Deep conversion combining the demetallization and the conversion of crudes, residues or heavy oils into light liquids with pure or impure oxygenated compounds.

TITLE: DEEP CONVERSION COMBININCTHE DEMETALLIZATION AND THE CONVERSION OF CRUDES. RESIDUES OR HEAVY O*ILS INTO LIGHT.LIQUIDS WITH PURE OR IMPURE OXIG'ENATED COMPOUNDS background of the invention

i. .Tele of die invention

Tne present invenncn relates general?·' to'the com. ersidn of hydrocarbon's and more particuieriv to convening heavy hydrocarbons laden with impurities into iight hydrocarbons that can be separated into cuts of conventional products.

Descrintion of Related An

(. · h is widely kpown that al: refining precesses lea difis that are poCriy tusib

OiiiZ. ‘Λ'ΠίνΩ rind few users and few outlets, it is also widely-known that oil wells often encounter deposits containing crudes that are characterized by a ven/ high densjry and a very high viscosity, thus difriculr to transport as such.„ These crudes are aiso characterized by a strong metal content such as Nickel and Vanadium, sediments and siudze. sulfur, sait. to mention only the main impurities, which constitute poisons for any type of catalyst. Furthermore, regardless of what is done, it is impossible to completely avoid the deposits of these components on ever, rhinz that comes into contact with these crudes. Thus it is understood that if any catalyst is used, all of its surface and all its pores will be quickly covered and the catalyst will be totally dead: then it would only occupy space in the reactor.

risking plugging it if grains are a emulated in the catalyst by the cement constituted by the sediments. nickel, vanadium, asphalts, carbon produced, etc.

'.Ve know processes such as the FCC. which attempt to adjust to carbon deposits by burning them in a 25 regenerator, but this requires a complex circulation of the catalyst between the reactor and the regenerator. Furthermore, the circulation of said catalyst creates delicate problems of erosion, through both the actual wear of the matter itself, which is sometimes perforated, and that of the catalyst which, once wom, produces dangerous dusts for any human being that no filter, no matter how large and advanced, will be able to stop. Following al! the constraints encountered and compromises to be made, this type of unit can only treat distillates under vacuum (DsV), that is by eliminating from the feed the residues under vacuum (RsV) in which the metals, sediments, etc. are concentrated. Furthermore, the regenerator that bums the coke formed imposes a minimum temperature of the order of 700°C so that the combustion may occur. The catalyst exiting the regenerator, sent into the reactor at this excessive temperature, ieads to an abundant production of gaseous products, as well as highly aromatic heavyproducts that lost a significant quantity of hydrogen during the first contact with the catalyst that was too hot.

Furthermore, it is impossible to change the spectrum of distribution of liquid conversion products which, moreover, are accompanied by a significant quantity of gas Ci C2 and LPG C3, C4.

The FCC only rearranges the distribution of the carbon and hydrogen in the molecules: it samples hydrozeij in the hizh molecular weight molecules (high boiling temperature) to create light molecules, but the C4. C3. C2 fed. in particular. Cl iCH4) take a large portion of the hydrogen. There is even a discharge of pure hvdroger.. As a result, the heavy cuts knows as HCO are poor in hydrogen and cannot be recycled for a new conversion. Therefore. the conservation -during the conversion of a good Hydrogen Carbon ratio is vital.

I

......... : vvi'iSsSSL—.... ~

<img file="AP1341A_D0001.tif" />

The purpose at hydrocracking is precisely ro increase die H C ratio by adding hydrogen to the feed in an ' efficient manner. This process that consumes Hydrogen requires the use· of a hydrogen production unit ghich uses a_lot of power and gaseous hydrocarbon containing matter (generally with a discharge of (302 ifCnH (2n+2i) is used as the starting point. Furthermore, she hydrogen becomes reactive any ct pressores greater than 120 bars: tins trnttvsis o construction *.vith ·cr- high thicknesses. The conjunction of co rooser-ee of hydrogen ct realization and technology, in particular regarding tne nature of the special alloy steels that are appropnate for these icpiicationi.· Moreover, the-conversion products saturated with hv.drogen are highly paraffinic and. therefore, tfive gasolines with a poor octane number. Therefore, it is necessary to use a catalytic reformer that removes hydrogen in order to increase the octane number, it seems paradoxical in these operations to begin by adding hvdrogen to the products with great difficulty to then being forced to remove the same. Thus it is easv to understand why ir is important to avoid useless operations in ail of these operations regarding the hydrogen content. „ ... - ,, ............

Some research efforts were carried out attempting to create active hydrogen, designated as H.. sn order to incorporate the same into hydrogen-poor feeds. The creation of said H. requires a great deal of energy that ;s returned a: the time of the final reaction and blows up the hydrocaroon molecules in question, cossibiy releasing the carbon. As a consequence, instead of incorporating hydrogen into the feed, unsaturated gases are created (generally 20 tc 40% of the feed'' by rejecting hydrogen overall.

Other research work was earned our regarding the use of hydrogen superheated at I100-1200°C at 40 bars, with soaking times of 60 seconds to hydropvrolize residues of oil and heavy oils, such as those of B. SCHUTZE and H. HOFMAN* reported m Erddl und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochemie vereinigt mit Brennstotf-Chenue 19S3. 56 Sc, 10.457-401. The results obtained always comprise high gas proportions «12 to 27%) and a large quantity of coke. From a thermodynamic standpoint, these two approaches are inefficient, as confirmed by ail the practical results obtained (excess production of gas and coke).

It &gt;s widely known that the molecules composing the residue under vacuum may be shaken” thermally with a VISCOSITY BREAKER for Visbreaker), in order to break the viscosity. This creates a small additional production of feed that is generally converted with the FCC. We then have a visbreaker residue that is generally referred to as flash visbreaker residue (RVR). which can only be used as a heavy industrial fuel if light products such as gas oil or LCO (FCC gas oil) are added thereto in order to achieve a normal viscosity.

These examples illustrate the complexity of the refining operations with imbricated treatments and retreatments. The physical state of the miner (liquid, solid or gas) must receive a great deal of attention under normal conditions of temperature close to 20’C. and pressure close to ί atmosphere.

We aiso know the COKERS that treat the residue to release the liquids while rejecting solid carbon, which w iH have the same applications as coal (also with the same difficulties).

We aiso know the improvement attempts carried out with the FLEXICOKER. which actually consists in gasifying the coke produced. The gasification requires a facility as large as that require..; by coking. It saturates the refinery with a fatal combustible gas that must be exported or used tor other purposes than those that are strictly required for refining operations ; i.e. to produce electrical power).

ΑΡΌΟ 13 41 ~ We also know the attempt to hydroconven the RsV. known as the HYCON PROCESS, which would consume approximately 2.3% hydrogen. The 41% converted* must be run through the FCC._ with all the conseauences that were mentioned in relation thereto, in particular regarding the direct leak of H2 and the loss of hvdroaen contained in gases such as CH4 ar.d C2H6.

. nese two precesses are ro&gt;

lmateiy toe airtieu.: :o impiem

F'.V and UOP indicated on October 2, 199^-. tha: they implemented a catalytic process called AQUACONVERSION PROCESS in collaboration with UNION CARBIDE, for the catalyst. In practice, the general problems that are specific to catalysts remain intact. ELF ANT.AR also claimed the preparation of an

Aquazole containing 10 and 20% water, stable only from 15 days to one month.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

1;

One or more of the problems outlined above may be solved by embodiments of the present invention. Referring to rig. 1, one embodiment comprises a process for the conversion into liquids (gasoiines, cas oil. feels ι of hydrocarbons that are~solid or have a high boiling temperature, laden with, metals. sulfur, sediments, with the hein of water or oxygenated gas properly superheated between SCO and 800°C. The process comorises preheacr.2 a feed 5 in a heater 8 co a temperature below the selected temperature of a reactor 10. This feed :s injected by injectors 4 into the empty reactor 10 ( i.e.. without catalyst.) The· feed is treated with a jet of gas or superheated steam from superheater 2 to activate the feed. The activated products in the feed are allowed to stabilise a: the selected temperature and at a selected pressure'in the reactor and are then run througha series of extractors 13 to separate heavy and light hydrocarbons and to demetallize the feed. Useful products appeanna in the form of water/hydrocarbon emulsions are generally demulsified in emulsion breaker 16 to form water laden with different impurities. The light phase containing the final hydrocarbons is heated in heater 98 and is separated mto cuts of conventional products, according to the demand for refining by an extractor 18 similar to r

13.

AP/P/0 1/0 2 12 φ

BRIEF DESCRIPTIONOF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is an illustration of the process layout of a unit according to one embodiment of our process for the steam conversion of hydrocarbon containing products.

Fis. 2 is an illustration of an extractor /separator employed in one embodiment.

Fis. 3 is an illustration of a reactor employed in one embodiment.

Fig. 4 is an illustration of the process layout of a unit according to cur process for the steam conversion of hydrocarbon containing products, in a non-arid country.

Fin. 5 is an illustration of the same layout implemented in a desert area poor in water resources.

Fis. 6 is an illustration of the same layout implemented in order to convert the excess gases of a drilling wen or f refinery into liquids.

IO

Fig. 7 is an illustrauo- of an industrial pilot for convening heavy distillates and oils into light distillates, wherein the pilot works at a total supply rate of 5kg. h. or 2kgrh atmospheric residue ar 1.5 kern residue under vacuum. ’· - *

Fig, 3 ss an illustration of a orocess layout in another emboddnertt. rig. 9 is an illustration of,; oroeess layout tn another embodiment.

Fix 10 is an ti lustration afar mdusmai pilot ::: anoiher embodimeni.

While th.e invention :s suscepiibie to various modificatior.s and a.temative forms. specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example ;n the drawings ar.d wiil herein be described in detail, ft should be&gt; understood’, however, that the drawing and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the anoended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OE THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS'

Various embodiments may be characterized by the different features that are described below, which may oe considered separately or together, this list being giver for information purposes. without being ailinclusive.

(1) The-· feeds are taken as they appear. In die refinery, our process, to which we will refer as CPJ, can accent indiscriminately crude oil, atmospheric residue (Rat), residue under vacuum (RsV) or heavy distillates.

(2) Ti’.e process never uses ary vacuum processes that require large distillation columns which must also withstand the crushing strength of the atmospheric pressure.

(3) Tne feed introduced is treated with gases or vapors that act as energy vectors. .

’ if the process is earned out in a refinery, the vapor is preferably steam.

* If fhe process is carried out in an arid or desen area, the gases are preferably N2-CCC fi.-e. taken directly from the fumes exiting the furnaces).

* Any combination is possible and has been tested. For example:

in a refinery that has a hydrogen ur.il, the CO2 rejected by a Senftield hydrogen decarbonation unit can be 30 used.

a CCC gas - H20 (steam) mixture can oe used;

a mixture of CO2 ~ xH2 exiting me Benffieid hydrogen production unit prior to decarbonation. a mixture that provides some benefits for the octane number of the gasolines produced, can be used;

CO2-xH2 or C02+H2+H20 are appropriate.

The most favorable gases or vapors wdl contain oxygen and. or hydrogen. These components car, be bound or mixed, such as. for example:

X-OH. H2OC. CO2. CO2-H2, CO-H2O &lt;=&gt; CO2-H2O, CO-2H2 &lt;=&gt; -CH2-.....H2O

APOO13 4 1 or still CO2-H2 resulting from a Bensfiel unit after shift conversion and before decarbonation in a hydrogen production unit. Pure N2 is acceptable burnot very beneficial. It may be.seiected only accompanied with CO2 originating preferably m the combustion fumes.

.tie direct introduction o; 02 requires specia. imection precautions, ror example, it is possible to inject

(.

This alternative may oe considered to resorb excess tight cases tCl. C2i into primary chemical energv. the matter being partially recovered in a special extractor towards 2CO'C-220=C. 20-30 bars. This shows another aspect of the extreme flexibility of the CPJ process. Sulfur aces not hinder the process and may even be beneficial ι exceot regarding the resistance to corrosion).

14) The gases are heated, preheated or prepared in classic furnaces.

if) The fresh feed and any recycled components are appropriately preheated ini conventional furnace or b'trains of classic he3t exchangers.

(6) The feed is injected into the reactor by an injector that creates an intimate contact between the preheated feed and a jet of gases, during the expansion, properly preheated ;or superheated in the case of pure steamy This injector -iso attempts to create a free jet of matter and gas that does not come into contact with any material wall.

in order to facilitate the initiation of the reactions. The energy supply determined by the temperature, the flowrate and the expansion rate in the injector, releases a usabie quantity of mechanical energy that provides for the supply of the energy that is necessary and bareiy sufficient to initiate the reactions without tearing the peripheral hydrogen of the molecules and without creating an energy such that the molecule may be broken into very small fragments, as may occur tn a FCC.

i (7) The soaking reactor is an empty container. No catalyst was used. This reactor enables the reactions initiated by the injector to achieve the equilibrium. Tne pressure reduces the volume necessary and increases the speed of the process to achieve equilibrium. Tne absence of any matter in the reactor presents the advantage of not having any stagnation points for the reactants, leading to a soaking time that is too long and. consequently, causes carbon deoosits &amp;d4 z 0 / ΓΟ/d/dV (8) The products, vapor and gas are then expanded at a pressure close to the atmospheric pressure, upon exiting the cracking reactor. If 2CH4-O2 or 2CO-4H2 was introduced for the purposes of recovering a carbon of gaseous origin. the outlet of the soaking reactor is cooled towards 200°-220=C without breaking the pressure, which makes it possible, as a seconder.· capacity, to establish tr.e equilibrium of the reactions for the addition of CO - H2. giving -CH2-. which attaches to the matter contained ir. the HZOfhydrocarbon emuision that is used in this case/.

CO-H2 can aiso provide a functional block: - C : O co

<img file="AP1341A_D0002.tif" />

which adds nsesr to dre ynsaturared boRds ro give aldehydes, the simplest example-betas:

H2C:CH2-rCO -Mi:.v===&gt;3HC-CH2-C;0 ...........................‘

Ή

Ali of Tresc tsiciioni conmbuK: :o vreamre apauis and elutianatrep or oioc.krag the arereren of are. Tas rrodecrs (9) in cases. they are proper?.' cooreu ar.d separated by a series of special _ _ i, for the separation of heavy liquid phases from, light gaseous phases at temperatures properly selected according to„the physical characteristics of the products.

(10) The berav oroducts not complying ννη :he selected norm a·:·.· recycled wwh the Tore treed.

i'll) The iuht products that comp” ' elected norm are extracted. ir. the pre· :.-. cope:

in the form of very stable water, hydro,. .· -. , emulsions tha: can be broken easily.

bi(12) ike hraavoowc of the heavy moirererere occurs ir. a controlled manner :r. ail esses. Roughly. ::

is oossfoie a say that the weight of the molecules is divided by 2 upon each run in the injector, with a conversion rate of, 1-f o - i).o3y Therefore, thia yrascss bareiv changes the H.C ratio of the prerererere.

ra (if) Tire control of the breakdown of the molecules makes it possible to avoid . -- ng gree.. cy never implementing the energy required tor tnetr formation and by selecting conditions for die equilibrium of the molecules in the reactor that do not favor tree appearance of such gases.

(14) Tire asetui products may be either: hydrated and composed by me emulsion mentioned in 11: or anhydrous and obtained bv 3 dehydration with extraction, &lt;

done of the above-mentioned processes is critical by itself and may be compensated by the others to the detriment of reduced outputs, conversion rates, a higher energy consumption or a greater production of solid carbon.

.according to another senes of characteristics of one embodiment, a great deal of attention is given to the corestratrets of the matter during the rrcairaetre.

- &gt;_&lt; tms only constitutes a very rough and imperfect explanation attempt, o is possible to imagine that the heat, in its thermal aspect, is stored in the form of mechanical vibrations of the molecules. Tne vibrations generate mechanical constraints that, due to the inertia related to the mass, are the highest in the middle of the molecule.:f the vibrations are moderate. These constraints then cause a break in the middle of the molecule. The more the molecule is heated (or more generally, the more energy of any kind it must store), the mere it will vibrate. In this respect, it will vibrate according to harmonic modes with several vibration antinodes and troughs such, as those that can be observed on a piano chord or the halyard of a flag waving m strong winds, or also on a long red hems stutter! Since the -.-. .: the vibration constitute the seat of the maximum constraints, the ra.o‘e4:.:lv rail break at these poitus, a: rere-tbmi. one-fourth, etc. of us length. This exirauns that Ta molecule is £Ρ 0 f γ~ 10 heated excessively (if too much energy is transmitted thereto), it will break into very small fragments, stopping at ,. CH4 and-even carbon'C. ~ ,

With this brief explanation, it is also possible to understand thafasThe length of the molecule increases i thus the more massive and the heavier it becomes;, it will have more vibrating elements. and the central elements that hold tesether the lateral elements being agitated w;ii be subject to higher constraints to hold said lateral elements. When the constraints are toe great, the molecules break.

This example makes it possible to explain that the heavier the moiecuie becomes, the less it is capable of withstanding the heat without cracking. To illustrate the concept, the CH4 cannot withstand temperatures greater than 700°C, and the heavy residues cannot withstand temperatures greater than 430°C. Regarding the selection of the devices, these constraints are also reflected by the maximum acceptable heat flows expressed in Kcalhour/scuare meter, or also by the acceptable differences of temperature between the hot wall and the cold fluid. The critical values depend on the considered products characterized by their physical state (liquid, sokd, vapori under operaring conditions. I: is thus very important to optain a practical knowledge of what may occur with the products^treated.

Tne following example wiii explain the stakes with simply molecules as common as ClOKS.-constituted bv two aromatic nuclei.

Note each cycle of ό aromatic carbons A. A f .. for me double bonds in each nucleus.

A:A here indicates two A carbons are bound.

If A:A is heated excessively, it loses hydrogen and becomes highly reactive, thus producing:

A:A

A:A

C10HS-C10HS

A:A tr = 80^aC Teb=21S°C d =0.963 n =i.60(lia)

A:A =&gt; C20H12 - 2H2 tf=278°C Teb=3 5 0( su b 1 ime) d =1.36 n =1.33

We ao from a soiid/'liquid to a very hard solid. (By the same token, it is necessary to note that the molecules with 20 carbons constitute the products that are generally referred to as gas oil or light domestic fuel.) Another characteristic of one embodiment thus consists in preventing such situations from appearing.

It was observed that the freshly broken chains were naturally very reactive at right angles with the break, and that the Doiar moiecuie HOH (water) attached itself readily on said breaks, just like OCO (carbon dioxide).

&gt; Another characteristic of one embodiment consists in introducing oxygen in the conversion process.

U-t £0/ I 0/J/dV

Λ-πΖ-ΙΜΐΤΊΐ^-^ν·. ΐΐΆ » «·&gt;·«-♦ » «..u. %Λ 'VS » —

<td> -</td><td> 4η order to better understand the uniqueness and highly inventive narur·· - · aro.·;;.- we will attentat to orovide an explanation of wh2t should be dgne and what must be avoided. Γ &gt; : winagam select an example from the family of C20:</td>

<td> 5 10</td><td> C20H;dO2 Tf=30(PC i. . Ko,A:A-.A ,Α,ϋΗ C20HA7O Tf~ SAC mm Α:Α··Α-Α:Α Replacing hydrogen with a· lateral OH is not good (the fusion temperature gees from lSS“C4o 300°C;. if 0 eiiins-ates a 0-C bond, a beneficial effect is obtained (the fusion temperature goes &gt;iom 18842 to 31 -C). We will now consider the case where the molecule C20HI4 is weakened by an aooropnate temperature that causes its vibration, and we send a molecule HOH (Ή2Ο) to the central bond:</td>

<td> - 15</td><td> C2&amp;HI-·' - H.2O ~d ClOHFoit - Ciort.j</td>

<td> 20 25</td><td> Η H ’ AcA-A'A A.A-oH ~~ A:A AATSSAC Tf =I23°C Tf=SO^JC Teb=452sub - Teb-295³C Teb=213'C _·.=), ,30 d=i.A. 4=0.965 c =4 A 6 n =1.62 π =1.60 lie Ax presence of water is high;'- beneficial on the products formed. Let’s re.. ·:the highly compact molecule A20H12. attached by 2 H2 άϊ:</td>

<td> 30</td><td> C20H42......2H2O A CiOHAoH - ClOH’oH Η H n</td>

<td> 33</td><td> fa ..... A .. . A A:A-6H - A:A-oH A - A 0 ΙΑ Ή</td>

<td> 40</td><td> Tf^:=27S°C TA=123°C Tf=123^aC T3b=350Sub Teb’=295³C Teb=295'C 4=1.36 d =1.01. d =1,.01 ·· =1.SS a A 62 η=1.ό2</td>

<td> 45 50</td><td> Tnts example clearly shows ait. the benefits that may be obtained from steam. Through thermodynamic considerations, it is also possible to determine that :k »Ax solid carbon that may form is oxidized towards 60Q-7G(AA, according to the following reactions: CO2 -Cs A 2C0 .43=42.14 AH=4!.25 Teq= TAC H2O - As CO ~K2 aS=33.04 AH-3'..40 Tec= 07~°C</td>

ΑΡί) 0Ί 3 4 Ί where AS is the entropy variation, aH the enthalpy, and Tec the equilibrium temperature under a pressure of ! bar. _ - “ .

We have another possible explanation : for-the-benenctai effect of H2O and CO2 wrfich. when

<img file="AP1341A_D0003.tif" />

saic conversion.

• . It wiii be easier to understand the purpose of one embodiment, which consists in operating’ under conditions that avoid hydrogen losses, as this hydrogen ioss creates unsaturated components that evoive towards low fusibility nuclei.

If we consider the straight chain described beiow. when it is heated to a high temperature, it beams to lose hydrogen according to the following layout:

(

.. Η,.Η H..H

C C

K.C c c

HH - HH KH

7ec:958°K i685’C)

K2 K. H..H H.,H

C C C.H

-H.C C C

Ή ΗΉ Κ’Ή

Η,.Η

C.H - Tf Teo s' ' AHm

-95 69 92.33 -39.96’

AS AH 31.31 30.0

S^: = 32.2! ΑΗι~=ΰΐ

Tf Teb S' AHr

-139 63 91.93 -9.96

Then, the unsaturated chain folds and closes

Teq:941³K(668°C)

Η. .H K.C - C.H , ,H

H.C C.H H';

H.C - C.H Η' H’

AS AH

-20.65 -19.44

Tf Teb S AHf=

-6.5 SI 71.18 -29.4

The fusion temperature goes from -95°C to t-6'C with only 6 carbons. We thus realized that, on one hand, we should never have come close to these temperatures of the order of 650°C and. on the other hand, the energy required in this case should not have been supplied; the thermodynamic values indicated above provide orders of magnitude. Furthermore. it is observed that when the dehydrogenation process begins, the reaction runs away because the cyclization releases energy.

AP/P/0 1 0? 129

2.pprOXirrUKC&gt;y 417 to OU Γν241 (auivduuu R rru luiauv, sujjb’iv appiuA»uuictv _v xwavv^i ,,--, sut-viu-. ·,4υϋ » t

Remember that the extraction oi one H2 requires approximately: &amp;H/H2=’ ..cal and that if this is ( done, pew results are obtained.

Therefore, π was necessary to find a set of devices that made it possible to mes* as much as possible the 35 different specifications listed above, which was achieved through ±e adequate preheating of the feed. followed by the activation resulting from an expansion in the injector, in which case the produce to be converted ccu’d have, m terms of temperature equivaieni, a very brief stay in a range where they are unstable, as me break consumes the energy that bnngs the reactants back into the stable and desired range u .. -or where they then achieve the thermodynamic equilibrium ta cook would say: to allow them to “simmer omc-erly), fi) these reactions and their mechanisms are provided here only in an attempt tv exoiain whv we obtain unexpected conversion results with our process.

The ir.-depth analysis of the results of our tests taught us to define how a given, «red could be created and

..a * aiso wha;: w ere the problems linked to ffi; structure of the complex matter constituted b· Twee heavv oroducts; ad that which has been provided above constitutes only a guideline for the necessarv aamsonents ” - “ 'he hv-hiv dehydrogenated revi!” closes:

• - - · - - _{aS ak}

TreNreSfi’K ’ --04 -68.98

H. ,K ' Tfi Teo S’ AHN rem C.H 5 30 6^24 19.8

Η’ Ή

EXTRACTING A H2 from a STRAIGHT CHAIN:

Creates acoroximately: ±S/H2 = -30.19 and requires approximately: &amp;H/H2/ 52,18

Closing a cycle releases energy (and reduces &amp;S by approximately 20.5).

After the mttial conditioning of the appropriate products thanks to our injector, one embodiment makes it oossibre to initiate and activate the reactions while complying with the preceding rules and the orders ot maenrerete that should not be exceeded.

we will know present anothet benefit of the presence of H2O which behaves somewhat lute a oioCKer ot 45 -vcfesnon reactions.

poiv

Hie heavy crudes contain v«v few simple and straight molecules; they contain numerous complex mane molecules that are more or less bound to each other, as may be observed ;n the following molecule

APO &amp;*.&lt;»** that condenses readily and goes from 2 co 3 nuclei? according to the following layout:

A-C:C-A , -&gt; H2 +- A\A/A 971 / 8.7 956°K 119.0/+46.3 -32.21.0.0 96.7/55.5 -6S3°C ii

<td> H.</td><td> .ri</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Γ</td><td> = c</td><td> Tf Teh S^?</td><td> r.</td><td></td>

<td> H,C</td><td> c.</td><td> K 124 30’</td><td> 119.0 -46.S 0.923 1.626-</td><td></td>

<td> C-</td><td> • c</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> ’ H. ,</td><td> Ή</td><td> H.</td><td> ,K</td><td> -</td>

<td> ~c = c</td><td></td><td> C =</td><td> c</td><td></td>

<td> Η, · Ή</td><td> -&gt;</td><td> H2 - H, .</td><td> ,H</td><td></td>

<td> C-C</td><td></td><td> C-C *</td><td> C-C</td><td></td>

<td> :,c c.h</td><td></td><td rowspan="2"> I \\ // H,C c = c</td><td> C - C C.H</td><td></td>

<td> c ~ c</td><td></td><td>₌ r - - ----------</td><td> -</td>

<td> Η' Ή</td><td></td><td> h Ή</td><td> Η’ Ή -</td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td> ’TfTeb S^:</td><td> AHr d n</td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td> 101 340 96.</td><td> 55.5 1.13 1.6</td><td> -</td>

By the same token, it is observed that the creation of a third centra; nucleus increases significantly the density of this molecule.

'«Vith H2O steam it :s possible to operate by steps in order to break this molecule of 14 carbons, and even show how to resorb a light molecule off- carbons which would otherwise produce gases.

I^s' Stem Weakening of the central unsarurated bond: 30

A&gt;-CH:CH-&lt;A -H20 A A&gt;-CHoH-CH2-&lt;A Tf=124 Teb=307=C Tf=68 Te’o= 170/i 5

2^r'^a Step: Central cracking of the molecule:

A&gt;-CHoK-CH2-&lt;A -&gt; A&gt;-CHO + H3C-&lt;A Tf=-26 Teb=I7S Tf=-94 Teb=l 10

-29.96/-12.50

-26.27 --39.31

AS / AH

AP/T/ 0 1. 0 2

3¹ Step: Fusion and rejection of H2O (sure to occur)

A&gt;-CHO -C3H8 -» A&gt;-C2-CH:CK2 - H20 Tf=-33 Teb=190°

-2.04/-14.36

4’·¹ Step: Cvclization of unsarurated branch (natural)

A&gt;-C2-CH:CH2 -&gt; A:Cyc6Csat Tf=-43 Teb=195

-15.44. -19.90 .44-CHjCK-&lt;A - C3HS -&gt; A:Cv6sat - A&gt;-CH3 -21.17, -7.45

......... ·ρΓ'”’ ........v.........'ν'”'

Tf=!24 Teb=307°C Tf=-43 Teb=195 Tf=-94 Teb=! 10

-OL

Liaht Gas OilGasoline rp trie tpanP ttip. ;p;

•ftirrrtedtaie steps of the ;oa carbon and that it was h η possible to observe that the intermediate steps, of-the reaction are executed with moderate energy ·*' levels and thafthe whole reaction occurs .is though the water implemented at the beginning is recovered at the end ~ ι similar to the action of a catalyst s.

it ss also appropriate to note, nems one of our concerns and a character·..!.... that me mute.;

fuse:? tvinperature ot' 12’''C peer tor dr.;: step decreased to ~26^:C. then -33w tempera tore '.vas -43 ^JC and ilnatiy, ep the fifth step, p redacts with a Aston 1emper2n.ro

Thus, there ts tr continuous decrease of this fusion temperature during tits overall reaction. The experiment showed that there was a very small production of gas possible' tc fully convert products such at; those referred to as residue under vacuoot a; asphalts, ir.to liquid hydrocarbons.

4Ve will now consider the case of straight chains iwith 14 unsarurated carbons fats example;:

ΙΟ

Without H2Q. we have:

-&gt; C7H16 — Cc* frit 2 36.04 f '9.0.

tit:· of 3130 aooears to occur according to the folio;

<td> Cel·¹ dd⁴-</td><td> H2S;</td><td> -4</td><td> CeT-Hi;).</td><td> - .pp.yjiSj at.~i 59.98</td>

<td> .Ca“-'T; ;</td><td> — ii.20</td><td></td><td> CedHifc</td><td> 33 - .H 1.91·' 37.39</td>

<td> .C7KO</td><td></td><td></td><td> C7H16</td><td> -30.72 -3”.3</td>

<td> Cc7H 1 i-nrL</td><td></td><td></td><td> C2s7-H!3</td><td> - H20 21.14/ 9.0</td>

<td> Which gives.</td><td> in total:</td><td></td><td> Cel4</td><td> C7H16 -C2e7H12</td>

ft ts observed that, in these operations, π was first necessary to: open a 33-:3 bond which required approximately 40 to 60 Kcal (activation); and finally, suppiy approximately 20 Kcal/cut ice- specific energy)

Remember that the extraction of one H2 requires approximately; &lt;XtH/H2=O’2dcai and that if this is ( done, coot results are obtained.

Therefore, it w as necessary to fittd a set of devices that made it possible to meet as much as possible the 35 different specifications listed above,, winch was achieved through the adequate preheat,ng of the feed, followed by the activation resulting from an expansion in the injector, in which case the product; to be converted ccu’d have. terms of temperature equivalent, a very brief stay in a range where they arc nnsiabie. as the break consumes the energy that brings the reactants back into the stable and desired range of tfic -sactor where they ther.

achieve the thermodynamic equilibrium ia cook would say. to allow them to “simmer properly). di) These reactions and their mechanisms are provided here only in an attempt to explain why we obtain unexpected conversion results with our orocess.

The in-depth analysis of the results of our tests taught us to define how a gtven ivetd could be treated and also w hat were the problems linked to the structure of the complex matter constituted bv aiese heavy products; ad that which has been provided above constitutes only a guideline for the necessary adjustment.;.

AP C01341

We dearly took advantage of all these experiments in order to constitute a database of thermodynamic and physical property data, of which an extract js provided beluw for informationpurposes. tor the families of l and 10 carbons Der molecule:

Physical and Thermodynamic ?:

.-ami

Name T:~C Teb ~ C S' AHt~ d · r Tc’K.

W CH4--186 -L65.0 44.49 -17.39 0.415 .gas.. 190. 45.S 99 0.290'

CO -199 -191.0 4~.30-26.41. 0.793 .gas.. 133.0 34.5 93 0.294

H2CC - 92 -21.0 52.26 -23.00 0.315 .gas.,410.0 67.0 112 0.223

H3CoH-97.1 64.7 57.00 -43.05 0.312 L3288 513.2 78.5 1 13 0.220 HCOoH +8.3 100.7 59.40 -90.50 1.220 1.3714 581.0 71.3 11^- 0.1^-6

Physical and Thermodynami rami?.

(10)

Pj-Mend______-_____.____ 'knits ^JC 'C cm. m Keai m &lt;-a 2u'C-&gt; ^:K bar cc. mam

Names Tf Teb S’ AHf⁵ d n=l. Tc Pc Vc PM zc=0.Str

............—...........-.......ίη-ΐ;.....................

C10HS ai4S0 213 30.5 36.1 0.963 .5393 74S 40.0413 123 .269 A:A C10K12 :93 -36 207 &lt;33.2 4.2&gt;0.9^-0 .5414&lt;~·^-33.0 4S&gt;!32 .263 ACv6 C10H14 niS9 .. 200 &lt;S4.5 -11.&gt;0.934 _:;260&lt;07 30.6 500134 .264 2A-6H C10HIS do-43 195 37. i-43.6 0.397 .4310 63^-25.3 543 !3S .249 2Cy6 C10KI3 d74 -36 !~4 125.3 9.35 0.766 .4265 623 25.S 537 133 .297 SCIO C10H20 d66-66 171 129.2 -29.3 0.41 .4215 616 25.0 592 140.292 600 C10H22 d20 -30 174 130.2 -59. 0.^-30 .4102 619 20.3 602 142 .246 nCiO

C10H200 dl8 -5 20S 137.7 -73.9 0.830 .4237 636 24.4 005 155 .373 Aid. C10H21oH d57 +7 229 142.1 -96.4 0.330 .4372 667 29.3 619 153 .337 ale. C10H1906H d42 32 270 142.3 -143. 0.886 .42SS 71 29.4 644 12 .322 Acid ...................-............(n-l /.....................

tt 12 0/1 0/J/dV

Note the ranking: Oxygenated Alkanes ^: Alkenes. Alkynes Cyclo ' Aromatics Tne abbreviations are:

Tf: fusion temperature . Teb: Boiling temperature

S’: Standard entropy . .AHF’: Standard formation enthalpy d: Density . n: Refractive index

Tc: Critical temperature , Pc: Critical pressure

Vc: Critical volume . zc: Compressibility factor

Str: Structure, abbreviated:

A aromatic nucleus. Cy saturated cycle A acetylenic, e ethylenic. n normal paraffinic O double bond oxygen. oK OH functional group

These data help in monitoring, knowing or predicting the state of the matter under the different conditions of its treatment, as well as the possible thermodynamic equilibriums. Tr.ese data aiso enable us :o predict the chemical irreversibilities that ate responsible for the production of carbon and the rejection of hvdrd&amp;en. in particular. In conclusion, we wiii descr.be a guideline that heioed us greatly in the analysis of these problems, as seen in a new light, from 3 mechanical pom: of view ϊ^-· -

<img file="AP1341A_D0004.tif" />

-ΆΝτύ'ί -'Tigh*namiai branch.

carbon

Let's consider an isoC4 cybio C6. First.-the molecule must-be existed to transtorm ft from the free and Leploved state‘to the folded state, which requires energy^ if we then strip each end of the folded isoC4 ' tear the -nucleus cyclo Co. also by temoviae-the.corresponding hydrogeauvs-esiahlish. rivajoeat-carbon-. rinds. The molecule thus formed with or.i'- ' L carbons is a tree cage that nas the surprising physical

CiOH20 C0S6 Tf—94

Density=0.795 n=1.4336 •nces given are from: Handbook of Chemistry and-Physics

-C -H *;c 20

Ά·

C - H ’ ' — \ j-{ ’ ’C-H ⁵ Ή

C - H ³ Ή

K ³ Molecule:

H „H

C H C.H &lt; « , i,:

~ : C-H ι &gt;C5&gt;-C-C,H

Η * * Η' i ' * : C.H

H5 C * HH , .. .. * : * Represented in the “ “ deployed state • : H-C-H

H · C -H

C f*

V,

=.04

Density=0.795 n=l .476¾

<img file="AP1341A_D0005.tif" />

as

3o

<img file="AP1341A_D0006.tif" />

Η

C* Η.

« Ο « '

Molecule: '.

Η '

Η- C

C-H ’* Η * C -Η

Η,,Η ~

C.H.,

Η.

&lt;CycloC6&gt;-C-C.H

Η'

- Η'Ή

Η Η Represented in the folded state ' ’ · : H-C-H¹ .C-H ·-.* * O C * : * C-H * * ⁰ -fc.

H - C -H · -C-H

C Η H

Η H

Cl OH 16 a742 Tf=263 Teb=Suhiime Densirv-1.070

H *

H- C

C-H ^;· Ή •⁵C-H :C-H n= 1.5630

Moiecule Ref. a742 with:

and

Cvcles with 6 Carbons * : H-C-°--.C-H * *30 « : ' C-H * w O

H - C o ° ⁰ ’° ’ ⁰ °C - H * :* \ Note the “CAGE” structure

C H

Η H

Note that these cage moiecuies (in particular if they are aromatic) become true nests” or sandwiches” for metais and orsanometallics. which we will describe below.

AP/P/0 1/0 2 1 29

CONTROL OF THE APPEARANCE OF GAS. COKE OR SOLID CARBON RESIDUES

One of the surprising characteristics of our process is that it makes it possible to convert asphalt’s without generating significant amounts of carbon or gas. We will attempt to explain why this result may be obtajned, on the basis of the knowledge that we have acquired while attempting to interpret our observations.

A With appropriate means (mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical, etc.), it is always possible to transfer an energy, to which we will refer as AH (enthalpy variation), according to the terms generally used ui thermodynamics. Our experience in monitoring the state of the matter led us to adopt, on a continuous basis, a

<img file="AP1341A_D0007.tif" />

variation key for said state that may be summarized by AS. the’entropy vanat;on.In fact·, by referring to the tables that we nave already presented, it is possible to observe the existence oe very strong correlations between SXL and the physical fusion and boiling parameters and. more generally. The parameters- renaming· to the-change of state or the organization of the matter, ir; order to explain the ideas, we w: 11 select an unsaturated molecule contain:,·’ .-carbons.

INPUT j()

Cel4K2S

Tf=-13 Teb=25'&lt;‘ 15 d=0.77· 0=1.4335 ·&lt;.

Cel4H2S

OUTPUTS ———-&gt;

’Liquid*«’··*“* GAS ***“*

Ce7H14 + Ce7H14

36,0ό

CeI4H2S

AS AH Teq³C

9.13 ?s

Tf=-119 Teb=94° d=0.697 n= 1.400

Cel2H24 . -----Γ5--35 Teb=21N •4=0.755 n= 1.430

Ci&gt;13H24

73=-5³ Teb=234 5=0.784 n=1.437

L:q

269=

CeiAHOr

C2I4H26

Tf=-0° Teb=252 4-).789 n= 1.439

C0I4K2S

- Ce2H4 ,35,5 Gas

-CK4

Gas

- H2

Gas

C57H14 η H2

C37H12

77=-8 l³Teb=93.S³ Liq. Gas

36.59 26.54

63.48

5950

64.02

33'

456°

20°

This table shows that, as the level of applied energy increases, so does the number of molecules broken, as well as tne amount of fragments generated, which means that the greater the disorder created (which increases the AS), the greater the quantity of CH4 generated and the greater the quantity of hydrogen rejected. Furthenmotc. the Ari'AS ratio gives the temperature Tee, at which the reactants reach a namral equilibrium under a pressure of 1 bar. If only liquids are desired, the entire process occurs as if ir were limited m 20 kcai/tnolecule. as previously indicated elsewhere. (By the same token, this aiso explains why an TCC with its catalyst regenerated at more than 700°C will reject hydrogen and CH4. No catalyst may change this state de facto. It •45 may only favor intermediary stages and their speed, enabling the reactants to achieve the thermodynamic equilibrium depending on the temperature of the reactor.)

Anotner characteristic of one embodiment is that it makes it possible to control the rate of conversion into liquid without creating excess quantities of iight gas such as methane or ethane. We will attempt to provide an explanation that came to us during the different tests that we performed, in relation to the chemical irreversibilities i which, it appears, are not mentioned very often).

ΑΡυΟ13Π

One of the characteristics of our process is basically the fact that it splits the molecules in two and -anew in order to remain master of the process.

Some people may think that, in order to speed up the process, the solution is simply toViriplernent more energy, which would actually generate a greater r.umcer of light molecules, as indicated ir. the preceding table, inducing a great quantity o: gas. assuming mat it wouiu men be a.ways possible to pc.ymenze the same ir. order to rerum to liquids. However, it would be impossible to perform this operation m. an appropriate manner due to the chemicai irreversibilities .which no catch-s: will be acie to overcome).

·· -- c

In order to present the ideas.' let's assume that we are considering the generation of liquids from methane, ethane, etc. In this case, our intention would be to carrv cut reactions such as:

JO

A) CH4

B) C2H6

C) C4H10

CH4 =??=&gt; C2H6 * ='.'^,Q=&gt; C4H10 ==??=&gt;

C2H6 -H2 AS=-1.95 AH=-!5.54 Teq= -7669yK

C4H10 - H2 AS=-3.3S AH=-IO.33 Teq=-305o'K

C3H1S -H2 AS=-0.54 AH=-10.4S Jeq=-!9400-K

THESE REACTIONS ARE IRREVERSIBLE since Teq NEGATIVE DOES NOT EXIST. It will never be possible to carry our the foliow-up.react:ons in a reversible manner:

i.v 3i (C)

Cnl =?=&gt; H2 - Cn2 =?=&gt; H2 - Cn4 =?=&gt; H2 - CnS

Teb U7’K 134=K ' 2'2°K !

Normal state GAS GAS GAS 298⁼K eyys.

LIQUID consequences:

(1) It :s necessar/ to accept the unavoidable creation of CH4 in this process, summarized by the overall reaction C’:

C’)C4K10-C4HIO=&gt;C7H10-CH4 AS=-I.55 AH=-2.4S Teq=1620°K or: 2 Cn4 =&gt;Cn7andCnI Keqi600°C)= 1.93 ⁱ (This reaction is possible because Tec is positive) (2) if the thermodynamic reversibility is violated with energy: according to the reaction C: hydrogen must be rejected

AP/P/ 0 1/02 12 9

C”) C4H10 - C4H10 =&gt; C8H1S - H2 AS=-0.54 AH=-10.48 Teq=-l9400’K

This reaction is imeversible because Teq :s negative)

C Even the transition through the synthesis g3S. which begins with the following reacnon:

CH4 - 1/2 02 =&gt; CO - 2H2 AS=-42.7 AH=-8.52.

j reaction that may be explosive) is irreversible and will lead to a poor efficiency overall in the liquefaction by methanoi or Fischer-Tropsch.

' C“ may be carried out only with side reactions that produce C2H2. in particular.

• ' *·

- PRACTICAL CONCLUSION: first of all, the generation of gases must be avoided, which is precisely what our process does.

CARSON DEPOSITS

Our experience in controlling the appearance of coke led us :o assume that tite-e were two mam sources:

maw,we usposns through the poiyarornww w’O. anh paweruism carbon mrough ma cc-e,.

it is quite easy to visualize tfca. ;f the matte- iS polymerized mto numerous contiguous polyaromattc nuclei, since the carbons are directly bound to each other and comprise few or no hyctogen links as previously seen, the fusion temperature increases with the number of nuclei and the reduction of die H. C ratio (C10HS

Tf~S0'C. C20H12 Tf=278°C, etc.); we are getting increasingly closer to a solid coal.

This can also be examined, for informational purposes, with our method the study of chemical irreversibilities.

~ .... .. , tp order to present the.ideas, let's take some benzene and attempt to crack it. 4 fusion of molecules is observed, accompanied once again by a rejection of H2, according to the following reaction:

[lj A - A ===&gt;_ A&gt;-&lt;.A - H2 -1.17 3.46.

Trus reaction is irreversible since Teq cannot be negative. The following fatal side reaction must be added:

j2J A ==:&gt; 6Cgas ~ 3H2 -259 A .....UNO

To obtain AS = 0.0. it is necessar. to take 1.17'259 from reaction 12). or:

[31 0,0045 A ===-&gt; 0,0045 cCgas - 0.013H2 -UN--4,55

Resulting in the global reaction [1] A + A ==&gt; A&gt;-&lt;A - H2 -1.17 -3A6 [3] 0.0045 A ==“&gt; 0,0045_6Cgas - 0.013H2 -:.17-4.55

2.0045 A ==&gt; a&gt;-&lt;A H,0i.H2 - 0.004(6Cgas) 0.00 -S.Oi and the return, of oCgas in Csol=Coke

0.0046Cgas ;&gt; 0,004.Coke

-1.16 -4...55

2.0045 A ==&gt; A&gt;-&lt;A -l.Qt.H2-Q.004.Coke -1.16-3.46

Experimental data 750®C with 50% conversion in 40 s confirm the projected - lives found above and &gt;

thus repiorce our belief regarding what must be avoided.

<img file="AP1341A_D0008.tif" />

- - ·.n ' υ»r *.ij

APO 0~ΤΤ5ι

Tne notion of irreversibility provides for a good'projection of the production of coke considered as foe hardest side reaction. ~ The second way of appearance of pulverjlentdeoosiis ofcarbon is the .acetylene way, of which some of tne data are indicated below for informational purposes for 4CH4 engaged.

Teq ^;C

<td> 2 ί = 4CH-</td><td> --&gt;</td><td> 2 C2H6 - 2H2</td><td> AS=</td><td> -3.3- AH=-31</td><td> .03 -ΉΚ * «:</td>

<td> 22:UCH4</td><td> =&gt;</td><td> C2H4 -2H2 -2CH4</td><td> .43=-27.39</td><td> ΑΗ=-43.όό</td><td> 1472^CC</td>

<td> 23 ) 4CH4</td><td> =&gt;</td><td> C2H2 -3K2 -2CH4</td><td> AS =—5,5.65</td><td> AH=-&gt;-39.95</td><td> 1343°C</td>

<td> 24.J-4CH4</td><td> =&gt;</td><td> 4Csoi - 3H2</td><td> .43=-35.2</td><td> AH=-?1.4</td><td> 565°C-</td>

<td> 25) 4GH4</td><td> ==&gt;</td><td> 4Cgas - 3H2</td><td> AS=230.76</td><td> AH=793.16</td><td> 3164°C</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> Note: TfdeC: sublimed at..</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF CHA

The .reaction (24) indicates that, above 565^JC. CH4 desomposes-with slow kinetics, (approximately i

..hour towards 300^cC). as it is necessary to go through the gaseous state-summarized by the reaction (25). Therefore, the filiation that causes the appearance of foe pulverulent carbon seems to be:

CH4 =&gt; C2H4 =-&gt; C2K2 =&gt; Pulverulent Csol

C6H6 =&gt; Polymerization CSol Massive

In any case and in practice:

!: j In ail cases, the creation of saturated light gases must be avoided.

(2) Tne appearance of free hydrogen is a cad sign.

(3) Tne creation of unsaturated light gases and hydrogen constitutes an alarm.

(4) Tne creation of acetylene is a serious alarm.

(5) Tne monitoring of the aromatization through foe refractive index is very useful in order to determine whether the processes are running correctly. ,

EMULSIONS

One of the characteristics of our process is that is uses oxygenated intermediaries which, when converted to stearr.. naturally produce stable water,hydrocarbon emulsions.

It has long been known that the combustion of difficult fuels is greatly unproved by the addition of 5 to

10% of water. Tnis addition, during the first stages of foe combustion, provides for the cracking of heavy moiecules while avoiding their polymerization into polyaromatics, which would produce nodules of soot cr pulverulent carbon.

On August 5, 1997, ELF presented to the press a product called Aquazoie, containing 10 to 20% water.

indicating that the main problem was guaranteeing the stability of foe mixture. Currently, this stability can only be guaranteed for 15 days to one month, despite resorting ra a special mixing procedure and, in particular, thanks ro special additives.

The interest presented directly by the intermediary emulsions produced by our process is understood, as these emulsions may become the main objective for these applications.

W/'¹·' ι'.^τι *** ‘ι¹¹·¹ ul»η. ‘iimnW'V.i 9ι&gt;ι|^.^&gt;·Μ-ΐ·- ινπΌ *-ίΐΐι &lt;~ι Λΐ· ι m—,ιηιτκχρλ ,,-- ·. ~ -.&lt;£.’.Λ ;ς£.·-r-a., -. · ......

We have emulsions that are already 8 years old and are still stable: this shows that we control the difficulties encountered by ELF. ‘ - —

These benefits, may-be explained .by .jntsmai molecular links that, .at the. anhydrous state, wouicLbe unsaturated and remained partially bound to water. It would also be possible to put forward ail the oxygenated intermediaries that we presented pre’, teas iv in the control ofthe cracking operations towards 440 - 600x. which have a th'-orabie equilibrium towards 2L0'-220^;C. the .’aerating temperature or our e.uuactor.

In any case: 10 (1) We obtain stable water/hydrocarbon emulsions whose water content car, be determined simply by setting, in our conversions, the ratio H2O / (X), m the gases used in our conversion. X being preferably CO2 - Υ: Y may be any gas N2, H2, etc. This means that the dry smoke (taken before 200°C under · bar) resulting from a combustion is appropriate. ' i2'&gt; The oroducts formed (gasolines, especially kerosinei contain bound water.

(33 Limited to using only steam for reasons of simplicity and ease of implementation. our process makes it possible '0 obtain, depending on the settings selected: oxygenated and hydrated products: or primarily anhydrous products.

in fact, the.usefui recipes appear, when steam is-used. in the form of emulsions mat produce:

a light emulsion referred to as clear. J = 0.39 to 0.92 a heavier •‘.mayonnaise emulsion: J = 0.93 to 0.96 which are clearly separated from an excess of process water d = 1.0 (if this excess exists, which is not the case in the example below).

Tne mayonnaise (of which 3 year old samples have not moved) is easily broken by different mechanical means such as a forced run through a series of crossworked pieces of fabric fan operation referred to as extrusion). The dry sand breaks the emulsion immediately; there are additional mechanical possibtiines such as balls rolling in the emulsion, etc.

3elow is an example of evaluation of the characteristics of these emulsions, with annotations.

? Weight in g V : Volume in Cm3

Dp V Density = WeightVolume da : Density (read by densitometer) dn Deviation read by retractometer indicating the refractive index n.

<td> 35</td><td> XLAYONNAISE</td><td> Ptotal</td><td> Ptare</td><td> Net Weiaht</td><td> Dd/V</td><td> da</td><td> dn</td><td> Π</td>

<td></td><td> Total Mayonnaise : Extruded water :</td><td> 1700.0- 1163.S -</td><td> 698.31 = 444.13 =</td><td> 1001.69 719.67</td><td> 0.9656</td><td></td><td> 3.5</td><td> 1.50625</td>

<td> 40</td><td> Clear HC extruded Direct clear HC:</td><td> 731.36-</td><td> 511.412 =</td><td> 282.02 419.95</td><td> 0.3916</td><td> 13.0 0,902</td><td> .50099 13.3</td><td> 1.50310</td>

<td></td><td> TotaPHC:</td><td></td><td></td><td> 701.9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> WATER.HCtotai ratio</td><td> !9.6~TO19'</td><td> '=’ 02</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

MgTM· Viliwn »Ι1·τ» HU·, -----, i- ·-- ---.— - .- .....

AP O 013 4 1

With the operating conditions selected, which will be described elsewhere, the useful products did n&amp;t ‘contain any free water (aqueouiphase d = 1.0).

The distillation of the

DISTILLATION 1 Summar·' : and extruded ciear phase gave the foilouing results:

WITHOUT SAND ar.d without sttmr.a

<td> Cut ?tot</td><td> Prar'</td><td> es P 2</td><td colspan="2"> V.t V. water</td><td> , y » · σ r · V. HC</td><td> HC. sec</td><td> Dd V ί</td>

<td> -PI - 1*15 74.95</td><td> 73.01</td><td> 1.94</td><td> 2.4. 0.9</td><td> 1.5</td><td> 1.04</td><td> 0.693 8.2 ·</td><td> ' 1.44963</td>

<td> Regurgitate;</td><td> 93.11</td><td> 75.02</td><td> 18.09 20.2</td><td> 3.0</td><td> 17.2</td><td> 15.09</td><td> 0.877 12.</td>

<td> 200 - 250</td><td> 84.43</td><td> 78.06</td><td> 6.37 8.2</td><td></td><td> 8.2</td><td> 6.37 0.777</td><td> 9.5 1</td>

<td> 250 - 300</td><td> 91.86</td><td> 76.73</td><td> 15.13 17.4</td><td> 4.0</td><td> 13.4</td><td> 11.13</td><td> 0.830 11.</td>

<td> 300 - 360</td><td> 115.28</td><td> 77.01</td><td> 38.27 43.8</td><td></td><td> 43.8</td><td> 3S.27</td><td> 0.3“4 12.</td>

<td> 3 60 - 89.15</td><td> 75.44</td><td> 13.96</td><td> 15.5 ... 15.5</td><td> 13.96</td><td> 0.901</td><td> 19.3 ,1.56567</td><td></td>

1.49360 1.4636S

1.4829' 1.49466

93.76

7.9

85.86

DISTILLATION 2 Summary

Flask: 202.78

Flask - Support: -214.21 Fiask-Support-Feed: 309.95 g

Feed: 95.74 2

- ΓΝ SAND and without stirring

AP/P/ 0 1 /0 2 1?5

<td></td><td> Sand</td><td> 300 u:</td><td></td><td> 610.3</td><td> 4 g to cover the</td><td> liquids (total</td><td> weight engaged)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 30</td><td></td><td></td><td> Recipes</td><td></td><td> Volumes</td><td></td><td> Weight</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> Cut</td><td> Ptot</td><td> Ptar</td><td> P. 2</td><td colspan="2"> V.t V. water V. HC</td><td> HC. sec Dd-V</td><td> dn</td><td> N</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> PI -</td><td> 120</td><td> 72.50</td><td> 70.06</td><td> 2.44 3.25</td><td> 0.9</td><td> 2.25 1.54</td><td></td><td> 0.684 6.5</td><td> 1.43112</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> 120</td><td> 72.8</td><td> 72.50</td><td> 0.3 0.3</td><td> 0.3</td><td> -.-</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 35</td><td> 120-</td><td> 200</td><td> SI.17</td><td> 76.99</td><td> 4.18 5.6</td><td> -.-</td><td> 5.6 4.18</td><td></td><td> 0.746 8.2</td><td> 1.44963</td>

<td></td><td> 200 -</td><td> 250</td><td> 85.44</td><td> 78.06</td><td> 7.38 9.1</td><td> 1.0</td><td> 8.1 6.38</td><td></td><td> 0.790: 9.5</td><td> 1.46368</td>

<td></td><td> 250 -</td><td> 300</td><td> 95.14</td><td> 72.87</td><td> 22.27 26.1 -.</td><td> -</td><td> 26.1 22.27</td><td></td><td> 0.853 11.2</td><td> 1.4,8191</td>

<td></td><td> 300-</td><td> 360</td><td> 119.05 7</td><td> '2.99</td><td> 46.06 53.0 -.-</td><td> 53.0</td><td> 46.06 0.869</td><td> 12.6</td><td> 1.49677</td><td></td>

<td> 40</td><td></td><td></td><td> Total-—</td><td colspan="2"> ---&gt;82.63</td><td> 2.2</td><td> 80.43</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

Residue:

95.74 - S2.63= 13.11

0.901 19.0

The abundant regurgitation in the first case, accompanied by a significant quantity of violently released water, shows that there is water bound with moderate chemical forces. During the distillation of the liquids submerged under the sand, there is a weaker depolymerization” and a smaller release of water. In any case, this shows that: (1) The 262 g of hydrocarbons of the mayonnaise are capable of binding with the 719 g of extruded water, or 2.5 times its weight in water; and (2) The ciear and extruded hydrocarbons already contain, in this case, from 3 to 9% bound H2O. Tnerefore. it can be seen that our process can naturally provide oxygenated corqpounds or stable waterfhydrocarbon emulsions.

We checked that the exiting process water did not contain any aicohoi or any other carbon 'compound, by processing its distillation summarized below:

PROCESS Water ANALYSIS BY DISTILLATION with ! 5 Trays. : 9TSlg :· .AJ-:

WO ^:C and 10' TO m clear water containing a small milky flocculating haze

Residue 225.93 - 224.59 = 1.04 g

Dark brown

Non-combustible

With small black nodules ή

ί'

It is also observed that the water extracts different elements from the treatetrfeed.

This water has an acid pH incicating that it. has absorbed SH2 or any other acid element of the bed. Aii this constitutes a whole of favorable elements brought by our process, wnich implements steam of winch-the ( extractive activity increased with the injection temperature ar.d the successive scrubbing operanons in the exrracccn zone. · „ ?&lt;

JO

CONTROL OF OXYGENATION OR HYDRATION OF PRODUCTS

Other characteristics of the present system may include: controlling the hydration of the emulsions, or ore·, erring the same: and controlling rhe oxygenation of the products, or preventing rhe same. We will indicate how these results can be obtained with our device. It should be noted that thanks tc our extractor, we can select rhe norm of useful products and recycle those that are standout. Therefore, let’s consiaer the norm case (selected objective! of oxygenated gasolines oi gas oil and emulsion hydrated without free water.

It is clear that it is necessary to avoid sending too much process water to treat the feed, although a sufficient quantity must be sent. It was found that a good water/feed ratio (treated atmospheric residue) was in the order of 1 tn weight. (Which is what was found in the evaluation of the results presented above.) If the obiecnve is to move towards oxygenated comoounds. it is clear that if said compounds are not oxygenated, they ( are considered standout, especially if the objective is to produce gasoline or automotive gas oil type cuts.

Therefore, we had the idea, which is a characteristic of one embodiment, to perform a first conversion of the atmospheric residue into distillates PI-360, with our extractor-contactor-decantor set around 200^cC. and then rerun all these raffinates (200-) in their current state, through our facility.

In fact, during this recycling, equivalents of heavy but atmospheric distillates were convened into lighter gas oil. gasoline type products. The steam that provides for these operations is also sufficiently reactive to create the chemical additions that are shown in the distillation of the products (direct distillation or distillation under sand),

Let us now consider the reverse norm, for example to meet the refining specification of an existing site, which requires non-hydrated standard products (referred to as dry). Therefore, our process will void recycling the anhydrous products formed (200-). which would tend to hydrate them and create oxygenated compounds. In this case, we will operate by recycling only the extracts (200+) with the fresh feed that consists of residues or any ether feed to be converted (200 being a value that may vary depending or. the desired '-reveling),

...— . ιι iimiiwuwj.! h&gt;^j&gt;e«eigtegfnp

AP O 0 1 3 4 T

In order to properly understand this, let’s take a residue under vacuum that will not produce anv . aimospneric distillate during, the first generation. It is appropriate to note that a very rough scheme is constituted by the following relationship: ----------------------—--------------- — -5 RsV ==&gt; DsV

DsV —=&gt;Ra:

A totai RsV (parent; conversion test mat gives a DsV tfirst generation), followed by a Rat (second generation) is detailed below. With this type of recycling aifd the selected 'settings, foe conversion products were not hydrated, as indicated by their distillation carried out after the separation of water/hydrocarbon of foe emulsions. Here, the distillation does not produce any water (contrary to foe previous case, where an attemot was made tc establish the same). This indicates that this problem is under control.

CONVERSION 'with EXTINCTION OF RECYCLING?--------- ”

<td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> End Conversion during 1 Useful Global Reference (3) - (4)</td><td colspan="3"> Plow totai depletion of resourc</td><td rowspan="3"> es Π</td>

<td colspan="2"> Summary:</td><td rowspan="2"></td>

<td> Atm. Cu</td><td> ; Wt.</td><td> Do-v % Wt.</td><td> Wt.</td>

<td> PI -150</td><td> = 1.70</td><td> 0.6872 3.49</td><td> 3.49</td><td> 6.5</td><td> 1.43112</td>

<td> 150-200</td><td> = 3.89</td><td> Q.7’20 ’.98</td><td> 11.46</td><td> * “·</td><td> 1.44420</td>

<td> 200-250</td><td> = 8.07</td><td> 0.S200 :6.55</td><td> 28.01</td><td> S.2</td><td> 1.44963</td>

<td> 250-300</td><td colspan="2"> =24.96 0.8692 51.19</td><td> ’9.20</td><td> 9.3</td><td> 1.46691</td>

<td> 300-320</td><td> = 5.44</td><td> 0.3685 1 1.16</td><td> 90.36</td><td> 1 * .w</td><td> 1.48511</td>

<td> Residue</td><td> = 4.70</td><td> 9.63</td><td> 100%</td><td></td><td></td>

Total-&gt; 48.76 (Losses: 1.24) »tt «WWW -trie ** » ★ ★ ★ ★ * * w*v** ★ * * it w χ·» Λ χ» ii** ***** * it it * ie * x* «»* ft It* it* * it * * XXXXXX*X

The minutes of foe distillation of foe conversion products contained in foe clear and extruded phase (see itable I) show that there is no measurable release of water. The releases of white vapors or sputtering towards 80³C. 130³C, 150³C, 250°C, 290³C, clearly show the key points of water release that were readily encountered in foe treatment that was aimed at achieving hydration and oxygenated products; but here they are quantitatively negligible. Their total may be evaluated by excess by stating that they are, at foe most, equal to foe losses observed, or 3.3%, for the explanation of the ideas. (It should also be noted that foe transfer of samples from the recipe cylinder to the appropriate cylinder in order to take a more accurate measurement of the volume and weight to obtain the density Dp/v. is performed with losses of 0.3 g for highly liquid lights, reaching 0.75 g for foe atmospheric cut 300=, and 2.15 g for foe atmospheric residues, due to flow problems associated with the increase of viscosity and surface tensions. This gives an idea of the binding effect of foe products on the walls, which increases with the density and foe refractive index).

Finally, for information purposes, regarding these tests, it should be noted that the main characteristics of foe residue under vacuum were: density 1.01. refractive index 1.594. solid state.

AP/P/0 1 ./-0 2 129

REACTORS-EXTRACTORS and PRODUCT DISTILLATION DEVICES

Our reports on the d’s dilation of conversion products mention the Regurgitation of products, inrush of released water, sputtering, etc.. Which, if They should 'occur in a classic distillation mat. would cause the blowout of all disttllation trays and their packing. According to a new characteristic of one embodiment, tve imagined a device that was not only capable of cermrminc said dim.lemon von monou; tits above-mentioned oramoms. but also operated as a iro; mactor-extracto- of me mixer-decamer type.·

Referring to Fig. 2. the principle is as follow s.· the properly preheated of cooled products are sent onto a double shell cylinder containing saturating water with steam, which sets the temoerature of said shell simply-by setting the pressure of the chamber; steam is produced when heat is released; stem is consumed when heat is absorbed: the presence of saturating water provides for significant transfers of heat with the inner container of the reactor-extractor.

-&gt;s in this doyble vertical shell that is quasi-isothermal to the temperature defined by the temperature of the saturating water. we install a tube or a series of vertical tubes, which rise, in order to explain the ideas, to the^^ muddle of ihe height of the double she I. Therefore, the upper section is empty. 7 sets as a baffle-decanter by selecting a low speed of'ascem of iigh^products-er gases, enabling the heavy or'iicuid products in the form of mis; or rain to fas! back to the bottom. For this purpose, the failing speed of the heavy or iicuid producis aniy rieecs :o be greater than the rising speed of ihe lighter products. Furthermore, this space acts as relief for any sudden inrush of water or violent release that could not be property controlled. Since :: is empty (no packing in this cone;, there is no material risk The heavy producis or liquids remain at the bottom of the shell, between the shell and the vertical tubes. When the entire space Between the shell and the tubes is filled, the heavy products ovemlov, inside the vertical tubes and ire collected at their lower outlet. Therefore. this extraction is automatic and natural.

The incoming products, liquids or gases, are injected a: the bottom of the double shell in the heavy or liquid phase at a very moderate speed. Therefore. they are dispersed in the heavy phase, mixing therewith under local conditions of temperature and pressure: the mass transfers thus occur through the surfaces in contact and are governed by the differences of concentration in relation to the equilibrium of the stationary heavy phase and the incoming dispersed phase. These equilibriums are defined both by the physical separation of the phases tn presence of each other and by the lie:! chemical equilibriums under the existing local conditions. The incoming products enrich the heavy phase and are drained of the heavy compounds transferred. With the light compounds that may be created, they reappear in the light phase that fills the top of the shell, where they are decanted, being separated from the liquid portions or heavy mists that fall back to the bottom. This device is especially beneficial because it is capable of performing the equivalent of a distillation while operating as if tn a liquid-liquid extraction for oils or asphalts, or a chemical reactor, in fact, aromatic products such as furfural have widely known extracting powers for the extraction of aromatic products in the preparation of lubricants. In any case, it allows us to separate the effluents exiting ihe reactor at our convenience, in a safe and risk-free manner.

When several of these devices are arranged in senes, a series of separations is performed which define perfeedy the nature of the products extracted by ihe tubes. as the refined products are sent to the next device for the cetlmtion of another extract.

APOΟί34Ί

It should be noted that, with the working conditions used, the separation of atmospheric distillates from the’atmosphenc tpsiduerfs camecTout at 20O’C under. 1 bar, while in a classic distillation column it would be performed at 360^cC. ' ~

Tne configuration provided is for information purposes only ar.u should not be limited thereto, as it 5 couid be tamed out with numerous variations. For example, for our pilot of 2 kgh. since the heat losses were very high. -*e adopted the electrical hearing of the extractors, where the temperature was regulated bv the intensity of the heater for 3 giver, rate and a given feed. The same system enabled us to perform the process extractions and-the associated atmospheric distillations of our finished products in order to treat'quantities of ud tc 50 kg.

This technological device can thus fulfill several purposes, in particular chemical conversions. We wiil

- explain its application to conversions of a gas mixture into liquids.

We just saw that our emulsions were stable and that the clear products could be oxygenated or hydrated.

*. * —------V and ±at they were also in relation with the temperature (ar.d operating pressure) of the key reacror-extractor separating the useful products from “the norm” of recycling. This unexpected effect motivated us to seek an .25 explanation that could help us size the equipment and set the operating conditions while minimizing rrrcncai experimentation.

THE ACTION OF STEAM OX UNSATURATED DOUBLE BONDS

Let's consider a chain containing a double carbon-carbon bond noted CeC. In the presence cf steam, the following reaction may occur:

<td colspan="3"></td><td colspan="2"> -CeC- - H2O</td><td> =&gt; Alcohol</td><td colspan="2"> AS AH</td><td> Teq</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> HH</td><td></td><td> H,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 25</td><td></td><td> H</td><td> , O ,H</td><td></td><td> H..0 H„H</td><td> -32 -15</td><td></td><td> 46S³K</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> C: C</td><td> =&gt;</td><td> C -C</td><td></td><td></td><td> (200°Ci</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> R</td><td> R'</td><td></td><td> R R'</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Examples:</td><td></td><td> AS</td><td> AH</td><td> Tea</td>

<td></td><td> C2H4</td><td></td><td> - H2O</td><td> ==&gt;</td><td> H3C-CH6H</td><td> -29.96/-10.9</td><td> 90°C</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> C18H36</td><td></td><td> - H2O</td><td> ==&gt;</td><td> Alcohol CIS</td><td> -32.15. -:5.03 I94°C</td><td></td><td></td>

ett 2 07 10/d/dV

It is especially remarkable to note that, under these conditions, it is possible to convert ethylene mto alcohol, which explains why we can limit the production of gases. It is also noted that heavy alcohols farm naturally under the operating conditions of the reactor-extractor, which operates specifically at the temperature that is favorable to achieve this type of conversion.

It is thus easier to understand why our emulsions are stable and why our process can produce oxygenated compounds. In fact, regarding the stability of the emulsions, the heavy alcohols behave like third-party solvents between the water and the hydrocarbons, since alcohols are miscible with water through their function oK. and with hydrocarbons through the basic hydrocarbon skeleton. Wnen we consider the fact that the binding forces x· involved in the emulsion are weak because their origin is more physical than chemical, it is easy to understand that the emulsion can be easily broker. by ths simple mechanical means that we have discovered.

METALS WITH INORGANIC DEPOSITS COMPLEX EMULSIONS - ..

Tne residue under vacuum thaf'we converreU contained the impurities summarized tn the following table.

which also indicates their distribution. -------------------------------------- ----------------------------- _

FRACTIOXaTICS of RsV. -dr.·.;: by EX iRaCTION Ci-Ci

<td> POSITION</td><td colspan="2"> * DAO Cj '^c cxc·*</td><td> ' £x C5</td><td> • Asp C5 *..........Co</td><td> *</td>

<td> % RsV FEED</td><td> • 18.7</td><td> ’ 33,7 30.4</td><td> * 17.5</td><td> ’ 100% RsV *</td><td></td>

<td> Density 20°C</td><td> • 0.S96</td><td> * I ,-000 T.047</td><td> * 1.06'</td><td> * 1.010 · *</td><td></td>

<td> Refrac. n 20°C</td><td> * 1.519</td><td> ’ 1.592 ’ 1.624</td><td> * 1.641</td><td> * 1.59415</td><td></td>

<td> TTC</td><td> * 50</td><td> * 60</td><td> ’ 100</td><td> * 146 * -4TC</td><td></td>

<td> Sediments</td><td> *</td><td></td><td></td><td> V *</td><td> * 0.096%Pds*</td>

<td> Res. Carb. %RsV</td><td> *0.62</td><td> * 2.9c * 3.09</td><td> * S.23</td><td> * 1939</td><td></td>

<td> Sulfur ORT</td><td> * 0.53</td><td> • 1.62 1.62</td><td> ’ 1.23</td><td> - 5.0 -f</td><td> -</td>

<td> Nickel ppmRsV</td><td> * 0.2</td><td> * 10.2 * 14.4</td><td> * 17.2</td><td> • 42</td><td></td>

<td> Vanadium ppmRsV</td><td> ’ i.O</td><td> * 32.3 · 47.2</td><td> * 55.5</td><td> * 136 * ., ..</td><td> ...</td>

<td> NaCl %Wt.</td><td> *</td><td> « .</td><td></td><td> ’ 0.0003** 0.0107</td><td> 0.0*110</td>

<td> Vise. Cst SOO’C</td><td> *</td><td> * w ...</td><td> '·</td><td> « *</td><td> * 1402 Cst</td>

<td> H/C</td><td> * 1.64</td><td> • 1.35 ’ 1.22</td><td> * N.1S</td><td> * H,C=1.33*</td><td></td>

Tne combustion of heavy fuels gives ashes that typically have the following relative composition ('off

SOL):

Si02:32. Fe2O3:25 , Na:16, Va:!4 , Ni:6 , Ai:6, .£.15 s.

Or feeds fo be converted thus conta.n Vanadium. Nickel. Sodium. Iron. Aluminum, Sulfur, etc., which must at least be taken into account in the conversion and should preferably be eliminated.

We observed that one of the first negative effects of the metals was the generanon of solid compounds due to the formation of eutectics between 520x and 600°C. such as: SiO2 + Na2O, V2O5 - Na2O. V2O5 - NiO2, the most fusible acting as fluxing agent of the less fusible that follow. ,

It appears that the free compounds such as those indicated beiow are evacuated by the effluents of the reactor at the solid state.

Compounds

SiO2

SiS2

Tf Teb D n

1700 2230 2.32 1.4840 &gt;1090 2.020 ......

In any case, if the operation is carried out with a reactor a: a temperature that is too high, deposits are observed containing the eutectics that formed, which will deposit on the walls of the reactor. Therefore, this limitation has nothing to do with the chemistry of the conversion; it is only related to the nature of the impurities of the feed. In fact, it is not the presence of said impurities that constitutes a hindrance; it is their accumulation in the reactor or the extractor on duty that would tend to plug them, thus blocking any possible operation so long as they are not eliminated. Thus we have a new characteristic of one embodiment, which limits the operating temperature of the reactor depending or. the impurity content, in the case of residue under vacuum below 50Q°C.

——— .,,.,.-1.1 .r , J) njim

AP v 0 1^41

The S'iO2 is slightly extracted by dry~H2C steam (see table below).

<td> Solubility SiO2/H2O-</td><td> -......................</td><td> SiO2/H2Oppm</td><td></td>

<td> P H2G liq., sat.</td><td> H2O sieam, sac.</td><td> Dry H2O steam</td><td></td>

<td> Temp. atm. Concent.</td><td> SiO2 H2O ppm :z Tsai.</td><td colspan="2"> 400^;C 500^cC 600°C</td>

<td> :00-C 1 500</td><td> 0 02</td><td> 0.2 0.5</td><td> 0.9</td>

<td> 200 15 1000</td><td> 0.2</td><td> 1.5 5.0</td><td> 10.0</td>

<td> 235 30 1500</td><td> ...</td><td> 4.5 11.0</td><td> 40.0</td>

Oxides such as V2-Q5 of a yeilew red color or V2C5 of a darker color have a significant solubility in 5 water, which contributes to their extraction in our extractor. The Vanadium-Sodium compounds such as NaVO4 or Na3VO4 are also soluble in water; the same is true for yellow NiSO4 or green NiCL3 and FeCL2. 3v extracting the different oxides, the water counters the formation of the eutectics mentioned above and aiso reduces the rate of their deposits in the reactor. The presence of water and the oxygenation of the hydrocarbons in our reactor‘ contribute to the formation of- cempounds -suek—ss+-C6H5SO3&gt;2Fe. 3H2O* (brown ι cr 10 C0H5SO3&gt;2Ni, 6H2O or C2H3Oo&gt;2\i (Green)? which aiso have a partial, but significant, solubility in water.

All this explains the color of the water collected after the separation of water/ hydrocarbons, as well as the appearance of floes of a density greater than ±at of the water. After avoiding the deposits due to metais in the reactor, it was observed that they were concentrated in the heavy polvaromatic hydrocarbons that tended to form cages”, as shown clearly by the analysis of the residue under vacuum.

The following table describes a few compounds of Si and Fe exiting primarily in DsV and RsV.

<td rowspan="2"> Compounds H5C2)3.Si.C6H5 H2CeCH.Si,(oC6H5)3 C6H5o&gt;4,Si C6H5)2.Si,(C6H4C6H5)2</td><td rowspan="2"> PM 192 334 400 488</td><td rowspan="2"> Tf 149 47 170</td><td colspan="2"> Teb</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> d 1.130 ..1. 1.140</td><td rowspan="2"> -1 1.561 1.100</td>

<td> 230 210/ 417/ 570</td><td> 7 mmHg 7mmHg</td>

<td> C6H5&gt;3,Si,C6H4C6H5</td><td> 412</td><td> 174</td><td> 580</td><td> ....</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> C6H5&gt;-&lt;C6H4&gt;)4,Si</td><td> 640</td><td> 233</td><td> 600</td><td></td><td></td><td> f</td><td></td>

<td> H3C)3.Si.C5H4&gt;2,Fe</td><td> 330</td><td> 16</td><td> 88/</td><td> 0.06</td><td></td><td></td><td> 1.5454</td>

<td> H3C)3,Si,C5H4&gt;FeC5H5</td><td> 253</td><td> 23</td><td> 65/</td><td> 0.5</td><td></td><td></td><td> 1.5696</td>

This property is thus exploited to extract them at point 13.4 of our process, which constitutes another characteristic of one embodiment.

We also observed that even the light components that may have formed remained attached primarily to the silica or free carbon to form liquids with a boning temperature ?I-i 50'C, as indicated in the tabie below;

<td> Compound Tf</td><td> Teb</td><td> D</td><td> n</td>

<td> H3C)4,C -17</td><td> -9</td><td> 0.613</td><td> 1.3476</td>

<td> H3C)4,Si</td><td> +26</td><td> 0.652</td><td></td>

<td> H3CCH2)4,C -33</td><td> 146</td><td> 0.754</td><td> 1.4206</td>

<td> H3CCH2)4,St ...</td><td> 152</td><td> 0.762</td><td> 1.4246</td>

TETRAETHYLLEAD FOR GASOLINE (for informational purposes, we point out the remarkable physical properties of the tetraethyllead.)

<img file="AP1341A_D0009.tif" />

<td colspan="3"> .... These ate some additional organometallic compounds of iron:</td><td></td>

<td> Compound</td><td> PM</td><td> -Tf’C* Teb ' </td><td> Coicr</td>

<td> C4H6FefCO)3</td><td> ...............ITT ; .......</td><td> .....19.............. ,-,-·</td><td> Yellow</td>

<td> C6H4SFe(CO)2</td><td> 2.20</td><td> 51 Subl.</td><td> L ight red</td>

<td> C5H9C5H4)FeC5H5</td><td> “i - '</td><td> 16 ... .... .......</td><td> Gedfec.</td>

<td> 5YC· , -Hi.ViCfHf</td><td> v 7 C</td><td> 35 v ........</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> τ y ,k</td><td> ' 4</td><td></td>

<td> C 6 H 5 C .5 H 5 -·' V z i,. ? H</td><td> ν T -A</td><td> VO</td><td> R^d</td>

<td> OHCC5H4&gt;FeC5H5</td><td> 2 l Λ</td><td> 121 .... ... &lt; ........</td><td> Gold</td>

<td> H00CH2C5H4&gt;2F_e</td><td> - 302</td><td> 140 .... .... ........,</td><td> Brownish Red</td>

<td> C6H5 C5 H4&gt;2, Fe</td><td> 338</td><td> 154- .... - .... ........</td><td> Yellow '</td>

<td> HoCoH4C5.H4&gt;FeC5H5</td><td> 27g</td><td> 165 .... ............</td><td> Gold</td>

<td> Fluorescent Green</td><td></td><td></td><td> Yellow</td>

<td> CoH5&gt;2,C5H3&gt;2,Fe</td><td> 490</td><td> 220</td><td> Red/Yeiiow</td>

<td colspan="2"> They are normally liquid and extra</td><td> cted according to our processes, at 100 or * 2</td><td></td>

⁵ ..

a!1 these explanations are provided oniv tor informational purposes, in oroer to have an icea of he phenomena observed. . . .

, k was aiso observed that the highly poiyaromatic moiecules that could form cases, which would translate into a very high refractive mciex, had a strong solvent power capable or extracting the unwanted 10 molecules. This explains our technique, which consists in maintaining in 15.4 a strong stationary squid phase of which the activiiy is increased by the temperature: this phase aiso results from comp·;·· .- Y :h. residue under vacuum..

OBSERVATIONS REGARDING THE FINAL STABILISATION OF THE PRODUCTS FORMED

There is always a residue of products at low boiling temperature in the useful products such as:

Compound PM Tt Teb d n color

H3C0C.5H4iFeC5H5 228 35 87 ....................... t,

H3CCO.2C5H4)2,Fe 302 .. 114 ................. Red

Alcohols are added to these compounds, reacting according to the following scheme;

-CeC- -5120 —* Alcohol AS = TY AH = -15 Teq 200’C as a rasuit, the final separation cannot be a simple distillation due to soiid-dssiVvefegas phase changes or when tt follows a dehydration, in fact, what refiners refer to as a water inrush” could occur, which destroys the packings of a classic distillation unit. In our reference distillations, we observed these effects at the abovemen cionea temperatures, in the form ot violent regurgitations, sudden dehydrations, spuAsring accompanying .30 releases of white vapors, etc. That :.s w ay we adopt our extracting device to carry cut this final stabilization operaaon tn total safety. This device enabled us to separate all of our oroducts. cr approximately one hundred k a. without encountering any problems.

DESCRIPTION and PERFORMANCE OF THE INJECTION ASSOCIATED WITH THE REACTOR . It was previously indicated that the role of the injector was to transfer the maximum usable energy contained in the vapors or the gases, the feed to be converted, on one hand. and. on the other hand, to create a cicse contact between the steam and the feed, preferably without any material contact with the metal wails.

These results are obtained as follows:

The feed that in fact :s a heavy phase :r. relation to the gases or vapors. :s divided into pairs cf mechanically sprayed jets, se: sideways in opposite directions, arranged m accordance with Fig. 3. flowin’ from top to bottom and meeting on the axis of the injector. By mutual deviation, they then flow axiaflv at a moderate speed, without any material contact.

The purpose of the mechanical spraying is to create fine droplets, preferably some mist, which thus develops a maximum surface of the' hydrocarbon containing feed. The spraying may be supported o’v approximately 5% of overheated HP steam which contributes to the aebuiization of the feed (as is well known tn the injector heads of boiler and furnace burners).

in this flow, the vapor or gas jet is placed during the expansion, its energy being primarily transformed into kinetic energy to the fullest extent possible, thus with great speed.

By injecting the high speed vapor jet in the sprayed jet of the feed, the mechanical shearing of said jet is obtained, with the transfer of energy that contributes to the activation of the reactions, all these operations beina earned out at very high speeds, without contact with the material wails and practically at the desired temperature of the reactor.

The calculation of chokes and nozzles is easily performed, according tc techniques that are specific to steam turbines or hydraulic turbines, taking into account the polyphasic state of the feed.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE INJECTORS ON THE REACTOR TO FACILITATE ITS MECHANICAL

CLEANING

Tne reactor is empty. Most of the solid carbon formed is carried away by the effluents exiting ±e reactor, which constitutes a great benefit of our process. However, a small portion is deposited on the wails and tends to accumulate. Therefore, these carbonaceous deposits or metal oxide compounds contained in the feed must be eliminated at appropriate intervals. Tne presence of noncombustible oxides requires the use of mechanical means such as scrubbing, sandblasting, or another means. To this end. it is necessary to open the reactor while avoiding any inner part or jutring edge.

Therefore, the injectors are arranged sideways, opposite one ano±er, to the outside of the reactor, in pairs, so that the reactor, once opened, may keep its walls totally free. By laying the top of the reactor, followed by the bottom, the naked ring of the reactor remains, which can be easily cleaned by any mechanical means.

This device is particularly beneficial, especially when compared to the problems presented by reactors fined with packings (Visbreaker Soaker; or filled with catalysts with or without circulation.

Qj I i 07 I 0/d/dV

INJECTOR AND SOAKING DRUM &gt;·

A critical problem is knowing how to define the conditions for the injection of products so as to facilitate the oroper initiation of the useful reactions, and define the required conditions tn order to achieve the equilibrium

•&gt;«Saw

<img file="AP1341A_D0010.tif" />

• » of the stable products exiling thesoaking drum. This practical deriniuon, which constitutes a unique concept of one embodiment, consists mainly in defining the key parameters that govern said process in a practical manner. We will describe an exampie where the_; residue .under. vacuum_is....ireated_ti3r ihre.purvosic,Qf o.htahnng,xiigh.Lgas.

oil, kerosure production.

3; ^:«h first consider the reissue under vacuum. its aensity and refracnre index, provide us with vaiuab;.: relremavon regarding its structure. thanks to our .-mow-how. An extraction re reohaks re &lt;33 fd, Cf specifies this structure m terms of molecules to be created. We wiii preferably take a .- ..triple ana perform a thermal srebihry test (or conversion by thermal cracking) that is moderate and easy to perform,

If RsV is the quantity of residue involved and operating ar the temperature If we observed that RsV 10 disappeared, forming other products according to the following relationship:

..-refs

<td> diRsVk pi</td><td> RsV e</td><td></td><td> ls being a time unit</td><td></td>

<td colspan="2"> · - &gt; re a :e for which all</td><td colspan="2"> 1 conversion results will be given below, we mural:</td><td> - re</td>

<td> Temperature T'C</td><td> : 430 460</td><td> re?0</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> Ts seconds</td><td> : 700. HO</td><td> 40</td><td> ..</td><td></td>

Oar experience ted us to think reus reaction speed was related to the re . cr.ren between the composition of the products and that which would exist if things were left to 0.· - without any rime restrictions.

If irevkq v the residue that wauls remain in equilibrium with all the proa’ terated. we would obtain.:

drareh.reh Ts (RsVeq-RsV} To

To being a time unit specific to each product.

Furthermore, the conditions of mechanical breakdown of the molecules that we more already explained ui detail, ate related to the interatomic cohesive forces of the component molecules and to the fact that the matter in question exceeds me acceptable maximum deformation.

This results in an effort E equal to. E = force x deformation. We believe that there is a general 33 relationship between Ts aad the temperature Ϊ, with R universal constant of perfect gases, m the form of;

-TlR/E;

Ts = Tc e

4-0 Thus we hire ,i simple means of evaluating the value E, which we assign to our residue rereer vacuum, in fact, according re rear hypotheses and considering two pairs of temperature measurement.. : . ’ ·, Tst2.. ΤΞ. we obtain.

s R. - Π - T2)

E ~ ---------------------------------------with ·:£ Neper logarithm is £ ii Ts(l&gt; / Ts(2))

APOO 1 34»

In our case, with T-l = 430°C, Ts(l) = 700s, T2 = 490°C. Tsi2) = 40s, we find that the vaiue of E is.approximately 42 kcaTmol. This means that if we are not capable of engaging this energy, nothing will occur instantaneously in the reactor fit also means that if a much greater energy is transferred to the molecule, this molecule wiii be shattered).

'A'; wiii now examine the preheating of the feed and the temperature of the reactor.

Having provided an effort of 42 kcaL mol without comemng :t mt: heat, the average molecule of RsV :s broken into oniy 2 fragments due to the lack of energy. First of all. it is necessary to prevent the two fragments produced from immediately'rejoining. Again, this is the role of the iniector, which inserts gaseous, molecules during the expansion between the fragments formed. This insertion is facilitated by the fact that the Steam H2O or gas CO2 can react chemically with the broken ends of the molecules.

According to one embodiment, in order to achieve this with almost total certainty, it is necessary*to have as many gaseous molecules as there arc pairs of carbon, so as to create this situation. Ifsteam is the onlv element used, the ratio between water (18g/mol) and hydrocarbons (CHx 13 14) must ideally be in the-order of 13.(2x12-) by weight, or approximately 0.7.

'* Sinse the molecules of RsV are fragmented, it is necessary to piece (hem in a stable thermodynamic equilibrium. To this end, a period of time Ts is required, which depends primarily of the temperature. Based or. the experimental data Ts._it would be preferable to adopt the highest possible temperature in order to reduce the duration of the operations, but we found out that this cannot be done without meumng risks.

Thus, from 460°C we have : Cei4H23~F Cal3H24 - CH4 565°C : CK4 -» 4Csol - SH2 the poiyaromatic polymerize cowards massive carbon.

Thanks to the reactants used, primarily steam, these side reactions can be blocked partially but never 25” completely. The final choice thus becomes a compromise based primarily on the solid carbon accepted. In practice, it is negligible at 440°C. At 520°C. its accumulation in the reactor requires frequent scrubbing for its elimination: otherwise it can become a hindrance if nothing is done, possibly filling the reactor completely.

A temperature of 460-470°C was adopted, which gave good results. It was observed that the pressure had a very- beneficial effect on the speed of the reaction. Very important at ths beginning, going from 1 to 20 or

30b, this effect subsides thereafter, peaking towards 150b and decreasing above 200 bars. That is why we adopted pressures of 20 or 30 bars, which enabled us to divide approximately by 2 the times Ts that we would have at 1 bar. Therefore, at 470³C. we should have approximately 25 seconds to achieve the equilibrium in the reactor.

Regarding the control of the reactions, our objective is to break a moiecule in two during each run. This requires a net value of 20 kcal/mol as indicated previously. If we supply 40 kcal/mol for the activation, it is sufficient to start from a feed preheated under 470=C to obtain the desired result.

In fact, starting from this temperature which is slightly lower than the desired temperature of the soakma drum, when the activation energy is added, the molecule w-ould have a thermal temperature that is greater than that whicij it would have in its normai state, but it breaks upon absorbing 20kcaL'’mol, finally leaving it at the temperature desired for the remaining operations necessary to achieve the equilibrium.

0.1 / 02 1 2Q ία &lt;

Once that this is well undeistooo. taking into account the previously defined sate of steam (or gas)’ that is necessary to effectively close the nroken'ends. it is possible to deduce the-, sine of the enthalpy of the stearn that is sent to die injector.™ -' .......................-.......-...........................................-........... ................................................................ —.....

hi order to achieve 470T3 io. me soaking tank. taking into account the ;a. . ·.. •.m» and the different enir cy iracstc: vames achieved, a is neciioary to consular superneatmg temperatures w 4™ steam m the order of !0 όΟΙΜοΧ ^;C -ο- dm RsV .

Once that the energy balance -s achieved and the matter recycling is completed., it would be beneficial to adoot a -steam pressure of the owe: a ' ·' superheated at 600°C. Our injection nozzie then, relieves adiabatically the steam mam 60 bars to 30 bars at 470'C. and placed 60 kcai/kg available mechank. - .\tn me energy in che steam jet of the order of 700 m/s. Thu.; we obtain a steam at the desired temperature of the reactor. At this temperature, mere is absolutely no risk of roasting” tfce hydrocarbons, which receive tse energy usable as.kinetic energy, which will shear the hydrocarbons mechanically.

Typically, the preheating will be approximately 2CTC or 2.5’C less iiuiri. m rature of the soaking tank, or approximately 445-450T is particularly beneficial’ for the operation oi the residue preheating furnace and prevents any coking problems, in tact, we know-that visbreaker furnaces must heat this same type of residue towards 400~C, and that :a. c a *isks appear above this temperature. With these operating conditions, we never encountered any coking in our ihrnace.

to anv case, once that res steam flow rate and the operating rate of the van have been set. the superheaim.u or' the steam and the preheating of the feed are adjusted to achieve tr . ... catenae defined by the temperature of the soaking dram, in practice, the preheating of the teed being set .it 20 or 25°C below the tempera 'ere at the outlet of me reactor, the flow rate of the heating fuel of the stean is adjusted by &amp;

reactor’s ouriet temperature.

The example that we provided above for the residue under vacuum can be generalized regardless of the feed. The main key parameter is the temperature of the reactor, which increases when the products are lighter. For examnie. with very heavy distillates under vacuum, we will have temperatures in Tw order of 500°C. which will increase to 529³C for light distillates under vacuum or very heavy atmospheric gas cd?...

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS

Fta 4 represents - the process l ayout of a unit according to our process tor the steam conversion of hydrocarbon containing products, in a non-artd country.

f ra. 5 retiresents the same layout implemented in a desert area poor in water re .. · cs.

tug. 6 represents the same layout implemented in order to convert the excess gases of a drilling well or a refinery into liquids,

I·-:’, 7 represents an industna. i. · working at a total supply rate of 5kg/h, or ¹ ttmosphertc residue or 1.5 kwh residue under vacuum. This phot also convened heavy distillates and oils into light distillates.

S' „ _&gt; ^&gt; ~ ‘X

T? this version, see Fig. 4. tht water is introduced in Γ0] by the pump [lj, its a single tube furnace (2( heated bv i burner 12T the superheated siee-n is sent to the injector (-41.

ΑΡϋΊΠΤΓΓ jrw nmWinot

The fresh feed [5] that is stored in tne tank [6j. which receives the recycling [14] into which it is mixed, is p-umped by the pump [17], which sends it to ±e furnace fS], which preheats the^whole and sends it to the inlet of the injector [4], The injector [4], operating as'previously des'cribearinjects'fhe whole “in the feactofTTO].

Under the control of the pressure measurement '20], the vaive [12] discharges the effluents of the reactor 5 bv releasing them in the extractor system [13), operating ci a pressure similar :o tne atmospheric pressure.

Tr.is extractor system, which was described erewhere. comprises c series of extractions ; 12-.1 to 12.c .. which are set from the ambient temperature :o 360'C.

- [13.1] is-at the local ambient temperature. [13.2' is set towards 100^eC. [13.3] is used” to separate die useful products (generally atmospheric distillates) of the atmospheric residues that were not fully convened. The outiet [13.4] can also fulfill ±is purpose and. in ail cases, it breaks down the final separation of [13.3],

Tne outiet [13.5] extracts the heaviest products that are-heaviiy loaded-with polyaromatics and solid carbon precursor metals. _ _ _

X. - —·' ·'*· ·»

A portion [ 13.52] is extracted in order to prevent its accumulation in me facility, aria is used to constitute heavy rueis as long as they are still acceptable in this fuel, while the remaining portion [13.51] is reeve led in [i-i], m oreoaration for.a new conversion.

Tne useful products [13.2] and f 13.1 j appear m the form of highly stable emulsions. Thev are usual?.· bound (but they could be separated if light products are desired) and sent to the system [ 15] which breaks the emulsions mechanically. Tnese broken emulsions are sent to a classic decanter which separates Hydrocarbons ΓI ό. I * from water [16.2] and the heavier phases extracted (muc and sediments) [16.3],

Tne hydrocarbons fraction [16.1] is sent to the extractor [IS], which separates the hydrocarbons that maybe oxygenated or hydrated, ί A classic distillation would run the risk of dangerous “water inrush”)

Tne normal ourouts are:

<td> [IS.I]</td><td> PI-100</td>

<td> [18.21</td><td> 150-200</td>

<td> [18.3]</td><td> 200-250</td>

<td> [18.4]</td><td> 250-300</td>

<td> [18.5]</td><td> 300-350</td>

<td> [1S.6]</td><td> 350-</td>

<td></td><td> Tne cut;</td>

(Atmospheric Residue)

AP/F/0 1/02 1

The heavy fuels are constituted by the output products [IS.6] (atmospheric residue) and the extracts [13.52], Tne carbonaceous residues (laden with metals) [15] are used as fueis to feed preferably the burner [9] of the furnace [S] and ihe noncondensable gases are sent as primary fuel to the different burners of the furnace, the remamcer being taken from the heavy fuel. Finally, the small quantity of noncondensable gas and the small carbonaceous deposits produced by the autoconsumption of the unit are resorbed in this manner, which leaves the maximum quantm.· of'liquid products demanded by the users.

In principle, this facility presents no danger. Ali prevailing reactions are endothermic, thus stable. Tr.e presence of process water steam makes it possible to smother any potential risk of fire. Tne small producnon of uas does not give rise to any significant degassing, in the event of any incident.

Tne hold-up (quantity of matter retained m the reactors) is relatively modest, which provides tor quick starts and shutdowns of the unit. The unit is automatically stabilized and seif-regulating pursuant to the operama technique aCoptec, in particular the extractors that operate through the natural overflow ot me extracts. Ail these qualities provide for an extreme ease of operation and conduct (especially when compares: with the units that it can-replace, snch-as-an FCG-with-it5-eaalysT-e»euiatioa.Beoblems.henxeen me-RJSEU.reac;or and its air supoiv ‘ reeenemor under a pressure of approximately 3 bars, with its hydrocycione problems tn order to eliminate tne tines of uv: .ottuti.ou rut...

INST.' 2 ~~ -lid AREAS

- ' If no water is available, its absence· can easily be compensated for through the u not gases issued from a simple combustion involving CO2 - «20 - N2.

in this case, the furnace [2] of Fig. 4 is replaced by the furnace I6S] of Fig. 5. Thu iuraace receives the liquid (or ga&amp;e.ous) fuel [61 j.jyhich is pumped or compressed by [60], sent to the burner [633 which aiso receives air [631 compressed by trie compressor [62j, ano is then sent as a fuel to the burner [64], mperature of the produced gates 'fumes,i « adjusted tc me reuired by bypassing more cr less the coirvreAon zone that coof;

these cases mixed with the gas exiting the radiation towards 900°C, if it is properly edara r area', Jn fact, the rue: fiow -ate is set according to the desired quantity of gas. An oxygen meter sets the oxidizer-air necessary so as ro avoid any excess, while the preset temperature [54] of the gases to be suppiiec a a . ihe ⁿ na·: ·. al· [67] that regulates said temperature. In this version, the quantity of water implemented is reduced compared to the case of Fig. 4. which operates completely wnn steam. The devices [ 15] and [16] are rcouued but. in reram. ::

:s necessarv x· orovuie an air compressor that :s more complex and less cost-effective in ;emis of consumed power than a uticoiy pump of a water furnace The rest of the facility remains identical to ·.* . - woes one. This application is xery simple and very safe.

It reauires the constant monitoring of the combustion in the furnaces (flame d.- . &gt; , ,o re re. any untimely. uncontroHed combustion in the event that the flame goes out, which could cause the fusion of the reactor. (Note that the reactor may be decoked from time to time by the controlled an combustion of the carbonaceous deposits, as the solid deposits would then be easily removed by hammering or sxodbiasnng.)

RESORJTIC'6 OF LIGHT GASES IN THE REFINERY or IN AN OIL FIELD or to maximize the production of gasolines

This case is iilustrated in Fig. 6. As we saw previously, the process goes tne - at, ' r.g and

Hydrating phases that are favorable towards 200° in the extractor, instead of grafting H2O on the unsaturated bonds of tne conversion products, it is possible to graft, under the same conditions. -CH2- «suiting from the initial high terenerature reaction:

CrT * 02 =&gt; 2 CO - 4 H2 which. A 202' 2 . rodcces a: a low lempctvrerex

C22 - 4 E2 “&gt; 2 -CH2- - 2 B2O $incc die nature of the gas is kss important at high temperatures man tne ere ο i .-, re tn.

mixture &lt;s accrocruts tor the projected conversions of heavy products and. as was previously mentioned, their unsaturated skeleions constitute a good base for the attachment of the -CH2- that form tre . towards 20u^:C.

under a pressure of 20 to 30 bars, m reactors that already contain hydrocarbons. A facility of this type ;s illustrated in Fig. 6. - - , From a schematic point of riew/tneTeneration oTthe gases is the same as in the case of Fig. 5. Onlv the regulation of the combusnon changes. The oxygen meter is fitted with a device to measure CO2 which writ ukunateiv regulate the oxygen loratrt fed to tne burner.

The facility remains identical to the previous c-aes and the only difference is the outlet of the reactor [10]. Tne effluents exiting the reactor are not expanded and are maintained under a pressure of the order of 25 bars. They are copied by an exchanger [82], after which they go through an extractor [84] which operates in the same manner as [23] and [24], [S4] is under optimal temperature and pressure conditions to carry out the useful reacnons and will be sized accordingly. With the pressure being regulated [74], the valve [85] is operated, discharging the reactor [84], returning partially to the initial process [33] here in [S3] at the atmospheric pressure, and provided withjhe outlets [13.3], [13,.2] and [13.1], which operate as provided previously in the case of Fig. -t. ..

Themartial autothenruc oxidation of the Gases requires the continuous monitoring of this combustion, as weti as quick degassing means in the event of an incident (hydraulic protection and significant flare to handle ar.··' contingency). Our experience in this field leads cs to think that this technique will be reserved for large-units where al! the required safety measures and precautions may be fully and efficiently taken.

In the gasoline target case, a mere advanced gas or fuel oxidation may be adopted in order to obtain CO2 - H2C ;total oxidation; or CO2 - K2O - CO - H2 (partial oxidation) mixtures that are favorable in order to improve the rate of conversion into lighr products and the octane number of the gasolines. In this case, me safer, requirement of the facilities is once again total, with the usuai refining techniques.

These three variations illustrate the flexibility of the possible adaptation of our process and the equipment that it implements, depending on the needs that must be fulfilled and the restrictions imposed.

EXAMPLES OF RESULTS OBTAINED WITH OUR INDUSTRIAL PILOT

Our pilot, of which an illustration is provided in Fig. 7, makes it possible to carry out all'the operations thai we have considered. For reasons of space and cost, the operations [15] and [16] for the separation and extrusion of hydrocarbons from the emulsions were not carried out on a continuous basis, but rather as a retreatment at the end of a controlled run according to the process layout in Fig. 8.

Likewise, the stabilization (some kind of reactive distillation) giving finai products was performed as a retreatment and on a continuous basis in our facility according to the layout of Fig. 9. In this case, the reactor (atmospheric pressure) constitutes only a transfer line between the furnace [8] and the extractor [13], which replaces the whole [18] of a facility completely in line according to Figs. 4, 5 and 6.

The pilot comprises a manifold that provides for the charging of the gases H2, CO2, N2, air or CH4.

Tne pilot is illustrated in Fig. 10 tn the form that is ns simplest and closest to the industrial applications. It converts the feeds oniy with steam. [2] is the single tube furnace for the water. [1] is its booster pump that collects from a tank of which the level is measured in order to determine the water injected. [3] is the single tube fumacti that heats the feed injected by the pump []. [6] is the fresh feed and recycling tank (which must be carefully monitored in order to keep the products liquid so that they may be pumped). This tank is measured with bubbles, which provides the weight of the treated feed. [4] is the iniector that we described and deflnec

AP/P/0 1 / 02129

A.-; ,,... -+- '' previous is the reactor sizea according to the method described in the patent, [fly g, the discharge valve of the reaaoh regulating ns pressui». [15] L a set of extractors as we defined me same, heir temperature is set as needed from one extractor to die other. }2S! rs a Positive-Displacement- Meter -of outlet &gt;TaS placed behind a devesicuiator [39] « another condensate eoHector. ' 15. Ϊ to 13.5] are the extract discharge outlets.

The temperatures are measured by mercury thermometers placed in deep weds. The pressures are measurer bv .ro;rocn:;onai pressure gages

Treatment arse measurement of conversion products formed

Outlet eases;

The gases exiting [13], after being ‘csvesicuiated ana coded at the ambten · -rarure. ao into a precision positive-displacement meter followed ,by\a gas sampling system in flexible bladders of 11.2 liters (previously emptied by a vane pump that cremes a very good vacuum).

The density of the gas can o · r.uiec by simply weighing me c.anae tr. w” a into account;, which, based on the volume of the gases produced, directly indicates the maw m.s The composition o: me gases sampled is obtained by any appropriate technique, in our case, since mere may be several large cacacirr bladders, the gases may be extracted, cooled by liquefying them . c nitrogen, and distilled naruraiiy during their reheating. !f hgcrogen was released m our reactions, u to find because it would not be trapped by the iicuid nitrogen and would give permanent gases with a molecular weight of 2. This inaustnal procedure provides tor an tmcontestable quantitative analysis of the outlet gases.

Front j practical point of view, the flow of gas makes it possible to verify the proper setting of the operating energy conditions of the injector and of me reactor that follows it, since we know that the production cf hydrocarbon containing gases must be minimal (target: null). Therefore, the gases consist mainly of SH2. C02 and CO, whica can be easily proportioned through simple means.

Liquid orodu^. . rned:

These products appear after a very brief decantation, in the form of a tight mobile phase refemed to as •‘Clear;’' a stable emulsion referred to as Mayonnaise; and a free water phase which ·. : utmes covers the sediments or the flocculating sludge referred to as “floes”.

'Me proportion of these different prose;; or emulsions vanes according to the (Trod and the opc-anny conditions. The emulsion phase often prevails and can even be the only phase oreser.t. In · i .·.· the emulsion is extruded through previously described :r · produces a “ciear” phase (resulting from the mayonnaise) and “duly” water (colored and acid). The direct dear phase and the mayonnaise clear phase constitute the outlet products ai jitfllj, wmeh contain the u-.·.;· . aversion products (which mav be hydrated or oxygenated as previously indicated).

These products are men separated on. s. continuous basis, according to the process a ' My &gt;

are heaiedgm the iumace I Sj to 360x u:._ «’mately 1 bar. after which they go mt. mar. -.ts as a transfer tine, ro Anally produce in: [13.5 - 1 o : atmospheric residue; [15.- - IS.4], tiro ro; 300-360, &gt;15.3

APOΟ 134 1

18.3]. the cut 200-300; [la.2 - 18.2], the cut 100-200; [Ic. 1 - 18.1 ], the cut· PI-100. The cutpoints can be •changed by modifying the temperature of the extractors. We intentionally- limited the cuts to S because they were —sufficientm-the-Sist conversion phase of Fig.- 7. Thus '.ve obtain sigm-fsant- quananes of products-on which all the evaluations and measurements desired may be performed.

The detailed characteristics of me formed products are obtained through classic distillation, without stirring or parking. :n order to observe the dehydration phenomena of these products, which mav release water.

Tne refractive index and density measurements inform us of me structure of the formed products and. consequently, on the good execution of the, conversion. This is especially important for recycling, by making sure riot to polymerize any polyaromancs which would degenerate into massive coke.

EXAMPLES OF RESULTS OBTAINED

<td></td><td></td><td> - X.</td><td></td><td></td><td> •</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> 1</td><td colspan="3"> CONVERSION OF RESIDUE UNDER VACUUM. R-sV -</td><td></td><td> -</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 15</td><td></td><td> -</td><td></td><td></td><td> -</td><td></td><td></td><td> o</td>

<td> ...</td><td> [5]</td><td> Feed RjV, fee</td><td> d</td><td> 100.0</td><td> d=!.C 1</td><td> SOLID</td><td> n=i,594</td><td> CM</td>

<td></td><td> [15]</td><td> Csol :</td><td></td><td> 3.0</td><td></td><td> solid fuel</td><td> 3%</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> [41]</td><td> Cgas</td><td></td><td> 4.0</td><td></td><td> 2 fuel gas</td><td> 2%</td><td> CM</td>

<td></td><td> [16.5] 013.521</td><td> - Miscellaneous : Purzes</td><td></td><td> 4.0 ”a X</td><td></td><td> 'dieavv</td><td></td><td> o</td>

<td></td><td> [18.5’</td><td></td><td></td><td> X X</td><td></td><td> FUEL</td><td> 12%</td><td> ***</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td rowspan="2"> 20</td><td> [18.1 to 1</td><td> 8.41 Dat:</td><td></td><td> 77.0</td><td> 0.839</td><td> Atmos. DIS'</td><td> flLLATES</td><td> o</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> CL</td>

<td></td><td colspan="2"> CONVERSION Atm. Cut %Wt.</td><td> Dp/V</td><td></td><td> n</td><td></td><td></td><td> a</td>

<td></td><td> [ -18.1]</td><td> PI-150</td><td> 2.57</td><td> 0.687</td><td></td><td> 1.43112</td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> [ -18.2]</td><td> 150-200</td><td> 2. / ·'</td><td> 0.772</td><td></td><td> 1.45504</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 25</td><td> L</td><td> 200-250 4.61</td><td> 0.S25</td><td></td><td> 1.4636s</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> -18.3]</td><td> 250-300</td><td> 46.68</td><td> 0.S536</td><td></td><td> 1.47443</td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> [ -18.41</td><td> 300-360</td><td> 19.37</td><td> 0.8535</td><td></td><td> 1.48936</td><td></td><td></td>

Dpw is the Weight'Voiume quonent density, da is the same density taken on a densitometer.

Tne kev Dotnts of this conversion are listed below:

<td></td><td> Process</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 35</td><td> Reference</td><td> Nature</td><td> d: density</td><td></td><td> n: refraction</td>

<td></td><td> [0]</td><td> H2O natural</td><td> 1.00</td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> Feed:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> [5]</td><td> Feed RsV</td><td> 1.01</td><td></td><td> 1.594 SOL</td>

<td></td><td> [13.1 - 13.2]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 40</td><td> [50]</td><td></td><td> Dv/P</td><td> da</td><td> n</td>

<td></td><td> [16.1] &gt;</td><td> Clear</td><td> 0.S93</td><td> 0.906</td><td> 1.516”!</td>

<td></td><td> [16.2] S</td><td> Mayonnaise</td><td> 0.977</td><td></td><td> 1 '!2'</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> Clear Extruded 0.925</td><td> 0.923</td><td> 1.51567</td><td></td>

(16.11: Clear ~ Clear Extruded from [ i3,«M3.2] •CONVERSION ~ - Am. Cut ίΐΫ.Γί (18.2] no ί ISA] [ 1 S.5'f

PI-ISO 150-200»

.......-200-250250-300

300-36:) % ir. the cu:

%Wl Dp/V·

3.03 . . 0.68

4.44 0.772

- 5.42-------G325...... _

55.00 0.S536 22.:2 0.2525

1.43113 1.45504 L46368 1.47445 1.48936

REC YC 3 i YG: MAIN FLOW Γ13.3]” ' 200°C

Atm. Residue: 9.2r

<td></td><td> DsV Cut % AT. PR-200 .</td><td> Dp. v 8.24</td><td> 0.831</td><td> 1.50099</td>

<td> 200-250</td><td> 29.2 ί</td><td> 0.903</td><td> •</td><td> :.50835</td>

<td> 250-330</td><td> 52. IS</td><td> 0.932</td><td></td><td> 2.51879</td>

<td> RsV.3</td><td> 10.37</td><td></td><td> 1.555</td><td></td>

VERY LOW FLOW: RECYCLING-PURGE (13.4] ~ ” 360°C - .......

A m the Cut DsCCut%Wt. Dplv PI 595 Ncthinc...........

Ί 95-250 ’ 8.63

250-300 43.33 0.904

RsV.4 48 04

0.859

1.623

1.49888 [0.51 4700 NOTHING.........................................................................................................-....... U is-observed that the cut (15.4] contains a RsV portion and (250-300) Ds'-' .:.. extrxrtsd mentis and

Doivaromancs, A portion thereof is eliminated to purge the reactor. The 3.5% adopted ga ve us good results.

CONVERSIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC RESIDUE Reactor 470^aC an [o' Feed : Rat., feed (I5j Csoi ;

[411 Cgas [16.3] ~ Miscellaneous :

113.52] Purges :

118.5;

Total Atmos. Dist.:

<td> 100.0</td><td> d=Q.9”</td><td> Fixed</td><td> s~i .5576</td>

<td> 1.5</td><td></td><td> solid Kiel</td><td></td>

<td> 3,0</td><td></td><td> 2 fuel gas</td><td> 1.5%</td>

<td> 3.0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 2.0</td><td></td><td> \Heaw</td><td></td>

<td> 9.5</td><td></td><td> ROG</td><td> ' ί 1.5%</td>

<td> 81.0</td><td></td><td> on feed</td><td></td>

F16.ί G Gear+Oear Extruded from [ F3G.-13.2] % on feed

CONVERSION Atm. Cat %Wt. Dp/V

<td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> GlS.i] [A SO] [-18.35 [-18,2: [AS.:»]</td><td rowspan="2"> PI -150 I5O-2OO</td><td colspan="2"> 2.7 0.69 10.6 0.77</td><td rowspan="2"> 1.432 1.452</td><td rowspan="2"> 1..462 1.484 1.4G</td>

<td> 200-250 19.0 - . 3&lt;5 33.2 15.5 Ann. Residue: 9.50</td><td> 0.82 0.86 0,88</td>

<td> ! A</td><td></td><td> Rat., fee</td><td> j 100.0 d=0.97</td><td> Fixed</td><td> n~ L</td><td> 55.76</td>

<td> [5]</td><td> Rat</td><td colspan="2"> DsV CutGGWt Dp/V</td><td> n</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> RSCY</td><td> AUNG:</td><td> MAX FLOW</td><td></td><td> % in the</td><td> CUT</td><td></td>

<td> &gt; 15,3'</td><td></td><td> 200°C</td><td> DsV CuOoWt.</td><td> Dpiv</td><td></td><td> IT</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> PI -200</td><td> 6.95</td><td></td><td> 1.505</td>

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 520-250 28.14</td><td> 0.S67</td><td></td><td> 1</td>

3S

<td> - .. 250-330 </td><td> 49.45</td><td> 0.923</td><td> 1.530</td>

<td> RsV.3</td><td> 1-5.46</td><td> Γ.599</td><td> -</td>

<td> VERY LOW FLOWiRECYCLING+PURGE</td><td> ...._ —--------</td><td> - % in the Cur—</td><td> -- .......</td>

<td> [13.-,: 360=C Ds’</td><td> ν' Cu:%W:.</td><td> Dp.v</td><td> n</td>

<td> PI -</td><td> 195</td><td> 0.0....................</td><td></td>

<td> 195-250</td><td> 1 ο C .</td><td></td><td></td>

<td> 250-325</td><td> 39.S</td><td> 0.534</td><td> 1.530</td>

<td> RsV. 4</td><td> 48.04</td><td> ί .06</td><td> 1.630</td>

470^s

NOTHING.,

It is clearly observed that the metais and heavy polyaromatics are concentrated in'the RsV of the extract [13.4], which is why a portion of this extract is purged. Tne recycling decreases compared to the case where oniy RsV is treated; therefore, the treatment capacity' is its nominal value of 2kg/Ti of atmospheric residue.

PRODUCTION OE.OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS OR HYDRATED EMULSION

Sy performing a first conversion ran of the Atmospheric Residue, direct ciear products emulsions are obtained. It was thought to run them again through our pilot in order to oxygenate or hydrate them during this new conversion. — 20 The distillation under sar.d of the direct ciear and extruded phase after this second conversion gave the following results:

<td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Recipes</td><td> : Weigh; density'</td><td> refracn</td><td> ve index</td>

<td></td><td> Section</td><td> V.t</td><td> Steam</td><td> V.HC HC. dry</td><td> Dp/V</td><td> n .</td>

<td> 25</td><td> PI - 120</td><td> 3.25</td><td> 0,9</td><td> *2.25 ’ '4</td><td> 0,684</td><td> 1.43122</td>

<td></td><td> 120</td><td> 0,3</td><td> 0,3</td><td> ....</td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td> 120-200</td><td> 5,6</td><td> -.-</td><td> 5.6 4.1s</td><td> 0,746</td><td> 1.44963</td>

<td></td><td> 200-250</td><td> 9,1</td><td> 1,0</td><td> 8.1 6.38</td><td> 0,790</td><td> 1.4636S</td>

<td></td><td> 250-300</td><td> 26,1</td><td> -.-</td><td> 26,1 22.27</td><td> 0,853</td><td> 1,48191</td>

<td> 30</td><td> 300-360</td><td> 53,0</td><td> -.-</td><td> 53,0 46,06</td><td> 0,869</td><td> 1.49677</td>

H2O=2.2 g for: 80.43 g of Dry HC

Tne distillation without sand of the same feed produced:

H2O=~.9 g for: 85.86 g of Dry HC

AP/P/0 1/0 2 129

Tms cieariv shows that hydrated and oxygenated products w'ere formed, which depolymerize in the first place at similar temperatures comprised between 120 and 250^cC at 1 bar. .Moreover, it is well known that water attaches to the ethylenic bonds according to reactions of the following type:

-CeC- - H2O =&gt; Aicohol AS AH Teq

Η H

Η. O ,H

C: C =&gt;

R ^R·

H,

K..0 H..H -32 C -C

R R·

-15 468=K i200=C)

<img file="AP1341A_D0011.tif" />

<td> ..</td><td> Examples:</td><td></td>

<td> lb</td><td></td><td> -</td>

<td> C2H4</td><td> H2£&gt;</td><td> =:-· KTC-CHoH</td>

<td></td><td> ______</td><td></td>

<td> C13H36</td><td> H2O</td><td> = · itoiClg</td>

Ai. A:-i Teq '-29.96 ,-10.9

VTYz ..........2'ο,·%........194T..........

Audipnura temperature or mo reactions :s armevec r ..·o..:..:.. » ' · ce„· .:: : -: Cg::: aiconois.

1ΘThe experience clearly shows that we have oxygenated and hydrated hydrocarbons, which is confirmed bv the chemical equilibrium temperatures of the water with the corresponding alcohols.

The presence cf hydrated and oxygenated products is favorable for ae quality of products formed.-in 15 particular aasoimesf

X

Tus oxygenation or hydration is aka favorable for the combustion both in . j tne, engines. Furthermore, because of their polar charactensrics due to the function OK. Tex: products act as thirdparty' solvents berween the water and the hydrocarbon skeleton of the hydrocarbons, thus making it possible tc ’0 obtain e:-T.s»&lt;y that are highiyztabie in time rOur samples of mors than 3 guars have not mm-edl.

CONVERSION OF THE LAST re ' DISTILLA~ED UNDER. VACUUM tefemii to as »0. Kuwait, from the On Tati 3.P Dunkerque Reacto; 25 These controlled operating conditions were selected in order io verify- the produmixyy increase ana test the control cf the speed of deposits in the reactor. Furthermore, the techniques for the mrfural liquid-liquid extraction of the feed and me effluents enable us to analyze the structure of the products formed and io confirm our operating and sizing practices for the units designed according to our process.

,50 Feed: 80, K [15] Csoi :

[41] Cgas :

[16.3} -Miscellaneous:

T.d f I 7 ί·*¹* 3 -y [IS.5]’ ' :

Total Actios. Ilhsm

<td> 100.0</td><td> d= 0.936 SOLID rml .5</td>

<td> 3.0</td><td> solid fuei</td>

<td> 4,0</td><td> 2 fuel gas</td>

<td> 3.5</td><td> Heavy</td>

<td> 11.2</td><td> FUEL</td>

<td> 77.8</td><td> on feed</td>

<td colspan="2"> ί 16.il: Cisai-Oear Extruded from [13.1-1.5.2}</td><td rowspan="2"> %Wt.</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> v. on feed Dp.'V n</td>

<td> CONVERSION</td><td> Atm. Cut</td>

<td rowspan="2"> ί AST} • -1ST’</td><td> PI-150</td><td> 10.49</td><td> 0,692</td><td> 1.429</td>

<td> 5 5O-2CO</td><td> 17.06</td><td> 0.746</td><td> 1 ..44./</td>

<td> f .' 200-250</td><td> 1 Co</td><td></td><td> 0.7S6 1</td><td> CTT:</td>

<td> -1ST’</td><td> 250-</td><td> 17.56</td><td> 0.S41</td><td> 1.485</td>

<td> 1 --18.4</td><td> 300-360</td><td> 15.43</td><td> 0.S7S</td><td> 1.509</td>

[- AT

Am: ' 11.20

APOΟ 134 1

Feed: 80. K iOO.O d= 0.936S0LLD n=l-530

Extractive Separation with Furfural

<td> 5</td><td colspan="2"> Cur:</td><td> P.AR</td><td> D j</td><td> A-N :</td><td> N'-E ’</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> DpY:</td><td> LOSS</td><td> .0 wi:</td><td> 5.943:</td><td> 0.366”</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> n</td><td> ’.615</td><td> C</td><td> . .529.</td><td> 1.489-</td>

RECYCLING: MaIN FLOW :

113.31 200^:C 0.972

1.568

VERY LOW FLOW: RECYCLING-PURGE d n [13.4] 360° 1.02 1.591

A few Potvaromatics: non-extracred £I3.5j ~~'OZ .returned in :15.41) • It is clearly observed that the heavy metals and poiyaromahes are concentrated in the extract? 15.4 j.

**·

J 20 which is why a portion of this extract is purged. The conversion is perfcrmed-with a low recycling, thanks to the operating conditions adopted._in particular a reactor towards 500^oC.

Note that there is a very significant production of gasoline &gt;2~.55Y weight ?I-200°C. which compares verv favorably with the FCC gasolines).

5 CONVERSION WITH MIXTURES OF MISCELLANEOUS GASES AND EFFECT OF THE

NATURE OF THE FEED ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE .REACTOR

In order to be able to work in and areas where water is rare, or in order to improve the quality of the gasolines, we studied the alternative offered by our process, which consists of operating with miscellaneous permanent gases or mixtures that are easy to produce, such as furnace fumes, for example.

Some units, such as the decarbonation unit of the SENFIEL unit in a hydrogen production complex, reject large quantities of CO2 that we may consider using eventually. :

Another one of our concerns was verifying our knowledge and our experience in working with light Distillated under Vacuum or heavy atmospheric Gas Oils in order to obtain lighter Gas Oils and Gasolines or, in other words, in order to satisfy the unbalanced market demand for these products. In fact, our unit makes it possible to favor the production of either gas oil or gasoline as desired, which cannot be achieved by the existine conversion units which have a fixed distribution of the products that they generate.

Thereiore, we selected an ELh brand MOTOR OIL as the feed to be converted, which is popular and easy to find in ail hypermarkets and has a density of 0.S-S5 and an index nN .488 (.mean values).

We know that CO2 was a good candidate for the conversions: chat CO2 = H2O presented potential 40 benefits; that CO2 — H2 could be benencial but H2 risked being poorly reactive and would participate in the reactions only through its physical attributes: that N2 could be adequate cut. when it is used alone, would not protect against coking. Al! of these combinations were explored.

We were able to verify that it was very practical to adopt a reactor temperature of 520-530°C.

AP/P/0 1 / 0 2

Without reevciing. the conversions· observed were as follows:

CONVERSION OF OIL TO PURI CO2 WITHOUT RECYCLING_________2......

f&lt;l ::..,.,.,0,} 100.00 4=0.525 n= 0488

<td> TVERSION</td><td> Cut 5 62</td><td> aι „ , ' :: 12 7 ; C</td><td> VA't. :.448</td>

<td> 200-250</td><td> S.99</td><td> 0.80</td><td> 0464</td>

<td> 250-300 .</td><td> .9.35</td><td> 0.824</td><td> 3.4-6</td>

<td> 300-360</td><td> 9.49</td><td> 0.836</td><td> i .-tS /</td>

<td> Total Atm. Distillate</td><td colspan="2"> 43.10</td>

<td> Rat ..</td><td> 3.11</td><td> .. 0.860</td>

<td></td><td> 52.79</td><td> 0.S7S</td>

<td></td><td> 0.91</td><td> 0.861</td>

ilcV

<td colspan="2"> '•’O 7</td><td> CONVERSION OF OIL TO CO2 -</td><td colspan="3"> H2 WITHOUT RECYCLING</td>

<td></td><td> [5]</td><td> O'.:,,:. ·· D’)</td><td> 100.00</td><td></td><td> 0.SS5</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> CONVER.SION Cut</td><td> %Wt.</td><td></td><td> Dp,v</td>

<td> ;0 A</td><td></td><td> PI ) 5 0</td><td> S.53</td><td> 0.727</td><td> 1.425</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> 150-200</td><td> 8.93</td><td> 0.760</td><td> 1.447</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> 200-250</td><td> 11.56</td><td></td><td> 0.79S</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> 250-300</td><td> 8.34</td><td> 0.816</td><td> 1.474</td>

<td></td><td></td><td> 300-360</td><td> 7.70</td><td> 0.832</td><td> 1.4S7</td>

<td> 30</td><td></td><td></td><td> 45.06</td><td></td><td></td>

<td></td><td></td><td> Rat</td><td> 1.74</td><td></td><td> 0.848</td>

<td> r A</td><td> [13V</td><td></td><td> 52.63</td><td></td><td> 0.880</td>

<td></td><td> [13.4]</td><td></td><td> 0.91</td><td></td><td> 0.915</td>

<td></td><td> [13..5]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td>

CONVERSION OF OIL TO 002 - H2O WITHOUT RECYCLING [5] Fet'd. Oi! 100.00 0.885 [16.11)

<td> ER.SION Cut</td><td> %Wt.</td><td></td><td> Dp/v</td><td></td><td> n</td>

<td></td><td> PS -150</td><td> 3.91</td><td> 0.762</td><td> 1.441</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> 150-200</td><td> 7.54</td><td> 0.732</td><td> 1.450</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> 200-250</td><td> 10.14</td><td></td><td> 0.7S9</td><td> 1.464</td>

<td></td><td> 250-300</td><td> 9.5S</td><td> 0.812</td><td> 1.475</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> 300-360</td><td> 14.56</td><td></td><td> 0.828</td><td> 1.484</td>

45.73

Rat

13.67 0.S4S .*7

38.30 0.3S0

1.40 0.686

0.9 0.S85 no [13

H2O tends to slow down the appearance of the hghi tractions, as expected. There are no significant differences separating the performance of these gaseous mixtures. , .

From the octane number-’s standpoint, the classification is made in ascending order of CO2, CO2 - H2O,

CO2 - H2. without any major distinctions. Care must be taken to avoid an excess of gaseous flow CO2 - H2O.

which would reduce the conversions as cure losses

ΑρϋΟ134T *

CONVERSION OF OIL TO CO2 - H2O WITH RECVCLINC-

<td> [5] Feed:</td><td colspan="2"> MOTOR OIL</td><td> 100.00</td><td colspan="2"> d=0.8S6 n=1.49148</td>

<td> [ 151 Csol</td><td></td><td></td><td> 0.5</td><td> solid fuel</td><td> 0.5%</td>

<td> [41] Cgas [16.3] -Miscellaneous:</td><td> -</td><td> 0.0</td><td> 3.2</td><td> fuel gas 1.6%</td><td></td>

<td> [13.52] Purges :</td><td></td><td></td><td> 0.5</td><td> 'HEAVY</td><td></td>

<td> [18.51 .. -</td><td> -</td><td> ·&gt;</td><td></td><td> TUEL</td><td> 6. S’?</td>

<td> [IS.’ - IS.4] Dat:</td><td></td><td> S9.5</td><td></td><td> Am. DISTILLATES</td><td></td>

<td> CONVERSION</td><td> Atm. Cut</td><td> %Wt.</td><td> -</td><td> Dts.V n</td><td></td>

<td> ' X ’ ¹</td><td> PI-150</td><td></td><td> 16.79</td><td> 0.721</td><td> 1.42</td>

<td> ί -IS.2]</td><td> 150-200</td><td></td><td> 13.24</td><td> 0.763</td><td> 1,4-lf</td>

<td> f</td><td> 200-250</td><td> IS.43</td><td></td><td> 0.311 ~ 1.462</td><td></td>

<td> -ii.3]</td><td> 250-300</td><td></td><td> 18.24</td><td> 0.831</td><td> 1.47S</td>

<td></td><td> 300-360</td><td></td><td> 21.80</td><td> 0.868</td><td> 1.489</td>

<td> [13.3'</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 0.882</td><td> 1.50</td>

<td> [13.4]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 0.897</td><td> 1.5 i;</td>

[13.5;

This oii is convened to 30% gasoiines PI-200.

These different examples show that very different feeds may be converted in a very safe manner and with excellent outputs. (The tests with pure N2 showed Gnat there was a significant coking tendency.)

AP/P/0.1 / 02129

DEPOSITS IN THE REACTOR

We selected the ELF Motor Oils as test feeds in examples 6, 7. 8 and 9, thinking in particular that we would be only limited by cherrucai considerations for an analysis of the conversion of light cuts. We essentially performed the conversions with permanent gases, in particular the CO2 and hydrogen supplied by Air Liquice.

and Demineralized Water available commercially, with a furnace temperature of 530°C.

We began proportioning the deposits by controlled combustion according to the technique that is specific to hydrocarbons, while closely monitoring the combustion front. Unexplained problems remained regarding local feed losses in the reactor.

Therefore, we decided, after a long controlled run: (1) to carry out a careful combustion; and f'2 * to open 45 the ieactor and its injector. The injector was clean.

We then extracted deposit scales from the reactor. throtFuh the ’.veil-known hammering technique, and a crav powder by spinning with s deep-hole drill. .Neither the scales nor the powder weic combustible.

151.2 g oi solids were collected for a feed of 62300 g.’wbich gives solid'deoosiufeed ratio-of 0.24%.

The k;cs cf these deposits can only be the oil treated and they appeared only as an accumulation.

_s in our residue conversion tests.. we adopted the mechanical scrubbing teem · '&lt; cxnact carbonaceous _;-temc.c xoerucr from the reacre:, •ecum consnmiec a more 5ifhr..c c _i - et. · ’ :,c.. fed me . .„_ntity of oeposits ibin.ed, These aepos.ts car. tr.eu ce cnaiycec iot a .c purposes.;

’ ' DEMETALLIZATION B’V EXTRACTION OF RESIDUES OR FEEDS 10 These are the properties of a Kuwait RsV that we would use as the reference feed in our conversions.

A fractionation by extraction me Propane C3. Butane C4 and Pentane Cr r, o possible to separate ir.e components of This residue under vacuum according ;o their nature, ranging frcm DaO {for deasphalted CDs;

to verv nerd Asohahs ( Asp C5'i.

<td colspan="2"> 15</td><td> FRACTION,</td><td colspan="5"> ΤΓΙΟΝ OF KsV BY EXTRACTION C3-C5 6T</td>

<td></td><td> Pm .'</td><td> • DAO Co</td><td> ExC4 - Ex Cr</td><td></td><td></td><td> Ri 0</td><td> β</td>

<td></td><td> % ? . ID</td><td> ’ 1ST</td><td> ’ 33.7 « 50,-!</td><td> *</td><td></td><td> ' 3 00 % RsV</td><td></td>

<td> 20</td><td> Densm- 3/NC</td><td> * 0.396</td><td> ’ i.000 ’ 1.047</td><td></td><td> j C &gt;w '</td><td> : 1.010</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> R.erra;iwe index 20⁼C</td><td> 1.519</td><td> 1.592 ’ 1.624</td><td> -</td><td> ;. 3 ν ί</td><td> l :.594:5</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> ~~~</td><td> ' 50</td><td> - 60 * !00</td><td></td><td> ./ -- ff</td><td> -41 °C</td><td> «</td>

<td></td><td> Sediments</td><td> *</td><td></td><td> »</td><td></td><td> : O.ORtePds</td><td> *</td>

<td></td><td> Res.. Tam. T,RsV</td><td> • 0.62</td><td> 2.96 “ S.09 ‘</td><td>^Λ</td><td> te.,o 2</td><td> ! (9.9</td><td> *</td>

<td></td><td> Sulfur T.R.sV</td><td> * 0.53</td><td> 1.62 “ 1.62</td><td> *</td><td></td><td>^ί 5.0</td><td></td>

<td></td><td> Nickel oomRsV</td><td> • 0.2</td><td> 10.2 · 14.4</td><td> *</td><td> CCC</td><td> 1 ·&gt; -t -/.</td><td> *</td>

<td></td><td> Vanadium ijpmRsV</td><td> “ 1.0</td><td> 32.3 47.2</td><td>^Λ</td><td> C ..</td><td>¹ 136</td><td></td>

<td> ·.</td><td> NaCJ %Wt.</td><td> *</td><td> ' - ’ 0.0003</td><td> *</td><td></td><td> : CO i 10</td><td> *</td>

<td> 4'</td><td> VIST. C/o !0t)“C</td><td> *</td><td></td><td> »</td><td></td><td>¹ 1402 Cst</td><td> «</td>

<td> &gt; 30</td><td> HOC</td><td> ‘ 1.64</td><td> 1.35 - · 1.22</td><td> »</td><td> 1 if:</td><td> ! H5C = 1.33 </td><td></td>

U ss observed that the metals (Nickel, Vanadium) are concentrated in the most polyarotnatic products with ru.u e n.dex n and w'ith the highest density. The same apphes to saits a '.·

These components constitute a hindrance because they are poisons tor any subsequent catalytic refining 35 treatment,' that rrtav be performed. The po’yaromatics that contain said components ore coking precursors and. when they are maxed, increase the viscosity of the products to the point that they can no longer be pumped, thus grsativ reauemg the quality of fn :d for fuel applications. Due to all of thes:: reasons, it would be necessary to extract them separately.

Tbs conversion of this residue under vacuum (RsV) described in example No I provided us with the 40 following extract on the extraction [13.-5:

vii · T ’· RECYCLING · - N in (ho Cut f 13.-5 DsV Cut%\Vt, Dp/v o

PI-195 Nothing .......................................................

.15 o. 195-250 3.63 1.49SSS '· 250-300 -43.313 0.90-: o53ete

RsV 4

4S.Q4

<img file="AP1341A_D0012.tif" />

ΑΡϋ0134 1

By referring to the densities and refractive indexes, it is observed that the extract [1*3.4] is practically and exclusively composed o?EXC4, EXC5 arid AspC5. .

However, the analysts of extract [ 13.3} .shows {ii3ttt-eoRi3irs--praeflcaHy-no components laden with

Metals. Salts. Sulfur, etc., as its heaviest fraction is a DAO and 10% ofRV.3 is ecuivaient to a EXC3.

RECYCLING. MAIN' FLOW

A-’ 200'C

<td></td><td></td><td> Dp v</td><td> n</td>

<td> PI -230</td><td> 3.2—</td><td> 0.S31</td><td></td>

<td> 200-250</td><td> 29.23</td><td> 0.903</td><td> 1.50835</td>

<td> 250-330</td><td> 52. IS'</td><td> 0.932</td><td> 1.51ST9</td>

<td> RsV.3</td><td> 10.37</td><td> 1.595</td><td></td>

1.50099 [13.5] 470°C NOTHING..............

(The extractor [13.5] operates as a safety device.) , At 360^cC and at the atmospheric nressure. the EXTRACTOR M3, and controlled manner by concentrating the Metals. Salts and Sulfur m constitutes a new characteristic of one embodiment.

t] demetallizes the feed m an efficient a well-defined extract [1314] which

CONTENT OF METALS AND OTHER IMPARITIES OF TRADES AND RESIDUES «cBy fractionating a typical residue under vacuum through weli known refining techniques with nrooane

C3. butane C4. pentane C5, the following extracts and raffinates are obtained:

as

<td colspan="2"> POSITION * DAO C3 - ExC4 -- * Ex C5</td><td> - Asn C5</td><td> *............RsV</td>

<td> ,RsV FEED -1ST ’33.7 Sediments * *</td><td> - 30.4 * 17.5 -100% RsV - * - 0.096%Pds ’</td><td> *</td><td></td>

<td> Sulfur %RsV · 0.53</td><td> - 1.62 * 1.62</td><td> * 1.23 ’</td><td> 5.0 %Pds *</td>

<td> Nickei ppmRsV * 0.2</td><td> ’ 10.2 * 14.4 * 17.2 *</td><td> 42</td><td></td>

<td> Vanadium ppinRsV* 1.0</td><td> * 32.3 - 47.2 * 55.5 *</td><td> 136 -</td><td></td>

<td> NaCl%Wt.</td><td> *- * 0.0003 * 0.0107 * *</td><td> 0.0110 ·</td><td></td>

<td> HC * 1.64</td><td> - 1.35 * 1.22</td><td> - 1.13</td><td> EC</td>

/1 0/d/dV

The DAO is ±e product called deasphalted oii; ExC4 is the extract with C4; ExC5 is the extract with C5 and Asp C5 is the corresponding residual asphalt obtained.

The metals. NaCl and sulfur are concentrated in highly aromatic heavy molecules with a low hvdroser.

content.

Leon combustion, these residues give ashes Lie; have a topical relative composition, as indicated beiow:

Ashes: SiO2:32 Fe2O3:25 Na:16 V_a:l4 N::6

Furthermore, we know that eutectics ί Glass! appear towards 550°-660^:C

Al:6

Silica - Soda —&gt; Classic Glass (Silicate) Silica - V2O5 =&gt; Vanadium Glass -Silica - Nickei =&gt; Nickel Glass Silica - Ashes =&gt; Glass with Iron. Ni. et;

Therefore, it is observed that any.catalyst totally Encumbered with glass’’ by the metals.

Since our soaking reactofii. empty, it can withstand long runs without quick deposits on us walls,«as it was also observed, for Qthsr-considiixa.axnis_ihai.ii.sho.uld· QBerate in this case towards 46u-480°C._ Therefore. the meals are carried and extracted by the heaviest liquid products.

$ Motor oils vvere convened wntch require a reactor at 5CC-520'2. It «as a , lewed that there were few r.ortrombustibie deposits on ths walls of the soaking reactor

This ica ss to generalize the technique tor the mechanical cleaning of tne extraction or carbonaceous resumes accompanied by metal deposits, preferably by buming.(which leaves metal deposits arid asaesqan the wails). Here also, since the soaking reactor ss empty. no problems were encountered tn conducting this mechanical scrubbing and scaling operation. The sulfur does not present_any problems.

While the present invention has been described with reference to particular enitiodiments. rt will be understood that the embodiments are illustrative and that the invention scope is not iusuted to these embodiments. Many variations, modifications, -be·;’ and improa’ements to the embodiments -iv ·. are possible. These yartiaorrt modifications, additions and-improvements may tall within the scope of the invention as detailed within ye folio wins claims.