Magnetomechanical converter

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MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS

KINGDOM OF BELGIUM

PATENT

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The Minister of Economic Affairs,

Considering the law of May 24, 1854 on patents for invention;

Having regard to the report drawn up on January 15/9 82 at 2 p.m. 20 in the Industrial Property Department;

STOPPED

Article 1. - It is issued to MM. György VEISZ and Peter KOSZEGI, resp. : Raday u. 34, Budapest, and: Damjanich u. 25 / a, Budapest (Hungary),

T. 40 rep. by Cabinet Bede in Brussels, a patent for:

Magnetomechanical converter,

Article 2. - This patent is granted to him without prior examination, at his own risk, without guarantee either of the reality, novelty or merit of the invention, or of the accuracy of the description, and without prejudice to the rights of third parties .

To this decree will remain attached one of the duplicates of the specification of [invention (descriptive memory and possibly drawings) signed by [interested party and filed in support of his patent application.

Brussels, January 29, 1982

BY SPECIAL DELEGATION:

The director

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37.518-3892

Messrs György VEISZ in Budapest (Hungary) and Peter KOSZEGI in Budapest (Hungary)

Tomechanical converter

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MAGNETOMECHANICAL CONVERTER.

The present invention relates to a magnetomechanical converter for relays, which comprises an armature, a unit containing magnets and for producing a variable magnetic field, as well as a device for modifying the generated magnetic field, the armature and the unit. being able to perform a limited relative movement with respect to each other. The magnetomechanical converter according to the invention can be used in a wide range of current intensities, both in the case of direct currents and alternating currents, it guarantees obtaining a progressively adjustable value as well as high precision. reaction and it is particularly suitable for the manufacture of relays for strong currents of high precision and sensitivity.

In electrical engineering and in various technical fields, to solve problems of protection, signaling, circuit, etc., relays are used which are classified into two basic types, namely electromagnetic relays and polarized relays. The relays constitute what is called a magnetomechanical converter, which is used to convert the energy of the magnetic field into a mechanical movement and which has at least an armature and a unit for generating a magnetic field.

Electromagnetic relays have a drum-shaped support above which is disposed an armature, possibly retained by means of a spring. The movable frame is generally made of soft iron or other material with soft magnetism. The support is arranged in the form of an electromagnet, the coil of which is arranged on a column of the support. When the current reaches a preselected value, the armature is moved by the magnetic field established around the coil, and this movement is suitable to produce circuit operation. The electromagnetic relay can be supplied with both direct current and alternating current. The reaction accuracy is about 20% but, however, it can reach a value of 3% with the best realizations of electromagnetic relays, that is to say with so-called protection relays. These protection relays &lt;7

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nevertheless require a very precise manufacture, a very careful selection of technological materials and, consequently, they are relatively expensive. When it is necessary to have a high reaction accuracy (for example with a view to protection against fire, protection against strong currents, etc.), it is also known to use circuits with relays. electronic control. However, these solutions have known drawbacks due to the requirement to adapt the circuits to different current intensities and in many cases they are too expensive.

The essential characteristic of polarized relays consists in their reaction during the passage of a current. This reaction is caused by a current, and not by the application of a current of a determined intensity. The basic type of polarized relay comprises a movable armature and a support or stator, one of the elements being arranged in the form of an electromagnet, while the other is made of a hard magnetism material (for example under the form of a permanent magnet). The armature is arranged between the North and South poles of the magnetic stator. The stator or armature is excited by a direct current of a determined value (a polarized relay which is supplied with alternating current cannot be used to provide protection; an example of such a relay is an electric doorbell. ). In the rest condition of the relay, the armature is applied to one of the poles. Upon the existence of a current, the polarity of the pole excited by the direct current is changed and this results in a change of position of the armature which moves in the direction of the other pole. This movement can also be used to solve circuit control problems. The support of the armature by a spring constitutes a known solution for the regulation of the value of the reaction current but, however, such a regulation system has only a low precision because the use of the spring creates difficulties. known.

When it is desirable to have good control precision, the relay components must be manufactured with great care, reducing machining tolerances.

One of the types of polarized relays in use today is the relay corresponding to model TR / 43 from Siemens AG. This relay, which has been used on a large scale in the telegraph field, was obtained by combining two polarized relays.

In the basic type, the two electromagnets are arranged so that the North and South poles of the electromagnets are placed opposite each other during the passage of a current. Between the two electromagnets, a flat permanent magnet is provided, which is polarized along a parallel plane,

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or approximately parallel, to a line connecting the North and South poles of an electromagnet. In the rest condition of the relay, and after its reaction, the armature comes into contact with one of the poles in order to be able to reduce the dispersion of the magnetioMetxUrs flux from the passage of a current the armature is displaced due to the alternation of forces. magnetic. The relay described above would make it possible to obtain a completely admissible reaction if the dispersion of the magnetic flux did not exert a strongly disturbing effect.

Consequently, this type of polarized relay is little applied at present.

The common features of the relays described can be combined such that closed magnetic circuits are used to minimize the dispersion of the magnetic flux and to achieve the desired degree of reaction by energizing the electromagnet or armature to the magnet. 'using an alternating effect occurring between these two elements. To reduce dispersion, the lines of force of the magnetic field are passed through the elements of the magnetic circuit.

Another common characteristic is the unsatisfactory value of the degree of recall of the relay described. It would be desirable that, when the current decreases below the reaction threshold, the relay could possibly return very quickly to the rest position, in order to be able to resume the position which it occupied before its energization. The relay's recall degree can reach a maximum of 80%, and in particular only for protection relays which are specially designed and which are manufactured and assembled under particularly favorable conditions. For the other relays, the degree of recall remains at a value considerably too low.

The upper limit, although important, further cannot be improved.

When using electronic circuits, it is possible to improve relatively easily many characteristics of the relays, but this leads, in many cases, because of the need to adapt the relay 30 and the electronic circuit, to structures. relatively complicated and expensive. In addition, in high-current installations the permissible operational safety, the obligation to protect low-current units, etc., create many difficulties.

The object of the invention is therefore to remedy the drawbacks men35 given above and to provide a magnetomechanical converter which makes it possible, for values ​​of the excitation current which can be determined and easily adjusted over a wide range, to obtain relays. very sensitive, with a high degree of recall and not easily influenced by disturbances.

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Another problem consists in creating a relay which can guarantee that a large starting torque is obtained on the axis of the armature or armature, or else on the axis of the entire converter.

The invention is based on the principle that, unlike the solutions known at the present time, it is possible to realize a very precise relay or a control device with a high efficiency from a magnetomechanical converter in which of the poles of the same names of two magnets are arranged opposite each other and can act on each other.

As a result, the magnetic circuit is not closed with regard to its components. An important element of the system according to the invention is constituted by the armature, which is formed of a material with soft magnetism (that is to say having a high magnetic remanence). It is also known that the armature can be moved by modifying the intensity of the magnetic field associated with magnetic poles placed one opposite the other. When the armature is placed near a pole and when the magnetic field generated around the second pole placed opposite is increased, there occurs, for a determined intensity of the field, a change in the magnetic structure of the material with soft magnetism. constituting the armature and, for this reason, the armature can be applied rapidly against the second pole under the action of repulsion exerted by the first pole and of attraction exerted by the second pole. Since the soft magnetism material can be demagnetized quickly and almost as often as possible, the number of position changes of the frame is hardly limited.

On the basis of the principles defined above, we have developed, to solve the problem posed, a magnetomechanical converter which comprises at least one armature, a unit containing magnets and serving to generate a variable magnetic field as well as a device. to modify the intensity of the generated magnetic field, the armature and the generator unit being able to perform relative movement relative to each other and, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an even number, at least equal to two, of magnets arranged in magnetic circuits acting antagonistically and closing outside the magnets, the armature being placed between the magnets and being made of a material Soft, non-excited magnetism, which has a relative magnetic permeability greater than 1.2. As regards the unit generating the magnetic field, permanent magnets are used, or else magnets constituted by soft iron cores, provided with coils and by permanent magnets.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the magnetomechanical converter comprises a flexible element which is connected to the armature or to

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In another advantageous embodiment of the magnetomechanical converter according to the invention, at least two magnets are provided, arranged in pairs, such that at least one of their poles with the same names is placed opposite the other.

In accordance with yet another advantageous embodiment of the magnetomechanical converter according to the invention, a stop is provided to limit the relative movement of the armature and of the magnetic field generating unit, this stop advantageously having an adjustable position.

The frame may preferably be made both from a ferromagnetic material and from a ferr {magnetic material.

In another particularly advantageous embodiment of the magnetomechanical converter according to the invention, at least two magnets are arranged on a circular line, and at least one of them is guided so as to move on the circular line.

The relative movement of the armature and of the magnetic field generator unit of the converter according to the invention can be initiated for a value of the current which is perfectly determined, perfectly reproducible and perfectly adjustable. If necessary, the return movement of the reinforcement can be generated for a different and well-determined value, or else for the same value, that is to say that a degree of return which is practically 100% is obtained. . The converter also makes it possible to create a relay which, when the current reaches a determined value, reacts precisely, with sensitivity and with a large starting torque. The high value of this torque makes it possible to design a relay which can directly actuate a mechanical control device on a shaft. By comparison with known solutions, the magnetomechanical converter according to the invention is of a much simpler construction and can be produced with relatively small components. The converter can be supplied with both direct current and alternating current and it works correctly even when its spatial position is changed.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent on reading the following description and the appended figures, given by way of illustration but not limitation.

Figure 1 shows the principle of actuating the magnetomechanical converter according to the invention.

Figure 2 is a diagram of a relay actuated by an outdoor sensor, for example a temperature sensor.

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Figure 3 gives the diagram of a converter used for current limitation.

Figure 4 is a timing diagram showing the work of different magnetomechanical converters.

Figure 5 is a section, taken along line AA, of a converter provided with a magnetic shunt and shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 shows a converter provided with a magnetic shunt.

Figure 7 shows schematically a current limiting relay, which is formed of four magnetic circuits arranged symmetrically.

Figure 8 shows schematically a relay provided with two external probes and which is arranged in the form of a differential circuit.

Figure 9 shows schematically a converter provided with a permanent magnet and a soft iron core carrying a coil.

Figure 10 shows schematically a converter with fixed magnets and movable magnets, along a circular line.

The principle of the structure of the magnetomechanical converter according to the invention, as well as its mode of operation, will now be explained with reference to FIG. 1. Two poles of the same names, 28, 29, designated by the symbol N, of a unit used to produce a variable magnetic field, are placed opposite each other and are separated by an interval or air gap.

In the separation gap is an armature 31 which, in the rest position of the converter, is placed in a position closer to one of the poles 28, 29. In this position, the magnetic field is defined by a line of zero 30, which represents, in the middle of the interval, the zero value 25 of the magnetic fields of the magnets. At least one of the magnets must be suitable for generating a variable magnetic field. In the rest position, the armature 31 is placed near the pole 28, where it can be defined essentially by the polarity S. In the event that the field strength of pole 29 is increased, the zero line 30 gradually moves towards pole 28 and, for a determined value of said field strength, the armature is demagnetized under such condition. that it is subjected to the effect of attraction of the pole 29; the magnetic structure of the soft magnetism armature 31 is alternated, which causes the polarities of the N and S poles of the armature 31 to alternate. During the alternation - due to the displacement of the zero line in the direction of the pole 28 - the effect of attraction of the pole 28 on the armature 31 decreases and, for a well determined value of the intensity of the magnetic field , we obtain a position where the effects of attraction and repulsion are equal. At a later time and during another change in the strength of the magnetic field, the armature is moved in the direction of the 40 pole 29 under the combined action of the repulsion of the pole 28 and the attraction * a · · · · ·

Μ · »··· · ·· ··· of pole 29. The value of the strength of the magnetic field which corresponds to the change of direction can be determined with great precision.

An advantageous solution is obtained by causing the armature 31 to rest on a flexible element, the rest position of this flexible element corresponding to the rest position of the armature 31. Such a support condition prevents an influence of the element. flexible on the reaction value of the magnetomechanical converter according to the invention. The degree of elasticity of the flexible element must of course be determined in a known manner so that the alternation effect can be caused depending on the existing and imposed conditions.

For the application of the basic principle described above, it is necessary for a relative movement to occur between the armature 31 and the magnetic poles 23, 29. It is also possible to envisage the armature 31 being fixed.

It is possible to analyze the differences between the operating modes of an electromagnetic relay, a polarized relay and a relay provided with the converter according to the invention with the aid of corresponding timing diagrams, as shown in Figure 4.

The diagram designated by I schematically indicates the temporal variation of the excitation current. For the indicated excitation current, the electromagnetic relay reacts according to diagram II, while the polarized relay reacts according to diagram III, by setting logic level 0 or 1. In this case, for the electromagnetic relay, the absence of current is indicated by logic level 0, while the appropriate value of current is represented by logic level 1. For the polarized relay, the non-negative values ​​of the current are indicated by logic level 1, while negative values ​​are indicated by logic level 0.

In diagram I, we must obtain a curve which does not pass through the angular points in order to be able to better eliminate the drawbacks analyzed above.

When the value of the current varies, in accordance with timing diagram IV, actuation of the converter according to the invention takes place in accordance with diagram V. The converter armature remains in a rest position until 'the precise value I of the current I is reached; then, it abuts against the opposite pole and it remains in this position - until the current decreases to the value I₂. When the current reaches the value I₂, the reinforcement is immediately returned in the opposite direction. The values ​​I, and I₂ can for example be adjusted using corresponding stops or by modifying the spacing between the poles.

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In the following, a few possibilities for achieving the aforementioned relative movement will be described by way of example. However, these examples in no way limit the wide application possibilities which can be envisaged by specialists in the field by using the principle of the magnetomechanical converter according to the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

With a view to temperature regulation, a relay (FIG. 2) has been produced on the principle of the converter according to the invention, this relay comprising permanent magnets 1 and 2. The permanent magnets 1 and 2 each provided with a coil excitation 3, 4 are placed so that their poles with the same names N are placed facing each other. The excitation coils 3 and 4 are wound on corresponding soft iron cores, which constitute the pole pieces of the permanent magnets 1 and 2. The identical winding direction of the excitation coils 3 and 4 guarantees a very efficient possibility of modification of the strength of the magnetic field because, when the current value increases, the strength of the magnetic field of one of the coils is increased, while the strength of the field of the other coil is decreased. In this way, it is possible to achieve good regulation sensitivity.

In the gap existing between the N poles of the permanent magnets 1 and 2, there is provided a movable armature 5, which is formed of a material with soft magnetism, preferably a ferromagnetic material, for example soft iron, said armature being fixed in a locking piece 6. The frame is made of a flexible material and, in the rest position, it is placed near the N pole of the permanent magnet 1, so as to rest against it by means of a stopper 7. The position of stopper 7 is adjustable by means of a screw. During an increase in the intensity of the magnetic field of the magnet provided with a stopper 10, and of the magnet comprising the permanent magnet 2 as well as the excitation coil 4, the magnetic structure of the armature 5 is gradually converted and said armature 5 can move in the direction of the permanent magnet 2.

The excitation coils 3, 4 are connected in series with one another as well as with a probe 8 and a current source 9 producing a direct current.

As probe 8, a thermosensitive resistance element is used in the example under consideration, which is arranged in the volume to be checked. During an increase in temperature, the resistance of the element decreases, and this results in an increase both in the intensity of the current and in the intensity of the magnetic field of the excitation coils 3 and 4.

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The increase in the strength of the magnetic field of the excitation coil 3 causes a decrease in the attraction effect of the permanent magnet 1, while the excitation coil 4 causes an increase in the intensity of the field. magnet of the permanent magnet 2. For a well-determined value of the current, that is to say for a determined temperature, the increase in the intensity of the magnetic field of the magnet formed by the permanent magnet 2 and the excitation coil 4 causes a transformation of the magnetic structure of the armature 5 which is such that the latter, under the effect of the attraction of the aforementioned magnet, changes position and comes to rest against the stop 10. When reducing the temperature, the reverse process takes place.

The reaction and boost conditions can be set very easily by using suitable stops; the temperature value causing the reaction (i.e. the reaction threshold), can be set using stop 7, while the temperature value causing the feedback (i.e. the recall threshold) can be adjusted using stop 10.

It is possible to couple the relay, in a conventional manner, with a control device actuated by the armature.

EXAMPLE 2

A current limiting relay has been produced (Figure 3) from a magnetomechanical converter comprising two soft iron cores 11 and 12. On the soft iron cores 11 and 12 are arranged excitation coils 13 and 14 comprising different numbers of turns. The excitation coils 13 and 14 are wound and connected to connection terminals 18, so that the N and / or S poles placed one opposite the other have the same polarity. Between the soft iron cores 11 and 12 there is provided a ferromagnetic armature 15 which can rotate about an axis 16. The axis 16 is coupled to a spring 17, which is preferably a weak spring and which is pre-stressed in. the initial position, so that the frame 15 comes into contact with the stop 7 of adjustable length, but is not however supported by the latter. The excitation coils 13 and 14 are connected in series with one another, as well as with the circuit passing through the connection terminals 18. With this arrangement, a good degree of regulation precision is ensured. return and the stiffness of the spring can be exploited advantageously.

When increasing the intensity of the current in the circuit, there occurs, as a result of the different numbers of turns, a faster increase in the magnetic field generated by the excitation coil 14 than in the intensity of the field generated. by the excitation coil 13.

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For a current value which can be perfectly determined with the aid of the stopper 7, the armature 15 is driven in the direction of the soft iron core 14 and this movement can be used in a conventional manner in order to ensure a mechanical control or an electrical control.

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EXAMPLE 3

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The soft iron cores 11 and 12 are provided with excitation coils 19 and 20, comnç; in Example 2. The excitation coils 19 and 20 comprise the same number of turns and they are connected in series with one another.

Between the N pole of the soft iron core 11 and the S pole of the soft iron core 12, there is provided an armature 22 and a magnetic shunt 21. The armature 22 can. turn around the axis 16 and it is supported on the spring 17. The magnetic shunt 21 (Figures 5 and 6) is constituted by a semi-circular profile element, which is bent in the form of a helix and which is advantageously fitted on a shaft 23 around which it can turn.

The connection terminals 18 are connected to an external circuit in

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which the excitation coils 19 and 20 are connected in series.

In the rest position, - · and during an increase in the excitation current, the magnetic shunt 21 exerts an attractive effect on the armature 22.

For a well-determined value of the excitation (that is to say of the excitation current), the magnetic structure of the shunt 21 placed diagonally between the two poles of the same names of the soft iron cores 11, 12 is modified. and, under the repulsive action of this shunt 21, the armature 22 changes position. The regulation of the reaction threshold value of the converter can be done by modifying the size and the position of the magnetic shunt 21.

This shunt 21 serves to stop the magnetic field of the soft iron cores 11, 12 and, therefore, to ensure the maintenance of the different relations of forces occurring between units producing the same magnetic fields.

EXAMPLE 4

Using four soft iron cores 11, 12, 111, 112 and four excitation coils 13, 14, 113, 114 (Fig. 7), which are arranged in pairs on these cores with numbers of turns different, a current limiting relay is made. The frame 22 is disposed on the axis 16, which is placed between the soft iron cores 11, 12, 111, 112 in the middle of the converter. The frame rests on the weak spring 17. The excitation coils 13, 113 which are closest to the armature 22 have the same number of turns, as do the other excitation coils 14, 114.

In the rest position, the frame 22 rests in a similar manner on the spring 17, as well as against the stop 7, as in Example 2.

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During an increase in the excitation current applied via the connection terminals 18, and when the current reaches a determined value, the armature 22 changes position and it is applied against the stop 10.

EXAMPLE 5

A relay associated with a differential circuit (Figure 8) has been produced to signal that selected parameters, such as temperature, light intensity, etc., have reached determined values. The soft iron cores 11 and 12 are provided with identical excitation coils 24 and 25 to produce a basic excitation, as well as with excitation coils 26 and 27 to produce a working excitation. The excitation coils 26 and 27 are connected in series with each other and with probes 8 and 81. The excitation coils 26 and 27 are connected to the current source 9 by means of the probes 8 and 81. The armature 15 moves between the stops 7 and 10 under the action of the magnetic field which is generated by the current flowing in the excitation coils.

EXAMPLE 6

A relay has been made to control a voltage level. This relay is provided with a magnetomechanical converter (Figure 9), which comprises a permanent magnet 1 and an iron core 12 provided with an excitation coil 14. The current flowing in the excitation coil 14 has an intensity proportional 8 to the voltage to be controlled and which causes, for a well-determined value, a change in position of the armature 15 resting against the stop 7.

EXAMPLE 7

A relay has been produced for performing a mechanical control with generation of a high torque or moment by involving a magnetomechanical converter according to the invention (FIG. 10). The relay has fixed magnets and moving magnets, which are distributed along a circular line. The moving magnets 33, 35 can be connected to a shaft mounted in a central position. Between a mobile magnet 33, 35, and a fixed magnet 34, 36, an armature 31 and / or 32 is provided, which is advantageously adjustable. During an increase in the value of the current, after demagnetization of the armature 31 - or else of the armatures 31, 32 - the mobile magnets move in the direction of the armature and this movement is produced with a high moment or torque , which can be used with the aid of a shaft, or along the circular line, for the generation of mechanical control operations.

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The essential advantages of the converter according to the invention can be summarized as follows:

For a well-determined value of the excitation current, the elements of the converter change their relative position and this value can be set very precisely both during the reaction and when the converter is recalled. When the determined reaction value is reached, a movement occurs with a large starting torque, which is suitable not only for closing or opening contacts but also for the mechanical transmission of forces. The magnetomechanical converter according to the invention allows the production of relays that are simpler and less expensive than known devices. These relays can be easily manufactured with traditional equipment.

The relay according to the invention operates over a very wide range of parameters, namely for values ​​ranging from milli-amps and millivolts to kilo-amps and kilo-volts. The converter can be supplied with direct current as well as alternating current of any frequency. The relay provided with the converter according to the invention can operate in any spatial position.

The relays comprising magnetomechanical converters in accordance with the invention can be advantageously used in all fields where relays provided with regulation units and special electrical circuits are used. For example, some application possibilities have been indicated below:

- primary relays in electrical power transmission networks, where the protection of special measuring devices can be guaranteed;

- limit value detectors in safety devices where it is necessary to obtain precise and correct indications of limit values ​​(such as in mining, plastics manufacturing plants, in the chemical industry, in volumes closed work rooms, etc.);

- for protective devices — for signaling units to indicate the overshoot of a specified overtaking speed;

- as safety in relays intervening in controls operating with high speed and high precision;

- in rolling mills, to indicate excessive changes in sheet thickness;

- in the field of railways; for example in track control devices;

- in independent extinguishing installations;

- in photonetry;

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- for sorting balls in the manufacture of ball bearings;

- in crane protection systems; and - in elevator control systems, etc.

Of course, the present invention is in no way limited to the examples and embodiments mentioned above; it is capable of numerous variants accessible to those skilled in the art, depending on the applications envisaged and without departing from the spirit of the invention.

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