.-In one aspect, the present system comprises wind farm stations, which are dedicated to various uses to determine how wind energy is generated. The first of these stations is dedicated to creating energy for direct and immediate use by the energy grid or community (hereinafter referred to as immediate use stations). The second of these windmill stations is dedicated to energy storage, using a compressed air energy system (hereinafter referred to as energy storage stations). The third of these windmill stations can be switched between the two (hereinafter referred to as hybrid stations). 0 system is preferably designed

Ί / ΕΤ, with a number and a relationship ·, pre-determinedadosí of - each-. kind of. ·.

mill station^- wind, .to allow / the / .system ^. ,, to be both economical and efficient, in the generation, of. , adequate amount of energy for: ·. 'both?? ot&gt;.: '.- iraa &lt;. ··· et. ot ·. · storage at any time. ' These ··, systems, are preferably used in communities, where there are. a necessity for a large number of '? seasons? in. mills, 'dei vento, that is, a wind farm, and / or access: a. uiria existing energy grid, so that the energy of 'the ?, system can be used to supplement energy sources:,;

conventional.

Each station of immediate use preferably has a horizontal axis wind turbine · (HAWT) and an electric generator, located in the nacelle of the windmill, so that the rotating movement caused by the wind is converted directly into electrical energy, through the generator .. This can be done, for example, by directly connecting the electric generator to the rotating axis of the wind turbine, so that mechanical energy, derived from the wind, can directly drive the generator. By location of the generator downstream of the windmill shaft gearbox, and by:

use of the mechanical energy of the windmill directly., energy losses, typically attributed to other types of arrangements, can be avoided.

The armaízenamenüa-Jtde »-energiar - '. Sãot · nra &amp; s&gt; stations.

complex in terms of .. placing the.energy? - rotating mechanics of the nacelle above the ground: high-below the. level of. ground, as rotating mechanical energy,., · · equally., x-each,: '· station-.06.-. : 5 energy storage: · connected '· to: one^:/ compressor; .in a· :.

way that directly converts to energy; wind. in.'· .

compressed air energy. Turbining · seventeen :; horizontally oriented vi of each energy storage station preferably has a .ay connected horizontal axis. a first gearbox, which is connected to a vertical axis extending below the windmill tower, which is in turn connected to a second gearbox, connected to another horizontal axis located on the ground . The lower horizontal axis is then connected to the compressor, so that the mechanical energy, derived from the wind, can be directly converted into compressed air energy and stored.

compressed air from each energy storage station is preferably channeled to one or more storage tanks or storage systems for, high pressure conduit tubes, in or in which compressed air can be stored. The storage of compressed air allows energy derived from the wind to be stored for a long period of time. By storing energy in this way, compressed air can be released and

9/67 expanded by t urboexpansoresx_:at the?? moment, 'suitable ·,?' · .ta-L. · like- when little or no wind, is available, and / or during? .., demand periods of. peak··.··. The .ar / IiberadoLe -.expandado can then trigger an .electric generator, so that the?&gt; Energy ?.

derived from the wind can? be used? for^- generate 'electrical power on a basis when needed' ,. ' this.; is ,, when a.-.

energy is really necessary, which;_;4or · no match

<td>with when the wind</td><td>blows from</td><td>fact.</td><td></td><td></td>

<td>This</td><td>invention</td><td>considers</td><td>that the. tank??</td><td>.·- in?</td>

<td>storage, the</td><td>system</td><td>of tubes</td><td>of co nduction ??, * and / or</td><td>the.</td>

<td colspan="2">released components, and</td><td>Yours</td><td>masses, may</td><td>to be ;</td>

designed to absorb and release heat to keep the air stored at a relatively stable temperature, even during compression and expansion. For example, when large storage tanks are used, the preferred embodiment comprises the use of a heat transfer system, made of piping extending inside each tank, in which the thermal transfer fluid (such as an antifreeze) it can be distributed across the pipeline to provide a cost-effective way to keep the temperature in the tank relatively stable.

The present system can also incorporate other heating systems, including heating devices that can be provided with storage tanks, which help to generate more thermal and heating energy.

10 // 67. · Pressure, and provide; one: me.i.oí.pelov-Lqual · ',,; O^;\air? emrexpansãbÉ; can be prevented from freezing. Alternatively, the present, · '.

invention also considers the use of a combination. in. · Heat./. '.

solar, heat lost from the compressor ,, combustar.es. ·: · and /.- ertergia;

of fossil fuel .. of; ;low; .. 'level. · / ·' .. etet ,,,. for; · Provide the necessary heat ... · .to; · increase the temperature. ' · 'And the pressure of the compressed air in the storage tank., 0; · The present system also considers that cold air, created by the expansion of compressed air discharged from the turboexpander, can be used for cooling purposes.

additional, that is, such as during the summer, when air conditioning services may be required.

It can be noted that · ·· · the stations of use., Immediate; - · discussed above can be used to produce electricity directly from windmill stations, for immediate distribution to the power grid. On the other hand, it can be noted that energy storage stations can be used to alternate with time a;

wind energy distribution, so that energy;

wind power can be made available to the energy grid, ..

even in times that are not coincident with when. wind 'actually blows, that is, when no wind is blowing, and / or during periods of peak demand. The coordination and use of these stations allows the current system to provide continuous and uninterrupted energy, in a '11/67 way. :

stabilized to :. grade :, of · energy, · a; despite. , · Fluctuations and oscillations in&gt; speed; 'wind, by;

coordination and management .. dov ^ fluxov.de-tenergla ^ das ^ -várlaa.⁷ '·' ·· stations for the energy grid ·.; · This system preferably incorporatesj stations ^ '^; of hybrid ventp mills, which: can, be ·.

individualized and alternating between energy. For use;

immediate, and energy for storage, that is, a switch 'can be used to determine energy levels, dedicated for immediate use and storage. In that case,&gt;;., / A, \ relationship between the amount of energy dedicated for immediate use and that dedicated for storage can later be 'changed ,, by making certain. adjustments, .... that is, such as by using clutches and gears.

located in the hybrid station, so that the appropriate amount of energy of each type can be provided.

This allows the hybrid station to be tailored to a particular application at virtually any time, to allow the system to provide the right proportion of energy for immediate use and energy for storage, depending on wind availability and energy demand at any time. given time.

Using these three types of windmill stations, the present system is able to better allocate wind energy from any immediate distribution to the

1.2- / 6.7 'energy grid, or. store;. and ;, 'U's: a'r';:; a »:. enei: gia '_z,,: depending on.:' . , wind conditions. and, -'dásiv. need ^: tía &lt;energy grid. That is, the stations? ', Hybrid'., - can? '- be used in^r·, :.

together with the .armazenamerato / .e-vuscí 'stations! .detienergia, to provide the appropriate / ratio .-. deceneTígiaç, o,^r that allows large wind farms to be: designed in a more flexible and individualized way. per..

example, so that the appropriate amount, de.-, energy., can \ be distributed to the grid at the moment: 'adequate, to satisfy the particular demands of the, .system .. Em- .suma,;, 1'.

using a combination of the three types of stations.

windmills, it is possible for a system to be more specifically / adapted and particularized, so that a constant energy supply can be provided; for longer periods of time.

Wind models in any particular location can ,. .. 'vary from time to time, that is, from one season to another, from one month to the next and, more significantly, day by day, hour by hour and minute by minute. Consequently, these fluctuations and oscillations must be considered together.

with energy storage for the system, to provide continuous power at a more constant rate ..

The present invention considers that daily wind forecasts are obtained for the particular area, in which the wind farm is located, to project the conditions and conditions.

Γ 3./67 wind characteristics¹; for-. every day. will arrive·.:.

These wind forecasts;^;No, y / · intended / '.paxcO: be * / -; · ,. ç.

based on the latest./: technologies;?:; dei./'.previsãot ':,.

available weather /, to / ;. approach ^; ,,;, ... 'o ·. / more · - / as closely as possible of the conditions, de.'ventoi wait, give., ..

fact during the period ;, 2.4 'hours: next' ..,. '

Although these predictions may not be. fully.

accurate, can provide a very close approximation of 'predicted wind conditions, sufficient for the purposes of planning and developing y programming / de-distribution.' wind, which will allow the system to operate continuously.

Once each daily forecast is obtained, the ^ present · ..

The process considers using the data to formulate an energy distribution schedule for the day ahead, based on the forecast, in order to create the longest possible time periods, during which the level of wind energy output for the grid can remain constant. For example, in the preferred embodiment, it is desirable to have no more than ;, about. · Three periods of constant power output, during ;, any;

given day, so there can be less than. that three variations in the rate of energy output being supplied to the energy grid, on any given day (although up to as many as 7 periods of constant energy

14./6,7 can be provided:; · '/ sertmecesseacEbali ·' .: · “Eérmitrncia-íset that the system provides periods ^; more / • .long .-,., When: / - air, wind energy output is constant:, ·? .or, present :. system · ... '· · ..

allows variations and changes, -alikes ·· / .how / ·: í aquia ©; ..

caused by fluctuations and oscillations,. ' gives. speed of;

wind, are reduced and, in some cases ;,_;. completely eliminated.

The way in which schedules: daily ·, are. · Planned and conducted uses the windmill stations discussed above, as well as a valve control system, to control the amount of energy that is stored and used for storage. The system considers that it is possible to control the amount of wind energy output levels at any time, by implementing an adequate number of storage stations and using energy to generate energy, and by converting the appropriate number of hybrid stations, and then control how much energy is supplied directly to the energy grid, and how much is provided by energy storage, using compressors and expanders, at any time. Controls are also necessary to maintain adequate levels of energy in storage, based on the continuous update of wind forecasts, so that the system is never devoid of stored energy.

Based on wind forecasts, it is possible during

15/67 any given 'day: anticipate A. a. need! for?

additional energy in storage · (such as ;, • quandct&gt; ae?

hopes that the required energy can exceed. a&gt;. energy..

supplied during the period s.eçfUÚitejt; der: .. 2 ^^ ara (sl;,. r. '; hei «- &lt;pieKKic&gt; ·?. · not necessary (such as when ;: if, wait. · .; that ;. will &lt;iiav.er;

enough wind to provide.;: energy '·: direct ,, during &lt;

the next 24-hour period).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 shows a flow chart of a horizontal axis wind turbine system, dedicated to power generation for immediate use.

Figure 1b shows a flowchart of a. · /? - horizontal axis modified wind turbine system, dedicated to,.,;

energy storage in a compressed air energy system.

Figure 2a shows a flow chart of a?

horizontal horizontal axis wind turbine to generate electricity between immediate use and energy storage. Figure 2b shows an example of a pressure relief valve system.

Figure 3 shows a wind histogram for a location in Kansas, during November 1996.

Figure 4 shows six daily wind histories, for the period between November 1st and November 6th,

1996, in the same location as Kansas.

16./67/

Figure 5 shows'.^; a comparison?! between Nordex

N50 / 800 and a computer model. Figure 6 contains two? Graphics;? ·: Showing two distribution plans? ?? pofeenci; ái; sz 'para - .. 1st of? ..?

November 1996.

Does Figure 7a contain two graphs? showing! loves ..relationship!

87/13 between immediate use and storage · of, .energy,!, O, the top graph comparing the constant output periods. . with the wind / energy availability curve, · a-. ' The;..

bottom curve comparing the periods of departure, s constant with the amount of energy supplied for storage, both for the same day of November 1, 1996.

· - Figure- 7b 'contains two graphs - the top graph showing the amount of energy in storage over time, and the bottom graph showing pressure curves and storage temperature, both for the same day

November 1, 1996.

Figure 8a contains two charts for November 5;

1996, in the same place, showing a 60/40 relationship between, use?

and energy storage, the chart .'de? top?

comparing the periods of constant outputs with the wind / energy availability curve, and the background graph comparing the periods of constant outputs with the amount of energy supplied for storage.

17/.67/ ·.

Figure 8b contains two digits for ·; 5. from: november / from: -z

1996, the top graph 'showing, a. amount of energy in storage over time *,. chart? /. 'of, background. * showing pressure curves,.:, e-v'. 'temperature / -' in, * storage.

Figure 9a contains two graphs, for December 6th.

1996 in the same place, showing a relationship¹. 5.Q / '5'ff between, immediate use' and energy storage,. o: graphics, ·,., topp :.

comparing the periods of constant outputs with the curve, of wind / energy availability,. .and·-:; the 'chart' zde / fundar comparing the periods of constant outputs with the amount of energy supplied for storage.

• Figure 9b'contains ^ two. .graphics for-November 6

1996, the top graph showing the amount of energy in storage over time, and the bottom graph.

showing pressure and temperature curves. at the.

storage.

Figure 10 is a graph showing the daily distribution plans for the three days, indicating the number of windmills for immediate use and energy storage that were operational, based on the adjustments of the hybrid stations, and the number of storage tanks. storage used and the cost of generating energy per day.

Γ8.Λ6Χ

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The apparatus portion of presenteinvenção.com comprises1 three different types of stations - windmills, windmills, ·; .including- ·.

a first type having a 'wind turbine. axis.' horizontal, which converts energy '.? mechanical · rotating. · in electrical energy, using an .electric generator ;; ' and providing energy for immediate use (a; 'below,' referred to ..

such as stations of immediate use), a .second, .. type; by having;^-an;

horizontal axis wind turbine, which converts ;, energy ';

rotary mechanics in air energy / .compressed &lt;to;

energy storage (hereinafter referred to as energy storage stations), and a third type that combines --- the · characteristics of the first •• '- two in - a single windmill station, having the capacity to convert rotating mechanical energy into electrical energy for immediate use and / or energy storage (hereinafter referred to as hybrid stations). 0 The present system is designed to use and coordinate the three types of windmill stations described above, so that a predetermined portion of the wind energy can be dedicated to energy for immediate use and a predetermined portion of the energy can be dedicated to energy storage. .

The following discussion describes each of the three types of windmill stations, followed by a description

19 // 67 on how to coordinate esítaçoes / '; det', mainirõs;: - ríe /.vento;·.parai?

any given application. . ,. ··

A. Stations for immediate use,. ?

Figure IA shows a -luxogram ?. schematic ?? 'of-a^:, station for immediate use. Mos.tra 'odiagram. as · - rotating energiamechanics, generated by a windmill ·, is converted into electrical energy and supplied, as, energy.

electrical for immediate use. The energy derived from the wind, 'can be converted into electrical energy, more efficiently, when the conversion is direct, for example,?, A?

efficiency of wind energy systems can it be?

optimized by direct use of the rotating mechanical movement., · - caused by the wind in the measure enn that blows in the blades of the windmill, to directly generate electricity.

of wind

Like conventional mill devices used to create electrical energy, the present invention considers that each station. Immediate use will comprise a windmill tower with a horizontal axis wind turbine located on it. The tower is preferably raised to a position of the wind turbine at a predetermined height, and each wind turbine is preferably directed towards the wind, to maximize the wind interception area, as well as the efficiency of the wind energy conversion of the station. . An

20/67 · wind turbine, such as those: produced; por- several;

usual manufacturers, you can_?· Be installed. in .part, did I give top? '. of the tower, with the shovels or. ven.ti.la.do.r.es- · dov..moinho? .-. ,in; .·wind;. &lt;

positioned around. of an 'axis, rotatingoriented · horizontally.

In this modality, a gearbox ..et.um; electrical generators are preferably located in the nacelle. windmill, so that the 'rotating mechanical energy of the shaft can directly drive the generator to produce / ,.

electricity. By locating the electrical generator 'directly on the shaft, through a gearbox, mechanical energy can be converted more efficiently into electrical energy. The electrical energy can ·, I know later transmitted by the tower, through a transmission line, that can be connected to other lines or cables, that feed energy of the station of immediate use.

for the grid or another user.

The present invention considers that the stations for immediate use will be used with other wind energy, which are capable of storing wind energy for later use, as described in more detail below. This is because, as discussed above, the wind is generally fickle and unpredictable and, therefore, having only stations of immediate use, to supply energy for immediate use, will not allow the system to be used to provide output

21: / 67 'of energy at a constant rate .. ^ Consequently., · ;; -. 35-.this invention considers that in .applicationsi give if axendász, of wind, in which multiple; seasons.); from '-. mo; inho.s., from • wind' ·¹.

stations are installed; in,·^!· Storage ;,. · Ten; energy;

additional files would also be installed and used,.,.

B. Energy storage stations ·.

Figure lb shows a flow chart; schematic of a storage windmill station. energy.

This station preferably comprises a tower, a windmill and a wind turbine: conventional, horizontal, axis, as discussed above together, with the stations for immediate use. Likewise, the wind turbine is located • permanently on the ··· part. the top of the windmill tower and capable of being driven.wind, as in the previous project. A rotating shaft is also extended from the wind turbine to carry energy.

Unlike the previous project, in this mode, energy derived from the wind is preferably extracted at the base of the windmill tower, for energy storage. As shown in Figure 1b, a first gearbox is located preferably adjacent to the wind turbine in the windmill nacelle, which can transfer the rotary movement from the horizontal drive shaft to a vertical axis extending downward from the mill tower of wind. At the base of the tower, there is preferably a

Ζ2 / -6Ί., Second gearbox &gt;&gt; -; projje.tada / -; for '•• .t-transfer ./, cc · ». · Rotary movement of the vertical axis · -to · other;,;, eixot. · 'Horizontal, located on the ground, - that - is after ..connected ··, a? one-: -,.

compressor. Mechanical rotating energy ?: das? '- turbine *, dei. · ·.

wind, at the top of · 'to.r; re :,. can ',; therefore; ,, ·, be. ·^: transferred under the tower, and 'converted ·' directly, -.

in compressed air energy, by means of:, - da ·· ', compressor located at the base of the tower or relatively close to it., a mechanical motor in the compressor forces the energy of compressed air into one or more storage tanks. pressure or conduit system, located on the ground. With this arrangement, each energy storage station is capable of converting energy. mechanical wind power directly into compressed air energy, which can be.

stored for later use, such as during periods of peak demand, and / or when little or no wind is available.

The energy storage portion? of the present invention preferably comprises means for storing the compressed air energy, such as in storage tanks or in a conduit system. Reference may be made to patent application US 10 / 263,848, filed on October 4, 2002, for additional information regarding the storage tank, heating and other devices and processes, which are capable of

23/67 /, to be used in: together, ^,com. ^ a ;;_;ready_:· 'Invention., ·? e.-íaoz ·· ;.

patent application ·· -.provisoriorç / na-cfcejrrajnexxcanoç?. · filed '. · ..,.

by applicants on 30. Maior-.de. · Ζ0; 0Χ / &lt;·

Method of Storing and * Transportin ^ t; Windh Géneirat / edi · Energy&gt; ;, · '···. ··

Using a Pipeline System, and the order; -.de; / patent / 'nàot-.

provisional deposited on July 1. from, 20X14,1 to, ·. ·, additional relative information, .- ao-. system; ,, des ·, tubes?; - de-conduction, for storage r-e '·. · transport .. · de-energy, -., wind, which can be used in conjunction with the present invention. The storage facility is located · 'preferably close to the energy storage stations, so that compressed air can be transported to · warehousing,' -s-at significant pressure losses. -Multiple storage facilities can be used. sizes. The present system considers that the design of storage facilities can be based on calculations related to several factors. For example, as will be discussed, the volumetric capacity of the storage facility may depend on the number and .da ·;. · '· List of energy and immediate use storage stations that are installed, as well as other factors, such as the size and capacity of the selected wind turbines, the capacity of the selected compressors, the availability of wind, the extent of energy demand,

24./67/,-, Any of the; mu ± tósKTne, xx&gt; s'tconventional:. deXc.onverter · ?; compressed air into electricity.i can. 'be used.- In the preferred modality, one or more .turboexpaXsoresisãoi.usados: /. · To release compressed airydoyarmarzenamenfcoy p ^ a-scriary: · a high-speed airflow, which;_?p; odex serj-user para. · energize. a generator to create, electrical energy. This electricity can then be used; to supplement. the energy supplied by the stations of immediate use. When.' stored wind energy is required, the system; is, &lt;

designed to allow compressed air in. storage tanks is released by the turboexpanders. As shown in Figure 1b, turboexpanders feed; preferably, energy at -nm alternator, which, - is connected to, -a&gt; alternating current to direct current converter, followed by a direct current converter to alternating current and then followed by a conditioner to match the impedances with those of the user circuits .:

The present invention considers that: storage facilities are designed to absorb and release; ..

heat, to keep the stored air at a relatively stable temperature, even during compression and expansion.

For example, when large storage tanks are used, the preferred embodiment comprises the use of a thermal transfer system, made of thin-walled tubing, extending inside each tank, in which the transfer fluid,?; thermal .., (- fcailL - comorum ??.

antifreeze) can be., distributed ^:.pe.la - tubing, to. · provide a cost-efficient, parap-i maintain?^; az temperature in the tank * ·. relatively · .. stable .. Air tubing comprises approximately?.¹. . £%. ' da 'áreaf to, ta? L · déntroc^;, dot tank, and is made of. copper.' or? steel-ca, rb; ono .. \, Also ?? '. · Preferably contain an antifreeze • fluid that can.

be distributed inside the storage tank, in which the piping acts as a heat exchanger, which is part of the thermal inertia system. Storage tanks 'are they?' ,.

preferably coated with insulation, to prevent thermal loss from the inside.

- present system - you can also incorporate others.

heating systems, including heating devices, which can be provided at the top and inside the storage tanks, which can help generate additional thermal and pressure energy, and provide a means by which expanding air can be prevented from .

Freeze. In some cases, although not in the preferred system ·, · · the present invention may use a combination of solar heat, lost heat from the compressor, combustors, low-level fossil fuel energy, etc., to provide the heat needed to increase the temperature and pressure of the compressed air in the storage tank. The present system also considers that cold air, created by

6 / - 6 7 · 'expansion of air comp-r: imido. discharged '' from • -turboexpansor., '' can be used for cooling purposes OYacLicxonaiy-: istor é ',; just like during summer.,. when '- services. - air conditioning. can- be '· .manded- .. ·,.

C. Hybrid stations ·. ~. .

Figure 2a shows a hybrid station. The hybrid station is essentially a station,? De, · mill, de._;. windunic, comprising certain · elements of. stations of immediate use and storage, of energy,., with ,. one.

mechanical energy sharing mechanism that allows: that.

wind energy is allocated between energy for immediate use and energy for storage, depending on the needs of the system. r ·

Like the two stations discussed above, a conventional windmill tower is raised, preferably with a conventional horizontal axis wind turbine, located on it. The wind turbine preferably comprises a horizontal rotary axis having the ability to transport mechanical energy directly to;

the converters.

Like the energy storage station, the hybrid station is adapted so that wind energy can be extracted at the base of the windmill tower. As shown schematically in Figure 2a, the wind turbine has a rotary drive shaft connected to a first housing

27/67 .

of gear located in the? nacelaz,: dozmo ± nho.zdez.vento, in which the horizontal rotary movement of the. axis.' - can be transferred to a vertical axis extending under the tower. At the base of the tower,. there is, / - of?. 'preferably, one. second gearbox designed for transfer, o. rotary movement of the vertical axis to ·· - another ?, 'horizontal axis located at the base.

At that point, as shown in Eigura Zaç. a /.divisor., of mechanical energy can be provided. · .Ό divisor:,? what '· going?

be described in more detail below?, - év pro jetadov · para?

divide the rotating mechanical energy of the lower horizontal axis, so that an adequate amount of wind energy can be transmitted to the desired downstream converter, that is, it can be adjusted to send energy to an electrical generator for immediate use and / or a compressor to store energy.

Downstream of the mechanical divider, does the hybrid station preferably have a mechanical connection on one side? to an electrical generator and, on the other side, a mechanical connection a.

a compressor. When the mechanical divider is completely switched to the electric generator, the rotating mechanical energy from the lower horizontal axis is transmitted directly to the generator, through the geared shaft.

This allows the generator to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy efficiently and directly, and

Ζ8 / 6ΐ · electric power sej^:The^,; transmitted / to the user, for use ·.

immediate.

On the other hand, when.?, The? · Di display;? 'Mechanic ^ / is :. changed: · completely to? O, : . compressor ,,;, '.a--: · energy ?? ? mechanics ·.

rotating the lower horizontal axis' · et: transmitted :. · Directly to a compressor, to allow ,, the energy. ·.

compressed air is stored, such as in a tank; in:

high pressure storage. This portion of the hybrid station is preferably substantially similar to the 'storage' station components. in? energy, since the mechanical energy generated by the hybrid station is intended to be converted directly into compressed air energy, '-em ,? that. stored energy-t / can? - be released at the appropriate time, by means of one or more turboexpanders. Like the previous modality, a storage tank or high pressure piping system is.

preferably located very close to the windmill station, so that the compressed air energy can be stored efficiently in the tank for later use.

As will be discussed, hybrid stations are preferably incorporated into applications for large wind farms. In this case, the compressor at each hybrid station can be connected to centrally located storage facilities, so that a plurality of hybrid and energy storage stations can be connected.

29./.67 'feed compressed air ..' Hetas.v - '.. De./.ÊaEbo),&gt;oc .sÊstenELcípjoxteS-s.ex?.'.? · .. · designed so that - all; / 'az ^ -basings; ± iib: fast; and;?. arsl:

storage stations; »ⁱof,&gt; çeQergia&gt; '=' p.o'ssam,_J^;.se: r; Á.cone; c.tadas; · -, '·· to a single storage installation ..

The mechanical energy divider, which is^! adapted ~ / to 'divide mechanical energy into energy; dedicated to. use. and for energy storage ·,;?, podat · compréenderí. multiple gears and clutches, so that; The. Mechanical energiat can be transported directly to the converters. In one embodiment, the mechanical divider?

comprises a large gear attached to the lower horizontal drive shaft extending from the bottom of the station ·, · in combination with _: additional drive gears, capable of coupling and engaging with the large gear. A first clutch preferably controls each of the additional drive gears, to move them from a first position that engages (and engages with) the large gear, to a second position that prevents them from being coupled with the large gear, and vice -version. Thus, by operating the first clutch ,.

an adequate number of other additional clutches can be allowed to engage (and engage with) the large gear, depending on the desired mechanical energy distribution from the lower drive shaft to the converters.

30/67/

For example, a system / spoxfe ^ teer ^ a: -girandeiengr gear? · ··; ·: ·, and five drive gears; ..^,; 'extrasy. in 'what- the first- clutch can be_; -.used for '·, allow:, ·· que .'a great gear to engage, any; n':? mome-nto, ',; í .: one, .to two /, / ;.

three, four or five of the gears; additional drive elements. In this way, the first · clutch can control how many of the additional drive gears · are activated and therefore capable of being activated by:

large gear (which is driven by the shaft: lower horizontal derivation), to determine the energy / mechanical ratio to be transported to the appropriate energy converter. That is, if all five additional drive gears have been coupled with the large .., · gear, each of the five additional drive gears will be able to transport a fifth or 20% of all mechanical energy to the energy converters . If only three of the additional drive gears are coupled with the large gear, then each additional coupled drive gear will carry a third or

33.33% of the mechanical energy generated by the windmill. Two large drive gears connect the large gear, each of which will transport half or 50% of the transmitted energy, etc.

mechanical divider of the present invention preferably has a second clutch, to allow each

31/67'.

one of the drive gears / oy: adrcionads / y: sejíasc connected downstream to any .de ..- Irm \ 'geradon:' eJLè.Gricai · (quey; 'generates power for immediate use) or a compressor ,.' air-que ', generates energy from compressed air' ·&gt; for-.:·- storage? ,,, of:? · energy). By adjusting the second clutch, · ay energy .... 'mechanical, transported from the big gear' paray, any; .

of the additional drive clutches, can be directed to any of the electric generator or compressor /. This allows the amount of mechanical energy supplied by the. .

windmill station is distributed and allocated, between immediate use and energy storage on an individual and adjustable basis. That is, the amount of energy, distributed to each 'type of energy converter, can ... be made dependent on the adjustments that are made by two clutches, which determine how many additional drive clutches couple the large gear, and the which power converter each gear of: additional coupled drive is connected. Those connected to the electric generator will generate energy for immediate use, and those connected to the compressor will generate energy for storage.

Based on the above, it can be noted that by adjusting the two clutches of the mechanical energy divider mechanism, the degree to which the energy is dedicated for immediate use and energy storage can be adjusted and

32 / .6.7 / allocated. For example,. if; is; desired; ·., that: 4'Q%. · Energy;

mechanics is distributed to; - .. use, ••• immediate 3 and -. 60% :. gives;

mechanical energy be distributed; .. Λ-to ·. ·· / energy, · '; p: ara;

storage, the first clutch^- can be / used ,,; for/.

make all five additional gears ·, de. · drive coupled with a. gear. big ', while at the same time the second. ·· clutch can be used to make two of the five gears; additional drive units (each providing 20% ​​of the energy or 40% of the total) are connected; to ..., generator.

electric, and three of the five gears' of. · drive.

additional (each providing 20% ​​of the energy or;

• - 60% -of the total ·) -be connected to the compressor. In this way, · ©&gt;

divider, mechanical can divide and distribute energy.

mechanics between immediate use and energy storage, at a predetermined ratio of 40/60, respectively.

In another example, using the same system, if it is desired that all mechanical energy be distributed for immediate use, the first clutch can be used to cause the large gear to engage only one of the additional drive gears, and the second clutch can be used to connect that additional drive gear coupled to the electric generator, that is, so that all the mechanical energy generated by the windmill station is transported for immediate use.

Equally, if desired- that / all;? * There. ^ energy; ^; mechanics:. '' ·; ..

be distributed for '.storage? der energy, /: ·· a ..' • .se.gund'a^r·.'.

gear can be used, to connect /. that one:. gear.'?

additional drive ·: coupled aa .;^;compresso'r, .A_fThis is_K &lt;d.ér · so that all the energy. ' generated mechanics. by the windmill station is transported for storage:.,

The present system considers that: · any, number / · of: · additional drive gears,;. ;; it can be provided to vary the degree of mechanical energy that can be divided. It is considered, however, ·, what? having, '.. / as.; five additional drive gears,. a lot of flexibility can be provided to allow the hybrid station to be operational in most situations. With five additional drive gears, the following ratios can be provided: 50/50,

33, 33/66, 66, 66, 66/33, 33, 20/80, 40/60, 80/20, 100/0 e.

0/100.

By using clutches in the mechanical energy divider, each hybrid station can be adjusted at different times of the day, to supply a different ratio of. , energy between immediate use and energy storage. As will be discussed, depending on energy demand and forecasts of wind availability, it is considered that different relationships may be necessary to provide a constant amount of energy to the user, for example

34/67, long periods of time., Windy conditions; wind conditions:

fickle and unpredictable ... Hssén system, is' designed to. · provide that these relationships s.ej_;amp? fac ± imen^;te '\: a.comadadas'- ..'

Others: systems for. ..divide, / a '·: energlax .also;?., are considered. ~

D. Control mechanism and valve in this system preferably comprise a urtr.system to control the operation of the mill · stations.

wind speeds, clutches at hybrid stations, the amount of compressed air being fed to and from storage;,. '.

the operation of the compressors, the operation of the turboexpanders, etc. The control system is preferably able to adjust, the total number of windmill stations, which will be in operation at any time, including how many stations for immediate use are operated, how many stations for energy storage are operated and how many hybrid stations are operating in immediate use mode and how many are operating in compressed air mode. Thus, at any time, the quantity.

total energy to be supplied by the system and how much;

energy is allocated between immediate use and energy storage can be precisely controlled and adjusted.

For example, if a system has a total of 50 windmill stations, with 20 for immediate use, 20 for energy storage and 10 hybrid stations, the operator

35 / .6 / 7 / can determine how many stationszvãd;? Be? dedicated;., - paxaz-usot '· immediate, on the one hand, and storage ,, by. on the other hand, by / using the control system, to determine how many /.

stations for immediate use and storage:? .of? .energy? -, will be in operation, and how many of the stations. .hbridf.dà^{S:'^?go! .- s-ezi&gt;.

adjusted, for immediate use mode or. in. energy storage. For example, if it is determined that a. energy from 28 windmill stations for immediate use are.

required for a particular period, the system can · ':

operate all 20 stations for immediate use and; convert / or 10 of the hybrid stations to the immediate use mode ·.:.

At the same time, if only 16 of the energy storage stations - are. · Necessary-«during the same -period, 16 of them can be put into operation and the others; 4.can be turned off, or the power supplied they can be disconnected or discharged.

The control system is also preferably designed to be able to maintain the energy level of compressed air in storage at an adequate level, by regulating the flow of compressed air to and from storage. The compressed air is introduced into storage by means of compressors and released from storage by means of turboexpanders.

At the release end, a valve system, like the one shown in Figure 2b, can be provided

3.6/67:

to allow 'one ·'¹ predetermined amount. .of air. ·.

tablet is released by the turboexpanders at any given time. A, Figure .2b shows an example of a storage tank with · three · couplings · *? fixed -; in?? · three turboexpanders., in which valves can be 'used.

to allocate an adequate amount? ,, from .ar^;'pefos / turboexpandores. The graph shows ·: 5? . different, sequences.

of valves, each associated with a quantity of.

particular pressure in the storage tank,. ·:

Valve sequence A is suitable for. a / · pressure gauge of 4,147 kPa (600 psig). According to this sequence, only valves number 3 and 5 are closed and all others' are opened. In this way, the air - flowing through valve 1 enters the first turboexpander and can be converted into electrical energy through the first.

alternator. Also, because the valves are open, some of the compressed air enters the second and third turboexpans and can be converted into electrical energy, through the second and third alternators. Because valves 3 and 5 are closed, only the air flowing through valve 1 is used.

The B valve sequence is suitable for a gauge pressure of 2,068.5 kPa (300 psig). According to this sequence, only valve 3 is open, and the other release valves, that is, 1 and 4, are closed. Of that

3,7 / 67.-, way, the air flowing.,.: Peia; valve; 31. entrance. second, turboexpander and can be .; c.onvertidoXem; · eiiergi: á - .. elé.tr^:i; cav; por ··, · middle of the second alternator ...? Also, in .virtudes da; .váLvul-a '.; · .41 ..

stay open and the valve ,. .2. stay closed;,: - a ·: little.;, of air ·.

can enter the 'third turboexpander and ·, be? · converted into electricity, by,' greater than ^. third .. ·, alternator. The first alternator is kept unused.

because valves 1 and 2 are closed .. · · ,.

The sequence of C valves is suitable for a gauge pressure of 689.5 kPa (100 psig). According to blush; -That, · .

sequence, only one valve, that is, the number 5,^;stays open. In this way, the air flowing through valve 5 enters the third, 'turbbexpahsor-e' can be converted into 'electrical energy via the third alternator. The first and second turboexpans and alternators remain. not used.

When there is no pressure in the tank (see sequence of valves D), the valves are closed, in which case the compressed air energy introduced in the compressor tank can accumulate over time, to help increase the pressure in the tank. Similar controls are used in conjunction with the compressors to allow the tank to be filled, that is, to determine the rate at which compressed air will enter the storage, through

3.8 /, 6.7 compressors. The controls allow: · · preferably, that: 'the amount of pressure in the tank. modeled? .v

Controls can also be used to operate, the heat exchangers, which are used to help control;

the temperature of the air in the tank .., the controls- 'determine that ;. heat exchangers are going to be. used to any; given away; time .

and how much heat they must provide to the ... compressed air in the storage tanks.

The control system has a microprocessor, which is pre-programmed so that the system can. be operated automatically, based on the data. of: input provided to the system, as will be discussed. • .present 'investigation ..... consider that a, system? land 1&gt;

comprising stations for immediate use, energy storage and hybrids, can be developed and installed, in which, depending on the demands placed on the system by the area of ​​intended use, a predetermined number of stations for immediate use, energy storage and hybrids can be in operation at any time. This allows the present system to be customized and adapted to accommodate various wind forecasts, during different times of the year, when wind conditions can vary significantly.

3.976,1 '

E. Process

Ο present process val './ to be * .now discussed; · .poas / use? der:. · an example, based on the ..conditions ;; vdex 'wind: -effective., · ..-.' ·· 'found in a Kansas location;,. durantelnovember,' deH9t^:9: 61 ·, by Kansas Power LCC. This 'peroxide; /. Is • selected' because- ,. · Contained wind histories that varied ..o; .. s.uficient ei to show how the present process can be applied in different circumstances.

Figure 3 shows what is commonly called a 'wind histogram for the location. , That&gt;. graficou.xepxesent &amp; v. ·; · A history of effective wind obtained from an effective location. In general, this graph shows the average number of times ·, or 'occurrences, in which the wind^- 'reached, - a certain speed (when measured in hourly intervals), during the month of November 1996. The wind history is designed to allow a study to be made of the average wind speeds in any given location, during any given time, from one season · .do · year to another.

This information can be useful;, ·: for example, in helping to formulate a solution for the whole year, which can be based on the best and worst case scenarios presented by the studies. Figure 3 shows that the number of peak occurrences, for any particular wind speed measurement, was around 43, which occurred when

40/117.

the speed., of the wind.- reached ;; fences / deh 9 meters? per;

second. Expressed differently;,?, -During ;; / os. .month; r of / · November, when measured every hour,; ... speed of the wind. . · Is about 9 meters per second.more than 'often' of the? · Which was at any other speed:,.; that;

estimated equal to about 43 hours (43 occurrences multiplied by one hour intervals equal to 43 hours).,.

Another way to observe this is that the. wind ,, has been blowing at ;.

an average of about 9 meters per; second during an average of about 43 measurements taken at hourly intervals .; · During the month. . ·.

The graph also shows that the wind speed was below^: 2'meters 'per second for' just a few po.uc © -¹ occurrences during the month. Likewise, the graph shows that the wind speed was above 18 meters per second;

maybe once. Expressed in another way, what the graph shows is that the wind blew below 2 meters per second and above 18 meters per second for just a few · ...

hours throughout the month of November, which is useful to determine the appropriate equipment and process to be used in conjunction with the site.

what it also means is that depending on what type.

of wind turbines are selected, the graph can predict the time period in which the wind turbines would be operational and functional, during the month, to /1./67. /.produce energy. Portexempi.oy / .v is considered; which wind turbines ··, which are selected / », are / programmed / for ··. / operate?

just when the speed; of; · Νθηϋθ7Α. / Βη1 · Γβ6 · .3 .. meters / pqrt '· second and 15 meters per minute, ·. due·^:7th. reasons. ' of · efficiency and safety, it can be predicted: that, 'during any qirer&gt; .. · given day, during the month of November, those · · turbines, of.

wind would be operational mostly, but not. , all the time.

In an effective application, more than a month will have 10 to be investigated and studied. Indeed,; this · 'determination /.

generally comprises a benefit versus cost analysis;

and an energy efficiency study, which considers the 'availability of .venfeo during the scenarios - of the worst and. »· Best cases over the course of an entire year, and the demands that are likely to be placed in the system at that location in a one-year cycle.

The amount of wind energy produced by the wind turbines during the period mentioned above will then depend on the wind speed at any time.

during the period. In general, the wind energy to be; derived by a wind turbine is considered 'as following the equation:

P = Ci * 0.5 ★ Rho * A * U³ on what:

42:/ 67

Ci = constant (either is / obtained · by; comparison of · energy * calculated with the dimensions .'da-. Area-, da; turbine ^ -dei,;, wind? Et-ov speed performance; do. Vent. O.) ;

Rho = air density; ·.

A = area swept by the turbine rotors of: wind;

U = wind speed ..

This means that the amount of energy /, wind; - generated., by the wind is proportional to the speed cube ;, do ;, wind ;. '.

Consequently, in a situation where; turbines. in;

wind are fully operational within the 6.-range;

speeds between 2 meters per second and 18 meters per second, the total amount of wind energy that can be generated, / will be a '' direct function of wind speed.

total between these two tracks ..

On the other hand, several wind turbines are designed so that the output of wind energy remains relatively constant during certain periods.

high wind speed ranges. This can result from the windmill blades being flagged ..em.

speeds above a certain maximum. For example, certain wind turbines can operate in a manner in which within a given speed range, that is, between 13 and 20 meters per second, the wind energy generated remains constant, despite variations in the speed of the wind. wind. Consequently, in the example above, during a. perodor noy &lt;wed: f &lt;- a :, .veloofdadèit.do / wind is between 13 and 18 meters'-per.; second.,. · the amount ... of · wind energy generated by the .. wind turbine: will be. equal to^: energy generated when the speed,? of the wind is: de. 13 meters per second. In addition, many wind turbines are designed so that when the wind speed exceeds a maximum limit, such as 15. meters, per second, the wind turbines will stop completely ·,: 'to prevent;

damage due to speeds. of the wind . excessive ..

Consequently, the total amount of energy, -: that- · can / can be generated by a particular windmill must take into account these factors.

· - Fig-ura ...; 3 also compares the actual number of occurrences with the averages determined by the distribution of

Weibull for a period of time. In this regard, it should be noted that wind histograms for wind speeds are typically described statistically by the Weibull distribution. Turbine manufacturers of:

wind have used the association of the Weibull distribution with.

the wind parameter of k = 2.0, although there are locations in.

which the wind parameter reached as high a value: as k = 2.52.

Although it is desirable to know how often, on average, certain wind speeds actually occur during the year, it is also important for the purposes of this

44/6:7.·.

invention, know when .. 'as :. various· . speed gears?. ' wind? are going to happen during the day, this is it, '. expected?. ··· in ·. a · base / daily, and the magnitude of those speeds of the .. wind,?, so ·.

that can be used ^ for, .'formulate ?? -. as? · :: schedules? ·, from?

daily energy distribution,. is' ​​one? do.s, objectives;! hence the present invention. To develop a? System.what it can be.

applied on a daily basis,? ·,; is it? -? required: ·. - get·? , as:, · daily forecasts and forecasts give speed: do; wind ahead of the next day to allow? ' that a plan or planning is established, not that :: -. pass ?. be applied the following day.

In this respect, Figure 4 shows daily wind histories that occurred during one. 'week; is the same November time period in the same location. The Figure shows a compilation of measures taken over a period extending from November 1, 1996 to November 6,

1996. This particular graph shows the speeds of the.

that were measured at hourly intervals each day during that period.

The line that represents November 1 starts, for example, after midnight, with the wind blowing slightly below 7 meters per second, and ends before midnight, with the wind blowing slightly below 8 meters per second. During that day, the wind fluctuated very little, with some of the lowest measurements, of about 4 meters

4(5:/57:

per second, occurring :; nas', hours :, da^: morning ,, with · .um, peak.

(spike) of about 7 meters., · ροή? second? &lt;carrando&gt;: a-.

about 2 pm. The speeds, from ..ventosaumenla-r.ams d, epoTsv: '.

with respect to midnight. '

The line that represents · '2 de. novembros.mo:stra., by., on the other hand, a greater variation of the wind. The wind started right after, · midnight slightly below 8 meters per second and starts to decrease to a low level, at about 2 meters per second around 10:00 and continues at a low level.

After about 5:00, the wind starts to get s. · Stronger, ending it at speeds close to 13 ..

meters per second at midnight.

The following day '3' of November the wind continues; to become relatively strong, floating more or less, reaching a low level of about 9 meters per. ',.

second around 8:00 and peaking at about 15 meters per second around 13:00. On that day, the wind started, after midnight, slightly below 13 meters per second and ended with wind speeds slightly below 11 meters per second at midnight.

On November 4, the wind continued to fluctuate, reaching a peak of around 13 meters per second, but started to subside, reaching a speed of about 5 meters per second at midnight.

6/6.7

On November 5th, 'O' 'day. · - starts after? a: midnight, with light winds reaching 2 'meters; .zp.pr. ' second,.' 'but:,·..·?

then they start to increase, a lot, with the! winds,? · reaching? -, a peak of about 14. meters-? per; · second ?? · ,, eraz- tomo! from &lt;

4:00 pm. The wind speed remains. reactively!

high and reaches about 12 meters per second;

The next day, the! wind floats 'again, hitting' ...

another peak of about 14 meters per second around noon, and then it starts to subside, reaching a low level around 7 meters per second at midnight. .

that this chart tracks is the speeds? of the wind.

that occurred during the first week of November 1966 at the site. In the present invention, however, wind speed predictions are obtained for a particular location, so that each wind speed anticipated for the day is predicted at least one day in advance. That is, although Figure 4 shows examples of wind history, the present invention considers the use of wind speed forecasts, which are similar in content to the historical ones, except that they are projections for the future, it does not record the past. These forecasts can be developed from data obtained from meteorological institutes and other data sources, and using the latest weather forecasting technologies. The present invention considers that reactively accurate predictions can be developed,

7 / 6.71 particularly, when done y, emt - .; uia &lt;pexlodot det.2 # t hours,;, before the scheduled day.

Once the data is obtained, the ?, predictions .; in?

wind speed, which are similar ·; aost ^ historical; in;

wind for the day to come, are prepared:, · what, can they be?

used to determine the plans for: daily energy distribution that should be implemented; para.a -maintain a relatively constant power output level · for.; - the · longest possible periods during the period; next 24 hours. Again, the goal is to distribute; a / energy · to the energy grid, using a reduced number of periods of constant energy output level per day, that is, preferably three'òu less, although up to •• « of or more may be acceptable, as will be discussed.

This allows the number of times the power output level will have to be changed to be minimized, thereby imposing less strain and work on the switching mechanism.

For the purposes of this example, three of the six days in November 1966, that is, November 1, 5 and 6, were.

selected for their extremely varied wind speeds, which are useful in showing the various aspects of the present process. The days when variations in wind speed are high require the use of stored energy to standardize the distribution of energy to

4: 8 / -6.7 /. 'grade, while the · days • quefctêirt ^ less variations? ·, na ?? * wind speeds are not typical. . Those / three / rias?. were?

studied and represented in graphics,. for? display as? O.-; · This process can be applied. ,, to determine: a.

daily distribution schedule, that-.rpossa · 'satisfaizeri / os ·? ...

stated objectives. ·?

Before discussing the development,., Dos? piànejamentos: ..

distribution, it is pertinent to discuss the selection of wind turbines, which will determine the. capacity of ?. · Power transmission to each mill station ... of. ?

wind, and therefore play a role in designing daily distribution schedules. In this respect, it is important that the overall project gives - wind farm, including the total number of windmill stations to be installed, can be based on the criteria that.

were explained in the previous patent application. . do., · applicant, which is incorporated by reference .. 'No ·.

particular example shown here, the applicant selected:, a ?

Nordex N50 / 80 wind turbine, whose performance is compared, with a computer model in Figure 5. This product was selected for this example, but any conventional wind turbine could have been used. The selected wind turbine has a 50 meter diameter blade, a 50 meter tower height and a 1,964 square meter impetuous movement area. It rotates at 3 meters per second and has a speed? -Dez / wind © / des projefco; · ', dèi / LÁ.' meters per second. The size 'was selected because, a; .

generation capacity of .. energy 'is adequate - for, large ·' · applications, such as' wind / de · --- dÚOiarcILÚQOiMWi / · farms, while at the same time, the product is; .sufficiently?

small to be transported by truck; and¹·.train;...

The exemplary storage facility? Tdmbénó? ' it was designed with 62 storage tanks, each being a length of 3.05 meters (60 feet) and 18.30:

meters (10 feet) in diameter, with a nominal pressure of 4,147 kPa (600 psig). This allows the use of special components and usual tools, which can reduce the. overall cost of insiaiation. O . Does the project consider scenarios? in the worst case, that is, days when the maximum number of tanks is needed, to determine the total number of tanks that are needed for the farm;

in the place under consideration. The conduit pipe system can be similarly designed with · a, adequate storage capacity, based on size &lt;

of the tube and its length.

The methodology applied in formulating a distribution plan for each day ahead involves at least the following three design considerations, which refer to how much energy is generated by stations for immediate use, and how much is generated by storage stations

50767 /: 'of energy (including hybrid' stations? '/ Which' have 'been./ converted into one or the other): ..

1. The pressure gauge - derp /./ in ·. · Storage / no '· must exceed 4,147 kPa (600 psig); ; ·

2. At any time, 'the gauge pressure in storage should never be less than' 689.5 kPa '(100.').

psig);

and

3. Storage pressure at the end of^; * day&gt; 7.

must be equal to or exceed that in ίηίοΐΌ '; · όθ6^!σ3ά36άί3&gt; 6 5 «··· possible.

Based on these considerations, an iterative process is preferably 'used ·· to determine' how many windmill stations of each type should be in operation at any one time. Using the methodologies discussed in the previous application and the concepts discussed here, the project selected for this example is as follows: 24 stations for immediate use, 6 storage stations for.-.

energy and 19 hybrid stations. This allows the system to:

be adjusted within a range of a maximum of 43 stations for immediate use (24 stations for immediate use and 19 hybrid stations converted for immediate use) and a maximum of 25 energy storage windmills (6 energy storage stations and 19 hybrid stations converted to energy storage). In

51/-6.7-.

general, more stations' -ctevzüsov; immediacy; '. are used ·: when; 2rá&gt; 'less variations in speed' do;; wind,?. ·, and¹ maisi stations.: 'de / · energy storage · are. used:: when there is · · .more ;;:

variations in the speed of the checker · CU^;system? - ·; it also has air, the ability to cut or to. otherwise, unload. ·, a; energy·..

from any of the seasons, •• moi-nho.sisdei-ventas der moda; that the proper relationship between immediate use and energy storage can always be obtained, if necessary · ..,

Figure 6 shows two different distribution plans, which were developed for a period: 24 hours on November 1, 1996. Both graphs compare the constant output curve (shown by the two straight lines). with? -a · èurva 'of wind availability; /' energy. THE -_r difference between the two plans refers to how many stations for immediate use and energy storage were put into operation during the day. The first graph represents a system with an adjustment in which 87% of the total wind energy is distributed directly to the grid of stations for immediate use and 13% of the energy is processed by storage. The second graph represents an adjustment in which 40% of the wind energy is distributed to the grid of stations for immediate use and 60% of the energy is processed by storage.

In both examples, each distribution plan was developed to provide two periods of energy output. constant_r/:um:;--during.-.2'(I_;-^!hours:&gt;; .

and the other lasting 4 hours. That was. based, &lt;basically 'on the shape of the .speed curve of the. wind that day, i.que · '' · shows the wind speed fluctuated-? em.? around 5 meters. ··· per second, during the first. 201 rhorasy? er 'after? ·? · rising to around 7 meters per second, during.

last 4 hours. For essaz.-reason_r /Or,'.planej'amento?:&lt;;./foiv designed to provide a level. • exit 'from? energy.

substantially constant at around -2,500 kW, during the first 20-hour period, and a level -: / law out of? ».

substantially constant energy of about 5,000 kW over the last 4-hour period.

; The establishment of distribution planning, to provide few periods of constant energy output level, during each day, allows the system to avoid variations and fluctuations, which could otherwise adversely affect the system. If only stations of immediate use had been used, as in a conventional windmill system, the amount of energy supplied to the grid would have followed the peaks and valleys of the wind speed curve, which had severe fluctuations and oscillations. In that case, a severe energy spike or spike would have been transmitted to the grid around 3:00 pm, along with other fluctuations and oscillations, putting more stress and strain on the energy system. By use of

53/67 present invention, / by / .out-rort. side //, - can- ^ s; e; note; r-.ⁱLqiie; / 'a; amount of energy / .. transmitted / to /, the .. 'gradeó / fáiv -.- n «rita .--- 5 ··' predictable and constant for a long period of; time:..' . 'It can also be seen in the Figure. 6 that the. cost of.

power supply using the former; planning-.was / $ 0.033 / kWh, while the cost of energy / using the '·' according to planning was $ 0.051 / kWh. This is due,. . · Inefficiencies associated with the obligation to obtain a higher;

percentage of energy from storage stations., instead;

those of immediate use. For that reason, it shows that it is:; ·, that it is usually desirable to use the planning that 'is' based on a higher percentage of the energy of the stations of immediate use »do-' · -que -das - estaçõès' · de .. atmazenáment © - de.

energy.

During the time that the system is operational, in addition to selecting a schedule, which is based more on the energy of immediate use than that of storage. energy, it is also desirable to balance the energy that is in storage, maintaining a balance between the energy that is introduced for storage with the energy that is being extracted from storage, so that at the end of each day, the amount of energy in the storage storage is not less than it was at the end of the previous day. In addition to the; more, as discussed above, another consideration is always to maintain at least a 689.5 kPa (100 psig) gauge pressure

54/67' ·&lt;

in storage, from 'ground&gt; / que' .no // · case / -da; /; co.ndiçãest.íde /.

wind do not occur effectively? ·. - as; ·.: / predicted / vnast forecasts, there will be enough / remaining energy - which, ·. · can be used as a basis later, if necessary.

At the same time, it is also desirable -when:, sez.tenhatmai, s'tdoe that a predetermined amount · dev ·, pressure.?; ·: No?

storage, in which case the pressure may have to be discharged and lost. . ·

The energy processed by storage involves the three scenarios discussed below, which should be considered in the development of distribution planning.

First, the system must be designed to take into account the · periods in which and the level of admission to the warehouse is equal to the output. That is, if the output power level of constant distribution is equal to the rate at which energy is being supplied from a combination of the out-of-the-box and energy storage stations, then theoretically, the amount of energy in storage will remain if substantially constant over. Those. periods.: ..

Naturally, this does not take into account: certain inefficiencies, as well as the lost heat from the compressor, and any of the heating devices discussed above.

Nevertheless, it is clear that there will be times when the amount in storage will remain substantially constant. This can occur, for example, when no storage energy is used. ., &lt;e&gt; all &lt;, the 'energy: · ,, is it? :

obtained from stations of immediate use /? to keep. O.^;: level ·⁷ de (constant power output.

Second, the system must be 'designed' / to: ', consider' - 'f the periods in which the level of; admission to?

storage is less than the output. During ;, ess.es .; .periods.,; ' (it can be noted that a higher percentage of. energy; will be extracted from storage, than will *, be provided.

for storage, to maintain a constant · output · level of energy, in which case the amount of energy? no; .

storage can be reduced over time. Although this may occur temporarily for a short period of time, ev._;,. -Ό planning of the? Distfibili.ção - would have .....

to be adjusted so that the energy in storage is re-stored, to keep the energy level in storage in substantial balance. In other words, the distribution plan must be adapted to factor in the potential, so that more energy can be reintroduced into storage later that day.

that the amount of energy in storage at the end of each day is equal to or exceeds the amount in storage at the beginning of each day.

Third, the system must be designed to take into account periods in which the level of entry into storage is greater than the exit. In that case, energy is going to be

56/67?

introduced in the storageanfentoita ;? a fee?? what is?-'^;saperiarr&gt;

the one in which it is extracted ... '. As:! dis.cutido.,:!^; . That is?

important because of the second scenario ',. no:.: · what .. the energy?

in storage may otherwise / ·: · be⁷ reduced;! ^ In that!

In this case, the distribution planning must be adapted.

consider the possibility that, for some periods, a higher percentage of energy will be. introduced into storage than would be extracted from storage, so that the amount of energy in storage can be increased over time. At the point where-! a ^ ipxessionx-TAca »·.

too high, however, will the pressure be? · what?¹ unloaded and / or compressors will have to be turned off ..

- · - The primerph? / ma-graphic. Figure 7a - master the- two · periods of constant energy output (one lasting 20 hours and the other lasting 4 hours) being compared with the amount of energy being supplied to.

storage, which is shown by the rise and fall curve. It can be noted that there are marked differences between these curves, which represent the second and third scenarios discussed above, that is, periods in which the input exceeds the output, or the output exceeds the input. As shown in Figure 7a, there are variations in the stored wind curve, which can occur due to the energy level in the storage being i ncreased sometimes and reduced sometimes, depending on which of the scenarios above applies.

5.7 / -67. · At any time; de./temp; oSselgráfxco .mostrstqueçmenos ·· of 1,000 kW of net energy?. were * / ·^: supplied .; for C ·,._: storage at any time.v?. based ·; in&gt;. · Da;,. ·· energy being supplied directly to; 'grid * 13&gt; 5 of ?; energy ·.;:.

being processed for storage .. ·. 'A., curvature of the stored wind iiríhã also shows that the amount of energy being supplied for storage.can fluctuate with the.

team.

Figure 7b shows the net energy accumulated during the day, again, based on the occurrence of the three scenarios discussed above. It can be seen from the top graph.

Figure 7b shows that the energy accumulated in storage fluctuates.

during -? · © '-' day, '- · ό^χ quèe- necessary&gt; àrá qttè ··· os / levels-, of ... energy output remain constant. It can alsobe noted in the background graph that the gauge pressure level (shown by the top curve) in storage drops to almost 689.5 kPa (100 psig) around 13:00, e.

then again between 18:00 and 20:00, which is a consequence of a combination of the three scenarios discussed above, in which the net energy extracted can exceed the net energy being supplied. It can also be noted that the distribution plans were plotted with suces, so, to ensure that the gauge pressure never falls below 689.5 kPa (100 psig), and that an equal or greater amount of energy remains in storage at the end of the day

58/67 'than at the beginning of: day ..? *^:Afpre'as.ã'õ? ^ IiiMaoinélDdjcà? - .. ': tainb.éitt'; .- nunceE ';; ·· exceeds 4.14 7 kPa (600 psig). '

In effective practice., Once, -qne; · that »;: program çõ.esr \: cfe ·. ·· '· · distribution will be based .. on predictions, s &lt;de / ·: speed?; Doi wind projected, effective planning of. schedules · will have to reflect ..a reasonably- approach, ·: 'conservative, to consider · the possibility // of? .iquev as.-, effective wind conditions may not be as expected. /

If the schedules are not conservative, it may be possible that the gauge pressures · fall ·,-below: from ^ 6.89.5 · ·?

kPa (100 psig) or are completely depleted, in which case there will not be enough pressure in storage to supply energy? to the grid. - If the energy in the storage does not run out, the system will fail to be able to.

provide a constant power output level, ..

during those times, that is, the fluctuations in the speed of the;

wind will continue to cause fluctuations in the distribution of energy output, since there will be no energy in storage to compensate for and equalize fluctuations- of wind speed and power generation of stations, of.,.

immediate use. In that case, the distribution schedule will have to be adjusted to compensate for the loss of energy in storage, during the previous periods, which the present invention considers, may be necessary at times.

On the other hand, if schedules are very conservative,

53/67 .

the pressure in the storage store. quez se'r ?, 'desc.a-rre “gadà&gt; ,,' in which case energy can be wasted. ·.

Figures 8a and 8b, and 9a ..e&gt; -9b.&gt; / Show graphs.:, For, ·.?

the 24-hour periods on days -5- '©: 6i de6-november- &lt;deAl; 9í^;9; S, Á&gt;

respectively.

Figure 8a shows a schedule;_; of distribution,/.

which was developed for the 24-hour period; on November 5, 1996, based on history.,. in. .wind. that * *, occurred that day. This graph represents a distribution schedule, in which 60% of wind energy. total is processed by storage. Because the speed curve on that day varied significantly ', this' distribution schedule' was developed ... to provide seven different periods of constant power output, not two or three.

first period of constant level (from midnight to. 3:00) provides very little, if any, energy to the grid.

This is basically due to the fact that there was little or no wind during that period.

The second period of constant level, from 3:00 to 9:00, provides about 4,000 kW, which is due to a slight increase in wind speed, starting at around 4:00.

The third period of constant level extends only from

9:00 to 10:00, due to the large increase in wind speed, which starts around 8:00. This period is short,

/.67 ': · because the increase in speed / gone-ven ±.-Ot-é.' / THo; intensotqrre: .j a. , output had to be increased / to 1Ό. 000 / · kW, for 'energy efficient use being supplied ± defective-generation' ·.

The fourth period of '' constant level; '// if? 'ersteenríe? •in/? , ·

10:00 to 13:00, at a level of. about 24,000 / kW ,. · what:

reflects the increase in speeds ;, the wind./during 'this.' period. Due to the speed, · the wind continues to increase after 13:00 and continues to / blow at very high levels, the fifth period of constant level is.adjusted in ·

35,000 kW- and spans nine ^:hours; .dei 13-r22:,: / 00^?:./‘. .. ·

This is the period during which energy levels ^; are constant for the longest period during the day, in which the output levels / and therefore the distribution -of '• / energy'- ^; for the grid, they are predictable and stable.

What happened at the end of the day, for midnight, was that the wind speeds started to drop significantly. Consequently, the final two hours of the day were decomposed into two more periods of constant energy./·, starting with a level approximately 32,000 kW,

22:00 to 23:00, and then dropping significantly at about 10,000 kW, from 23:00 to midnight. Although it is certainly more advantageous to create fewer periods of constant level during each day, when considering the serious fluctuations and oscillations that have occurred during the said, it can be noted that it was necessary to adjust the system more! 61767;

frequently, to provide; g? rau, ^ predictability:.;

and stability, which would be necessary; to provide; the · advantages discussed above. By using the present invention, the amount of energy distributed to, the grid was made, more predictable and constant for fixed periods during. the day, even if there were more of those ..periods on that day. what?

on November 1st.

second graph in Figure; 8á. shows, the 'net · energy being supplied for storage, · during · ordia, (shown by the gray line). This is based on the .de · fact;

having 40% of the energy from windmill stations being introduced for storage, while at the same time, one-det efmi-nothing. .quantity of^;'' -energy 'is · extracts dâ' do-;

storage, at a rate necessary to maintain overall output levels relatively constant. Again, the amount stored is based on the accumulation of various conditions that exist throughout the day, including the occurrence of the three scenarios discussed above.

It can be seen in the second graph in Figure 8a that the energy supply for storage fluctuates during the day, from a relatively small amount in the morning to a relatively large amount in the afternoon. Although a greater amount of energy is distributed to the grid, during the afternoon, stations of immediate use generate the bulk of that energy. Consequently, it can be noted that

627-69·:

a significant amount: der / energiaí'.está; / being ·. supplied;

for storage, in the afternoon, / although a significant amount of ,, energy, ie 35.0.00 kW // is distributed to the grid at the same time. ·.

The top graph in Figure 8b. shows; o&gt; .accumulation ,, / of; / energy in storage, during that day: /. which increases; / substantially over time. That is . due. á, significant amount of energy being. .introduced ·· for storage, as shown in the graph, bottom of Figure

8th. The top graph in Figure 8b shows - the ,, curve ·, going? from / '/ about 10,000 kWh to about 70,000 kWh, during the' 24-hour period.

'The graph of?' · Fund./mostra·'qüe^^há- ^ cúntribúiçbes'¹· Sendé ':

total energy, due also to the increase in temperature and pressure levels in storage. It also shows severe fluctuations in the amount of gauge pressure in storage, which is one reason that seven. · - different periods of constant output levels have to be programmed on that day, to ensure that the pressure gauge never exceeds 4,147 kPa (600 psig) and never stays below 689.5 kPa (100 psig), although it may be noted that an excessive build-up of gauge pressure in the .. storage, which exceeded 4,147 kPa (600 psig), however occurred around 13:00.

63/61/

Figure 9a shows a / ,, desldis: tribui'.çãõ7 / · 'schedule. which was developed for the ·· period of ··: 24 / hours :: on ·; ·· 6- of November 1996, based on. historical · ', of the wind that occurred on the day. This graph represents a distribution schedule in which 50% of the energy: -: · total wind is.

distributed directly to the grid of stations, for immediate use and 50% of the energy is processed by :? storage;.,'·

Due to the speed curve ..; · wind: / ter: varied · on that day significantly, this distribution schedule was developed to provide :; ' six-^; different periods of constant energy outputs, :: as:.

discussed above, it was necessary to maintain the pressure gauge · in - storage. between '' 689, - 5 - kPa '(100 ipsigl

4,137 kPa (600 psig).

On that day, the amount of energy remaining in the previous day's storage was relatively high, as discussed above, and wind speeds were relatively high during the afternoon, and continued to be high in the morning and early afternoon, when it started falling slightly. Consequently,,,. the distribution schedule shows a significant amount of energy being distributed to the major during the late morning and early afternoon, with several periods of steadily increasing outputs of constant energy extending from midnight the night before until about 2 pm. For example?; I&gt; -txe®: / 'pter'í.o.dasí ·.'. De ·. ·, Nivei^: constant have been implemented, including kumy of; half - rroiVez until 3:00, in which the distributed energy,. was ·;., from 14..0.00 'kW. In the other two periods, .um- • - • darottvdei: 3: ^ 0.0): -: ^ 6 ^ 0.0 ^ (: -. Eat · about 27,000 kW of energy being distributed ± dcE&gt; ':&gt; «-“ - w..aictEa '. ·· lasted from 6:00 to 2:00, with about^- 36 .. 0D01 kW-des: energy;

being distributed during that period ..

When wind speeds started to drop. However, the amount of energy scheduled to be distributed has also dropped. Three additional level, constant, periods have been experienced, including one from 14:00 until

15:00, in which the distributed energy was around 18,000 kW, - unr-from -15: 00 to- 16: 00,; - «- · com. about 1.3. OüO 'kW of^; energies being distributed, and the last one from 16:00 until midnight, with about 10,000 kW of energy being distributed. During that day, although the schedule called for six periods of constant level, two of the periods lasted 8 hours each, which provided an extended period of 16 hours, whose output levels were constant for an extended period of time.

The second graph in Figure 9a shows the net energy being supplied for storage during the day (shown by the gray line), which is based on having 50% of the energy from windmill stations introduced for storage. It can be noted that the power supply

65/67 /, for storage 'floats, ·, during; / o .: elapse - do, day ,.

starting with a level of energyvreiativanient.e: · aitot being ?.

supplied during the morning-, when, the / speeds?, dolfvento?

were high, at a relatively low level of energy.¹?

supplied for storage in the afternoon and the? evening, when the speeds of the^,; wind starts to dissipate .. In that.

case, the bulk of the energy distributed? -to the? grid¹,, during.

the morning, it was generated by the stations of immediate use, but. a substantial amount of energy was also distributed through storage, with the difference between the two curves?

shown in the top graph in Figure 9a.

The top graph in Figure 9b shows the accumulation of energy •• in storage, · during “day”? - in what-? · the quantity constantly increases with time. This is due to the significant amount of energy being introduced for storage, as shown in the bottom graph of Figure 9a, particularly during the morning. The top graph in Figure 9b shows the curve going.

from about 0 kWh to about 90,000 kWh during the 24-hour period. The bottom chart ?.

shows that contributions are being made to the total energy from temperature and pressure increases, which have fluctuated substantially, also in storage.

As can be seen in the background graphics in the Figures

8a and 9a, the pressure curve fluctuated considerably,: 6 6./5.7 · during the period of .two .. days between - 5 .'and 6 'of. November /

1996. These pressure curves-, are .- &lt;^ significant because they show how important it is? vary / -. occasionally ,, / or; nrv.ei? / of the .de exit periods? level, constant / tpar-au gaíra nt ± r / que5, ·.

the gauge pressures are not below 689.5 kPa (1.0CL · 'psig) nor above 4,137' kPa (.500 (psig,) ·. ,, How to / can '.

notice, the curve on several occasions,. .night; / 6. ·, November ,,.

was above the level of (600 / psig). . In some circumstances, such as when levels^: of temperature /.

are above 21.1 ° C (70 ° F), it may be possible / L · to increase the pressure to 5,516 kPa (800 psig), although the system has to be designed with storage facilities. - suitable ', - to ensure that · higher pressures can be admitted to the system.

Figure 10 shows how the distribution schedule was conducted, using a predetermined number of stations for immediate use, energy storage and hybrids on any given day during the period. On each day, all windmill stations were operational, but the relationship between the types of stations, that.

were used at any given time, was adjusted, based on how many hybrid stations were adjusted for immediate use and energy storage. For example, on November 1, the total ratio used included 43 windmill stations for immediate use (including 24

67/67 stations for immediate usezez, 139'- stations ·. ' hibxldasvconverted. ·· / · „·.

in immediate use) and 6 stations; -;.,. 'storage'; energy;.-,;'-.

Does that explain the .87% ratio for? 13% .., dis.c.ut.i.da? Above.

On November 5th;, .. the / relay / fincluitr .. 'mointíds / · -de?, ·' 'Wind of immediate use (including 24 / - / 63139063¹ of use. ...

and 6 hybrid stations converted into immediate use) and 19 energy storage windmills? .. ·.

(including 6 energy storage stations. and · 13 'hybrid stations converted to energy storage) .77,

This explains the 60% to 40% ratio discussed above ··.

On November 6, the list included 25 windmills for immediate use (including 24 stations for immediate use /? .. and? 1-hybrid station ••• converted for immediate use) and. ·· windmills of energy storage (including energy storage stations and 18 hybrid stations converted to energy storage). This explains the 50% to 50% ratio discussed above.

The graph also shows that the number of storage tanks, needed at any given time, will depend on the number of energy storage stations that are in operation. Also, the graph shows that over a period of 20 years, the cost of energy generated by these three different distribution schedules remains relatively constant, that is, around US $ 0.033 / kWh.

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