Photovoltaic element

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian

11 ^^ Patent Office

description

The invention relates to a photovoltaic element comprising an upper embedding film material and a lower embedding film material, photovoltaic cells being embedded between the upper and lower embedding film material, and the upper embedding film material being formed by a composite material which comprises a plastic layer and transparent fibers, the transparent Fibers form their own fiber layer, which has a proportion of the plastic of the plastic layer of a maximum of 10% by weight, and the fiber layer is arranged between the plastic layer and the photovoltaic cells, and wherein the lower embedding film material is designed in the same way as the upper embedding film material, and on the layer facing away from the fiber layer On the side of the plastic layer, a further plastic layer is arranged, which is more stable against UV rays than the plastic layer arranged underneath.

A commercially available photovoltaic module consists of a glass pane on the front (the side facing the sun) with a transparent embedding film underneath in order to embed the PV cells and their electrical wiring (solder ribbons) towards the glass. Below the electronics with the PV cells there is typically an embedding film and the rear end is formed by a film laminate, the so-called back film, which is formed, for example, from a PVF-PET-PVF laminate (polyvinyl fluoride-polyethylene terephthalate-polyvinyl fluoride laminate). The embedding films are typically made of EVA (polyethylene vinyl acetate). When assembling the modules, all layers are placed on top of each other and thermally laminated together. The EVA is chemically cross-linked. During lamination, the previously milky EVA film forms a clear, three-dimensionally networked and no longer meltable plastic layer in which the PV cells are embedded and which is firmly connected to the glass pane and the back film.

[0003] There are also flexible photovoltaic elements in which the glass pane is replaced by a polymer material. For example, EP 2 863 443 A1 shows a photovoltaic panel with at least one solar cell, which is covered at least on its side facing the light and its opposite side facing away from the light with a transparent composite material, which is a plastic reinforced with glass fibers based on an acrylate containing epoxy groups. On the side facing the light, the solar cells are embedded in a layer of EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate). This not only provides the most flexible panel possible, but also has a relatively low weight.

[0004] US 2019/229225 A1 describes a method for producing a photovoltaic panel comprising positioning multiple layers of different materials to form a stack, the layers comprising a translucent front layer of a polymer, at least two layers of dry fiberglass fabric, at least two layers of fiberglass fabric pre-impregnated with epoxy resin, a layer of photovoltaic cells and a backing layer made of a polymer, wherein the translucent front layer and the photovoltaic cell layer are separated by a layer of the dry fiberglass fabric and a layer of pre-impregnated fiberglass fabric, and wherein the photovoltaic cell layer and the back layer are also separated by a layer of the dry fiberglass fabric and a second layer of the are separated from fiberglass fabric pre-impregnated with epoxy resin; and baking the stack of multiple layers.

[0005] From EP 0 769 818 A2 a solar cell module is known, comprising a solar cell element and at least one surface-side covering material which is positioned on the light-receiving side of the solar cell element, wherein the surface-side covering comprises at least one encapsulation element, a glass fiber fleece and a surface protection film, wherein the fiberglass fleece has a texture that is bound with an acrylic resin.

[0006] WO 95/08193 A1 describes a solar plate with photovoltaic solar cells and a support plate arranged underneath, which are enclosed by plastic. A glass fiber layer made of fabric or fleece can be arranged above the solar cells.

[0007] KR 2016-0120950 A relates to an encapsulation material for a photocell module, an i/12

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian

11 ^^ Patent Office

Manufacturing method therefor and a photocell module containing an encapsulation material. The encapsulation material includes a layer containing glass fibers to improve flame retardancy.

From DE 20 2018 103 447 U1 a photovoltaic module is known, comprising a flat base support, at least one photovoltaic element attached thereto, a conductor track arrangement for electrically contacting the at least one photovoltaic element and a transparent cover layer, the photovoltaic element and the conductor track arrangement between the base support and the cover layer are arranged and form a unit. A pattern carrier, which is designed as an open-mesh fabric, is arranged between the at least one photovoltaic element and the transparent cover layer.

EP 0 071 181 A2 describes a solar module in which at least one solar cell is embedded in plastic and rests on a support element, the solar cell being reinforced by a flat, rigid element and the support element being designed to be flexible. A glass fabric can be embedded in the plastic.

[0010] From DE 10 2008 049 890 A1 a photovoltaic arrangement is known, with a transparent plastic layer and a photovoltaic module arranged on one side of the transparent plastic layer, which has at least one photovoltaic cell, which is located between a transparent front side facing the transparent plastic layer. Cover layer and a back cover layer facing away from the plastic layer is arranged, wherein the transparent front cover layer, the photovoltaic cell and the back cover layer are formed together as a layer composite and the photovoltaic module is firmly coupled to the transparent plastic layer. A glass fiber layer can be arranged between the photovoltaic cell and the back cover layer, which enables high mechanical stability of the photovoltaic module and hinders thermal expansion.

[0011] WO 2016/183604 A1 describes a photovoltaic element comprising an upper embedding film material and a lower embedding film material, photovoltaic cells being embedded between the upper and lower embedding film material, as well as a backside film material which is arranged below the lower embedding film material in the installed position of the photovoltaic element, and which is formed by a composite film, which comprises at least one plastic layer and at least one fiber reinforcement. At least one of the two embedding film materials can have a physically cross-linked plastic.

[0012] WO 2019/077085 A1 describes a flexible laminate of photovoltaic cells, comprising a layer of interconnected photovoltaic cells, a front and rear encapsulation layer, which includes, among other things, an epoxy resin, furthermore at least one transparent layer of polymer-based lacquer on one of the front and/or rear encapsulation layer, and at least one intermediate layer of dry glass fibers.

[0013] From US 2013/192665 A1 a photovoltaic system is known, comprising a plurality of photovoltaic cells that are electrically connected to one another, each having a substrate, and an adhesive layer with a glass fiber matrix, the adhesive extending beyond the glass fiber matrix around which Connect photovoltaic cells with a cover layer. The cover layer can consist of a plastic from the group ETFE, PVDF, FEP and ECTFE.

The present invention is based on the object of improving a photovoltaic element with regard to its properties as a building-integrated element (BIPV).

This object is achieved in the photovoltaic element mentioned at the beginning in that the further plastic layer has the polymer of the plastic layer arranged underneath, so that the polymer of the further plastic layer has the same monomer units as the polymer of the plastic layer arranged underneath.

The advantage here is that the photovoltaic cells can be covered from the outside by the fiber layer itself, which means that the external appearance of the photovoltaic element can be changed, since the photovoltaic cells are no longer visible or in the

2/12

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian

11 ^^ Patent Office

Have a different appearance when viewed through the fiber layer. This change allows the photovoltaic element to be better integrated into a building facade or into a building element. By avoiding the penetration of the fiber layer with the plastic of the plastic layer, the optical properties of the fiber layer cannot be retained or can only be slightly changed in combination with the plastic layer. An upper embedding film material facing the sun can thus be provided which, despite covering the photovoltaic cells, has a relatively high transmission of sunlight.

The lower embedding film material is designed in the same way as the upper embedding film material. Not only can the production of the photovoltaic element be simplified, but the photovoltaic element can also be used better as a bifacial photovoltaic element, since the back of the photovoltaic element has a relatively high permeability to sunlight, which is reflected from surfaces located below the photovoltaic element.

It is envisaged that on the side of the plastic layer facing away from the fiber layer, a further plastic layer is arranged, which is more stable against UV rays than the plastic layer arranged underneath. This improvement in the stability of the upper embedding film material means that there is no need for a further cover of the photovoltaic element facing the sun, which means that the structure of the photovoltaic element can be simplified, since the mechanical protection of the photovoltaic elements against environmental influences can already be achieved by the fiber layer. This makes it possible to build the photovoltaic element with less weight, which in turn improves or simplifies the integration of the photovoltaic element into a building envelope.

It is provided that the further plastic layer has the polymer of the first plastic layer, which can improve the connection between the two plastic layers.

According to an embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element, it can be provided that the plastic of the plastic layer is contained up to a thickness of the fiber layer which is a maximum of 20% of the total thickness of the fiber layer. The above-mentioned effects can thus be improved, and at the same time the connection of the plastic layer to the fiber layer can be improved if the plastic of the plastic layer penetrates slightly into the fiber layer.

The plastic layer preferably consists of a polyethylene terephthalate and/or an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, since with such a plastic the transmission of sunlight through the fiber layer is only reduced to a relatively small extent. This means that a relatively high efficiency of the photovoltaic element can be achieved.

According to another embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element, it can also be provided that the further plastic layer has a layer thickness that corresponds to between 10% and 50% of the layer thickness of the plastic layer arranged underneath. The additional plastic layer can therefore be made (significantly) thinner than the plastic layer arranged underneath, which in turn can save weight and also better prevent delamination.

[0023] A further simplification of the structure of the photovoltaic element can also be achieved if, according to a further embodiment variant, the fiber layer lies directly on the photovoltaic cells. Due to a lack of connection or contact between the fiber layer and the photovoltaic cells, a better mobility of the fiber layer relative to the photovoltaic cells can be achieved, which means that the photovoltaic element can better withstand temperature changes.

According to a further embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element, it can be provided that the fiber layer has a basis weight of at least 100 g/m²and maximum 150 g/m²has. This means that relatively high luminous efficiencies can be achieved from photovoltaic cells, since with a fabric of this weight per unit area, transmission values of significantly more than 50% can be achieved.

3/12

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian patent office

<img file="AT522994B1_D0001.tif" />

can be obtained.

[0025] It can also be advantageous if, according to another embodiment variant, the fabric of the fiber layer is a glass filament fabric. The structural strength of the embedding film material can thus be improved, so that a photovoltaic element equipped with it can better withstand environmental conditions.

For a better understanding of the invention, it is explained in more detail with reference to the following figure.

[0027] It partially shows in a simplified, schematic representation:

1 shows a section of a photovoltaic element in cross section;

2 shows a detail from an embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element

Cross-section;

3 shows the transmission spectrum of embedding film materials;

4 shows the reflection spectrum of embedding film materials.

At the outset, it should be noted that in the differently described embodiments, the same parts are provided with the same reference numerals or the same component designations, and the disclosures contained in the entire description can be transferred accordingly to the same parts with the same reference numerals or the same component names. The location details chosen in the description, such as top, bottom, side, etc. based on the figure immediately described and shown and these position details are to be transferred accordingly to the new position in the event of a change in position.

1 shows a section of a first embodiment variant of a photovoltaic element 1 in cross section.

This photovoltaic element 1 comprises an upper embedding film material 2, a photovoltaic layer 3 arranged underneath and connected to the upper embedding film material 2, in which a plurality of photovoltaic cells 4 are contained or embedded, and a lower embedding film material 5, which is connected to the photovoltaic layer 3 and below is arranged by this, or consists of these components. This layer structure can be enclosed by a frame 6, which is preferably arranged to cover the upper embedding film material 2 and the lower embedding film material 5.

The photovoltaic cells 4 and their electrical contacting or wiring, which is only hinted at in FIG. 1, are embedded in a plastic, which forms the photovoltaic layer 3 together with the photovoltaic cells.

The plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3 can be a physically cross-linked plastic, so that it is free of cross-linking agents or fission products thereof. For example, the plastic can be an ionomer. However, a vinyl copolymer, such as polyvinyl butyral, or a thermoplastic elastomer, etc., can also be used. The ionomer can be selected from a group comprising or consisting of ionomeric (co)polymers of ethylene and an α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a carboxylic anhydride of this carboxylic acid, in particular (co)polymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid.

The physical crosslinking can take place via ionic bonds in the ionomer, where Zn²⁺or approx²⁺or Mg²⁺or well⁺or K⁺or other metal ions act as cations and carboxyl groups of the plastic act as anions.

[0038] It should be noted, however, that in principle polymers can also be used which can be softened by appropriate stimulation and crosslinked three-dimensionally by heating or after subsequent cooling.

The plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3 can be used to produce the photovoltaic element 1 as a single or multi-layer film.

4/12

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian

11 ^^ Patent Office

Polymers whose excitation is thermally possible are preferred, since the physical crosslinking can then be better integrated into a lamination process for producing the photovoltaic element 1.

With regard to the lamination process itself, reference is made to the relevant prior art.

For further details on the photovoltaic cells 4, reference is made to the relevant prior art.

The upper embedding film material 2 is formed by a composite material, in particular a composite film, which comprises or is formed from at least one plastic layer 7 and at least one fiber layer 8.

The fiber layer 8 is designed as a separate layer which is arranged between the plastic layer 7 and the photovoltaic cells 4, with the plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3 between the fiber layer 8 and the photovoltaic cells 4 in the embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1 according to FIG. in which the photovoltaic cells 4 are embedded is arranged. If 8 cavities are formed in the fiber layer, these are at least 50%, in particular at least 70%, based on the total cavity volume, not filled with the plastic of the plastic layer 7 and / or the plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3. The fiber layer 8 has a proportion of the plastic of the plastic layer 7 of a maximum of 10% by weight, in particular a maximum of 8% by weight, preferably a maximum of 6.5% by weight. In particular, the fiber layer 8 can be completely free of the plastic of the plastic layer 7. In addition, the fiber layer 8 in the embodiment variant with photovoltaic cells 4 embedded in the plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3 can have a proportion of this plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3 of a maximum of 10% by weight, in particular a maximum of 8% by weight, preferably a maximum of 6.5% by weight., have.

[0045] According to an embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1, it can be provided that the plastic of the plastic layer 7 is contained up to a thickness of the fiber layer 8 which is a maximum of 20%, in particular a maximum of 15%, preferably a maximum of 10%, of the total thickness 9 of the fiber layer 8 amounts.

In the embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1 with photovoltaic cells 4 embedded in the plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3, the plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3 can be contained up to a thickness of the fiber layer 8 which is a maximum of 20%, in particular a maximum of 15%, preferably a maximum of 10%. the total thickness 9 of the fiber layer 8 is.

The thickness of the partial layer with the plastic of the plastic layer 7 or the plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3 is measured from the respective associated surface of the fiber layer 8.

The fiber layer 8 is formed from or consists of transparent fibers and/or threads. The fibers and/or threads can be selected from a group comprising or consisting of glass fibers, organic fibers, in particular polymer fibers, and combinations thereof.

[0049] Preferably, only glass fibers are used for the fiber layer 8.

The fibers and/or threads can be present in the fiber layer 8 as a scrim, for example as a fleece. However, a woven or knitted fabric made from the fibers and/or threads is preferably used, in particular, according to an embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1, a glass filament fabric.

When using a fabric, different types of weave, in particular canvas, twill or satin weave, are possible. A plain weave is preferred. The basis weight of the fiber layer 8 can be between 10 g/m² und 1000 g/m²be. According to one embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1, a fiber layer 8 with a surface weight of between 100 g/m is preferred for the above reasons² und 150 g/m²

5/12

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian

11^^ patent office used. A closed layer can thus be created, which enables a uniform material connection to the plastic of the plastic layer 7. In addition, properties of the composite material, such as thermal expansion or tendency to creep, can be influenced.

However, it is also possible to use an open-mesh glass fabric or glass fabric with a surface weight of between 10 g/m² bis 90 g/m²to use, although this is not the preferred embodiment of the photovoltaic element 1.

The fiber layer 8 can be designed as a single layer. However, it is also possible for the fiber layer 8 to have several individual layers, for example two or three, whereby at least some of the several individual layers can also consist of fibers and/or threads that are different from the rest of the individual layers, at least in some areas, preferably entirely.

The plastic layer 7 can, for example, consist of at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 90% by weight, preferably 100% by weight of a (thermoplastic) plastic which is selected from a group comprising or consisting of Polyolefins, plastics based on, for example, polyesters or polyamides. According to an embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1, the plastic layer preferably consists of a polyethylene terephthalate or an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.

It should be mentioned at this point that a plastic is understood to mean a synthetic or natural polymer which is produced from appropriate monomers.

[0057] The composite material of the upper embedding film material 2 has, in addition to the fiber layer 8 and the plastic layer 7, at least one further plastic layer 10 (shown by dashed lines in FIG. 1), the further plastic layer 10 being more stable against UV radiation than that on the fiber layer 8 adjacent plastic layer 7. For this purpose, this further plastic layer 10 can be provided with a UV stabilizer. A UV stabilizer commonly used in the plastics industry can be used as the UV stabilizer.

The plastic layer 10 can, for example, consist of at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, of a (thermoplastic) plastic that is selected from a group comprising or consisting of made of polyolefins, plastics based on, for example, polyesters or polyamides. According to an embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1, however, the polymer of the plastic layer 7 adjacent to the fiber layer 8 is preferably used as the plastic for the further plastic layer 10, i.e. in particular a polyethylene terephthalate or an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. This means that the polymer has the same monomer units. However, the plastics can have different properties that result from different degrees of polymerization.

According to a further embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1, it can be provided that the further plastic layer 10 has a layer thickness 11 which corresponds to between 10% and 50%, in particular between 10% and 20%, of a layer thickness 12 of the plastic layer 7 arranged underneath.

The plastic layer 7 can have a layer thickness 12 that is between 10 μm and 300 mm.

2 shows a further and possibly independent embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1, with the same reference numbers or component names as in FIG. 1 being used for the same parts. In order to avoid unnecessary repetitions, reference is made to the detailed description of FIG. 1.

The photovoltaic element 1 according to FIG. 2 also has the sun-facing upper embedding film material 2 and the lower embedding film material 5. The upper embedding film material 2 includes the fiber layer 8, the plastic that lies against it and is connected to it

6/12

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian

11^^ patent office layer 7 and the further plastic layer 10. Unlike the embodiment variant of the photovoltaic element 1 according to FIG. 1, the fiber layer 8 rests directly on the photovoltaic cells 4. In this embodiment variant, the photovoltaic cells 4 are not embedded in a plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3, at least on the side facing the upper embedding film material 2.

According to a further embodiment variant, it can be provided that the lower embedding film material 5 has a fiber layer 13, and that the fiber layer 13 rests directly on the photovoltaic cells 4. With regard to this fiber layer 13, reference is made to the above statements regarding the fiber layer 8 of the upper embedding film material 2.

The photovoltaic layer 3 can therefore not have any plastic or the plastic layer made of this plastic can only be so thin that the direct contact of the two fiber layers 8, 13 on the photovoltaic cells 4 is made possible, i.e. the plastic in particular in the area between the photovoltaic cells 4 be limited. However, it is also possible that only the upper embedding film material 2 rests directly on the photovoltaic cells 4 and the aforementioned plastic of the photovoltaic layer 3 is arranged between the photovoltaic cells 4 and the lower embedding film material.

[0065] Within the scope of the invention, the lower embedding film material 5 is generally designed in the same way as the upper embedding film material 2, although under certain circumstances the additional, UV-stabilized plastic layer 10 can be dispensed with in the lower (rear) embedding film material 5.

[0066] However, it is also possible for the fiber layer 13 of the lower embedding film material 5 to have a higher basis weight and/or different fibers or threads than the fiber layer 8 of the upper embedding film material 2, with the basis weight of the fiber layer 13 of the lower one also being the same in this embodiment variant Embedding film material 5 is preferably selected from the basis weight ranges mentioned above for the fiber layer 8.

In all embodiment variants of the photovoltaic element 1, the fabric of the fiber layer 8 and optionally the fiber layer 13 can consist of glass fibers, the glass fibers consisting of aluminum borosilicate glass or borosilicate glass. In particular, the glass fibers can consist of a glass that has a transmittance of at least 50%, in particular at least 60%, at least for visible light (380 nm to 750 nm).

In general, the layers of the upper embedding film material 2 and/or the lower embedding film material 5 can be connected to one another via an adhesive. On the one hand, 2-component adhesive systems based on polyurethane or hot-melt adhesive systems are suitable for this. In addition to adhesives, coextrusion and extrusion coating can also be used as a way of connecting at least the two plastic layers 7, 10 to one another. Of course, a combination is also possible in which plastics are coextruded and adhesively laminated together with an extrusion-coated fiber layer 8, 13.

Various tests were carried out to evaluate the materials.

3 and 4 show the transmission spectrum or reflection spectrum of the upper embedding film material 2 with the structure of glass fiber fiber layer 8 / PET plastic layer 7 with a layer thickness 12 of 250 μm for electrical insulation / UV-stabilized PET plastic layer 10 with a Layer thickness 12 of 19 μm (wavelength plotted on the abscissa) is shown. The layers were connected using a polyurethane-based adhesive, with approximately twice the amount of adhesive used to connect the fiber layer 8 to the PET plastic layer 7 than to connect the PET plastic layer 7 to the PET plastic layer 10. The measurement was carried out using a UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer with a 150 mm integrating sphere. The directional hemispheric transmittance (T) and reflectance (R) were recorded in the wavelength range from 250 nm to 2500 nm. The spectra were weighted using the terrestrial solar spectrum AM1, 5 in the integration range from 400 nm to 1100 nm.

[0071] In the wavelength range relevant for photovoltaic elements 1 from 400 nm to 1100 nm

7/12

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian

11^^ patent office has a glass fiber fabric with a basis weight of 100 g/m²(upper curve 14 in Fig. 3 and lower curve 15 in Fig. 4) a light transmission T of approximately 60% and a light reflection R of approximately 18%, a glass fiber fabric per se with a basis weight of 200 g/m²(Curve 16 in Fig. 3 and lower curve 17 in Fig. 4) a light transmission T of approximately 30% and a light reflection R of approximately 62%. The upper embedding film material 2 has a fiber layer 8 with a weight per unit area of the glass fiber of 100 g/m²(Curve 18 in Fig. 3 and lower curve 19 in Fig. 4) a light transmission T of approx. 50% - 55% and a light reflection R of approx. 40%. With a basis weight of the glass fiber fiber layer 8 of 200 g/m²(Curve 20 in Fig. 3 and lower curve 21 in Fig. 4), the upper embedding film material 2 has a light transmission T of approximately 30% and a light reflection R of approximately 63%.

In general, the fabric of the fiber layer 8, 13 can be a flat fabric.

[0073] Furthermore, the fabric of the fiber layer 8, 13 can also consist of a mixture of fibers or threads made of different materials, so that the fabric of the fiber layer 8, 13 may also contain reinforcing fibers. The reinforcing fibers are preferably also transparent. The reinforcing fibers can also be selected from a group comprising or consisting of glass fibers, aramid fibers, carbon fibers, mineral fibers such as basalt fibers, natural fibers such as hemp, sisal, and combinations thereof. The reinforcing fibers may be contained in the fiber layer 8, 13 in a proportion selected from a range of 2% by weight to 6% by weight. The reinforcing fibers can be woven into the fabric of the fiber layer 8, 13. However, it is also possible that, alternatively or in addition, the plastic layer 7 contains the reinforcing fibers (in the specified proportion).

If the photovoltaic element has the frame 6, this can be produced by forming from the composite material of the upper and/or lower film material 2, 5 and, in particular, can be formed in one piece with it.

[0075] In the preferred embodiment variant, the photovoltaic element 1 no longer has any further cover above the upper embedding film material 2, in particular no glass pane.

[0076] It is further advantageous in all embodiment variants of the invention if the glass filament fabric is formed from yarns made from glass threads, the yarn for the warp threads having a higher thread density than for the weft threads, in particular a thread density that is at least 10% higher, based on the Thread density of the weft threads. The glass filament fabric or the fiber layer 8 can also be provided with a silane size or a textile size.

[0077] For the sake of order, it should finally be pointed out that for a better understanding of the structure of the photovoltaic element 1, this or its components have been shown partially out of scale and/or enlarged and/or reduced in size.

8/12

AT 522 994 B1 2024-11-15 Austrian

11 ^^ Patent Office

List of reference symbols

Photovoltaic element

Embedding film material

Photovoltaic layer

Photovoltaic cell

Embedding film material

frame

Plastic layer

Fiber layer

Total thickness

Plastic layer

Layer thickness

Layer thickness

Fiber layer

Curve

Curve

Curve

Curve

Curve

Curve

Curve

Curve

9/12